Finally, it is apparent from the debates in the constitutional convention which framed the constitution, and from the whole plan devised for the election of president and vice-president, that it was not intended by the framers of the constitution to commit directly to the whole people of a State the authority to determine how the presidential electors should be chosen. Nothing seems to have given the convention more trouble than the mode of selecting a president. Many plans were proposed. Chief among these were: election by congress; election by the executives of the States; election by the people; election by the State legislatures; and election by electors. These were presented in many forms. The convention decided not less than three times, and once by a unanimous vote, in favor of election by the national congress, and as often reconsidered it (2 Madison Papers, pp. 770, 1,124, 1,190). The proposition that the president should be elected directly by the people, instead of by the national congress, received but one vote, while the proposition that he should be appointed by the State legislatures received two votes (2 Madison Papers, p. 1,124). The most cursory examination of the debates will, I think, convince any mind that it was to the organized legislature of the State, and not to the people of a State, that the framers of the constitution intended to commit the power of determining how the presidential electors should be chosen. It seems, both from the debates and the plan adopted, to have been their studied effort to prevent the people from acting in the choice of their chief magistrate otherwise than through their representatives, and in no single step of the process are the people directly required or authorized by the national constitution to act, but in every instance the duty and the authority are devolved upon their representatives. For these reasons I think it clear that it was intended to invest the organized State legislatures with the power of determining how the presidential electors should be chosen, and that the discretion thus lodged in the legislature cannot be limited or controlled by a State constitution.

W. DE WITT WALLACE.

C

In 1868, the Indiana (Friends) Yearly Meeting appointed Mrs. Sarah J. Smith of Indianapolis, and Mrs. Rhoda M. Coffin of Richmond, to visit the prisons of the State, with a view to ascertain the spirit of the management of these institutions, and the moral condition of their inmates. In obedience to this appointment the two ladies visited both of the State prisons of Indiana, and made a particularly thorough examination of the condition of the Southern prison (at Jeffersonville) where all our women convicts were kept. Here they found the vilest immoralities being practiced; they discovered that the rumors which had induced their appointment were far surpassed by the revolting facts.

They visited Gov. Conrad Baker and urged him to recommend the General Assembly to make an appropriation for a separate prison for women. With the full sympathy of Governor Baker, who was not only a most honorable gentleman, but a sincere believer in the equal political rights of women, Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Coffin appeared before the legislature of 1869, and by an unvarnished account of what they had witnessed and learned in the Southern prison, they aroused the legislators to immediate action, and an act to establish a "Reformatory Institution for Women and Girls" was passed at that session (viz., that of 1869). By statute the new institution was located at Indianapolis. It was opened in 1873, the first separate prison for women in this country. Mrs. Sarah J. Smith was made its first superintendent, and she retained that office, discharging all its duties with great ability, until 1883, when upon her resignation she was succeeded by Mrs. Elmina S. Johnson, who had up to that time been associated with Mrs. Smith as assistant superintendent.

The first managing board of women consisted of Mrs. Eliza C. Hendricks (wife of Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks who was governor of Indiana on the opening of the prison), Mrs. Rhoda M. Coffin and Mrs. Emily A. Roach. The changes upon the board have been so infrequent that in addition to those on the first board and to those on the board at present, only three ladies can be mentioned in this connection, viz.: Mrs. Eliza S. Dodd of Indianapolis, Mrs. Mary E. Burson (a banker of Muncie) and Mrs. Sarah J. Smith, who, after resigning the superintendency, served on the board for a brief time.

The board at present consists of Mrs. Eliza C. Hendricks, president, Mrs. Claire A. Walker and Mrs. M. M. James. From the opening of this institution Mrs. Hendricks has been connected with it; first as a member of the advisory board, for eight years a member of the managing board and during a large part of the time its president, she has served its interest with singular fidelity. The position is no sinecure. The purchasing of all the supplies is only a part of the board's work; the business meetings are held monthly and often occupy half a day, sometimes an entire day. These Mrs. Hendricks always attends whether she is in Indianapolis or in Washington; from the latter point she has many times journeyed in weather most inclement by heat and by cold, simply to look after the prison and to transact the business for it imposed by her position on its board. During the last eight years, since women have had control of its affairs, Miss Anna Dunlop of Indianapolis has served the institution as its secretary and treasurer. Perhaps the highest tribute that can be paid to the ability with which Miss Dunlop has discharged the responsible and complicated duties of her double office, lies in the fact that with the General Assembly of the State it has passed into a proverb that "The Woman's Reformatory is the best and most economically managed of the State institutions." The committees appointed to visit the penal institutions always report that "The accounts of the reformatory are kept so accurately that its financial status can always be understood at a glance."

This institution has two distinct departments, the penal and the reformatory, occupying two sides of one main building and joined under one management. Convicts above sixteen years of age are ranked as women and confined in the penal department; those under sixteen years are accounted girls (children) and lodged in the reformatory department.

The average number of girls in the institution from its opening has been 150; the number of women 45. There are now (July, 1885,) over 200 inmates.

All of the work of the institution is done by its inmates. A school is maintained in the building for the children; a few trades are taught the girls; all are taught housework, laundry work, plain sewing and mending; the greatest pains is taken to form in the inmates habits of industry and personal tidiness, and to prepare them to be good servants; and when their period of incarceration has expired, the ladies interest themselves in finding homes and employment for the discharged convicts whom they seek to restore to normal relations to society. The secretary estimates that of those who have been discharged from the institution during the last twelve years, fully seventy-five per cent. have been really restored and are leading honest and industrious lives.

Ḍ

GOV. PORTER'S BIENNIAL MESSAGE, 1883: "I recommend that in the department for women in this hospital it shall be required by law that at least one of the physicians shall be a woman. There are now in this State not a few women who bear diplomas from respectable medical colleges, and who are qualified by professional attainments and experience to fill places as physicians in public institutions with credit and usefulness. It would be peculiarly fit that their services should be sought in cases of insanity among members of their own sex."

Ẹ

About the year 1867, Miss Lucinda B. Jenkins, formerly of Wayne county, Indiana, left her work among the "Freedmen" in the South, to accept the position of matron in "The Soldiers' Orphans' Home" at Knightstown, Indiana. She afterwards became the wife of Dr. Wishard, the superintendent; and when the office was vacated by his death, she was authorized to assume his responsibilities, and perform his duties, with the exception of receipting bills and drawing appropriations, which latter duties, not being then considered as within the province of a woman, were delegated to the steward until the doctor's successor could be legally appointed.

She was a lady of intelligence and true moral worth, possessing a dignified, pleasing manner, and other good qualities, which, with her long experience as co-manager of the institution, admirably fitted her for the position of superintendent; but she was a woman, without a vote or political influence, and it was necessary that "party debts" should be paid. She therefore continued her influence for the good of the institution without public recognition until 1882, when she left to take charge of a private orphan asylum under the management of ladies of Indianapolis.

F

Miss Susan Fussell is the daughter of the late Dr. B. Fussell of Philadelphia, to whom, with his estimable wife, women are indebted as the founder of the first medical college for women in the United States. At that period of our civil war, when women were admitted to the hospitals as nurses, Miss Fussell was at her brother's home at Pendleton, Indiana. She immediately volunteered her services, and was assigned to duty by the Indiana sanitary commission in the military hospitals in Louisville, Kentucky, where she served faithfully until the close of the war, giving the bloom of her youth to her country without hope of reward other than that which comes to all as the result of self-sacrificing devotion to the cause of humanity.

At the close of the war she returned to Philadelphia, but learning soon that an effort was being made to induce the State of Indiana to provide a home for the soldiers' orphans, she again offered her services in any useful capacity in that work. A benevolent gentleman of Indianapolis who had been most urgent in calling the attention of the officers of the State to their duty in that matter, finding that there was no hope, offered to furnish Miss Fussell with the money necessary to clothe, rear, educate and care for a family of ten orphans of soldiers, and bring them up to maturity, if she would furnish the motherly love, the years of hard labor and self-sacrifice, the sleepless nights and endless patience needed for the work. After a few days of prayerful consideration she accepted, and in the fall of 1865 ten orphans were gathered together in Indianapolis from various parts of the State from among those who had no friends able or willing to care for them. In the spring of 1866 they were removed to the Soldiers' Home near Knightstown, where a small cottage and garden were assigned to their use. In 1875, she placed the older boys in houses where their growing strength could be better utilized, and moved with the girls and younger boys to Spiceland to secure the benefit of better schools. In 1877, all of the ten but one were self-supporting, and have since taken useful and respectable positions in society. The one exception was a little feeble-minded boy, who, with his brother, had been found in the county poor-house; his condition and wants very soon impressed her with the necessity for a State home for feeble-minded children in Indiana, it having been found necessary to send this boy to another State to be educated. He is now in a neighboring State institution, and is almost self-supporting. With her usual energy and directness, she went to work to gather statistics on the subject of "Feeble-minded Children" in this and other States, and to interest others in their welfare. She at last found an active co-worker in Charles Hubbard, the representative from Henry county in the legislature, and their united efforts, aided by other friends of the cause, secured in 1876 the enactment of the law establishing the Home for Feeble-minded Children, now in operation near Knightstown, Indiana.

Having seen all her children well provided for, she began to look for further work, and soon conceived the idea of taking the children from the county poor-houses of the State and forming them into families. She offered to take the children in the Henry county poor-house and provide for them home, food, clothing and education, for the small sum of twenty-five cents per day for each child, which her experience had proven to be the smallest sum that would accomplish the good she desired; but the county commissioners would only allow her twenty cents per day. She accepted their terms, furnishing the deficit from her own means, and so earnest was she and so completely did she demonstrate the superiority of her plan for the care of these children, that she interested many others in the work, and the result was the passage of a law by the legislature of 1880-1881, giving to county commissioners the right to place their destitute children under the care of a matron, giving her sole charge of them and full credit for her work, and providing for her salary and their support. Under that law Miss Fussell now has all the destitute children of Henry county under her care, and has created a model orphans' home. Thus has this one woman been a power for good, and by following in the direct line of her duty, has been obliged to "meddle in the affairs of State" and to influence legislation.

If in giving this sketch we have exceeded the limits allotted us, let us remember that our subject represents thousands of noble women who care rather that their light shall carry with it comfort and warmth, than be noted for its brilliancy, and who, having no voice in the government, are obliged to work out their beneficent ideas with much unnecessary labor.

G

The friends of woman's equality addressed the following petition to each member of the State legislature:

Being personally acquainted with Mrs. SARAH A. OREN, and knowing her to be a woman of refinement and culture, we can consistently urge upon you a favorable consideration of her claims as a candidate for election to the office of State librarian. She has had the benefit of a collegiate education, and has been for several years a successful teacher in Antioch College and in the public high-school of Indianapolis. She is mainly dependent on her own labor for the means to support and educate her children, who were made fatherless by a rebel bullet at the siege of Petersburg. Her education and experience have admirably fitted her for the discharge of all the duties of the office of State librarian; and by electing her to that office, the Republican party will secure a faithful and efficient officer, and have the pleasure of making another payment on the debt we owe to the widows and orphans of those who died that our country might live.[586]

Mrs. Oren was elected to the office of State librarian and performed the duties belonging to it with great efficiency and fidelity. She has been succeeded by Mrs. Margaret Peele, Mrs. Emma A. Winsor and Miss Lizzie H. Callis.

* * * * *

CHAPTER XLVII.

MINNESOTA.

Ạ

In the early days, long before the organization of either State or local societies, there were, besides those mentioned in the main chapter, a few earnest women who were ever ready to subscribe for suffrage papers and circulate tracts and petitions to congress and the State legislature, whose names should be honored with at least a mention on the page of history. Among them were: Mrs. Addie Ballou, Mrs. Ellis White, Mrs. Eliza Dutcher, Mrs. Sarah Clark, Miss Amelia Heebner, Miss Emily A. Emerson, Mrs. Mary F. Mead, Mrs. E. M. O'Brien, Miss Ellen C. Thompson, Miss R. J. Haner, Mrs. Mary Hulett, Mrs. Gorham Powers, Mrs. C. A. Hotchkiss, Mrs. Emma Wilson, Mrs. Mary Wilkins, Mrs. Anna D. Weeks, Mrs. Mary Leland, Mrs. Susan C. Burger, Mrs. A. R. Lovejoy, and others.

Ḅ

Of the seventy-six organized counties in Minnesota we give the following partial list of those that have elected women to the office of superintendent of public schools: Mille Lacs County, Olive R. Barker; Pine, Ella Gorton; Lac Qui Parle, Malena P. Kirley; Anoka, Mrs. Catharine J. Pierce, Mrs. Ellen Conforth, Miss Dailey; Benton, Mrs. Belle Graham, Mrs. E. K. Whitney; Cottonwood, Mrs. E. C. Huntington, Mrs. B. J. Banks, Mrs. L. Huntington; Dodge, Mrs. Mary Powell Wheeler, Mrs. P. L. Dart, Mrs. J. W. Willard, Barbara Van Allen; Dakota, Mrs. Martha Wallace, Harriet E. Jones, Mrs. C. H. Day, Mrs. C. Teachout, Nellie Duff, Mary Mather, Anna Manners, Jennie Horton; Freeborn, Mrs. J. B. Foote, Mrs. D. R. Hibbs, Mrs. A. W. Johnson, Mrs. J. H. Pickard; Fillmore, Charlotte Taeor, Margaret Hood, Mrs. M. E. Molstad, Mrs. A. E. Harsh; Fairbault, Jane Harris, Georgia Adams, Mrs. A. B. Thorp, Mrs. Levi Crump, Mrs. R. C. Smith, Mary Rumage, Mrs. L. A. Scott; Goodhue, Mrs. H. A. Hobart; Brown, Mrs. O. B. Ingraham; Douglass, Mrs. M. C. Lewis, Mrs. J. B. Van Hoesen, Mrs. Trask; Houston, Mrs. Annie M. Carpenter; Hennepin, Angelina Dupont, Mrs. M. F. Taylor; Lyon, Louise M. Ferro, M. D., Mrs. W. C. Robinson, Mertie Caley; Mower, Mrs. W. H. Parker, Mrs. V. J. Duffy, Mrs. J. F. Rockwell, Mrs. E. Hoppin, Sarah M. Dean; Marshall, Mrs. L. H. Stone; Meeker, Mrs. A. R. Jackman, Mrs. Orin Whitney, Mary E. Ferguson; Martin, Mrs. J. W. Fuller, Mrs. M. E. St. John, Mary E. Harvey, Mary A. McLean; Olmstead, Adelle Moore, Jane Haggerty, Mrs. R. S. Carver; Polk, Mrs. M. C. Perrin, Mrs. J. A. Barnum; Ramsey, Mrs. B. McGuire, Annie E. Dunn; St. Louis, Sarah Burger Stearns; Winona, Dr. Adaline Williams; Stevens county reports one lady serving as school-district treasurer; Otter Tail county reports six ladies serving in different places; Wright county, four serving as clerks of school-districts; and in Beeker county it is said ladies sometimes serve as deputies during their husbands' absence.

C

In a volume edited by Harriet N. R. Arnold, entitled, "The Poets and Poetry of Minnesota," published in 1864, are the following names: Mrs. Laura E. Bacon Hunt, Mrs. Emily F. Bugbee Moore, Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly, Miss Jane Gray Fuller, Mrs. E. M. Harris, Miss Ninetta Maine, Mrs. J. R. McMasters, Harriet E. Bishop, Irene Galloway, Mary R. Lyon, Miss M. E. Pierson Smith, Mrs. Helen L. Pandergast, Julia A. A. Wood. Among the later writers possessing true poetic genius are Mrs. Julia Cooley Carruth, Miss Eva J. Stickney, Miss Jennie E. M. Caine, Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller.

Among the authors who sent their books to the New Orleans Exposition in 1885, are Frances A. Shaw, Marion Shaw, Minnie May Lee, Eleanor G. Donnelly, Mrs. M. M. Sanford, Mrs. Julia Wood, Edna A. Barnard, Mrs. Arnold, Miss Franc E. Babbett, Mrs. Henderson, Miss Campbell, Mrs. C. H. Plummer, Mrs. Will E. Haskell, Mrs. Delia Whitney Norton, Maria A. Drew, Mrs. Jennie Lynch, Miss Mary A. Cruikshank.

Ḍ

Mrs. Winchell, wife of the president of the Minnesota State University, kindly sent us the names of the fifty-six young women who were graduated from that institution between 1875 and 1885: Class of '75, Helen Mar Ely; '76, Martha Butler; '77, Matilda J. Campbell, Viola Fuller, Charlotte A. Rollet, Mary A. Maes; '78, Mary Robinson, Nettie Getchel; '79, Marian H. Roe, Caroline Rollet, Martha J. West, Evelyn May Champlin, Etta Medora Eliot; '80, Lizzie A. House, Bessie S. Lawrence, Minnie Reynolds, Lillian Todd, Cora Inez Brown; '81, Emily Hough, Diana Burns, Sarah E. Palmer, Lilla Ruth Williams; '82, Carrie Holt, Lydia Holt, Mary Eliza Holt, Alice E. Demmon, Louise Lillian Hilbourn, Emily D. McMillan, Ada Eva Pillsbury, Agnes V. Bonniwell, Grace W. Curtis, Marie Louise Henry, Mary Nancy Hughes, Carrie D. Fletcher; '83, Annie Harriet Jefferson, Kate Louise Kennedy, Sarah Pierrepont McNair, Anna Calista Marston, Janet Nunn, Emma Frances Trussell, Helen Louise Pierce, Martha Sheldon, Louise E. Hollister, Emma J. Ware; '84, Hannah Sewall, Susie Sewall, Anna Bonfoy, Bessie Latho, Addie Kingsbury, Belle Bradford, Emma Twinggi; '85, Mary Benton, Bertha Brown, Ida Mann, Mary Irving, Mabel Smith.

Among the women who have been successful as preceptresses in the State University are: Helen Sutherland, M. A., Mrs. Augusta Norwood Smith, Matilda J. Campbell, B. L., Maria L. Sanford.

Among the teachers in the normal schools of the State are the following:

Winona—Martha Brechbill, Sophia L. Haight, Jennie Ellis, Sarah E. Whittaker, Kate L. Sprague, Vienna Dodge, Ada L. Mitchell, Anna C. Foekens, Rena M. Mead, Mary E. Couse, B. S.

Mankato Normal School—Helen M. Philips, Defransa A. Swan, Anna McCutcheon, Genevieve S. Hawley, Mary E. Hutcheson, Eliza A. Cheney, Charity A. Green, M. Adda Holton.

St. Cloud Normal School—Isabel Lawrence, Ada A. Warner, Minnie F. Wheelock, Rose A. Joclin, Mary L. Wright, Kittie W. Allen. Nearly all of the above-named teachers were graduated from Eastern colleges and universities.

Women occupy the same positions as men and receive corresponding salaries. A recent report of Minneapolis schools names fifteen women in the High School receiving from $650 to $900 per year; twelve principals of ward schools, receiving from $750 to $1,000; and eleven primary principals receiving from $650 to $800. At St. Paul there were reported two principals getting $1,200 each, two getting $900, and twelve others getting $600 each; of the five lady assistants in the High School, one received $900, one $800, and three received $700 each. The principal of the High School at Duluth receives $750 per annum, and some of the assistants and principals of ward schools, $600.

Miss Sarah E. Sprague, a graduate of St. Lawrence University, and of the Normal and Training School at Oswego, N. Y., has been employed since August, 1884, by the State Department of Public Instruction, for institute work, at a salary of $1,260 per year and expenses. Miss Sprague is a lady of rare ability and an honor to her profession.

Prominent among private schools for young ladies is the Bennett Seminary at Minneapolis, Mrs. B. B. Bennett, principal; also the Wasioja Seminary, Mrs. C. B. P. Lang, preceptress, and Miss M. V. Paine, instructor in music. The services of Miss Mary E. Hutcheson have been highly valued as instructor in vocal music and elocution in the Mankato Normal School. Miss Florence Barton at Minneapolis, Mrs. Emily Moore of Duluth, are excellent teachers of music, and Miss Zella D'Unger, of elocution.

Prominent among the kindergarten schools is that of Mrs. D. V. S. Brown at St. Paul; Mrs. Mary Dowse, Duluth; Miss Endora Hailman, Winona. The latter is director of the kindergarten connected with the Winona State Normal School. Miss Fannie Wood, Miss Kate E. Barry, Miss Ella P. McWhorter and Miss Abby E. Axtell, are reported as having rendered very efficient service as teachers in the State Deaf and Dumb Asylum; Miss Mary Kirk, Miss Alice Mott and Miss Emma L. Rohow are spoken of as having been earnest and devoted teachers in the State Institution for the Blind.

Mrs. Viola Fuller Miner of Minneapolis, graduated from the State University, has long been known as a teacher and writer of much ability. Her pen never touches the suffrage question except to its advantage. Miss Eloise Butler, teaching in the High School of the same city, would gladly have lent her personal aid to suffrage work had time and strength permitted. We have at least the blessing of her membership and influence. Mrs. Sadie Martin, likewise a teacher of advanced classes and an easy writer, will be remembered as the first president of the local suffrage society of Minneapolis, and one much devoted to its interests. Mrs. Maggie McDonald, formerly a teacher at Rochester and long a resident of St. Paul, has ever been a devoted friend of the suffrage cause—commenced work as long ago as '69, and is to-day unflagging in hope and zeal. Mrs. Caroline Nolte of the same city, though much occupied as a teacher in the High School, still found time to aid in forming the St. Paul Suffrage Society. Miss Helen M. McGowan, a teacher at Owatonna, is spoken of as "a grand woman who believes in the ballot as a means to higher ends." Miss S. A. Mayo, a lady of fine culture and a successful teacher of elocution, was also an active member of this society while in the city. Miss Clara M. Coleman, a classical scholar from Michigan University, for one year principal of the Duluth High School, was a believer in equal rights for all and did not hesitate to say so. Miss Louise Hollister, a graduate of the Minnesota University, is Miss Coleman's successor and a friend of suffrage for women, with an educational qualification; she is vice-president of the Equal Rights League of Duluth. Miss Jenny Lind Gowdy, graduated from the Winona Normal School, is an excellent primary principal who teaches her pupils that girls should have the same rights and privileges as boys—no more, no less.

Ẹ

The names of the women who have been admitted to the Minnesota State Medical Society are: Clara E. Atkinson, Ida Clark, Mary G. Hood, A. M. Hunt, Harriet E. Preston, Belle M. Walrath, Annes F. Wass, Lizzie R. Wass, Mary Twoddy Whetsone.

Among the women who have practiced medicine in Minnesota are: Catharine Underwood Jewell, Lake City; E. M. Roys, Rochester; Harriet E. Preston, M. Mason, Mary E. Emery, Jennie Fuller, Clara E. Atkinson, St. Paul; Mary G. Hood, Mary J. Twoddy Whetsone, R. C. Henderson, A. M. Hunt, Adele S. Hutchinson, Mary L. Swain, D. A. Coombe, Minneapolis; E. M. Roys, Mary Whitney, Ida S. Clark, Rochester; Augusta L. Rosenthal, Winona; Fannie E. Holden, Anna Brockway Gray, Duluth.

The board of officers of the Sisters of Bethany has for many years consisted of: President, Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve; Vice-President, Mrs. Euphemia N. Overlock; Secretary, Mrs. Harriet G. Walker; Treasurer, Mrs. Abbie G. Mendenhall.

The city of Minneapolis takes the lead of all others in the State in the number of its benevolent institutions. It has its Woman's Industrial Exchange, as an aid to business women; its Woman's Home, or pleasant boarding-house; for the care of sick women, its Northwestern Woman's Hospital and training-school for nurses; also a homeopathic hospital for women; for the care of homeless infants, its Foundlings' Home; for unfortunate girls, its Bethany Home. All of these institutions are in the hands of the best of women. Among the most active are: Mrs. M. B. Lewis, Miss Abby Adair, Mrs. O. A. Pray, Mrs. J. M. Robinson, Mrs. John Edwards, Mrs. L. Christian, Mrs. S. W. Farnham, Mrs. Wm. Harrison, Mrs. H. M. Carpenter, Mrs. D. Morrison, Mrs. John Crosby, Mrs. George B. Wright, Mrs. Moses Marston, Mrs. Charlotte O. Van Cleve, Mrs. T. B. Walker, Dr. Mary S. Whetsone, Mrs. C. S. Winchell, Dr. Mary G. Hood, Mrs. R. W. Jordan, Miss A. M. Henderson.

In the city of Duluth there is a woman's home unlike any other in the State. It is managed by a corporate body of ladies known as home missionaries. The charter members are: Sarah B. Stearns, Laura Coppernell, Jennie C. Swanstrom, Fanny H. Anthony, Olive Murphy, Flora Davey, Jennie S. Lloyd, Fannie E. Holden, M. D. The work of this corporation is to seek out all poor women needing temporary shelter and employment. The classes chiefly cared for are poor widows and deserted wives, and such small children as may belong to them; also over-worked young women who may need a temporary resting-place; also young girls thrown suddenly upon their own resources without knowledge of how to care for themselves. These ladies care also for the unfortunate of another class, but in a retired place, unmarked by any sign. They prefer that to the usual plan of caring for the victims of men.

F

Portrait and landscape-painters in oil and water-colors, who give promise of success: Minneapolis, Miss Clara V. Shaw, Miss Mary E. Neagle, Mrs. Frank Painter, Miss Mary Dunn, Mrs. Irene W. Clark, Miss C. M. Lenora, Mrs. Arthur Clark, Mrs. A. M. West, Miss Myra H. Twitchell, Mrs. A. L. Loring, Miss Luella Gurney, Mrs. Charles Fairfield, Mrs. A. T. Rand, Miss E. Robeson, Miss Helen Goodwin, Mrs. Sarah E. Corbett, Mrs. Lucille Hunkle, Miss Mary Kennedy, Mrs. Frances A. Pray. Mrs. W. B. Mead, Miss Flora Edwards, Mrs. Knight, Mrs. I. W. Mauley, Mrs. M. P. Hawkins; St. Paul, Miss Florence M. Cole, Miss Mary Hollingshead, Miss A. M. Shavre, Miss Alice Chandler, Mrs. Martha Griggs, Miss L. B. West, Mrs. Knox, Mrs. Theodosia Rose Cleveland, Mrs. Genevieve Jefferson, Mrs. C. B. Grant, Jennie Lynch, Miss Wilson, Miss Lilla Inness, Mrs. George Eastman, Mrs. Paine, Mrs. Fannie Smith, Miss Alice Page, Mrs. Hunter; Winona, Mrs. W. Ely, Mrs. Ella Newell, Miss D. E. Barr; Lake City, Mrs. H. B. Sargent, Mrs. J. G. Richardson, Bessie Milliken; Stillwater, Sadie S. Clark, Miss Field, Sarah Murdock; Albert Lea, Birdie Slocum; Fairbault, Grace McKinster, Miss S. E. Cook; Litchfield, Mrs. Carter; Alexandria, Mamie Lewis; St. Cloud, Mary Clarke; Fergus Falls, Mrs. Wurtle; Owatonna, Mrs. D. O. Searles; Duluth, Emma F. Shaw Newcome, Anna E. Gilbert, Mrs. A. D. Frost, De Etta Evans, Mrs. Persis Norton, Addie W. L. Barrow, Gertrude Olmstead, Addie Hunter, Fanny Woodbridge. Doubtless there are many others of worth in other localities improving their talents and finding real enjoyment and pecuniary recompense in the pursuit of their loved art.

It is one of the imperfections of this chapter that the names cannot be given of the many gifted young ladies who have gone from Minnesota for a musical education to the New York and Boston Conservatories of Music. Of those who have gone from Duluth, and returned as proficients, may be named Mary Willis, Mary Ensign Hunter, Mary Munger, Florence Moore and Jessie Hopkins. With this beautiful thought in mind, "noblesse oblige," the christian workers of Duluth call upon these talented young ladies for aid in furnishing many entertainments for charity's sake, and are seldom disappointed.

G

Among the occasional speakers and writers not mentioned in the main chapter are: Abbie J. Spaulding, Mrs. M. M. Elliot, Miss A. M. Henderson, Mrs. M. J. Warner, Lizzie Manson, Rebecca S. Smith, Viola Fuller Miner, Harriet G. Walker, Eliza Burt Gamble, Emma Harriman, Eva McIntyre, Mary Hall Dubois, Minnie Reed, Mrs. G. H. Miller, Dr. Mary Whetsone, Mrs. M. C. Ladd, Mrs. M. A. Seely, Mrs. E. S. Wright, Mrs. M. H. Drew, Mrs. E. J. Holly, Mrs. David Sanford, Mrs. F. E. Russell, Lily Long. Zoe McClary, daughter of Rev. and Mrs. Thomas McClary, gives promise of distinction.

Since the formation of the State and local societies there are many women in their quiet homes who are ever ready to encourage any effort toward making all women more free, helpful and happy. Let this paragraph record the names of a few of these: Mary E. Chute, Isabelle L. Blaisdell, Mary Partridge, Mrs. C. C. Curtis, Frances A. Shaw, Lucy E. Prescott, Mrs. S. J. Squires, Minnie Reed, Mrs. E. S. Wright, Nellie H. Hazeltine, Adelle J. Grow, Mrs. A. B. Cole, Mrs. A. F. Bliss, Mrs. E. J. Holley, Frances P. Sawyer, Frances L. James, Mrs. M. C. Clark, Lucy Gibbs, Prudence Lusk, Lizzie P. Hawkins, M. Hammond, Mrs. E. Southworth, Josephine Strait, Kittie Manson, Mrs. R. C. Watson, Alice B. Cash, Emma Drew, Helen M. Olds, Mrs. W. W. Bilson, Adaline Smith, Mrs. L. A. Watts, Emily Moore, Olive Murphy, Mrs. L. A. Wentworth, Gertrude L. Gow, Della W. Norton, Mrs. V. A. Wright, Mrs. M. H. Wells, Aurelia Bassett, Kate C. Stevens, Mary Vrouman, Belle Hazen, Mrs. D. C. Hunt, Mrs. L. H. Young, Louisa Stevens, Esther Hayes, Sarah J. Crawford, Lucinda Roberts, Carrie Rawson, Sarah Herrick, Kate Tabor, Charlotte Herbert, Belle McClelland, Jane E. Knott, Margaret Bryson, Mary McKnight, Emma Coleman, Sarah Ricker, Mary M. Pomeroy, Sarah Pribble, Mary A. Grinnell, Eliza Van Ambden.

* * * * *

CHAPTER LIII.

CALIFORNIA.

We give not only the names of the delegates present at the convention of 1870, but also of a few of the most earnest friends of the cause in the several counties of the State, not heretofore mentioned in connection with the early conventions.

In San Francisco we must not omit the venerable Eliza Taylor, a sweet-faced Quaker, eighty years of age, nor Fanny Green McDougall—"Aunt" Fanny, as we loved to call her—nor Mrs. C. C. Calhoun, Mary F. Snow, Minnie Edwards, Mrs. O. Fuller, Mrs. C. M. Parker, Wm. R. Ryder, Mrs. M. J. Hendee, Kate Collins, Mary Kellogg, Louise Fowler, M. J. Hemsley and Mrs. H. T. Perry. In October, 1883, Elizabeth McComb, Mary Coggins, Mrs. J. V. Drinkhouse, Dr. and Mrs. E. D. Smith, Mrs. E. Sloan, Mrs. C. J. Furman, Elizabeth D. Layres, Miss Prince, Kate Kennedy, Carrie Parker, Marion Hill,[587] Mrs. Olmstead, Mrs. Dr. White, Dr. Laura P. Williams and Mrs. Olive Washburn were all members of the city and State associations. There was the brilliant Sallie Hart, who took such an active part in the "local option" contest in 1871, and who as a newspaper reporter and correspondent in the State legislature for two or three sessions was very active in urging the claims of woman upon the consideration of our law-makers.

Hon. Philip A. Roach, often a prominent official of the State, and for many years editor of the Daily Examiner, is an advocate of woman's rights and was instrumental in getting an act, known as "Senator Roach's bill to Punish Wife-whippers," passed. It provided that such offenders should be punished by flogging upon the bare back at the whipping-post. A wise and just law, but it was afterward declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Hon. James G. Maguire, a brilliant and rising young lawyer, a member of the legislature in 1875, now a judge of the Superior Court of San Francisco, is a most reliable and talented advocate of equality for women. Among the members of the bar and other prominent men of the State are to be found a number who are either pronounced in their views of woman's right to vote, or are inclined to favor all measures tending to ameliorate woman's condition in life; of whom are Judge G. M. Clough, Judge Darwin, D. J. Murphy, Judge L. Quint, Col. J. P. Jackson of the Daily Post, Hon. Charles Gildea of the Board of Equalization, Judge Toohey, the late Judge Charles Wolff, Rev. Dr. F. F. Jewell, Dr. R. H. McDonald, the prominent temperance advocate; Hon. J. T. Wharton, P. S. Dorney, esq., Judge J. B. Lamar, Rev. Dr. Robert McKenzie, Capt. Walker of the City Argus, Hon. Frank Pixley of the Argonaut, ex-Gov. James A. Johnson of the Daily Alta, Alfred Cridge, esq., Dr. R. B. Murphy, N. Hawks, W. H. Barnes of The Call, O. Dearing, Hon. W. W. Marrow, Hon. Charles A. Sumner, representative in congress; Hon. J. B. Webster of the California Patron, in San Francisco. In other parts of the State are; Senator Cross of Nevada county, Assemblyman Cominette of Amador, Judge G. G. Clough, and Senator Kellogg of Plumas county, Hon. H. M. Larue, Speaker of the House, and Assemblyman Doty of Sacramento county, Senator Del Valle of Los Angeles, Hon. O. B. Hitchcock of Tulare county, Judge McCannaughy and Judge E. Steele of Siskyon county, Hon. T. B. Wigginton, Judge Charles Marks, R. J. Steele, esq., of Merced county; John Mitchell, John T. Davis and Capt. Gray of Stanislaus; Hon. J. McM. Shafter of Marin county; Senator Brooks and Judge J. D. Hinds of Ventura county.

Sacramento county contains a large number of progressive men and women, though the good work has consisted mainly in the efforts made by committees appointed by the State society to attend the biennial sessions of the legislature, most of whom were not residents of the county. But among those who have done good service in Sacramento, the first and most active for many years has been Mrs. L. G. Waterhouse, now of Monterey. She espoused the cause in early life, and when many added years compelled her to retire from active service, her efforts in behalf of women were still continued. Miss Dr. Kellogg is not only a successful practitioner of medicine, but is gifted with eloquent speech, and has on several occasions addressed the legislature of the State; Dr. Jennie Bearby, for some years a resident of Sacramento, now of Idaho, is worthy of mention; Mrs. M. J. Young, attorney-at-law since June, 1879; Annie G. Cummings and daughter, have been among the earliest and most faithful adherents to our cause. Mrs. E. B. Crocker has, through her social position, exerted great influence in a quiet way, and has contributed liberally from her vast wealth to aid the cause; she founded the Marguerite Home for aged women. Dr. and Mrs. Bowman, now of Oakland, were pioneers in this work; while Mesdames Jackson, Hontoon, Perley Watson, and Miss Hattie Moore are among the recent converts. Hon. Grove L. Johnson has been one of the most eloquent of all the fearless champions of women who have occupied a seat in the legislature; Hon. Creed Haymond deserves to rank with the foremost, as an able advocate of woman's political rights; Hon. S. J. Finney of Santa Cruz, Talbot Wallis, State Librarian, Judge Taylor, a prominent lawyer, and his brilliant wife, are also among our friends. Sarah A. Montgomery, Mattie A. Shaw, Mrs. A. Wilcox, Mary B. Lewis, Judge and Mrs. McFarland, Judge J. W. Armstrong, encouraged by his devoted and talented wife, and a large number of others, favor in a quiet way the ballot for women.

San Joaquin county has been the home of Laura De Force Gordon since 1870, and much of her practice as a lawyer has been in the courts at Stockton. Among the earliest advocates of suffrage were Mr. and Mrs. William Condy, Mr. and Mrs. Harry, Judge Brush, Hattie Brush, Judge Roysdon, William Hickman and wife, Mrs. E. Emery, William Israel, Hannah Israel, Miss E. Clifford, Dr. Holden, Richard Condy and his noble wife Elizabeth, who was the first president of the San Joaquin county society. Among a host of others are Mr. and Mrs. W. F. Freeman and their bright young daughter Sophronia, who gives promise of future usefulness in the lecture-field; Mr. and Mrs. J. C. Gage, whose daughter Hattie possesses marked artistic ability, and though still in her teens has produced oil paintings of rare beauty; Dr. Brown, physician in charge of the State Insane Asylum; Dr. Phoebe Tabor, for many years a successful medical practitioner; Mrs. N. G. Cary, Mrs. M. S. Webb, Mrs. Zignago, a successful business woman; Mr. and Mrs. H. B. Loomis, R. B. Lane, Mr. and Mrs. H. M. Bond, and Mr. and Mrs. W. L. Overhiser, both of whom are active members of that liberal woman's rights order, the Patrons of Husbandry. Hon. R. C. Sargent, a member of the legislature for several terms, has always aided the woman's cause by his vote and influence. Dr. J. L. Sargent and his intelligent wife are also friends to every measure tending to benefit woman. Hon. S. L. Terry, Senator F. T. Baldwin, James A. Lontitt, esq., Judge J. H. Budd, Judge A. Van R. Patterson, George B. McStay, Judge Buckley and a number of other prominent officials and members of the legal profession, are all in favor of equal rights.

Sonoma county has a few fearless friends of woman suffrage. Mary Jewett, Mrs. Prince, Fannie M. Wertz and Miss E. Merrill were officers in the first organization formed at Healdsburg in that county in 1870, and together with J. G. Howell and wife, who were proprietors of the Russian River Flag, kept up the society for years. At Petaluma, Mrs. A. A. Haskell, Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Hatch, Kate Lovejoy and Mrs. Judge Latimer organized a society in 1869. In Solano county are Mr. and Mrs. Denio and Mrs. E. L. Hale of Vallejo; Mrs. Elizabeth Ober and Mrs. Celia Geddes of Fairfield. Napa county soon became an objective point for lecturers; a society was organized at St. Helena in 1871, with Mr. and Mrs. John Lewellyn, Charles King, Mrs. Potter and Dr. and Mrs. Allyn as officers; at Napa were Joseph Eggleton and wife and Mrs. Ellis. In San Mateo county was Mrs. Dr. Kilpatrick. Contra Costa county was organized in 1870, and Mrs. Phebe Benedict, Mrs. Abbott, Mary O'Brien, Sarah Sellers, Dr. and Mrs. Howard, Hannah Israel, an able writer and lecturer, and Capt. Kimball of Antioch, took an active part therein. Mrs. J. H. Chase of Martinez, E. H. Cox and wife of Danville, were pioneers in the cause, and Henry and Abigail Bush of Martinez, were most prominent in the first meetings held there. Mrs. Bush had the honor to preside over the second woman suffrage convention ever held in the United States, that at Rochester, N. Y., in 1848. O. Alley and wife, also of Martinez, extended their hospitality to lecturers who visited that place, and fully sympathized in the cause.

In Marin county a society was formed in 1870, with Isabella Irwin, Mrs. Barney, Flora Whitney, Mrs. M. Dubois and Mary Battey Smith, as officers; Mrs. McM. Shafter, a gifted and influential lady, was also an active worker in the good cause. Alameda county—Rev. John Benton and wife, Professor E. Carr and wife, Mrs. C. C. Calhoun, Mrs. M. L. S. Duncan, Mrs. S. S. Allen, Dr. and Mrs. Powers, Mr. and Mrs. Ingersoll, Angie Eager, Mary Kenny, George and Martha Parry and Mr. and Mrs. William Stevens, were interested in the earlier agitation of the question; Mrs. Sanford, Mrs. A. M. Stoddard and Mrs. M. Johnson are among the later converts. Merced county the home of Rowena Granice Steele, the author, and publisher of the San Joaquin Valley Argus, has furnished the State with a worthy and capable advocate of woman suffrage, both as a speaker and writer. In her cozy, rose-embowered cottage at Merced, she generously entertains her numerous guests, who always seek out this distinguished and warm-hearted friend of woman. Stanislaus county is the present home of Jennie Phelps Purvis, a talented and brilliant woman, well known in literary circles in an early day and for some years a prominent officer and member of the State society. At Modesto are Mrs. Lapham and daughter Amel, and Mr. and Mrs. Brown, good friends to suffrage. In San Diego are Mrs. F. P. Kingsbury, Mrs. Tallant. In Santa Cruz county, Georgiana Bruce Kirby, Mrs. H. M. Blackburn, Mrs. M. E. Heacock, Rev. D. G. Ingraham, Ellen Van Valkenburg. In Los Angeles county, Mrs. Eliza J. Hall, M. D. Ingo county, J. A. Jennings. Santa Clara county, J. J. Owen, the able editor of the San Jose Mercury; Laura J. Watkins, Hon. O. H. Smith and wife, Mrs. G. B. McKee, Mrs. McFarland, Mrs. Herman, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Miller, Mrs. J. J. Crawford, Mrs. R. B. Hall, Mrs. Knox, Mrs. Wallis, Mrs. C. M. Putney, Mrs. Damon, Miss Walsh, and many others, have all helped the good cause in San Jose; while Louisa Smith of Santa Clara, a lady of advancing years, was ever a faithful friend of the cause, as was also Miss Emma S. Sleeper of Mountain View, formerly of Mt. Morris, N. Y. In Nevada county, originally the home of Senator A. A. Sargent, the question of woman suffrage was agitated at an early day. The most active friends were: Ellen Clark Sargent, Emily Rolfe, Mrs. Leavett, Mrs. E. P. Keeney, Mrs. E. Loyed, Elmira Eddy, Mr. and Mrs. William Stevens, Mrs. Hanson, Judge Palmer and Mrs. Cynthia Palmer.

* * * * *

CHAPTER LVI.

GREAT BRITAIN.

A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF THE SUCCESSIVE STEPS OF PROGRESS TOWARDS FREEDOM FOR WOMEN.

1848. Queen's College, Harley street, London, founded for girls.

1849. Bedford College, London, founded; incorporated, 1869.

1850. North London Collegiate School for girls opened by Miss Buss, April 4.

1854. Cheltenham Ladies' College commenced.... Miss Nightingale goes to Sentari; from hence may be dated the beginning of training schools for nurses, metropolitan associations for nursing the poor, etc., etc.

1856. Female Artists' Society founded.

1857. Divorce and Matrimonial Causes act passed, by which divorce and judicial separation became attainable in course of law.... Ladies' Sanitary Association, founded October 1.

1858. Englishwoman's Journal started (now Englishwoman's Review) by Bessie R. Parkes and Mdme. Bodichon, March 2.... First swimming bath for ladies, opened in Marylebone, July 14.

1859. Society for the Employment of Women established in London, June 22.

1860. Law-copying Office for women opened February 15.... Victoria Printing Press, established March 26.... Institution for the Employment of Needle-women commenced.... First admission of women students to the Royal Academy (Miss Herford).

1861. Lectures on Physiology to ladies at University College, April.

1862. Social Science Congress in London; though not the first time ladies had read papers at the congress—this was remarkable for the increased share they took in its proceedings.... Ladies' Negro Emancipation Society commenced.... New church order of deaconesses founded on the model of Kaiserwerth.... First voyage of Miss Rye to Australia, and commencement of her system of emigration.

1863. Establishment of Queen's Institute, Dublin, for industrial training of women.

1864. Female Medical and Obstetrical Society begun.... Working Women's College, Queen's Square, opened October 26.

1865. Miss Garrett receives her medical diploma from Apothecaries' Hall.

1866. A petition of 1,500 women for the franchise presented, and the first women's suffrage society formed.

1867. Mr. Mill's motion in the House of Commons to give the suffrage to women.... Lily Maxwell voted in Manchester for Mr. Jacob Bright.

1868. In the general election many women who were left on the register voted. Women's suffrage was declared illegal by the Court of Common Pleas, November 9.... London University establishes a women's examination.

1869. Ladies' Educational Association begun in London, which was dissolved July 18, 1878, upon London University College admitting women as regular students.... Women's College established at Hitchin, October ... The telegraph service was transferred to government, and women clerks were retained, thus entering the civil service.... Municipal Franchise act passed; women first voted under it November 1.

1870. Publication of Women's Suffrage Journal commenced March 1.... Women's Disabilities Removal bill introduced by Mr. Jacob Bright, M.P., read a second time, but rejected in committee, May.... Lectures for women begun in Cambridge.... First examinations of women in Queen's University, Ireland.... Married Women's Property act (England) passed, August 9.... National Indian Association established by Mary Carpenter (principal object: the improvement of women's education in India), September.... Vigilance Association established, October; mainly occupied in women's questions.... Elementary Education act passed.... First school-board election in London, November 25 (Miss Garrett and Miss Emily Davies elected in London; Miss Becker, Manchester, etc.).

1871. Ladies' National Health Association commenced by Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell.... Law of Ireland amended slightly with regard to married women's property.... National Union for improving the education of women established by Mrs. Grey, November.

1872. New Hospital for Women, opened February, in Marylebone (women doctors).... Girls' Public Day School Company formed. First school opened January 1, at Chelsea; there are now fifteen.... Girton College, Cambridge, incorporated. Hitchin College subsequently removed to it.... New Bastardy act, passed August 10, affording a greater measure of relief to unmarried mothers.

1873. Mrs. Nassau Senior, appointed assistant inspector of workhouses, January; the first government appointment of a lady; made permanent, February, 1874.... First school-board election in Scotland, February (twenty ladies elected).... Second English school-board.... Custody of Infants act passed, which enables a man, having a deed of separation from his wife, to give up the custody of the children to her if he chooses.

1874. Women's Peace and Arbitration Auxiliary of the London Peace Society formed, April.... Women's Protection and Provident League formed, July 8 (benefit societies and trades unions for working women).... Protection Orders given to wives in Scotland, July 19.... College for Working Women, Fitzroy street, London, opened October.... London School of Medicine for Women, opened October 12.

1875. A lady first elected as poor-law guardian (Miss Merington, in Kensington), April.... Albemarle Club opened for ladies and gentlemen, May 29.... Newnham College, Cambridge, opened.... Employment of Women Office, opened in Brighton.... Female clerkships in Post-Office Savings Bank.... Pharmaceutical Society of Ireland admitted women to examinations.... Madras Medical School opened to women.... First woman lawyer's office opened in London (Miss Orme).... Metropolitan and National Nursing Association formed.... Women delegates from women's unions first admitted to Trades' Congress in Glasgow, October.

1876. Admission of women to Manchester New College, February 9.... First qualified woman pharmacist established in London (Miss Isabella Clarke).... Plan-tracing office for women opened (Miss Crosbie).... Employment of Women Office, opened in Glasgow.... Scholarship for women established in Bristol University College.... British Women's Temperance Association commenced.... Passing of the act, known as Russell-Gurney's act, enabling universities to admit women to degrees, August.... Resolutions of King and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland to confer medical degrees on women; five ladies passed their examinations and received degrees in the following spring.... A memorial, signed by 45,000 women, presented to the queen on behalf of the Bulgarians.

1877. Teachers, Training and Registration Society inaugurated, February 2.... Trinity College, London, decided to throw open its musical examinations to women.... St. Andrew's University offered "Literate in Arts" degrees to women.... A bill to amend the Married Women's Property Law (Scotland) passed; came into force January 1, 1878.... International Congress on Public Morality met at Geneva, September.... Admission of women medical students to the Royal Free Hospital, October 1.... Manchester and Salford College for women (now affiliated to the Victoria University) opened, October.

1878. Society to extend the knowledge of law among women started.... Matrimonial Causes Amendment act passed; a clause being inserted by Lord Penzance enabling magistrates to grant a judicial separation to women if brutally treated by their husbands, a maintenance to be given them, and the children to remain under their mother's care.... Admission of women to London University degrees and examinations, July 1.... Intermediate Education act, Ireland; participation of girls in its benefits.

1879. Victoria University charter grants degrees to women.... Oxford, Somerville and Lady Margaret Halls opened, October.... Nine ladies elected on London school-board, November.... Pharmaceutical Society admits women as members, October.... Order of St. Katherine for nurses established.... School for wood-engraving and one for wood-carving established.

1880. Charter of Irish University gives degrees to women.... Demonstration of women in Manchester in favor of the suffrage, February 3; followed by London, Bristol and Nottingham in the same year.... Bill to give further protection to little girls under 13 passed.... Mason College in Birmingham founded; equal facilities to girls and boys.... First lady B. A. in London University, October.... Melbourne University matriculates women, March 22.... The Burial bill gives women the right to conduct funeral services.... The House of Keys in the Isle of Man passed women's suffrage for women who are owners of property, November 5.

1881. Suffrage bill in the Isle of Man received royal assent January 5; seven hundred women are electors; general election began March 21.... Cambridge University admits women students to formal examinations by a vote of 398 against 32, February 24.... Durham University votes that women may become members.

1881. Sydney University (New South Wales) admits women to matriculation and degrees.... New Zealand University confers title of M. A. on a woman, August.... Poor-law Guardian Association for promoting the election of ladies established, March; seven ladies elected in London.... Somerville Club for women opened.... Women clerks admitted to the civil service by open competition.... Municipal Franchise act for Scotland, passed June 3; came into operation January 1, 1882.... Married Women's Property act for Scotland, passed July 18.

1882. London University Convocation resolves to admit women as graduates, January 17.... Twelve women elected in London as poor-law guardians, April; fifteen in the country.... Married Women's Property act passed by the Lords and brought down to the Commons May 22; passed and returned to the Lords August 16; received royal assent August 18.... Addition to Municipal Franchise act (Scotland) by inclusion of police burghs.... Women first voted in Scotland under the new act, November 8.... Appointment of women as registrars of births and deaths in four parishes.

1883. Married Women's Property act comes into operation January 1.... Appointment of Miss E. Shove as physician to female staff in post-office; first appointment by government of a woman.... Poor-law guardian elections, April; thirteen ladies in London, two in Scotland for the first time; thirteen in other towns in England.... Mr. Stansfeld's resolution against the Contagious Diseases acts carried in the House of Commons by a majority of 72, April 26; the acts consequently are suspended.... May.—Memorial to the Prime Minister signed by 110 independent Liberal members, asking that women's suffrage shall be included in the coming Reform bill.... Mr. Mason's resolution for women's suffrage thrown out by a majority of only 16.... Great conference of Liberal associations at Leeds on parliamentary reform votes for woman suffrage, October 17, followed by similar votes at Edinburgh, November 16; Manchester, November 21; Bristol, November 26, and in many smaller places.... Guarantee-fund raised in Bombay for lady physicians and hospitals for women commenced; Calcutta University opened to women.

1884. Second reading of the bill for the Custody and Guardianship of children carried, March 26, by a majority of 134.... First lady, Mrs. Bryant, obtained degree of Doctor of Science in London University.... Nine ladies obtain B. A. degree in Royal Irish University.

1885. College of Surgeons, Ireland, opens its degrees to women.... Criminal-law Amendment Bill passed in August, raising the age of protection for girls, and giving increased facilities for rescuing them from ruin.... Municipal suffrage granted to women in Madras.... Miss Mason appointed inspector of workhouses by local government board, November.

FOOTNOTES:

[586] Signed by Superintendents Public Schools, A. C. Shortridge, Indianapolis, Alexander M. Gow, Evansville, Wm. H. Wiley, Terre Haute, Jas. McNeil, Richmond, J. H. Smart, Fort Wayne, Wm. Phelan, Laporte, Barnabas C. Hobbs, Bloomingdale; Thomas Holmes, president Union Christian College, Mrs. Thos. Holmes, Merom; Geo. P. Brown, principal high-school, Mrs. Geo. P. Brown, Jessie H. Brown, assistant-superintendent public schools, Prof. W. A. Bell, Prof. T. Charles, Hon. Byron K. Elliott, Geo. Merritt, Mrs. George Merritt, Wm. Coughlen, Jno. S. Newman, president Merchants National Bank, Col. James B. Black, Jos. E. Perry, Dr. E. S. Newcomer, Mrs. S. E. Newcomer, Col. Samuel Merrill, Franklin Taylor, Phebe M. Taylor, H. H. Lee, Mrs. Elizabeth Lee, Dr. O. S. Runnels, Mrs. Dora C. Runnels, Horace McKay, Thomas E. Chandler, David Gibson, Miss Mary Bradshaw, Dr. J. C. Walker, Indianapolis; Elias Hicks Swayne, Mahala M. Swayne, Richmond; Dr. Geo. M. Dakin, Mrs. Geo. M. Dakin, Laporte.

[587] Mrs. Hill was President of the San Francisco Woman Suffrage Society for three years prior to her death in 1884.



INDEX

TO

THE HISTORY OF WOMAN SUFFRAGE.

Compiled by JOHN WEINHEIMER of The New York Tribune.

A.

Abelard, i, 759.

Abbott, Francis, iii, 127.

Adam and Eve, i, 561.

Adams, Abigail Smith, i, 32, 201.

Adams, Hannah, author, i, 205.

Adams, John, i, 31, iii, 79.

Adams, John Q., iii, 479.

Adams, Mary N., lecturer, iii, 614.

Addresses and appeals, i, 106, 595, 676, 742, 856; ii, 51, 67, 167, 168, 364, 485, 517; iii, 58, 129, 580.

Adelbert College, iii, 498.

Agitator, ii, 373, iii, 274.

Agrippa, Cornelius, i, 29.

Alabama, iii, 830.

Albany Evening Journal, ii, 282.

Albany Knickerbocker on woman's rights, i, 611.

Albany Register on woman's rights, i, 608, 609, 610, 611.

Albany Law Journal, ii, 691, 947. —on "our laws," iii, 94.

Alcibiades and the dog, ii, 103.

Alcott, A. Bronson, iii, 193 —on woman suffrage, iii, 519.

Alcott, Abby May, appeal, i, 247.

Alcott, Louisa May, letter to Mrs. Stone, ii, 831.

Alexander, Janet, iii, 298.

Allen, Jane, case of, ii, 592.

Allen, Nancy R., argument before Senate Committee, iii, 160 —legacy, iii, 624 —Notary Public, made, iii, 626.

Allen, Sophia Ober, iii, 502.

Almanac, Woman's Rights, i, 863.

Amberly, Lady, letter to Mrs. P. W. Davis, ii, 439.

AMERICAN EQUAL RIGHTS ASSOCIATION: —"colored," the word, discussion, ii, 214 —Constitution, ii, 173 —Meetings: Academy of Music (Brooklyn), ii, 398, Church of the Puritans, ii, 182, Cooper Institute, ii, 309, Steinway Hall, ii, 378 —Memorial to Congress, ii, 226 —name changed to "Nat. Woman Suffrage Association," ii, 400 —officers, ii, 174 —organized, ii, 173 —letter of B. F. Wade, ii, 117 —report, Susan B. Anthony's, ii, 183.

American flag, design, i, 323.

AMERICAN WOMAN SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION, ii, 756 —Celebration of Woman Suffrage in New Jersey, ii, 846 —constitution of, ii, 763 —conventions: call for first, ii, 757, Baltimore, 820, Brooklyn in Plymouth Church, 831, Cincinnati, O., 854, Cleveland, O., 802, Detroit, Mich., 834, Indianapolis, Ind., 851, Louisville, Ky., 861, New York City in Apollo Hall, 821, in Cooper Institute, 825, in Steinway Hall, 809, 840, Philadelphia, 815, 849, St. Louis, Mo., 821, Washington, D. C., 819, 858 —letter, circular, ii, 757 —members received at the White House by Mrs. Hayes, ii., 860 —memorial to Congress, ii., 859, referred to Committee on Territories, 860 —report of chairman of Executive Committee, ii, 803 —resolutions, ii, 805, 809, 810, 818, 826, 837, 843, 849, 851, 859.

Ames, Chas. G., i, 271, ii, 844, iii, 754.

Amnesty, universal, ii, 315.

Amos, Sheldon, on vice, i, 796.

Anderson, Geo. W., iii, 699.

Andrews, Margaret H., letter to S. J. May, i, 531.

Angell, John W., iii, 341.

Ann Arbor University, ii, 541.

Anneke, Franceska, i, 571, ii, 374, 393 —sketch of, iii, 646.

Anniversaries, See Conventions.

Anthony, Daniel, Lucy and Mary, i. 461.

Anthony, Hon, Henry B., on woman suffrage, i, 867, ii, 106, 273 —Pembina Territory bill, on the, ii, 568 —Sargent's amendment to the Pembina Territory bill, on, ib. —suffrage on, iii, 339 —woman suffrage, his last utterance on, iii, 350.

ANTHONY, Susan B., i, 186, 465, 467,468, 476, 485, 487, 489, 490, 500, 501, 515, 517, 526, 570, 589, 591, 607, 624, 653, 673, 679, 716; ii, 66, 67, 116, 154, 220, 286, 287, 322, 360, 361, 363, 375, 382, 389, 391, 427, 431, 437, 442, 456, 582, 584, 760; iii, 3, 40, 66, 151, 175, 178, 195, 243, 257, 412, 502, 560, 580, 630, 641, 697, 773, 811, 819 —Abolitionists, and the, ii, 264 —American Equal Rights Association, ii, 117, 171 —appeal for woman rights, 1854, i, 856 —appeal to Congress, ii, 167 —argument before Illinois Legislature, iii, 572 —argument before Senate Committee, iii, 160, 227 —arrest of, ii, 628 —arrest, incidents of, ii, 539 —arrest, resolution concerning, ii, 537 —birthday celebrated in Indianapolis, iii, 538 —"Bloomer," in a, i, 128 —bonnet and Noah's ark, iii, 522 —"Bread and Ballot," iii, 536 —California visit, iii, 756 —call, loyal women, ii, 53 —Centennial Exhibition, at the, iii, 27 —complimented by Judge Edmunds, iii, 160 —Constitutional Convention at Albany, before, ii, 284 —corruptionist, as a, ii, 936 —Declaration of Rights, reads, at Centennial, iii, 31 —delegate to Democratic National Convention, ii, 340, —comments of the press, ii, 342 —Democratic National Convention, at the, iii, 182 —feme sole capable of making a contract, iii, 21 —Fifteenth Amendment, on the, ii, 340 —financial report, ii, 175 —fugitive wife's escape from an insane asylum, aids, i, 469 —general agent, appointed, i, 619 —Grant and Wilson campaign, appeal, ii, 517 —Grant, U. S., conversation with, ii, 544 —Iowa, in, iii, 622 —Kansas campaign, i, 200, ii, 239, 254, 261, 262, 263 —lecture, "False Theory," iii, 675 —lecturing tour, Ohio, iii, 491 —Letters: Boston Convention, i, 256 —Brooks, James, to, ii, 97 —Carson League, i, 488 —Democratic National Convention, to, ii, 340 —Foote, E. B., to, ii, 941 —Garfield. Jas. A., to, iii, 185 —loyal women, from, ii, 875 —Mott, Lydia, to, i, 748 —Stanton, Mrs., to, announcing her having voted, ii, 934 —Wright, Martha C, to, i, 678. —Logan, Olive, and, ii, 385 —"Male" in the Constitution, on the word, ii, 91 —manhood suffrage, on, iii, 566 —marriage and divorce, on, i, 735 —meeting in Rahway, N. J., iii, 479 —meetings in Virginia, iii, 824 —Michigan campaign, iii, 522 —Napoleon of Woman Suffrage, the, i, 456 —Newport Convention, ii, 403 —on Mrs. Robert Dale Owen, i, 303 —Oregon visit, iii, 769 —police officer, and the, ii, 540 —portrait, i, 577 —President Mozart Hall Convention, i, 668 —President National Woman Suffrage Association, ii, 516 —presentations, iii, 193 —reception, Sorosis, iii, 571 —registered, ii, 627 —reminiscences, Mrs. E. C. Stanton's, i, 456 —report, National Convention, at Cooper Institute, i, 689 —report as secretary of American Equal Rights Association, ii, 183 —Revolution, i, 46 —Secretary Loyal League, made, ii, 66 —sex, and her, ii, 112 —Speeches: Anti-Slavery question, ii, 898 —Congressional Committee, before, ii, 414, 513 —first public speech, i, 41 —Furness' Church, in, iii, 35 —Is It a Crime for a United States' Citizen to Vote? ii, 630 —Philadelphia Convention, i, 385 —Saratoga Convention, i, 621 —Teachers' Convention, N. Y. State, i, 513 —Temperance Convention, Rochester, i, 483 —Washington Convention, ii, 423, 521 —Washington Convention, iii, 259 —Woman's National Loyal League, ii, 57, 61. —Suffrage, on, ii, 383 —tableau "Mother and Susan," i, 461 —Taxation without Representation, on, ii, 539 —Temperance Convention at Rochester, read call, i, 481 —testimonial, i, 534 —tour, western, ii, 367 —tour with Ernestine L. Rose, i, 97 —tracts, Kansas campaign, ii, 239 —tracts and petitions, on, i, 383 —Train, G. F., and The Revolution, criticism, ii, 264 —Trial: —Arrest, ii, 628 —argument, Crowley's, ii, 648, 675 —argument, Judge Selden's, ii, 654 —bail, refused to give, ii, 629 —case opened by Judge Selden, ii, 652 —Gage, Matilda J., Letter to Albany Law Journal, ii, 947 —guilty, Court directs a verdict of, ii, 679 —Hunt's, Judge, decision, ii, 677 —Hunt's decision criticised, ii, 689 —Hunt's decision reviewed, ii, 946 —incidents, ii, 537 —indictment, ii, 647 —inspectors of elections, See trials and decisions —Jones, B. W., testimony, ii, 650 —letter from Gerrit Smith, ii, 941 —trial, new, denied, ii, 687 —trial, new, motion for, ii, 680 —opening of, ii, 647 —petition to Congress praying for remission of fine, ii, 698 —reports, majority and minority, ii, 701, 711 —Pound, J. E., testimony ii, 653 —press comments, ii, 935 —resolutions concerning, ii, 537 —Selden's letter, ii, 935 —sentenced to pay a fine of $100, ii, 687 —testimony in trial of election inspectors, ii, 692 —Washington gossip, ii, 943. —Tribute, "Aunt Lottie's," iii, 41 —tribute, to Laura C. Haviland, iii, 532 —tribute, from The Leavenworth Commercial (Kansas), ii, 263 —tribute to Lucretia Mott, iii, 189 —tribute, St. Louis Convention, iii, 147 —tribute, Scovill's, ii, 420 —visit to Lucretia Mott, i, 414 —voted for Grant for President, ii, 628 —letter announcing her having voted, ii, 934 —Washington Territory Legislature, hearing before, iii, 786 —Wyoming visit, iii, 734.

Anti-Slavery struggle, i, 39, 52, 54, 323, 325, 339, 417 —Josephine Griffing and Freedman's Bureau, ii, 29 —Society reorganized, ii, 153.

Anti-Woman Suffrage Society, iii, 99.

Antonelli's, Cardinal, sacrilegious child, i, 788.

Appendix, i, 801, ii, 863, iii, 955.

Archer, Stevenson, iii, 816.

Arkansas, iii, 805 —Constitutional Convention, iii, 806.

Arnell's services in Congress, ii, 489, 491.

Arnett, Hannah, i, 442.

Art and artists, iii, 301.

Ashley, Henry, iii, 319.

Ashley, J. M., speech in Congress, iii, 495.

Astell, Mary, i, 30.

Attorneys, ii, 604.

Augustine, i, 756.

Austin, Helen V., sketch of, i, 312.

Austria, iii, 904.

Autograph book, Centennial, iii, 40.

Avery, Alida C., iii, 719.

B.

Ballard, Anna, iii, 407.

Ballot, the, ii, 168 —Sumner on the, ii, 95 —what is the, ii, 155.

Ballot-Box, iii, 51, 504.

Banks, N. P., speech, iii, 10.

Banquet, St. James Hotel, ii, 441.

Bar, admission to the, iii, 330.

Barber, Miss, i, 807.

Barkaloo, Helena, lawyer, iii, 404.

Barker, Jos., i, 114 —Pulpit, on the, i, 140.

Barnum, P. T., i, 503.

Barstow, Hon. A. C., i, 499 —battle-field, services on the, ii, 23 —letters to Susan B. Anthony, ii, 916.

Barton, Clara, appeal to soldier friends, ii, 418.

Bascom, Emma C, letter to S. B. Anthony, iii, 647.

Batchelder, Mrs. Dr. L. S., on working women, ii, 389.

"Battle Hymn of the Republic," ii, 18.

Battle of Lexington, commemoration of, iii, 414.

Baxter, Richard, on witchcraft, i, 765.

Bayard, Thos. F., ii, 567, 576; iii, 205-6.

Beck, Senator, on woman suffrage, iii, 209.

Becker, Lydia E., letters, iii, 62, 121, 249.

Beecher, Catharine E., ii, 787, iii, 399.

Beecher, Edward, ii, 368, iii, 566.

BEECHER, Henry Ward, Kansas campaign, ii, 265 —letter to American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in St. Louis, ii, 825 —letter to Lucy Stone, Presidency American Woman Suffrage Association, ii, 808 —letter to Washington Convention, ii, 496 —President of American Woman Suffrage Association, made, ii, 764 —speeches, ii, 156, 216, 399, 766, 774; iii, 52 —suffrage, universal, and, ii, 315 —Tilton colloquy, ii, 167 —Tilton trial, i, 789 —woman's right to vote, on, i, 620.

Beecher, Lyman, i, 393.

Belgium, iii, 909.

Bell, Lydia, iii, 693.

Bell, Dr. T. S., ii, 862.

Bellows, Dr., on woman's rights, i, 245.

Bennett, Dr. Alice, iii, 472.

Bennett, James Gordon, i, 546.

Bentham, Jeremy, iii, 836.

Bequests, i, 257, 258, 667, 742.

Berlin, iii, 903.

Berlin Congress, ii, 404.

Bible, Antoinette L. Brown's points, i, 535 —divorce, and, i, 213 —interpolations, i, 797 —revision, i, 798 —woman and the, discussion, i, 380.

Biggs, Caroline A., letter to S. B. Anthony, iii, 250 —letter to Rochester Convention, iii, 120 —letter to Washington Convention, iii, 261.

Biggs, Emily J., iii, 702.

Bingham, Anson, i, 687, ii, 461.

BIOGRAPHY: Austin, Helen V., i, 312 —Blake, Lillie D., iii, 408 —Barton, Clara, ii, 23 —Boyd, Louise V., i, 312 —Brown, Olympia, iii, 646 —Clark, Mary T., i, 312 —Colby, Clara B., iii, 670 —Collins, Emily, i, 88 —Davis, Paulina Wright, by "E. C. S.", i, 283 —Duniway, Abigail S., iii, 768 —Griffing, Josephine Sophie, ii, 26 —Lozier, Clemence, iii, 411 —Morrow, Jane, i, 313 —Owen, Mary Robinson, i, 313 —Owen, Robert Dale, i, 293 —Rose, Ernestine, i, 95 —Swank, Emma B., i, 313 —Thomas, Mary F., i, 314 —Underhill, Sarah E., i, 313 —Warren, Mercy Otis, in the Revolution, i, 201 —Way, Amanda M., i, 311 —Wright, Frances, i, 35.

Bird, Frank W., iii, 194.

Birdsall, Mary B., sketch of, i, 313.

Bittenbender, Ada M., sketch of, iii, 692.

Blackstone on the canon law, i, 771.

BLACKWELL, Antoinette L. B., ii, 760 —letter to Cooper Institute Convention, i, 862 —marriage and divorce, on, i, 723 —speech at American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in New York, ii, 841 —Woman's National Loyal League, ii, 69. (See Brown, A. L.)

BLACKWELL, Elizabeth, i, 37, 78 —letter to Emily Collins, i, 90 —letter to Westchester, Pa., Convention, i, 831 —physician, as a, i, 94 —sanitary commission, ii, 13.

BLACKWELL, Henry B., ii, 382 —Kansas Campaign, ii, 232, 235 —South, on the, ii, 929 —speech at American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in Steinway Hall, ii, 811 —at American Woman Suffrage Association meeting in Cooper Institute, ii, 830 —Cleveland Convention, i, 126, ii, 780 —President of Am. Woman Suffrage Association, made, ii, 856 —Vermont Watchman, on, iii, 386 —Woman Suffrage in New Jersey, on, ii, 846.

BLAKE, Lillie Devereux, iii, 74, 223, 483 —Argument before House Committee, iii, 163 —sketch of, iii, 408 —Dix's Lenten lectures, her reply to, iii, 436 —lectures "Woman's Place to-day," iii, 436 —Washington Convention '76, iii, 7 —Washington Convention, at, ii, 541 —Fable, "The Selfish Rats," iii, 114 —speech, Battle of Lexington Commemoration, iii, 414.

Blake, S. L., against woman suffrage, iii, 371.

Blaine, Jas. G., iii, 164, 165, 366.

Blair, Henry W., letter to Susan B. Anthony, iii, 380.

BLOOMER, Amelia, i, 46 —address before Nebraska Legislature, iii, 672 —Cleveland National Convention, at, i, 128 —comments on Jane G. Swisshelm, i, 844 —portrait, i, 496 —replies to Senator Gaylord's speech against woman suffrage, iii, 623 —speech at Rochester Temperance Convention, i, 483 —work done, iii, 613.

Bloomer costume, i, 127, 469, 844.

Blunt, Gen., Kansas campaign, ii, 243.

Boarding House Law, i, 688.

Bodeker, Anna W., iii, 823 —vote, attempted to, iii, 824.

Bohemia, iii, 907.

Bolton, Sarah Knowles, iii, 494.

Bolton, Sarah T., i, 300.

Bones, Marietta, address to Dakota Constitutional Convention, iii, 665.

Booth, Mary L., i, 48, 624, ii, 433.

Boston Commonwealth, report of fifth Washington Convention, ii, 543.

Boston Convention, i, 255.

Boston Transcript, iii, 227.

Bottsford, Harriette, iii, 623.

Bower, E. S., iii, 700.

Bowles, Ada C., iii, 194.

Bowles, Samuel, letter to Mrs. Hooker, iii, 325.

Boyd, Louise V., sketch of, i, 312.

Bradburn, Geo., address, i, 56.

Bradlaugh, Charles, speaks in New York for woman suffrage, ii, 842.

Bradley, Judge, on the XIV. Amendment, ii, 457 —opinion, Bradwell case, ii, 624.

Bradstreet, Anne, i, 204, iii, 302.

Bradwell, Myra, application to Illinois Bar, ii, 601 —opinion denying, ii, 609 —Carpenter's, Matt. H., argument, ii, 615 —opinion of Justice Bradley, ii, 624 —report of proceedings in Illinois and U. S. Supreme Courts, ii, 614 —U. S. Supreme Court decision, ii, 622 —writ of error, ii, 614.

Brent, Margaret, first woman in America to claim the right to vote, iii, 815.

BRIGHT, Jacob, iii, 727, 841 —letter to Mrs. P. W. Davis, ii, 438 —municipal franchise bill, secures, iii, 845 —became law, iii, 847 —Parliament, fails of reelection, iii, 853 —speech on woman suffrage, iii, 849, 873 —votes for woman suffrage, iii, 842.

Bright, John, ii, 349, 366, 420 —speech against woman suffrage, iii, 861.

Bright, Wm. H., career of, iii, 729.

Brinkerhoff, Martha H., iii, 614.

British taxation, ii, 202.

Bromwell, H. P. H., iii, 720.

Brooklyn Bridge, iii, 440.

Brooks, James, on woman suffrage, ii, 97.

Brooks, Harriet S., sketch of, iii, 692.

Broomall, John H., iii, 464.

Brougham, Lord, i, 633.

BROWN, Antoinette L., i, 41, 119, 186, 624 —Bible argument, points on the, i, 535 —colleges, on, i, 144 —on the Half-world's Temperance Convention, i, 507 —pastor, ordained as, i, 473 —portrait, i, 449 —resolutions, Albany Convention, i, 593 —speech at Broadway Tabernacle Convention, i, 553 —Syracuse National Convention, argument, i, 524 —World's Temperance Convention, at the, i, 152. (See Blackwell, A. L. B.)

Brown, B. Gratz, speech, ii, 136 —universal suffrage, on, iii, 598.

Brown, David Paul, i, 333.

Brown, Martha McClellan, iii, 226.

Brown, Mary Olney, iii, 767 —argument, her right to vote, iii, 783 —vote, attempts to, iii, 780, 785.

BROWN, Olympia, iii, 73, 267, 301 —discussion with Fred. Douglass, ii, 311 —Kansas, in, i, 200, ii, 239, 240, 241 —letter to Susan B. Anthony, ii, 259 —sketch of, iii, 646 —speech at Equal Rights Association anniversary, Cooper Institute, ii, 309 —speech before Congressional Committee, iii, 95 —speech, Washington Convention, '76, iii, 7 —speech at Washington Convention, ii, 422.

Brown, R. T., speech on suffrage, ii, 853.

Brown, Sarah A., nominated for office, iii, 705.

Brown, Wm. Wells, ii, 368.

Bruhn, Rosa, letter to Mrs. P. W. Davis, ii, 439.

Buchanan, James, ii, 204.

Buck, J. D., iii, 511.

Buckalew, Senator, speech, ii, 146.

Buckingham, Mrs., iii, 337.

Buckley, Brother, on women as preachers, i, 784.

Burger, Sarah, iii, 526 (see Stearns, S. B.).

Burleigh, Celia, ii, 402, 790, 801, 817.

Burleigh, Charles C., i, 148, 549, 558, ii, 194, 392, 818.

Burnet, Rev. J., i, 55.

Burnham, Carrie S., ii, 600, iii, 444.

Burns, Anthony, i, 254.

Burns, Robert, ii, 266.

Burr, Frances Ellen, iii, 319 —letters to S. B. Anthony, ii, 912, iii, 334 —Senate Judiciary Committee, argument before, ii, 543.

Burtis, Sarah Anthony, i, 76.

Burton, Mary, iii, 852.

Bush, Abigail, i, 75, iii, 120.

BUTLER, Benj. F., letters to Susan B. Anthony, ii, 539, iii, 255 —report on Victoria C. Woodhull's memorial to Congress, ii, 464 —speech, ii, 514.

Butler, David, iii, 691.

Butler, Deborah, ii, 348.

Butler, Josephine E., on prostitution, iii, 145 —vice, on, i, 795.

C.

Cadwallader, John, i, 330.

CALIFORNIA, iii, 749 —Appendix, iii, 977 —constitution, liberal provisions, 750 —constitution and statute-laws, 760 —Conventions (see Conventions) —journalism, 761 —Mill's Seminary, 751 —petition to Legislature, 755 —press, ib. —senator, Mrs. Gordon nominated for, 756 —silk culture, 762 —State Society organized, 754 —woman's lawyer bill, 757 —woman suffrage society, first, 752 —women made eligible to school offices, 757 —women in the industries, 763 —women in the State University, contest, 758.

Cameron, Don, iii, 176.

Campbell, Margaret W., iii, 269, 716 —speech in Detroit, ii, 839.

Campbell, Mary G., iii, 712.

Canada, women's position in, iii, 831.

Canon law, i, 755, 769, 770, 771, 774.

Carey, Mary A. S., iii, 72.

Carey, Samuel F., i, 121, 154.

Carpenter Hall, application for, iii, 16.

Carpenter, C. C., letter to Iowa Woman Suffrage Association, iii, 621.

Carpenter, Matt. H., on Sargent's amendment to Pembina Territory bill, ii, 562 —Anthony, Susan B., trial, on, ii, 701 —argument in Myra Bradwell's application to Illinois Bar, ii, 615 —letter to Elizabeth C. Stanton, ii, 423.

Carr, Jeanne, iii, 751.

CARROLL, Anna Ella, iii, 153 —claim before Congress, ii, 12, 863 —statement of Benj. F. Wade, ii, 865 —letters, ii, 865, 866, 867, 868 —Tennessee campaign, ii, 3 —Vicksburg, on, ii, 11.

Cartter, Mrs. M. M., ii, 442.

Cartter, Chief-Justice, opinion, Spencer-Webster suit, ii, 597.

Cary, Alice and Phoebe, ii, 433.

Catherine II., i, 34.

Catholic Church, ii, 201, 207.

Cattle expert, Middie Morgan, iii, 404.

Cavender, John H., i, 328.

Centennial celebration, iii, 411.

Centennial headquarters, iii, 21.

Centennial Tea-Party, iii, 269.

Centennial year, iii, 1.

Centralization, iii, 89 —Matilda J. Gage, on, ii, 523.

Century Club, Philadelphia, iii, 469.

Chace, Elizabeth B., iii, 340, 341, 348.

Chalkstone, Mrs., ii, 59.

Chamberlain, D. H., favors woman suffrage, iii, 829.

Chambers, Rev. John, i, 159, 167, 500, 508.

Chandler, Dolly, iii, 275.

Chandler, Z., on Mrs. J. S. Griffing and the freedmen, ii, 33.

CHANNING, William Henry, i, 476, 583, 584, 587, 591 —appeal, woman's rights, i, 588 —resolutions, Rochester Convention, i, 580 —social relations, report on, i, 233 —speech at Broadway Tabernacle Convention, i, 550 —Woman's Rights, Declaration, i, 129 —World's Temperance Convention and John Chambers, on the, i, 508, iii, 922.

Chapin, Augusta, iii, 276.

Chapin, Clara C., iii, 691, 693.

Chapin, E. H., i, 476.

Chaplain, Mrs. E. F. Hobart, ii, 18.

Chapman, Maria Weston, i, 53 —poem, i, 82.

Chase, Salmon P., i, 167, ii, 73, iii, 808.

Cheever, George B., ii, 226.

Chicago Historical Society, iii, 179.

Chicago Inter-Ocean, iii, 682.

Chicago Legal News, iii, 562.

Chicago Legal News Company, ii, 607.

CHILD, Lydia Maria, i, 38, 258, 775 —letter to E. C. Stanton, ii, 910 —letter to St. Louis Convention, ii, 825 —petitions Congress, iii, 266 —universal suffrage, on, iii, 519.

Children, guardianship of, i, 747 —illegitimate, i, 760 —rearing of, i, 304.

Christine of Pisa, i, 29.

Christlieb, Prof., i, 787.

Church and State, i, 753.

Church, Elmwood, Illinois, iii, 563.

Churchill, Elizabeth K., iii, 371 —woman suffrage, on, ii, 812.

CITIZENSHIP, ii, 462, 468, 469, 470, 473, 532, 555, 556, 665 —Bates, Attorney-General, on, ii, 461 —Blake, Devereux, on, iii, 7 —Curtis, Justice, on, ii, 472 —Daniel, Justice, on, ii, 471 —Stanton, Elizabeth C., speech on, iii, 80 —Taney, Justice, on, ii, 472 —term defined, ii, 451 —Thorbeck, on, ii, 473 —White, Richard Grant, on, ii, 567.

Citizenship, women crowned with rights of, in Wyoming, iii, 726.

Claiborne, F. L., iii, 795.

Clark, Emily, i, 489.

Clark, Helen Bright, iii, 874.

Clark, Mary T., sketch of, i, 312.

Clark, Sidney, ii, 363.

Clarke, Hannah B., on woman suffrage, ii, 807.

Clarke, Jas. Freeman, on suffrage, i, 258, ii, 768, iii, 266 —speech, New England, Convention, i, 263.

Clarke, Mary Bayard, iii, 825.

Clarkson, Thomas, i, 54.

Clay, Mary B., iii, 818.

Clemmer, Mary, letter to S. B. Anthony, iii, 262 —letter to Senator Wadleigh, iii, 111.

Clergy, charges against, i, 135 —celibacy of, i, 757.

Clergymen and corkscrews, ii, 167.

Cleveland, Grover, iii, 437.

Clute, Oscar, on woman suffrage, ii, 770.

Cobbe, Francis Power, iii, 865 —letter to Mrs. P. W. Davis, ii, 438.

Cobden, Jane, iii, 875.

Cobden, Richard, favors woman suffrage, iii, 835.

Coe, Emma R., i, 146, 232.

Cogswell, Brainard, iii, 371.

Colburn, Catharine A., iii, 774.

Colburn, Mary J., iii, 650.

Colby, Clara Bewick, iii, 222 —sketch of, iii, 670.

Colby University opened to girls, iii, 355.

Cole, Mrs. Miriam M., ii, 790, 806, 832, iii, 501.

Coleman, Lucy N., speech at Woman's National Loyal League, ii, 62.

Coleridge, Lord, iii, 844.

Colfax, Schuyler, ii, 181.

Colleges, iii, 399 —women in, i, 144.

Colleges for women, iii, 296.

College, Woman's, Evanston, Ill., iii, 578.

Collier, Robert Laird, iii, 567.

Collins, Emily, reminiscences of, i, 88 —Miss Sarah Owen's correspondence, i, 91.

Collins, Jennie, speech at Washington Convention, ii, 423.

Collins, Stacy B., iii, 482.

Collyer, Robert, ii, 368, 371, 372 —recollections of Lucretia Mott, i, 409, 414 —speech at Chicago, iii, 565.

COLORADO: clergy, iii, 720 —Conventions, See Conventions —Desert, great American, iii, 712 —equal-rights mass-meeting in Denver, 722 —leaders in the cause, 719 —legislation, 714, 715 —press, 715 —suffrage amendment, defeat of, 723 —suffrage first effort for, 712 —suffrage, Gov. McCook's message, 713 —woman suffrage, Gov. Evan's on, 722.

Colorado Tribune, iii, 715.

Columbia College, effort to open to women, iii, 410.

Colvin, N. J., letters to S. B. Anthony, i, 691, 750; ii, 914.

Conciliatory amendments, ii, 527.

Concord Monitor, iii, 371.

Congress, first Continental, iii, 17 —Elizabeth C. Stanton runs for, ii, 180 —Victoria C. Woodhull's memorial, 443 —Riddle's speech in support of, 448 —House majority report, 461 —Minority report, 464.

CONGRESSIONAL ACTION, ii, 90 —Anthony, Senator, speech, ii, 106 —arguments before House Committee, iii, 161 —arguments before Senate Committee, iii, 155 —Banks' N. P., speech, iii, 10 —Brooks' James, speech, ii, 96 —Brown's, Senator, speech, ii, 136 —Buckalew's, Senator, speech, ii, 146 —Butler's, Benj., speech, ii, 514 —Committee, special, House appoints, iii, 221 —Committee, special, on woman suffrage, Senate discussion, iii, 198 —Committee, special, on woman suffrage, House discussion, iii, 219 —Committee, standing, Senate discussion, iii, 190 —Cowan, Senator, speech, ii, 103, 110 —Cowan repels the charge of insincerity, ii, 121 —Davis's Senator, speech, ii, 144 —Debate, Senate and House, iii, 70 —Democrats and the petitions, ii, 95 —District of Columbia suffrage bill, ii, 103 —vote, ii, 151 —District of Columbia bill, Julian's amendment, ii, 482 —Doolittle, Senator, speech against, ii, 150 —electors, who constitute, House debates, ii, 326 —female employees, iii, 811 —Frelinghuysen's, Senator, speech, ii, 135 —hearing before Senate Committee, iii, 227 —Henderson, Senator, presents Mrs. Gerrit Smith's petition with a speech, ii, 98 —House discussion, ii, 514 —Johnson's, Senator, speech, ii, 130 —joint resolutions before House affecting women, ii, 72 —Julian's bills, ii, 325 —Morrill's, Senator, speech, ii, 118 —National Association granted hearing, iii, 75 —Negro's hour, ii, 94 —Parker's bill, ii, 516 —Pembina Territory bill, debate on, Sargent's amendment, ii, 545; am't rejected, 582; Anthony's remarks, 568; Bayard's remarks, 567, 575; Boreman's remarks, 549, 580; Carpenter's remarks, 562; Conkling's remarks, 558, 559; Edmund's remarks, 562, 569, 571, 572, 573, 580; Ferry's remarks, 568; Flanagan's remarks, 552; Merrimon's remarks, 552, 553, 554, 555, 556, 557, 560; Morrill's remarks, 562; Morton's remarks, 549, 569; Sargent's remarks, 546, 555, 564, 567; Stewart's remarks, 548, 558, 559, 564, 573, 579. Petition, iii, 9 —petition read and referred, iii, 130 —petition, Rhode Island, ii, 560 —petition for universal suffrage, ii, 97 —petitions against the word "male" in Constitution, ii, 91 —Pomeroy's, Senator, resolution, ii, 324 —Pomeroy's, Senator, speech, ii, 151 —Report, first favorable majority, iii, 231 —report, first favorable, Senate, iii, 131 —report, minority, iii, 237 —reports on Victoria C. Woodhull's memorial, ii, 461, 464 —reports, iii, 150 —Republicans' protest in presenting petitions, ii, 94, 96 —Republicans, squirming of, ii, 101 —resolution to appoint special committee, iii, 175 —Sargent, Senator, speech, iii, 9 —Sixteenth Amendment, ii, 333 —Sixteenth Amendment, resolutions, iii, 154 —Stevens', Thaddeus, resolution, ii, 95 —Sumner, Charles, presents a petition under protest, ii, 96; why he protested, ii, 100. Wade, Benj. F., speech, ii, 123 —Williams, Senator, speech against, ii, 108 —Wilson's, Senator, bill, ii, 324 —Wilson's, Senator, speech, ii, 128.

Conkling, Roscoe, ii, 363 —on Senator McDonald's Woman Suffrage resolution, iii, 191 —talk with, ii, 347 —Senator Stewart and woman suffrage, on, ii, 558.

Connecticut, iii, 316 —Appendix, iii, 957 —Bar, admission to the, iii, 330 —Legislature, minority report, iii, 317.

Constitution, Story on the, ii, 477, 478, 588.

Constitution and suffrage, ii, 741.

Continental Europe, iii, 895.

CONVENTIONS: American Woman Suffrage Association (See Am. Woman Suffrage Association) —barn, in a, i, 123 —California, San Francisco, iii, 753, 760 —Connecticut, Hartford, iii, 197, 322 —Colorado, Denver, iii, 716, 720 —Illinois, Bloomington, iii, 572, Chicago, ii, 368, iii, 175, 565, 570; Galena, ii, 375; Springfield, ii, 371, iii, 570. —Indiana, Dublin, Wayne Co., i, 306; Indianapolis, i, 307, iii, 175, 534, 537; Richmond, i, 307; Winchester, i, 308; —Iowa, Des Moines, iii, 618, 623, 624; Mount Pleasant, iii, 617; Ottumwa, iii, 624. —Kansas, Topeka, iii, 702, 709; Salina, iii, 709. —London, first ever held, ii, 406 —Loyalists' ii, 329 —Maine, Augusta, iii, 359, 363; Portland, iii, 197, 352 —Massachusetts, Boston, ii, 178, iii, 192 —Worcester (Nat.), i, 215, 266 —Michigan, Detroit, iii, 516; Grand Rapids, iii, 530; Lansing, iii, 519 —Minnesota, Minneapolis, iii, 659 —Missouri, St. Louis, ii, 369, 407, iii, 142, 601, 606 —National, in 1866-67, report by Caroline H. Dall, ii, 899 —Nebraska, Kearney, iii, 688 694; Norfolk, iii, 689; Omaha, iii, 241, 687, 690 —New England, i, 254, 255, 262, iii, 267 —New Hampshire, Concord, iii, 270, 368; Dover, iii, 197; Keene, ib.; New Haven, ib. —New Jersey, Vineland, iii, 479 —New York, Albany, i, 591, 628, 678, 745; Rochester, i, 75, 577, press comments, i, 802; Rochester, iii, 117; Saratoga, ii, 402; Burleigh's, Celia, description, ii, 402; Saratoga, i, 620, 623; Saratoga, iii, 396; Seneca Falls, i, 67, press comments, i, 802; Syracuse (Nat.), i, 517, press comments i, 852 —New York Constitutional, ii, 269, 282 —New York City, Apollo Hall, ii, 427, 484, 533; Broadway Tabernacle i, 631, 546; Church of the Puritans (Nat.), 152; Cooper Institute (Nat.), i, 688; Irving Hall, ii, 426, 545; Masonic Temple, ii, 584, iii, 19, 98; Mozart Hall (Nat.), i, 668, 672; Steinway Hall, ii, 809 —Ohio, Akron, i, 111; Cincinnati (Nat.), i, 163; Cincinnati, iii, 492; Cleveland (Nat.), i, 124; Cleveland, ii, 757; Dayton, iii, 493; Massilon, i, 123; Salem, i, 103; Toledo, ii, 377, iii, 506. Oregon, Portland, iii, 773 —Paris, International, iii, 127, 585, 896 —Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, i, 375, iii, 34, 229; Westchester, i, 350 —Rhode Island, Newport, ii, 403; Providence, iii, 197, 340 —South Carolina, Columbia, iii, 828 —Vermont, Montpelier, iii, 385 —Washington Ter., Walla Walla, iii, 775 —Washington, D. C., ii, 345, 356, 359, 416, 418, 425, 417, 442, 493, 521, 537, 538, 543, 582, iii, 3, 60, 71, 128, 150, 187, 221, 254 —Wisconsin, Janesville, iii, 642; Madison, ii, 374; Milwaukee, ii, 374, iii, 640; Racine, iii, 645.

Conventions, Constitutional, Kansas, i, 189 —Massachusetts, i, 253 —New York, ii, 267 —Ohio, i, 105 —Pennsylvania, iii, 465.

Conventions held in Washington, why, iii, 150.

Cooper, Edward, against woman suffrage, iii, 422.

Cooper, Joseph, i, 447.

Cooper, Peter, iii, 399.

"Copperheads," going over to the, ii, 320.

Corbin, Hannah Lee, i, 33.

Cornell, A. B., iii, 223, 423.

Cornell, University, iii, 398.

Corner, Mary T., i, 122, iii, 810.

Correll, E. M., ii, 862, iii, 691.

Correspondence, See Letters.

Corson, Hiram, letter to Susan B. Anthony, iii, 472.

Courtney, Leonard, iii, 862.

COUZINS, Phoebe W., iii, 7, 60, 370 —address, "Woman as a Lawyer," ii, 542 —argument before House Committee, iii, 170 —delegate to National Democratic Convention, iii, 27 —Labors of, iii, 596 —reception, iii, 610 —Senate Judiciary Committee, argument before, ii, 543 —Speeches: Centennial, iii, 36, St. Louis Convention, iii, 142; Washington Convention, 223, 258; Woman Suffrage, ii, 387.