IX—SHIPS, NAVIGATION, AND COMMERCE

[Footnote 91: Plin. H. N. vii. 56.]

[Footnote 92: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 517, No. 352.]

[Footnote 93: Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, ii. 383.]

[Footnote 94: Compare the practice of the Egyptians (Rosellini, Monumenti Storici, pl. cxxxi.)]

[Footnote 95: See Mionnet, Descript. de Medailles, vol. vii. pl. lxi. fig. 1; Gesenius, Ling. Scripturaeque Phoen. Monumenta, pl. 36, fig. G; Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, ii. 378.]

[Footnote 96: Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, first series, pl. 71; Nineveh and its Remains, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 97: So Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 34.]

[Footnote 98: See Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. xlv.]

[Footnote 99: Herod. iii. 136.]

[Footnote 910: In later times there must have been more sails than one, since Xenophon describes a Phoenician merchant ship as sailing by means of a quantity of rigging, which implies several sails (Xen. OEconom. Sec. 8).]

[Footnote 911: Scylax. Periplus, Sec. 112.]

[Footnote 912: Thucyd. i. 13.]

[Footnote 913: Herod. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 914: See Herod. vii. 89-94.]

[Footnote 915: Ibid. vii. 44.]

[Footnote 916: Ibid. vii. 100.]

[Footnote 917: Xen. OEconom. Sec. 8, pp. 11-16 (Ed. Schneider).]

[Footnote 918: Herodotus (iii. 37) says they were at the prow of the ship; but Suidas (ad voc.) and Hesychius (ad voc.) place them at the stern. Perhaps there was no fixed rule.]

[Footnote 919: The {pataikoi} of the Greeks probably representes the Hebrew {...}, which is from {...}, "insculpere," and is applied in Scripture to "carved work" of any kind. (See 1 Kings vi. 29; Ps. lxxiv. 6; &c.) Some, however, derive the word from the Egyptian name Phthah, or Ptah. (See Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 235.)]

[Footnote 920: Manilius, i. 304-308.]

[Footnote 921: Strab. Geograph. xv.]

[Footnote 922: Tarshish (Tartessus) was on the Atlantic coast, outside the Straits.]

[Footnote 923: Ezek. xxvii.]

[Footnote 924: Signified by one of its chief cities, Haran (now Harran).]

[Footnote 925: Signified by "the house of Togarmarh" (verse 14).]

[Footnote 926: Ionia, Cyprus, and Hellas are the Greek correspondents of Javan, Chittim, and Elishah, Chittim representing Citium, the capital of Cyprus.]

[Footnote 927: Spain is intended by "Tarshish" (verse 12) == Tartessus, which was a name given by the Phoenicians to the tract upon the lower Baetis (Guadalquivir).]

[Footnote 928: See the Speaker's Commentary, ad loc.]

[Footnote 929: Strab. xv. 3, Sec. 22.]

[Footnote 930: Minnith appears as an Ammonite city in the history of Jephthah (Judg. xi. 33).]

[Footnote 931: Herod. ii. 37, 182; iii. 47.]

[Footnote 932: See Rawlinson's Herodotus, ii. 157; History of Ancient Egypt, i. 509; Rosellini, Mon. Civili, pls. 107-109.]

[Footnote 933: See Herod. iii. 107; History of Ancient Egypt, ii. 222-224.]

[Footnote 934: That these were Arabian products appears from Herod. iii. 111, 112. They may be included in the "chief of all spices," which Tyre obtained from the merchants of Sheba and Raamah (Ezek. xxvii. 22).]

[Footnote 935: Arabia has no ebony trees, and can never have produced elephants.]

[Footnote 936: See Ezek. xxvii. 23, 24. Canneh and Chilmad were probably Babylonian towns.]

[Footnote 937: Upper Mesopotamia is indicated by one of its chief cities, Haran (Ezek. xxvii. 23).]

[Footnote 938: Ezek. xxvii. 6. Many objects in ivory have been found in Cyprus.]

[Footnote 939: Ibid. verse 7. The Murex brandaris is still abundant on the coast of Attica, and off the island of Salamis (Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 881).]

[Footnote 940: Strab. iii. 2, Sec. 8-12; Diod. Sic. v. 36; Plin. H. N. iii. 3.]

[Footnote 941: See Gen. xxxvii. 28.]

[Footnote 942: Isaiah xxi. 13.]

[Footnote 943: Ibid. lx. 6.]

[Footnote 944: Ibid. verses 6, 7.]

[Footnote 945: Heeren, Asiatic Nations, ii. 93, 100, 101.]

[Footnote 946: 1 Kings v. 11; 2 Chr. ii. 10.]

[Footnote 947: Ezek. xxvii. 17.]

[Footnote 948: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 949: Acts xii. 20.]

[Footnote 950: 2 Chron. l.s.c.; Ezra l.s.c.; Ezek. xxvii. 6, 17.]

[Footnote 951: Ezek. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 952: Gen. xxxvii. 28.]

[Footnote 953: Strab. xvi. 2, Sec. 41.]

[Footnote 954: Ezek. xxvii. 18.]

[Footnote 955: Strab. xv. 3, Sec. 22.]

[Footnote 956: So Heeren (As. Nat. ii. 118). But there is a Helbon a little to the north of Damascus, which is more probably intended.]

[Footnote 957: Ibid.]

[Footnote 958: See Amos, iii. 12, where some translate "the children of Israel that dwell in Samaria in the corner of a bed, and upon a damask couch."]

[Footnote 959: Ezek. xxvii. 16.]

[Footnote 960: The Hebrew terms for Syria {...} and Edom {...} are constantly confounded by the copyists, and we must generally look to the context to determine which is the true reading.]

[Footnote 961: Herod. i. 1.]

[Footnote 962: Ibid. ii. 112.]

[Footnote 963: Ch. xxvii. 7.]

[Footnote 964: Egyptian pottery, scarabs, seals, figures of gods, and amulets, are common on most Phoenician sites. The Sidonian sarcophagi, including that of Esmunazar, are of an Egyptian stone.]

[Footnote 965: Herod. iii. 5, 6.]

[Footnote 966: Ibid. iii. 107; Strab. xvi. 4, Sec. 19; Diod. Sic. ii. 49.]

[Footnote 967: Theophrast. Hist. Plant. ix. 4.]

[Footnote 968: Wilkinson, in the author's Herodotus, iii. 497, note 6; Heeren, As. Nat. ii. 95.]

[Footnote 969: Is. lx. 7; Her. xlix. 29.]

[Footnote 970: Ezek. xxvii. 21.]

[Footnote 971: Ezek. xxvii. 20.]

[Footnote 972: Ex. xxvi. 7; xxxvi. 14.]

[Footnote 973: Ezek. xxvii. 15, 19-22.]

[Footnote 974: See Heeren, Asiatic Nations, ii. 96.]

[Footnote 975: Ibid. pp. 99, 100.]

[Footnote 976: Gerrha, Sanaa, and Mariaba were flourishing towns in Strabo's time, and probably during several centuries earlier.]

[Footnote 977: Ezek. xxvii. 23, 24.]

[Footnote 978: Herod. i. 1.]

[Footnote 979: See Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pls. xxxi.-xxxiii.; A. Di Cesnola, Salaminia, ch. xii.; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 636-639.]

[Footnote 980: Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, 2nd series, pls. 57-67; Nineveh and Babylon, pp. 183-187.]

[Footnote 981: Ezek. xxvii. 23.]

[Footnote 982: So Heeren translates (As. Nat. ii. 123).]

[Footnote 983: Ezek. xxvii. 14.]

[Footnote 984: Strab. xi. 14, Sec. 9:—{'Estin ippobotos sphodra e khora}.]

[Footnote 985: Ibid.]

[Footnote 986: 1 Kings i. 33; Esth. viii. 10, 14.]

[Footnote 987: Ezek. xxvii. 13.]

[Footnote 988: Xen. Anab. iv. 1, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 989: Hom. Od. xv. 415-484; Herod. i. 1.]

[Footnote 990: Joel iii. 6.]

[Footnote 991: Ezek. xxvii. 13.]

[Footnote 992: Herod. v. 5.]

[Footnote 993: Herod. ii. 32.]

[Footnote 994: Ibid. iv. 183.]

[Footnote 995: Ibid.]

[Footnote 996: Ibid. iv. 181-184. Compare Heeren, African Nations, ii. pp. 202-235.]

[Footnote 997: No doubt some of these may have been imparted by the Cyprians themselves, and others introduced by the Egyptians when they held Cyprus; but they are too numerous to be accounted for sufficiently unless by a continuous Phoenician importation.]

[Footnote 998: Especially Etruria, which was advanced in civilisation and the arts, while Rome was barely emerging from barbarism.]

[Footnote 999: 2 Chron. ii. 14.]

[Footnote 9100: Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria, ii. 204, 514; Gerhard, Etruskische Spiegel, passim.]

[Footnote 9101: Schliemann, Mycenae, Pls. 357-519.]

[Footnote 9102: Ezek. xxvii. 12; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16; &c.]

[Footnote 9103: Strabo, iii. 5, Sec. 11.]

[Footnote 9104: Ibid. In Roman times the pigs of tin were brought to the Isle of Wight by the natives, thence transported across the Channel, and conveyed through Gaul to the mouth of the Rhone (Diod. Sic. v. 22).]

[Footnote 9105: Heeren, Asiatic Nations, ii. 80.]

[Footnote 9106: Hom. Od. xv. 460. Some doubt, however, if amber is here intended.]

[Footnote 9107: Scylax, Periplus, Sec. 112.]

[Footnote 9108: Herod. iv. 196.]

[Footnote 9109: These forests (spoken of by Diodorus, v. 19) have now to a great extent been cleared away, though some patches still remain, especially in the more western islands of the group. The most remarkable of the trees is the Pinus canariensis.]

[Footnote 9110: Pliny, H. N. vi. 32, sub fin.]

[Footnote 9111: Pliny, l.s.c. The breed is now extinct.]

[Footnote 9112: The savagery of the ancient inhabitants of the mainland is strongly marked in the narrative of Hanno (Periplus, passim).]

[Footnote 9113: As Heeren (As. Nat. ii. 71, 75, 239).]

[Footnote 9114: Ezek. xxvii. 15, 20, 23.]

[Footnote 9115: See 1 Kings x. 22; 2 Chr. ix. 21.]

[Footnote 9116: 1 Kings ix. 26, 27.]

[Footnote 9117: Ibid. x. 11; 2 Chr. ix. 10.]

[Footnote 9118: Gen. x. 29. Compare Twistleton, in Dr. Smith's Dictionary of the Bible, vol. ii. ad voc. OPHIR.]

[Footnote 9119: Ps. lxxii. 15; Ezek. xxvii. 22; Strab. xvi. 4, Sec. 18; Diod. Sic. ii. 50.]

[Footnote 9120: Ezel. l.s.c.; Strab. xvi. 4, Sec. 20.]

[Footnote 9121: There are no sufficient data for determining what tree is intended by the almug or algum tree. The theory which identifies it with the "sandal-wood" of India has respectable authority in its favour, but cannot rise beyond the rank of a conjecture.]

[Footnote 9122: If Scylax of Cadyanda could sail, in the reign of Darius Hystaspis, from the mouth of the Indus to the Gulf of Suez (Herod. iv. 44), there could have been no great difficulty in the Phoenicians accomplishing the same voyage in the opposite direction some centuries earlier.]

X—MINING

[Footnote 101: Diod. Sic. v. 35, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 102: Brugsch, History of Egypt, i. 65; Birch, Ancient Egypt, p. 65.]

[Footnote 103: Deut. viii. 7-9.]

[Footnote 104: Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 2:—"In Cypro proma aeris inventio." The story went, that Cinryas, the Paphian king, who gave Agamemnon his breastplate of steel, gold, and tin (Hom. Il. xii. 25), invented the manufacture of copper, and also invented the tongs, the hammer, the lever, and the anvil (Plin. H. N. vii. 56, Sec. 195).]

[Footnote 105: Strab. xiv. 6, Sec. 5; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {Tamasos}.]

[Footnote 106: See the Dictionary of Gk. and Rom. Geography, i. 729.]

[Footnote 107: Ross, Inselnreise, iv. 157, 161.]

[Footnote 108: Plin. H. N. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 109: Herod. vi. 47.]

[Footnote 1010: Plin. H. N. vi. 56; Strab. xiv. 5, Sec. 28.]

[Footnote 1011: See the description of Thasos in the Geographie Universelle, i. 142.]

[Footnote 1012: Herod. vii. 112; Aristot. De Ausc. Mir. Sec. 42; Thuc. iv. 105; Diod. Sic. xvi. 8; App. Bell. Civ. iv. 105; Justin, viii. 3; Plin. H. N. vii. 56, &c.]

[Footnote 1013: Col. Leake speaks of one silver mine as still being worked (Northern Greece, iii. 161).]

[Footnote 1014: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iv. 99.]

[Footnote 1015: Ibid. p. 100, note.]

[Footnote 1016: Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 4, Sec. 21.]

[Footnote 1017: Ibid. xxxiii. 4, Sec. 23.]

[Footnote 1018: Diod. Sic. v. 35, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 1019: Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 6, Sec. 31.]

[Footnote 1020: Ibid. Sec. 96.]

[Footnote 1021: Strab. iii. 2, Sec. 8; Diod. Sic. v. 36, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 1022: Ap. Strab. iii. 2, Sec. 9. Compare Diod. Sic. v. 38, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 1023: Strab. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1024: Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16, Sec. 156.]

[Footnote 1025: Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16, Sec. 158 and Sec. 165.]

[Footnote 1026: Polyb. xxxiv. 5, Sec. 11; Plin. H. N. xxxiv. 16, Sec. 158.]

[Footnote 1027: Plin. xxxiv. 18, Sec. 173.]

[Footnote 1028: Ibid. Sec. 159.]

[Footnote 1029: Ibid. xxxiv. 17, Sec. 164.]

[Footnote 1030: Quicksilver is still among the products of the Spanish mines, where its presence is noted by Pliny (H. N. xxxiii. 6, Sec. 99).]

[Footnote 1031: Diod. Sic. v. 36, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 1032: Ibid. {Kai plagias kai skolias diaduseis poikilos metallourgountes}.]

[Footnote 1033: Pliny says "flint," but this can scarcely have been the material. (See Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 4, Sec. 71.)]

[Footnote 1034: Ibid. Sec. 70.]

[Footnote 1035: Ibid. Sec. 73.]

[Footnote 1036: Diod. Sic. v. 37, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 1037: Diod. Sic. v. 37, Sec. 3. Compare Strab. iii. 2, Sec. 9.]

[Footnote 1038: Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 4, Sec. 69.]

[Footnote 1039: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1040: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 263.]

[Footnote 1041: Diod. Soc. v. 38, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 1042: Kenrick thinks that the Carthaginians "introduced the practice of working the mines by slave labour" (Phoenicia, l.s.c.); but to me the probability appears to be the other way.]

[Footnote 1043: See Wilkinson, in the author's Herodotus, ii. 504.]

[Footnote 1044: Herod. iii. 96.]

XI—RELIGION

[Footnote 0111: Renan, Histoire des Langues Semitiques, p. 5.]

[Footnote 0112: Ithobal, father of Jezebel, was High Priest of Ashtoreth (Menand. Ephes. Fr. 1). Amastarte, the mother of Esmunazar II. (Records of the Past, ix. 113) was priestess of the same deity.]

[Footnote 0113: As figures of Melkarth, or Esmun, or dedications to Baal, as lord of the particular city issuing it.]

[Footnote 0114: Herod. iii. 37.]

[Footnote 0115: For the fragments of the work which remain, see the Fragmenta Historicum Graecorum of C. Mueller, iii. 561-571. Its value has been much disputed, but seems to the present writer only slight.]

[Footnote 0116: Compare Max Mueller, Science of Religion, p. 177 et seqq.]

[Footnote 0117: Gen. xiv. 18-22.]

[Footnote 0118: Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 0119: Records of the Past, iv. 109, 113.]

[Footnote 1110: Gen. vi. 5.]

[Footnote 1111: Ps. cxxxix. 2.]

[Footnote 1112: Max Mueller, Chips from a German Workshop, i. 28.]

[Footnote 1113: Philo Bybl. Fr. 1, Sec. 5. Compare the Corpus Ins. Semit. vol. i. p. 29.]

[Footnote 1114: See Renan, Mission de Phenicie, pl. xxxii.; Gesenius, Linguae Scripturaeque Phoeniciae Monumenta, Tab. xxi.]

[Footnote 1115: 2 Kings xxiii. 5. Compare verse 11.]

[Footnote 1116: Gesenius, Monumenta Phoenicia, p. 96.]

[Footnote 1117: Ibid. pp. 276-278.]

[Footnote 1118: See Doellinger's Judenthum und Heidenthum, i. 425; E. T.]

[Footnote 1119: Doellinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum, i. 425, E. T. Compare Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. Tab. xxiii.]

[Footnote 1120: Herod. ii. 44; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 77.]

[Footnote 1121: Judg. ii. 11; iii. 7; x. 6, &c.]

[Footnote 1122: 2 Kings i. 2.]

[Footnote 1123: Strab. iii. 5, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 1124: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iv. 113.]

[Footnote 1125: 2 Kings iii. 2.]

[Footnote 1126: See the representation in Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 73.]

[Footnote 1127: Doellinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum, i. 427.]

[Footnote 1128: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 77.]

[Footnote 1129: Gen. xiv. 5.]

[Footnote 1130: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 419, 450, 555, &c.]

[Footnote 1131: Ibid. p. 554.]

[Footnote 1132: Curtius, in the Archaeologische Zeitung for 1869, p. 63.]

[Footnote 1133: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 303.]

[Footnote 1134: Menand. Ephes. Fr. 1.]

[Footnote 1135: See Philo Bybl. Fe. ii. 8, Sec. 14; {'Ilon ton kai Kronon}. Damascius ap. Phot. Bibl. p. 1050.]

[Footnote 1136: Philo. Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 17.]

[Footnote 1137: Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]

[Footnote 1138: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 25.]

[Footnote 1139: Ibid. Fr. iv.]

[Footnote 1140: Ibid. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 14-19.]

[Footnote 1141: Karth or Kartha, is probably the root of Carthage, Carthagena, Carteia, &c., as Kiriath is of Kiriathaim, Kiriath-arba, Kiriath-arim, &c.]

[Footnote 1142: Melicertes is the son of Demaroues and the grandson of Uranus; Baal-samin is a god who stands alone, "without father, without mother, without descent."]

[Footnote 1143: See Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 567, 577, 578; Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. Tab. xxxvii. I.]

[Footnote 1144: Herod. ii. 44.]

[Footnote 1145: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1146: Strab. iii. 5, Sec. 4-6.]

[Footnote 1147: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 575.]

[Footnote 1148: Ibid. p. 574.]

[Footnote 1149: Strab. iii. 5, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 1150: Sil. Ital. iii. 18-20.]

[Footnote 1151: Ibid. iii. 21-27.]

[Footnote 1152: 1 Sam. v. 2-5; 1 Mac. x. 18.]

[Footnote 1153: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 14.]

[Footnote 1154: Ibid. Sec. 20.]

[Footnote 1155: Layard, Ninev. and Bab. p. 343; Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 323.]

[Footnote 1156: See 2 Sam. viii. 3, and 1 Kings xv. 18, where the names Hadad-ezer and Ben-hadad suggest at any rate the worship of Hadad.]

[Footnote 1157: Macrob. Saturnalia, i. 23.]

[Footnote 1158: So Macrobius, l.s.c. Compare the representations of the Egyptian Sun-God, Aten, in the sculpures of Amenhotep IV. (See the Story of Egypt, in G. Putnam's Series, p. 225.)]

[Footnote 1159: The h in "Hadad" is he ({...}), but in chad it is heth ({...}). The derivation also leaves the reduplication of the

[Footnote 1160: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 24, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 1161: Zech. xii. 11.]

[Footnote 1162: 1 Kings i. 18; 2 Kings v. 18.]

[Footnote 1163: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 311.]

[Footnote 1164: Ezek. viii. 14.]

[Footnote 1165: The Adonis myth is most completely set forth by the Pseudo-Lucian, De Dea Syra, Sec. 6-8.]

[Footnote 1166: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 11.]

[Footnote 1167: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1168: "King of Righteousness" and "Lord of Righteousness" are the interpretations usually given; but "Zedek is my King" and "Zedek is my Lord" would be at least equally admissible.]

[Footnote 1169: Berytus was under the protection of the Cabeiri generally (Philo Bybl. ii. 8, Sec. 25) and of Esmun in particular. Kenrick says that he had a temple there (Phoenicia, p. 327).]

[Footnote 1170: Cyprian inscriptions contain the names of Bar-Esmun, Abd-Esmun, and Esmun-nathan; Sidonian ones those of two Esmun-azars. Esmun's temple at Carthage was celebrated (Strab. xvii. 14; Appian, viii. 130). His worship in Sardinia is shown by votive offerings (Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 308).]

[Footnote 1171: Ap. Phot. Bibliothec. Cod. ccxlii. p. 1074.]

[Footnote 1172: Pausan. viii. 23.]

[Footnote 1173: The name Astresmunim, "herb of Esmun," given by Dioscorides (iv. 71) to the solanum, which was regarded as having medicinal qualities, is the nearest approach to a proof that the Phoenicians themselves connected Esmun with the healing art.]

[Footnote 1174: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 11.]

[Footnote 1175: Herod. ii. 51; Kenrick, Egypt, Appendix, pp. 264-287.]

[Footnote 1176: Philo Bybl. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1177: Herod. iii. 37; Suidas ad voc. {pataikos}; Hesych. ad voc. {Kabeiroi}.]

[Footnote 1178: Strab. x. 3, Sec. 7.]

[Footnote 1179: Gen. ix. 22; x. 6. Compare the author's Herodotus, iv. 239-241.]

[Footnote 1180: Herod. iii. 37.]

[Footnote 1181: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 65, 78, &c.]

[Footnote 1182: Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. Tab. xxxix.]

[Footnote 1183: Berger, La Phenicie, p. 24; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 70.]

[Footnote 1184: Pausan. ix. 12; Nonnus, Dionysiac. v. 70; Steph. Byz. ad voc. {'Ogkaiai}; Hesych. ad voc. {'Ogka}; Scholiast. ad Pind. Ol. ii. &c.]

[Footnote 1185: As Stephen and Hesychius.]

[Footnote 1186: Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. Sec. 24.]

[Footnote 1187: The "Oncaean" gate at Thebes is said to have taken its name from her.]

[Footnote 1188: Gesen. Mon. Phoen. p. 113.]

[Footnote 1189: Ibid. pp. 168-177.]

[Footnote 1190: Prosper, Op. iii. 38; Augustine, De Civ. Dei, ii. 3.]

[Footnote 1191: Gesen. Mon. Ph. Tab. ix.]

[Footnote 1192: Ibid. p. 168.]

[Footnote 1193: Apul. Metamorph. xi. 257.]

[Footnote 1194: Gesen. Mon. Ph. Tab. xvi.]

[Footnote 1195: Ibid. pp. 115-118.]

[Footnote 1196: See the author's History of Ancient Egypt, i. 400.]

[Footnote 1197: See the Fragments of Philo Bybl. Fr. ii. 8, Sec. 19.]

[Footnote 1198: Ibid. Sec. 25.]

[Footnote 1199: See Sir H. Rawlinson's Essay on the Religion of the Babylonians and Assyrians, in the author's Herodotus, i. 658.]

[Footnote 11100: So Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. p. 402; Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 301, and others.]

[Footnote 11101: There seems also to have been a tendency to increase the number of the gods by additions, of which the foreign origin is, at any rate, "not proven." Among the deities brought into notice by the later Phoenicians are—1. Zephon, an equivalent of the Egyptian Typhon, but probably a god of Phoenician origin (Ex. xiv. 2); 2. Sad or Tsad, sometimes apparently called Tsadam; 3. Sakon or Askun, a name which forms perhaps the first element in Sanchon-iathon (= Sakon-yithan); 4. Elat, a goddess, a female form of El, perhaps equivalent to the Arabian Alitta (Herod. i. 131) or Alilat (ibid. iii. 8); 5. 'Aziz, a god who was perhaps common to the Phoenicians with the Syrians, since Azizus is said to have been "the Syrian Mars;" and 6. Pa'am {...}, a god otherwise unknown. (See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 122, 129, 132, 133, 144, 161, 197, 333, 404, &c.)]

[Footnote 11102: Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. pp. 96, 110, &c.; Corpus Ins. Semit. Fasc. ii. pp. 154, 155.]

[Footnote 11103: Ibid. p. 99 and Tab. xl. A.]

[Footnote 11104: Steph. Byz. ad voc. {'Amathous}.]

[Footnote 11105: Lucian, De Dea Syra, Sec. 7.]

[Footnote 11106: Plut. De Is. et Osir. Sec. 15, 16; Steph. Byz. l.s.c.; Gesen. Mon. Phoen. pp. 96, 110.]

[Footnote 11107: Gesen. Mon. Phoen. Tab. xxi.]

[Footnote 11108: Ibid. pp. 168, 174, 175, 177.]

[Footnote 11109: Ibid. Tab. xxi.]

[Footnote 11110: Ibid. pp. 197, 202, 205.]

[Footnote 11111: Ibid. Tab. xxi. and Tab. xxiii.]

[Footnote 11112: Lucian, De Dea Syria, Sec. 54.]

[Footnote 11113: Clermont-Ganneau, in the Journal Asiatique, Serie vii. vol. xi. 232, 444.]

[Footnote 11114: Lucian, Sec. 42.]

[Footnote 11115: Ibid. Compare the 450 prophets of Baal at Samaria (1 Kings xviii. 19).]

[Footnote 11116: Lucian, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 11117: Ibid. Lucian's direct testimony is conined to Hierapolis, but his whole account seems to imply the closest possible connection between the Syrian and Phoenician religious usages.]

[Footnote 11118: Lucian, Sec. 49.]

[Footnote 11119: Lucian, Sec. 50: {'Aeidousi enthea kai ira asmata}.]

[Footnote 11120: Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae Monumenta, Tab. 6, 9, 10, &c.; Corp. Ins. Semit. Tab. ix. 52; xxii. 116, 117; xxiii. 115 A, &c.]

[Footnote 11121: Gesen. Tab. 15, 16, 17, 21, &c.; Corp. Ins. Semit. Tab. xliii. 187, 240; liv. 352, 365, 367, 369, &c.]

[Footnote 11122: Revue Archeologique, 2me Serie, xxxvii. 323.]

[Footnote 11123: Jarchi on Jerem. vii. 31.]

[Footnote 11124: Diod. Sic. xx. 14.]

[Footnote 11125: 2 Kings iii. 27; xvi. 3; xxi. 6; Micah vi. 7.]

[Footnote 11126: Plutarch, De Superstitione, Sec. 13.]

[Footnote 11127: Doellinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum, i. 427, E. T.]

[Footnote 11128: Judenthum und Heidenthum, book vi. Sec. 4 (i. 428, 429 of N. Darnell's translation).]

[Footnote 11129: Herod. i. 199; Strab. xvi. 1058; Baruch vi. 43.]

[Footnote 11130: De Dea Syra, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 11131: Judenthum und Heidenthum, l.s.c. p. 429; Engl. Trans.]

[Footnote 11132: Euseb. Vit. Constantin. Magni, iii. 55, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 11133: See 1 Kings xiv. 24; xv. 12; xxii. 46; 2 Kings xxiii. 7.]

[Footnote 11134: Lucian, De Dea Syra, Sec. 50-52; Corp. Ins. Semit. vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 92; Liv. xxix. 10, 14; xxxvi. 36; Juv. vi. 512; Ov. Fast. iv. 237; Mart. Ep. iii. 31; xi. 74; Plin. H. N. v. 32; xi. 49; xxxv. 13; Propert. ii. 18, l. 15; Herodian, Sec. 11.]

[Footnote 11135: Lucian, Sec. 51.]

[Footnote 11136: Ibid. Sec. 50.]

[Footnote 11137: Doellinger, Judenthum und Heidenthum (i. 431; Engl. Tr.). Compare Senec. De Vita Beata, Sec. 27; Lact. Sec. 121.]

[Footnote 11138: Liban. Opera, xi. 456, 555; cxi. 333.]

[Footnote 11139: Compare Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art, iii. 210, 232, 233, 236; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pp. 66, 67, &c. In the anthropoeid sarcophagi, a hole is generally bored from the cavity of the ear right through the entire thickness of the stone, in order, apparently, that the corpse might hear the prayers addressed to it (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139).]

[Footnote 11140: One of Esmunazar's curses on those who should disturb his remains is a prayer that they may not be "held in honour among the Manes" (Corps. Ins. Semit. vol. i. Fasc. 1, p. 9). A funereal inscription translated by Gesenius (Mon. Phoen. p. 147) ends with the words, "After rain the sun shines forth."]

[Footnote 11141: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 139.]

[Footnote 11142: Job iii. 11-19.]

[Footnote 11143: The compilers of the Corpus Ins. Smit. edit 256 of these, and then stop, fearing to weary the reader (i. 449).]

[Footnote 11144: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 325.]

[Footnote 11145: Ibid. p. 146.]

[Footnote 11146: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pp. 306-334.]

XII—DRESS, ORNAMENTS, AND SOCIAL HABITS

[Footnote 0121: See also Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 233; Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 405, 447, 515, &c.]

[Footnote 0122: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 428, 527, 531, 533, 534, &c.]

[Footnote 0123: Ibid. pp. 527, 545; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 145.]

[Footnote 0124: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 538.]

[Footnote 0125: Ibid. pp. 539, 547; Di Cesnola, pp. 143, 145, 149, 151, &c.]

[Footnote 0126: Di Cesnola, pp. 141, 145, 149, 151, 153, 240, 344.]

[Footnote 0127: Ibid. pp. 141, 143, 149; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 511, 513, 531, &c.]

[Footnote 0128: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 519, 523, &c.]

[Footnote 0129: Ibid. pp. 531, 533; Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 131, &c.]

[Footnote 1210: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 527, 533, 539; Di Cesnola, pp. 129, 145, 154.]

[Footnote 1211: Di Cesnola, p. 306.]

[Footnote 1212: Ibid. Pls. xlvi. and xlvii.; Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 205, 643, 837.]

[Footnote 1213: Di Cesnola, p. 132.]

[Footnote 1214: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 64, 450, 555, 557; Di Cesnola, Pls vi. and xv.; also p. 275.]

[Footnote 1215: Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 431.]

[Footnote 1216: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 202, 451, 554.]

[Footnote 1217: Ibid. pp. 473, 549; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 230.]

[Footnote 1218: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 549.]

[Footnote 1219: Ibid. pp. 189, 549, 565.]

[Footnote 1220: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, 141, 190, 230.]

[Footnote 1221: Ibid. pp. 141, 191.]

[Footnote 1222: Ibid. p. 141.]

[Footnote 1223: Is. iii. 18-23.]

[Footnote 1224: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 257, 450, 542, 563, 824.]

[Footnote 1225: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pl. xxiii.; Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de l'Art, iii. 819, A.]

[Footnote 1226: Di Cesnola, pl. xxii.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 819, B.]

[Footnote 1227: Di Cesnola, p. 315.]

[Footnote 1228: See plate x. in Perrot et Chipiez, iii. opp. p. 824.]

[Footnote 1229: Ibid. pp. 826, 827.]

[Footnote 1230: Compare Di Cesnola, pl. xxv.; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 826.]

[Footnote 1231: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 826.]

[Footnote 1232: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 311.]

[Footnote 1233: Ibid. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, p. 832.]

[Footnote 1234: These bracelets are in Paris, in the collection of M. de Clercq (Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 832).]

[Footnote 1235: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1236: This bracelet is in silver, but the head of the lion has been gilded. It is now in the British Museum.]

[Footnote 1237: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 836; No. 604.]

[Footnote 1238: Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pp. 311, 312.]

[Footnote 1239: Ibid. p. 312. Compare Perrot et Chipiez, p. 835.]

[Footnote 1240: Perrot et Chipiez, l.s.c. (No. 603.)]

[Footnote 1241: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818: "Il y a dans les formes de ces boucles d'orielles une etonnante variete."]

[Footnote 1242: See his Cyprus, pl. xxv., and compare Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 819, fig. D.]

[Footnote 1243: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 821; No. 577.]

[Footnote 1244: Ibid. Nos. 578, 579.]

[Footnote 1245: Di Cesnola, pl. xxvi.]

[Footnote 1246: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 823.]

[Footnote 1247: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 822; No. 582.]

[Footnote 1248: Ibid. pp. 821, 822. Compare Di Cesnola, Cyprus, p. 297, and pl. xxvii.]

[Footnote 1249: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 823.]

[Footnote 1250: Di Cesnola, p. 310; Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818; No. 574.]

[Footnote 1251: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 818; No. 575.]

[Footnote 1252: Di Cesnola, pl. xxviii.]

[Footnote 1253: Ibid. pl. xxi.]

[Footnote 1254: Perrot et Chipiez, pp. 830, 831.]

[Footnote 1255: Perrot et Chipiez, p. 831; No. 595.]

[Footnote 1256: Di Csnola, p. 316.]

[Footnote 1257: Ibid. pl. xxi (opp. p. 312).]

[Footnote 1258: Ibid. pl. xxx.]

[Footnote 1259: Ibid. pl. ix.]

[Footnote 1260: Compare Di Cesnola, p. 149.]

[Footnote 1261: Ibid. pl. x.]

[Footnote 1262: Ibid. p. 77; Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 783.]

[Footnote 1263: Di Cesnola, p. 149.]

[Footnote 1264: Ibid. pl. xiv.]

[Footnote 1265: Ibid. pl. x.]

[Footnote 1266: See Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 769, 771, 789.]

[Footnote 1267: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 798.]

[Footnote 1268: C. W. King, in Di Cesnola's Cyprus, pp. 363, 364.]

[Footnote 1269: Mr. King says of it: "No piece of antique worked agate hitherto known equals in magnitude and curiosity the ornament discovered among the bronze and iron articles of the treasure. It is a sphere about six inches in diameter, black irregularly veined with white, having the exterior vertically scored with incised lines, imitating, as it were, the gadroons of a melon" (ibid. p. 363).]

[Footnote 1270: Renan, Mission de Phenicie, Pls. xii. xiii.; Di Cesnola, Cyprus, pls. iv. and xxx.; and pp. 335, 336.]

[Footnote 1271: Perrot et Chipiez, iii. 846-853.]

[Footnote 1272: 1 Kings xxii. 39.]

XIII—PHOENICIAN WRITING, LANGUAGE, AND LITERATURE

[Footnote 0131: This follows from the fact that the Greeks, who tell us that they got their letters from the Phoenicians, gave them names only slightly modified from the Hebrew.]

[Footnote 0132: See Dr. Ginsburg's Moabite Stone, published in 1870.]

[Footnote 0133: See Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund for October 1881, pp. 285-287.]

[Footnote 0134: Corp. Ins. Semit. i. 224-226.]

[Footnote 0135: Herod. v. 58; Diod. Sic. v. 24; Plin. H. N. v. 12; vii. 56; Tacit. Ann. xi. 14; Euseb. Chron. Can. i. 13; &c.]

[Footnote 0136: Capt. Conder, in the Quarterly Statement of the Palestine Exploration Fund, Jan. 1889, p. 17.]

[Footnote 0137: Encycl. Britann. i. 600 and 606.]

[Footnote 0138: Conder, in Quarterly Statement, &c. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 0139: See Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. Tab. 19 and 20.]

[Footnote 1310: See the Corpus Ins. Semit. i. 3, 30, 73, &c.; Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. Tab. 29-33.]

[Footnote 1311: See on this entire subject Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoeniciae Monumenta, pp. 437-445; Movers, article on Phoenizien in the Cyclopaedie of Ersch and Gruber; Renan, Histoire des Langues Semitiques, pp. 189-192.]

[Footnote 1312: Renan, Histoire, &c., p. 186.]

[Footnote 1313: Philo Byblius, Fr. i.]

[Footnote 1314: Philo Byblius, Fr. ii. Sec. 5-8.]

[Footnote 1315: Ibid. Fr. v.]

[Footnote 1316: The Voyage of Hanno translated, and accompanied with the Greek Text, by Thomas Falconer, M.A., London, 1797.]

[Footnote 1317: Quoted by Falconer in his second "Dissertation," p. 67.]

[Footnote 1318: See the Histoire des Langues Semitiques (p. 186):—"Les monuments epigraphiques viennent heureusement combler en partie cette lacune."]

[Footnote 1319: See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 13.]

[Footnote 1320: Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 20.]

[Footnote 1321: Story of Phoenicia, p. 269.]

[Footnote 1322: On the age of Jehavmelek, see M. Renan's remarks in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semit. i. 8.]

[Footnote 1323: Ibid. p. 3.]

[Footnote 1324: I have followed the translation of M. Renan (Corp. Ins. Semit. i. 8).]

[Footnote 1325: See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 226-236.]

[Footnote 1326: See the Corp. Inscr. Sem. i. 30-32.]

[Footnote 1327: Gesenius, Script. Linguaeque Phoen. Monumenta, p. 177.]

[Footnote 1328: Ibid. p. 96.]

[Footnote 1329: See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. i. 36-39.]

[Footnote 1330: Ibid. pp. 110-112.]

[Footnote 1331: Ibid. p. 69.]

[Footnote 1332: Ibid. p. 76.]

[Footnote 1333: See the Corpus Inscr. Semit. pp. 67, 68.]

[Footnote 1334: Gesenius, Scripturae Linguaeque Phoen. Mon. p. 144.]

[Footnote 1335: Ibid. p. 147.]

[Footnote 1336: Ibid. p. 187.]

[Footnote 1337: See the fragments of Dius and Menander, who followed the Tyrian historians (Joseph. Contr. Ap. i. 18).]

[Footnote 1338: Ap. Strab. xvii. 2, Sec. 22.]

[Footnote 1339: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1340: See Sallust, Bell. Jugurth. Sec. 17; Cic. De Orat. i. 58; Amm. Marc. xxii. 15; Solin. Polyhist. Sec. 34.]

[Footnote 1341: Columella, xii. 4.]

[Footnote 1342: Ibid. i. 1, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 1343: Plin. H. N. xviii. 3.]

[Footnote 1344: As Antipater and Apollonius, Stoic philosophers of Tyre (Strab. l.s.c.), Boethus and Diodotus, Peripatetics, of Sidon (ibid.), Philo of Byblus, Hermippus of Berytus, and others.]

XIV—POLITICAL HISTORY

[Footnote 0141: Gen. x. 15-18.]

[Footnote 0142: "Canaanite" is used in a much wider sence, including all the Syrian nations between the coast line and the desert.]

[Footnote 0143: Mark vii. 26.]

[Footnote 0144: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 0145: 1 Kings v. 18 (marginal rendering).]

[Footnote 0146: Ezek. xxvii. 11.]

[Footnote 0147: Gen. x. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 0148: Judg. i. 31.]

[Footnote 0149: Brugsch, Hist. of Egypt, i. 222, et seq.]

[Footnote 1410: See Records of the Past, ii. 110, 111.]

[Footnote 1411: Josh. xi. 8; xix. 28.]

[Footnote 1412: Judg. xviii. 7, 8.]

[Footnote 1413: Ibid. i. 31.]

[Footnote 1414: Ramantha (Laodicea) in later times claimed the rank of "Metropolis," which implied a supremacy over other cities; but the real chief power of the north was Aradus.]

[Footnote 1415: Hom. Il. xxiii. 743.]

[Footnote 1416: Ibid. 743-748.]

[Footnote 1417: Hom. Od. iv. 613-619.]

[Footnote 1418: Ibid. xv. 460 (Worsley's translation).]

[Footnote 1419: Hom. Il. vi. 290-295 (Sotheby's translation).]

[Footnote 1420: Scylax, Periplus, Sec. 104.]

[Footnote 1421: Cl. Julius, quoted by Stephen of Byzantium, ad voc. {DOROS}.]

[Footnote 1422: Justin, Hist. Philipp. xviii. 3.]

[Footnote 1423: Strab. xvi. ii. Sec. 13.]

[Footnote 1424: Appian, De Rebus Punicus, Sec. 1, &c.]

[Footnote 1425: Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. p. 267.]

[Footnote 1426: The Sidonian vessel which carries off Eumaeus quits the Sicilian haven after sunset, and continues its voyage night and day without stopping—{'Exemar men onos pleomen nuktas te kai e mar} (Hom. Od. xv. 471-476).]

[Footnote 1427: Strabo, xvi. 2, Sec. 24.]

[Footnote 1428: Ibid.]

[Footnote 1429: Manilius, i. 304-309.]

[Footnote 1430: Herod. i. 1.]

[Footnote 1431: See Hom. Odyss. xv. 455.]

[Footnote 1432: Herod. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1433: Hom. Odyss. xv. 403-484.]

[Footnote 1434: Strabo, xvi. 2, Sec. 14.]

[Footnote 1435: We find hereditary monarchy among the Hittites (Records of the Past, iv. 28), at Tyre (Menand. ap. Joseph. Contr. Ap. i. 18), in Moab (Records, xi. 167), in Judah and Israel, in Syria (2 Kings, xiii. 24), in Ammon (2 Sam. x. 1), &c.]

[Footnote 1436: 1 Sam. viii. 20.]

[Footnote 1437: When kings are priests, it is noted as exceptional. (See Menand. l.s.c.; Inscription of Tabnit, line 1.)]

[Footnote 1438: Judg. x. 12.]

[Footnote 1439: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 343.]

[Footnote 1440: Josh. xix. 29.]

[Footnote 1441: Records of the Past, ii. 111.]

[Footnote 1442: Justin, Hist. Phil. xviii. 3.]

[Footnote 1443: Claudian, Bell. Gild. l. 120.]

[Footnote 1444: Solinus, Polyhist. Sec. 29; Plin. H. N. v. 76.]

[Footnote 1445: Herod. i. 1 ({nautiliai makrai}).]

[Footnote 1446: Maspero, Histoire Ancienne des Peuples de l'Orient, p. 321.]

[Footnote 1447: See the fragments of Philo Byblius, passim.]

[Footnote 1448: Euseb. Praep. Ev. x. 9, Sec. 12.]

[Footnote 1449: Tatian, Adv. Graec. Sec. 58.]

[Footnote 1450: Cinyras and Belus are both connected with Cyprus as kings. The Assyrians found kings there in all the cities (G. Smith, Eponym Canon. p. 139). So the Persians (Herod. v. 104-110).]

[Footnote 1451: Dius, Fr. 2; Menand. Fr. 1.]

[Footnote 1452: Justin (xviii. 3) is scarcely an exception.]

[Footnote 1453: See the fragments of Dius and Menander above cited.]

[Footnote 1454: 1 Chr. xiv. 1.]

[Footnote 1455: 2 Sam. vii. 2.]

[Footnote 1456: 1 Chr. xxii. 4.]

[Footnote 1457: 1 Kings v. 1.]

[Footnote 1458: Joseph, Ant. Jud. viii. 2, Sec. 6; 1 Kings, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1459: Ibid. viii. 2, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 1460: See Joseph. Ant. Jud. viii. 2, Sec. 7, and compare the letters with their Hebrew counterparts in 1 Kings v. 3-6 and 7-9.]

[Footnote 1461: 1 Kings v. 10-12.]

[Footnote 1462: Ezek. xxvii. 17; Acts xii. 20.]

[Footnote 1463: Menander, Fr. 1.]

[Footnote 1464: 1 Kings v. 15, 18; 2 Chr. ii. 18.]

[Footnote 1465: 1 Kings v. 17, 18.]

[Footnote 1466: Ibid. vi. 18, 29.]

[Footnote 1467: Ibid. verses 23-28.]

[Footnote 1468: Ibid. verse 35.]

[Footnote 1469: 2 Chron. iii. 14.]

[Footnote 1470: Ibid. ii. 14.]

[Footnote 1471: 1 Kings vii. 13.]

[Footnote 1472: 1 Kings vii. 14; 2 Chron. ii. 14.]

[Footnote 1473: 1 Kings vii. 46.]

[Footnote 1474: Menander, Fr. 1; Dius, Fr. 2; Philostrat. Vit. Apoll. v. 5; Sil. Ital. Bell. Pun. iii. 14, 22, 30.]

[Footnote 1475: 1 Kings vii. 15-22.]

[Footnote 1476: Ibid. verses 27-37.]

[Footnote 1477: Ibid. vi. 38.]

[Footnote 1478: Ibid. vii. 1. Compare ix. 10.]

[Footnote 1479: Stanley, Lectures on the Jewish Church, ii. 165-167.]

[Footnote 1480: See the Fragment of Menander above quoted, where Hiram is said to have been fifty-three years old at his decease, and to have reigned thirty-four years.]

[Footnote 1481: Strabo, xvi. 2, Sec. 23.]

[Footnote 1482: Menander, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1483: So M. Renan, Mission de Phenicie, p. 369.]

[Footnote 1484: Herod. ii. 44.]

[Footnote 1485: Arrian, Exped. Alex. ii. 16, 24.]

[Footnote 1486: So M. Renan, after careful examination (Mission, l.s.c.). The earlier opinion placed the smaller island, with its Temple of Baal, towards the north (Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 347).]

[Footnote 1487: Menander, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 1488: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 23, sub fin.]

[Footnote 1489: Josh. xix. 27.]

[Footnote 1490: See Robinson, Later Researches, pp. 87, 88.]

[Footnote 1491: 1 Kings ix. 10-13.]

[Footnote 1492: Justin, Dial. c. Tryph. Sec. 34.]

[Footnote 1493: Menand. ap. Clem. Alex. Strom. i. 386.]

[Footnote 1494: 1 Kings xi. 1.]

[Footnote 1495: Ibid. ix. 27.]

[Footnote 1496: See 1 Kings x. 22. The distinctness of this navy from the one which brought gold from Ophir has been maintained by Dean Stanley (Lectures on the Jewish Church, ii. 156) and the Rev. J. Hammond (Pulpit Commentary, Comment on 1 Kings, p. 213), as well as by the present writer (Speaker's Commentary, ii. pp. 545, 546).]

[Footnote 1497: Mela. iii. 1; Plin. H. N. iv. 22, Sec. 115; Catull. xx. 30, &c.]

[Footnote 1498: See Plin. H. N. iii. 3; xxxiii. 6; Polyb. x. 10; Strab. iii. 2, Sec. 3 and 10.]

[Footnote 1499: Herod. iv. 191; Plin. H. N. viii. 11.]

[Footnote 14100: Hanno, Periplus, p. 6.]

[Footnote 14101: Ibid. pp. 13, 14.]

[Footnote 14102: 1 Kings ix. 26.]

[Footnote 14103: 1 Kings x. 11.]

[Footnote 14104: The case is excellently stated in Mr. Twistleton's article on OPHIR in Dr. Smith's Dictionry of the Bible, vol. ii.]

[Footnote 14105: As almug or algum which is "the Hebraised form of a Deccan word for sandalwood" (Stanley, Lectures, ii. 157).]

[Footnote 14106: 1 Kings ix. 28.]

[Footnote 14107: Contr. Ap. i. 18.]

[Footnote 14108: Kenrick argues in favour of {Kitioi} (Phoenicia, p. 357).]

[Footnote 14109: See Encycl. Britann. ad voc. PHOENICIA, xviii. 807.]

[Footnote 14110: Menander, Fr. 2.]

[Footnote 14111: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14112: 1 Kings xvi. 31.]

[Footnote 14113: The Assyrians probably found their way into Phoenicia through the gap in the mountain line between Bargylus and Lebanon. Botrys occupied a strong position between this gap and the southern Phoenician cities, Gebal, Sidon, and Tyre.]

[Footnote 14114: Menander, l.s.c. Aueza, which at a later date became Auzen, is mentioned by Tacitus (Ann. iv. 25) and Ptolemy (Geograph. iv. 2).]

[Footnote 14115: The Greek lamda, {L}, readily passes into delta {D}. Baal-azar is found as a Phoenician name in an inscription (Corp. Ins. Semit. i. 335, no. 256).]

[Footnote 14116: See Gesen. Mon. Phoen. p. 410. Mattan, "a gift," was the name borne by Athaliah's high priest of Baal (2 Kings xi. 18). It is found as an element in several Phoenician names, as Mattan-elim (Corp. Ins. Semit. i. 298, no. 194); Mattan-Baal (ibid. p. 309, no. 212), &c.]

[Footnote 14117: See Justin, Hist. Phil. xviii. 5.]

[Footnote 14118: Menander, Fr. 1.]

[Footnote 14119: Kenrick, Phoenicia, pp. 363-367.]

[Footnote 14120: Contr. Ap. i. 18.]

[Footnote 14121: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 84-89.]

[Footnote 14122: Histoire Ancienne, pp. 347, 348.]

[Footnote 14123: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 90-99.]

[Footnote 14124: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 102-106; Eponym Canon, pp. 108-114.]

[Footnote 14125: Eponym Canon, p. 112, l. 45.]

[Footnote 14126: Ibid. p. 108, l. 93.]

[Footnote 14127: Ibid. p. 115, l. 14.]

[Footnote 14128: Ibid. p. 120, ll. 33-35.]

[Footnote 14129: When Assyria became mistress of the Upper Syria, the Orontes valley, and the kingdom of Israel, she could have strangled the Phoenician land commerce at a moment's notice.]

[Footnote 14130: Is. xxiii. 2-8.]

[Footnote 14131: Eponym Canon, p. 64.]

[Footnote 14132: Eponym Canon, pp. 117-120.]

[Footnote 14133: Ibid. p. 123, ll. 1-5.]

[Footnote 14134: Ibid. p. 120, l. 28.]

[Footnote 14135: In B.C. 720. (See Eponym Canon, p. 126, ll. 33-35.)]

[Footnote 14136: Ezek. xxviii. 14.]

[Footnote 14137: Menander ap. Joseph. Ant. Jud. ix. 14, Sec. 2; Eponym Canon, p. 131.]

[Footnote 14138: Eponym Canon, p. 132.]

[Footnote 14139: Menander, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14140: Joseph, Ant. Jud. l.s.c. {'Epelthe polemon ten te Surian pasan kai Phoiniken}.]

[Footnote 14141: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14142: A slab of Sennacherib's represents the Assyrian army entering a city, probably Phoenician, at one end, while the inhabitants embark on board their ships at the other (Layard, Monuments of Nineveh, 1st series, pl. 71; Nin. and its Remains, ii. 384).]

[Footnote 14143: Menander, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14144: Compare Perrot et Chipiez, Hist. de l'Art, iii. 357, and Lortet, La Syrie d'aujourd'hui, p. 128.]

[Footnote 14145: Menander, ut supra.]

[Footnote 14146: This folows from his taking refuge there when attacked by Sennacherib (Eponym Canon, p. 136).]

[Footnote 14147: Since Sennacherib calls him persistently "king of Sidon" (ibid. p. 131, l. 2; p. 135, ll. 13, 17), not king of Tyre.]

[Footnote 14148: It was the same army which lost 185,000 men by miracle in one night (2 Kings xix. 35).]

[Footnote 14149: 2 Kings xix. 23.]

[Footnote 14150: Eponym Canon, p. 134, l. 11.]

[Footnote 14151: Records of the Past, i. 35.]

[Footnote 14152: Eponym Canon, p. 132.]

[Footnote 14153: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14154: Eponym Canon, p. 132, l. 14; p. 136, ll. 14, 19. "Tubaal" is probably for Tob-baal, "Baal is good," like "Tabrimon" for Tob-Rimmon, "Rimmon is good" (1 Kings xv. 18), and "Tabeal" for Tob- El, "God is good" (Is. vii. 6).]

[Footnote 14155: Eponym Canon, p. 132, ll. 15, 16.]

[Footnote 14156: Ibid. ll. 19, 20.]

[Footnote 14157: From the fact that Abd-Milkut is king of Sidon at the accession of Esarhaddon (Records of the Past, iii. 111).]

[Footnote 14158: Abd-Melkarth is one of the commonest of Phoenician names. It occurs, either fully, or in the contracted form of Bod-Melkarth, scores of times in the inscriptions of Carthage. The meaning is "servant of Melkarth."]

[Footnote 14159: Records of the Past, iii. 112.]

[Footnote 14160: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 186.]

[Footnote 14161: Rec. of the Past, iii. 111, 112.]

[Footnote 14162: Eponym Canon pp. 139, 140.]

[Footnote 14163: Ibid. p. 140, Extract xxxviii. ll. 1-3.]

[Footnote 14164: Eponym Canon, p. 140, Ext. xxxviii. ll. 4-9.]

[Footnote 14165: Ibid. p. 141, Ext. xl.]

[Footnote 14166: Ibid. p. 142, ll. 12, 13.]

[Footnote 14167: Eponym Canon, p. 142, l. 14.]

[Footnote 14168: See Ancient Monarchies ii. 193.]

[Footnote 14169: Ibid. p. 195.]

[Footnote 14170: Eponym Canon, p. 143, Extr. xli. l. 3.]

[Footnote 14171: Eponym Canon, pp. 143, 144. Six names are lost between the eleventh line and the eighteenth. They may be supplied from the broken cylinder of Esarhaddon (Records of the Past, iii. 107, 108.)]

[Footnote 14172: Eponym Canon, pp. 144, 145, ll. 84-98.]

[Footnote 14173: Ibid. p. 139, l. 17.]

[Footnote 14174: Records of the Past, vol. i. p. 100.]

[Footnote 14175: Records of the Past, i. 66; ix. 41.]

[Footnote 14176: Ibid. iii. 67, ll. 116, 117.]

[Footnote 14177: Ibid. i. 67, 68.]

[Footnote 14178: See Judg. xix. 29; Eponym Canon, p. 132, l. 9.]

[Footnote 14179: Eponym Canon, pp. 149, 149.]

[Footnote 14180: Eponym Canon, p. 70.]

[Footnote 14181: Herod. i. 103. B.C. 633 was, according to Herodotus, the year of the accession of Cyaxares. His attack on Nineveh seems to have followed shortly after.]

[Footnote 14182: Herod. l.s.c. and iv. 1; Ezek. xxxviii. 2-16; Strabo, xi. 8, Sec. 4; Diod. Sic. ii. 34, Sec. 2-5.]

[Footnote 14183: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 221.]

[Footnote 14184: Stanley, Lectures on the Jewish Church, ii. 432, 433.]

[Footnote 14185: Herod. i. 105; Strabo, i. 3, 16; Justin, ii. 3.]

[Footnote 14186: Herod. l.s.c.; Hippocrat. De Aere, Aqua, et Locis, vi. Sec. 108.]

[Footnote 14187: Herod. i. 73.]

[Footnote 14188: Strabo, xi. 767; Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 8, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14189: Polyb. v. 70, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14190: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 228, note.]

[Footnote 14191: Ancient Monarchies, ii. 232.]

[Footnote 14192: Herod. ii. 157; and compare the author's History of Ancient Egypt, ii. 467, note 6.]

[Footnote 14193: Ezek. xxvii. 8.]

[Footnote 14194: Ibid. verse 11.]

[Footnote 14195: Ibid. verse 9.]

[Footnote 14196: Ibid. xxviii. 2-5.]

[Footnote 14197: Ezek. xxvii. 3-6, and 25.]

[Footnote 14198: See the author's History of Ancient Egypt, ii. 472, note 1.]

[Footnote 14199: Herod. ii. 159; 2 Kings xxiii. 29; 2 Chron. xxxv. 20-24.]

[Footnote 14200: Herod. ii. 157.]

[Footnote 14201: See Jer. xlvii. 1. Gaza, however, may not have been taken till the campaign of B.C. 608.]

[Footnote 14202: Herod. i. 105 raises the suspicion that Askelon, which was nearer Egypt than Ashdod, may have belonged to Psamatik I.]

[Footnote 14203: Ibid. ii. 159.]

[Footnote 14204: 2 Kings xxiii. 19; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 6.]

[Footnote 14205: History of Ancient Egypt, ii. 228.]

[Footnote 14206: Judg. iv. 15; v. 19.]

[Footnote 14207: 2 Chron. xxxv. 21.]

[Footnote 14208: See Jer. xlvi. 2.]

[Footnote 14209: Berosus, Fr. 1; 2 Kings xxiv. 7.]

[Footnote 14210: Herod. iv. 42.]

[Footnote 14211: Ibid. ii. 112.]

[Footnote 14212: Berosus, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14213: Habakkuk, i. 6-10.]

[Footnote 14214: Jer. xlvi. 3, 4.]

[Footnote 14215: Ibid. verse 5.]

[Footnote 14216: Ibid. verse 6.]

[Footnote 14217: Jer. xlvi. 10.]

[Footnote 14218: Ibid. verse 16.]

[Footnote 14219: Ibid. verse 21.]

[Footnote 14220: Stanley, Lectures on the Jewish Church, ii. 455.]

[Footnote 14221: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14222: Berosus, l.s.c. The extreme haste of the return is indicated by the fact, which is noted, that Nebuchadnezzer himself, with a few light troops, took the short cut across the desert, while his army, with its prisoners, pursued the more usual route through the valley of the Orontes, by Aleppo to Carchemish, and then along the course of the Euphrates.]

[Footnote 14223: See History of Ancient Egypt, ii. 480.]

[Footnote 14224: Habak. i. 6.]

[Footnote 14225: Menander ap. Joseph. Contr. Ap. i. 21.]

[Footnote 14226: Ezek. xxvii. 8, 9, 11.]

[Footnote 14227: So Joseph. l.s.c. Mr. Kenrick disputes the date on account of Ezek. xxvi. 2, which he thinks must refer to the final siege and capture of Jerusalem; but the reference may be to the breaking of the power of Judaea, either by Neco in B.C. 608 or by Nebuchadnezzar in B.C. 605.]

[Footnote 14228: 2 Kings xxiv. 2; 2 Chr. xxxvi. 6.]

[Footnote 14229: Ezek. xxviii. 21-23.]

[Footnote 14230: Menander, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14231: Ezek. xxvi. 8-12.]

[Footnote 14232: Isaiah xliii. 14; AEschyl. Pers. l. 54.]

[Footnote 14233: As Kenrick (Phoenicia, p. 390).]

[Footnote 14234: See especially, ch. xxviii. 2, 12.]

[Footnote 14235: Ibid. verses 2-10, 17, 18.]

[Footnote 14236: Ezek. xxvii. 26.]

[Footnote 14237: Herod. vii. 44, 96, 100, 128.]

[Footnote 14238: Ibid. ii. 161; vii. 98; Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 14239: Menander, Fr. 2.]

[Footnote 14240: Herod. ii. 182.]

[Footnote 14241: Ibid. i. 201-214; Ctesias, Ex. Pers. Sec. 6-8.]

[Footnote 14242: Herod. i. 177; Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 27.]

[Footnote 14243: Herod. i. 201-214; Ctes. Ex. Pers. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14244: Ezra i. 1-11.]

[Footnote 14245: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 393.]

[Footnote 14246: Herod. iii. 19, 34.]

[Footnote 14247: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 14248: Ezra iii. 7.]

[Footnote 14249: Herod. i. 153.]

[Footnote 14250: Ibid. ii. 177.]

[Footnote 14251: See Berosus, ap. Joseph. Ant. Jud. x. 11, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14252: Hence the sacred writers speak of the Assyrians and Babylonians as "God's northern army," "a people from the north country." (Jer. i. 15; vi. 22; Ezek. xxvi. 7; Joel ii. 20, &c.)]

[Footnote 14253: See Herod. iii. 5.]

[Footnote 14254: Ibid. ii. 159.]

[Footnote 14255: Ibid. ii. 161.]

[Footnote 14256: Ibid. ii. 182.]

[Footnote 14257: Herod. ii. 150, 154; iii. 11.]

[Footnote 14258: Ibid. iii. 19.]

[Footnote 14259: Ibid. vii. 98; viii. 67, Sec. 2; Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, Sec. 2; xvii. 47, Sec. 1; Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 13, 15, &c.]

[Footnote 14260: Herod. iii. 19.]

[Footnote 14261: Ezek. xxix. 10.]

[Footnote 14262: Herod. iii. 17.]

[Footnote 14263: Herod. iii. 19.]

[Footnote 14264: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14265: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 394.]

[Footnote 14266: Diod. Sic. xvi. 41.]

[Footnote 14267: Kenrick, p. 391, note 3.]

[Footnote 14268: Herod. iii. 91.]

[Footnote 14269: Diod. Sic. xvi. 41, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14270: Herod. v. 52.]

[Footnote 14271: See the author's Herodotus, iv. 30, note 1.]

[Footnote 14272: Herod. vii. 28.]

[Footnote 14273: Ibid. iv. 166.]

[Footnote 14274: Herod. v. 37-104.]

[Footnote 14275: Phoenicia could furnish 300 triremes, Cyprus 150, Ionia at this time 283 (Herod. vi. 8), AEolis at least 70 (ibid.), Caria the same number (ib. vii. 93)—total, 873. Against these Darious could only have mustered 200 from Egypt (ib. vii. 89), 100 from Cilicia (ib. 91), 50 from Lycia (ib. 92), and 30 from Pamphylia (ib. 91)—total, 380.]

[Footnote 14276: Herod. i. 28, 176; Appian, Bell. Civ. iv. 80.]

[Footnote 14277: Herod. iii. 14-16, 27-29, 37, &c.]

[Footnote 14278: Ibid. v. 108.]

[Footnote 14279: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14280: Ibid. v. 112.]

[Footnote 14281: See the author's Herodotus, i. 268, 269, 3rd ed.]

[Footnote 14282: Herod. vi. 9.]

[Footnote 14283: Ibid. ch. 6.]

[Footnote 14284: Herod. ch. 8.]

[Footnote 14285: Ibid. chs. 9-13.]

[Footnote 14286: The Lesbians and most of the Samians (Herod. v. 14).]

[Footnote 14287: Ibid. ch. 15.]

[Footnote 14288: Ibid. chs. 31-33.]

[Footnote 14289: Herod. v. 41.]

[Footnote 14290: Ibid. iii. 135-138.]

[Footnote 14291: Herod. vi. 43-45.]

[Footnote 14292: See the author's Herodotus, iii. 494, note 3.]

[Footnote 14293: The fleet which accomponied Mardonius lost nearly three hundred vessels off Mount Athos (Herod. vi. 44), and therefore can scarcely have fallen much short of 500; that of Datis and Artaphernes is reckoned at 600 by Herodotus (vi. 95), at a thousand by Cicero (Orat. in Verr. ii. 1, Sec. 18), and Valerius Maximus (i. 1).]

[Footnote 14294: So Herodotus (vi. 95).]

[Footnote 14295: Herod. vi. 118.]

[Footnote 14296: Herod. vii. 23.]

[Footnote 14297: Ibid. vii. 34-36.]

[Footnote 14298: Ibid. viii. 117.]

[Footnote 14299: AEschyl. Pers. l. 343; Herod. vii. 89.]

[Footnote 14300: Herod. vii. 89-95; Diod. Sic. xi. 3, Sec. 7.]

[Footnote 14301: Herod. vii. 44.]

[Footnote 14302: Ibid. vii. 100, 128.]

[Footnote 14303: Ibid. viii. 85.]

[Footnote 14304: Ibid. viii. 17.]

[Footnote 14305: Diod. Sic. xi. 13, Sec. 2: {'Aristeusai Phasi para men tois 'El-lesin 'Athnaious, para de, tois barbarois Sidonious}.]

[Footnote 14306: Herod. viii. 84; AEschyl. Pers. ll. 415-7.]

[Footnote 14307: Herod. viii. 86-90.]

[Footnote 14308: Ibid. ch. 90.]

[Footnote 14309: Ibid. ch. 90.]

[Footnote 14310: Diod. Sic. xi. 19, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14311: Herod. ix. 96.]

[Footnote 14312: Diod. Sic. xi. 60, Sec. 5, 6.]

[Footnote 14313: So Diodorus (xi. 62, Sec. 3); but the mention of Cyprus in line 6 renders this somewhat doubtful.]

[Footnote 14314: Thucyd. i. 110.]

[Footnote 14315: See Ancient Monarchies, iii. 501.]

[Footnote 14316: See the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, i. 139-148.]

[Footnote 14317: Nos. 115, 116, 117, 119, 120.]

[Footnote 14318: Ibid. No. 118.]

[Footnote 14319: Corp. Ins. Sem. i. 132, 145.]

[Footnote 14320: Dionys. Halicarn. De Orat. Antiq. "Dinarch." Sec. 10.]

[Footnote 14321: Corp. Ins. Sem. i. 145, No. 119.]

[Footnote 14322: See the Corpus Inscriptionum Graecarum, i. 126, No. 87.]

[Footnote 14323: Nefaheritis or Nefaa-ert. (See the author's Story of Egypt, pp. 385, 386, and compare Ancient Monarchies, iii. 481, 482.)]

[Footnote 14324: Isocrates, Paneg. and Evag.; Theopompas, Fr. 111; Diod. Sic. xiv. 98; Ctesias, Exc. Pers. Fr. 29, Sec. 63.]

[Footnote 14325: Diod. Sic. xv. 9, Sec. 2. (See Grote's Hist. of Greece, x. 30, note 3.)]

[Footnote 14326: Diod. Sic. xv. 9, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14327: Isocrates, Paneg. Sec. 161; Evag. Sec.Sec. 23, 62.]

[Footnote 14328: See Diod. Sic. xiv. 98; xv. 2; Ephorus Fr.; 134 Isocrates, Evag. Sec.Sec. 75, 76.]

[Footnote 14329: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 405.]

[Footnote 14330: See Ancient Monarchies, iii. 504.]

[Footnote 14331: Ancient Monarchies, iii. 505, 506.]

[Footnote 14332: Diod. Sic. xv. 90, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14333: Ibid. xv. 92, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14334: Ibid. xvi. 41, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14335: Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14336: Ibid. xvi. 41, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14337: Ibid. xvi. 32, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14338: Ibid. Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14339: Ibid. xvi. 40, Sec. 5, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14340: Ibid. xvi. 44, Sec. 6, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14341: Diod. Sic. xvi. Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14342: Diodorus is our authority for all these facts (xvi. 45, Sec. 1-6).]

[Footnote 14343: See the author's Story of Egypt, pp. 396-401.]

[Footnote 14344: Diod. Sic. xvi. 42, Sec. 6; 46, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14345: Scylax, Periplus, Sec. 104.]

[Footnote 14346: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14347: See Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 13, sub fin.; 15, sub fin.; 30, sub init.]

[Footnote 14348: See Encycl. Brit. xviii. 809.]

[Footnote 14349: Quint. Curt. iv. 4; Justin, xi. 10. Diodorus by mistake makes Strato II. king of Tyre (xvii. 47, Sec. 1).]

[Footnote 14350: Arrian, Exp. Alex. i. 1, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14351: See Grote, History of Greece, xii. 102.]

[Footnote 14352: Ibid. pp. 29-51.]

[Footnote 14353: Diod. Sic. xvii. 7.]

[Footnote 14354: Four hundred were actually brought to the relief of Miletus a few weeks later (Arrian, Exp. Alex. i. 18, Sec. 5).]

[Footnote 14355: Ibid. Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14356: Diod. Sic. xvii. 22; Arrian, Exp. Alex. i. 18-20.]

[Footnote 14357: Diod. Sic. xvii. 23-26; Arrian, Exp. Alex. i. 20-23.]

[Footnote 14358: Diod. Sic. xvii. 29, Sec. 2; Arrian., Exp. Alex. ii. 1, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14359: See the remarks of Mr. Grote (History of Greece, xii. 142, 143.)]

[Footnote 14360: Diod. Sic. xvii. 29, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14361: Arrian, Exp. Alex. i. 20, Sec. 1; Diod. Sic. i. 22, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14362: Arrian, ii. 8-13.]

[Footnote 14363: Arrian, ii. 13, 87; Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14364: As Ger-astartus, king of Aradus (Arrian, l.s.c.); Enylus, king of Byblus (ibid. ii. 20, Sec. 1); and Azemileus, king of Tyre (ibid. ii. 15, ad fin.)]

[Footnote 14365: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 13, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14366: Ibid. ii. 15, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 14367: Arrian, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14368: Ibid. ii. 15, Sec. 7; Q. Curt. iv. 2, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14369: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 16, ad fin.; Q. Curt. iv. 2, Sec. 5; Justin, xi. 10.]

[Footnote 14370: Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14371: See Diod. Sic. xv. 73, Sec. 4; 77, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14372: In point of fact, he only obtained, towards the fleet which he collected against Tyre, twenty-three vessels that were not either Cyprian or Phoenician (Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 20, Sec. 2).]

[Footnote 14373: Herod. viii. 97.]

[Footnote 14374: Compare Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 15, Sec. 7, with ii. 24, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14375: Diod. Sic. xvii. 41, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14376: Ibid. Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14377: Q. Curt. iv. Sec. 20; Diod. Sic. xvii. 41, Sec. 1, 2.]

[Footnote 14378: Diod. Sic. xvii. 40, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14379: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 18, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14380: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 18, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14381: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, Sec. 1; Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 18, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14382: Arrian, ii. 18, sub fin.]

[Footnote 14383: Ibid. ii. 19, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14384: This seems to be Arrian's meaning, when he says, {ai keraiai periklastheisaiexekhean es to pur osa es exapsin tes phlogus pareskeuasmena en} (ii. 19, Sec. 4).]

[Footnote 14385: Grote, History of Greece, xii. 185, 186.]

[Footnote 14386: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 418.]

[Footnote 14387: Q. Curt. iv. 3, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 14388: Arrian, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14389: Arrian, ii. 20, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14390: Ibid. Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14391: Arrian, ii. 20; Sec. 3; Q. Curt. iv. 3, Sec. 11.]

[Footnote 14392: {'Epibibasas tois katastromasi ton upaspiston osoi ikanoi edokoun es to ergon} (Arrian, ii. 20, Sec. 6).]

[Footnote 14393: The Tyrians had but eighty vessels against Alexander's 224.]

[Footnote 14394: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 20, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14395: Ibid. ii. 21, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 14396: Q. Curt. iv. 3, Sec. 7-9.]

[Footnote 14397: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, Sec. 6; Q. Curt. l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14398: See Kenrick, Phoenicia, pp. 421, 422.]

[Footnote 14399: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 21, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14400: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 21, Sec. 4-7.]

[Footnote 14401: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 21, Sec. 8.]

[Footnote 14402: Some editions of Arrian gave {Pasikratous tou Thourieos}, "Pasicrates the Thurian," but the right reading is undoubtedly {tou Kourieos}, "the Curian, or king of Curium." (See the note of Sintenis ad loc.)]

[Footnote 14403: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 22, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14404: Six triremes and all the quinqueremes (Arrian, ii. 22, Sec. 3).]

[Footnote 14405: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 22, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14406: Diod. Sic. xvii. 42, Sec. 7.]

[Footnote 14407: Ibid. xvii. 45, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14408: Diod. Sic. xvii. 45, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14409: Ibid. xvii. 43, Sec. 7, 8.]

[Footnote 14410: Ibid. xvii. 44, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14411: Ibid. xvii. 44, Sec. 1-3.]

[Footnote 14412: Ibid. Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14413: Ibid. xvii. 45, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 14414: Ibid. xvii. 43, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14415: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 22, sub fin.]

[Footnote 14416: {Kateseise tou teikhous epi mega} (Ibid. ii. 23, Sec. 1).]

[Footnote 14417: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14418: Arrian, ii. 23, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14419: Ibid. ii. 23, Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14420: Not "the foremost," as Diodorus says (xvii. 46, Sec. 2).]

[Footnote 14421: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 23, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14422: Ibid. ii. 24, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14423: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14424: Arrian, Exp. Alex. ii. 24, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14425: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14426: So Arrian (l.s.c.) Diodorus reduces the number to thirteen thousand (xvii. 46, Sec. 4).]

[Footnote 14427: Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, Sec. 5; Arrian, ii. 24, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 14428: See Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 428, note 3.]

[Footnote 14429: See Diod. Sic. xvii. 46, Sec. 6. The name Abd-elonim, "servant of the gods," is common. The Greeks and Romans generally render it by Abdalonymus.]

[Footnote 14430: Arrian, Exp. Alex. iii. 6, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14431: Ibid. vi. 1, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 14432: Arrian, Exp. Alex. vi. 22, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14433: Ibid. vii. 19, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14434: Ibid. Sec. 5.]

[Footnote 14435: Diod. Sic. xviii. 3, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14436: Ibid. 43, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14437: Diod. Sic. xix. 58, Sec. 1.]

[Footnote 14438: So Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 433. Compare Diod. Sic. xviii. 37, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14439: Diod. Sic. xix. 58, Sec. 2-4.]

[Footnote 14440: Ibid. 61, Sec. 6.]

[Footnote 14441: Plutarch, Vit. Demetr. Sec. 32.]

[Footnote 14442: Diod. Sic. xxx. 17; Polyb. v. 40.]

[Footnote 14443: Polyb. v. 60.]

[Footnote 14444: Ibid. v. 62.]

[Footnote 14445: Polyb. xvi. 18; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xii. 3, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14446: See Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 436.]

[Footnote 14447: Herod. i. 1. Egypt never sent trading ships into the Mediterranean. All her commerce with Syria, Asia Minor, and Europe was carried on either in Greek or Phoenician bottoms.]

[Footnote 14448: Kenrick, Phoenicia, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14449: As that of the Red Sea, Arabia, and the East African coast.]

[Footnote 14450: 2 Macc. iv. 18.]

[Footnote 14451: Ibid. verses 44-50.]

[Footnote 14452: Gesenius, Mon. Phoen. pls. 32-34.]

[Footnote 14453: Kenrick, Phoenicia, pp. 437, 438.]

[Footnote 14454: Livy, xxvii. 30.]

[Footnote 14455: 2 Macc. iv. 49.]

[Footnote 14456: 1 Macc. iii. 34-36; 2 Macc. viii. 9; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xii. 7, Sec. 2,]

[Footnote 14457: 2 Macc. viii. 11.]

[Footnote 14458: 1 Macc. iii. 41.]

[Footnote 14459: 2 Macc. viii. 25; Joseph. Ant. Jud. xii. 7, Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14460: Strab. xvii. 2, Sec. 22.]

[Footnote 14461: Joseph. Ant. Jud. xii. 4, Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 14462: Ibid. Sec. 4.]

[Footnote 14463: By Theodotus in B.C. 219 (Polyb. v. 61, Sec. 5), by Cleopatra, queen of Syria, about B.C. 85 (Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiii. 13, Sec. 2), by Tigranes in B.C. 83 (ibid. xiii. 16, Sec. 4), &c.]

[Footnote 14464: Justin, Hist. Philipp. xl. 1; Appian, Syriaca, Sec. 48.]

[Footnote 14465: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 438.]

[Footnote 14466: Or, sometimes, under a propraetor.]

[Footnote 14467: Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 10, Sec. 2.]

[Footnote 14468: Ibid. xv. 4, Sec. 1, ad fin.]

[Footnote 14469: Ibid. xiv. 12, Sec.Sec. 4, 5.]

[Footnote 14470: Mommsen, History of Rome, iv. 113-115, Engl. Tr.; Merivale, Roman Empire, i. 36.]

[Footnote 14471: Thucyd. i. 4.]

[Footnote 14472: See the author's Sixth Oriental Monarchy, pp. 178-180.]

[Footnote 14473: Dio Cass. Hist. Rom. xlviii. 25.]

[Footnote 14474: Ibid. Sec. 26.]

[Footnote 14475: Joseph. Ant. Jud. xiv. 13.]

[Footnote 14476: Dio. Cass. xlviii. 39-41.]

[Footnote 14477: Ibid. liv. 7.]

[Footnote 14478: Ramsay, in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Geography, i. 11.]

[Footnote 14479: Suidas ad voc. {Paulos Turios}.]

[Footnote 14480: Mark vii. 24-30. Compare Matt. xv. 21-28.]

[Footnote 14481: Acts xii. 20, 21.]

[Footnote 14482: Acts xi. 19.]

[Footnote 14483: Ibid. xxi. 3-7.]

[Footnote 14484: See Robertson, History of the Christian Church, i. 195, 196.]

[Footnote 14485: Ibid. p. 201.]

[Footnote 14486: Some doubts have been entertained as to whether Porphyry was really a Tyrian, but his own statement (Vit. Plotini, ii. 107), backed as it is by the testimony of Eunapius and Suidas, should be regarded as settling the question.]

[Footnote 14487: Mason, in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography, iii. 502.]

[Footnote 14488: See the article on PORPHYRIUS in Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography, iii. 498-502.]

[Footnote 14489: Strab. xvi. 2, Sec. 24.]

[Footnote 14490: See the lines quoted by Kenrick (Phoenicia, p. 440, note) from Cramer's Anecdota Graeca (iv. 19, Sec. 6):—]

{Oi tes Stoas bullousin 'Akademian, Purronas outoi, pantas o Stegeirites. 'Alloi de touton Phoinikes te kai Suroi.}]

[Footnote 14491: Strabo, l.s.c.]

[Footnote 14492: Ibid. Strabo's words are: {Nuni de pases kai tes alles philosophias euporian polu pleisten labein estin ek touton ton poleon.}]

[Footnote 14493: Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography, ii. 417.]

[Footnote 14494: Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 440.]

[Footnote 14495: Suidas, s.v. {Paulos Turios}.]

[Footnote 14496: Smith's Dict. of Greek and Rom. Biography, ii. 1000.]

[Footnote 14497: Smith's Gibbon, ii. 317.]

[Footnote 14498: Heineccius, Ant. Rom. Synt. Proem, Sec. 45.]

[Footnote 14499: Ibid.]

[Footnote 14500: See Eckhel, Doctr. Num. Vet. iii. 366; Mionnet, Description des Medailles, Supplement.]

[Footnote 14501: Note that the "Syro-Phoenician woman" who conversed with our Lord is spoken of as also {'Ellenis}, one whose language was Greek (Mark vii. 26).]

[Footnote 14502: De situ orbis, i. 12; "Sidon adhuc opulenta."]

[Footnote 14503: Ulpian, Digest. Leg. de Cens. tit. 15.]

[Footnote 14504: Exp. totius Mundi in Hudson's Geographi Minores, iii. 6.]

[Footnote 14505: Hieronymus, Comment. ad Ezek. xxxvi. 7.]

[Footnote 14506: Hieronymus, Comment. ad Ezek. xxvii. 2.]

[Footnote 14507: Ezek. xxvi. 14.]

[Footnote 14508: Euseb. Vita Constantin. Magni, iii. 58.]

THE END