After the tunnel was completed, Mr. Sutro sold his interest in it for several millions of dollars. How that money was expended, any visitor to San Francisco well knows. With it were built the great Sutro baths, with their immense tanks of pure and constantly changing, tempered ocean water, their many dressing rooms, their grand staircases, adorned with rare growing plants, their tiers of seats rising in rows, one above another, with room for thousands of spectators, and their galleries of pictures and choice works of art. Over all is a roof of steel and tinted glass. Nowhere else in America is there so fine a bathing establishment.

Besides this there are the lovely gardens of Sutro Heights, developed by Mr. Sutro's money and genius from the barren sand-hills of the San Miguel rancho. In addition to these is the choice library of about two hundred thousand volumes, which is of great use to the people of San Francisco. Perhaps neither San Francisco nor California has yet quite appreciated the value of the work of Adolph Sutro.

Since 1848 the state of California has sent to the United States Mint over one billion dollars in gold. Of this, little Nevada County, which seems to be worth literally her weight in gold, has sent over two hundred and forty million. The Empire Mine is the leading producer of California, but there are others nearly as rich. Nevada City is in the center of this mining country. The streets are very hilly, and after a heavy rain people may be seen searching the city gutters and newly-formed rivulets for gold, and they are sometimes rewarded by finding fair-sized nuggets washed down from the hills above.

A visitor to one of the deep mines of California says:—

"We descended to the seven hundred foot level, where the day before a pile of ore had been blasted down. A little piece of the quartz, crushed in a mortar panned out four dollars in gold. I picked out one piece of rock, not larger than a peach, and the manager, after weighing and testing it, announced that it contained ten dollars in free gold. The kick of a boot would reveal ore which showed glittering specks of pure gold."

In the estimate of many people all very valuable mines are supposed to be of gold, but this is a mistake. While gold is king in California, copper mining is rapidly becoming of great importance. A continuous copper belt, the largest yet discovered in the world, exists under her soil, and while a comparatively small depth has been so far attained, the profit has been considerable. One of the largest quicksilver mines in the world is at New Almaden. The value of the output of the borax mines is over a million dollars a year. There were mined in California in 1907 over fifty different materials, most of them at a value of several thousand dollars a year, with some as high as a million and over.

The mineral product of California outranking gold in value is petroleum, which has added greatly to the wealth of the state. Natural gas and mineral waters are also valuable commercial products.

To many, the most interesting class among minerals is the gems, of which California yields a variety. The beautiful lilac stone, Kunzite, was discovered near Pala, San Diego County. This county has also some fine specimens of garnets, and beautiful tourmalines are being mined at a profit. San Bernardino County yields a superior grade of turquoise from which has been realized as much as eleven thousand dollars a year. Chrysoprase is being mined in Tulare County, also the beautiful new green gem something like clear jade, called Californite. Topaz, both blue and white, is being found, and besides these, many diamonds of good quality have been collected, principally from the gravels of the hydraulic mines. In 1907 there was discovered in the mountains of San Benito County a beautiful blue stone closely resembling sapphire, more brilliant but less durable. It was named, by professors of mineralogy in the state university, Benitite, from the place where it was discovered.

Perhaps the most valuable of all the products of California is its water supply, either visible as in springs and streams, or underground as in artesian water. Of its use in irrigation, we have already spoken. In the production of electricity it is coming to be of the greatest importance, making possible the most stupendous works of modern times. Such is the undertaking of the Edison Electric Company in bringing down to Los Angeles, over many miles of the roughest country, power from the Kern River, tapping the tumultuous stream far up in the Sierras. The taking of the necessary machinery to those heights was in itself a wonderful labor. The power thus created is a blessing to a wide region.



Chapter XVII

From La Escuela of Spanish California to the Schools of the Twentieth Century



In no line has California advanced so far beyond the days of the padres as in her schools. In the early settlements there were no educated people but the priests at the missions and the Spanish officers with their families at the presidios. Later, clever men of good families came into the territory, took up land, and made their homes on the great ranchos, but among these there were few who would take the time or trouble to teach the children; so life to the young people was a long holiday. The sad result was that they grew up so ignorant as to astonish the educated strangers who visited the coast.

At the missions the padres had schools where they taught the young Indians something of reading and writing, religious services and songs, and the trades necessary for life. This, with their duties in the church and the extensive building and planting of the mission settlements, took all the time of the hard-working priests. Occasionally, an educated woman would teach her own children and those of her relatives, but like most attempts at home education, it was so interrupted as to amount to little.

In 1794 a new governor came from Spain who was so shocked at this state of affairs that he at once ordered three schools opened. The first, December, 1794, was held in a granary at San Jose and was in charge of a retired sergeant of the Spanish army. The children had been so long free from all restraint that they did not like to go to school, and their parents did not always take the trouble to insist. There were some reasons for this, as the masters did not know much about what they were trying to teach, and the use of the ferule and scourge (the latter a whip of cords tipped with iron) was frequent and cruel. There were no books but primers, and these were hard to obtain. The writing, paper was furnished by the military authorities and had to be returned when the child was through with it, that it might be used in making cartridges. These schools were for boys only, girls not being expected to learn anything except cooking, sewing, and embroidery.

Slowly the state of things improved, and in 1829 in the yearly report to the Mexican government, it was stated that there were eleven primary schools in the province with three hundred and thirty-nine boys and girls. One of the best of these schools was that of Don Ignacio Coronel of Los Angeles.

In 1846 the first American school was opened at Santa Clara by Mrs. Oliver Mann Isbell. It provided for children from about twenty emigrant families and was held in a room of the Santa Clara mission on the great patio. The floor was of earth, the seats boxes; an opening in the tiled roof over the center of the room allowing the smoke to escape when, on rainy days, a fire was built on a rude platform of stones set in the middle of the floor. Wherever the Americans lived, they would have schools, although their first buildings were bare and inconvenient, with no grace or adornment either inside or out. In some out-of-the-way places, whole terms of school were spent most happily under spreading live oaks.

In the making of the first constitution, educational matters were not forgotten; one section providing that there should be a common school system supported by money from the sale of public lands. On account of the minerals the lands so allotted were supposed to contain, it was believed that they would sell for such vast amounts that the state would have money sufficient for the grandest public schools that ever existed. In fact these lands brought in altogether, after a number of years, less than a quarter of a million dollars. The act provided also that the schools be kept open three months in the year. An effort was made to extend this period to six months, but was defeated by Senator Gwin.

Considering the state of the country when the public schools were begun, and the short time in which they have been developed, the California free schools are a credit to the state and to the men and women who have helped to make them what they are. No community is so poor and remote but that it may have its school if the inhabitants choose to organize for the purpose. Hardly can the settler find a ranch from which his children may not attend a district school over which floats the stars and stripes.

Money for educational purposes is now raised by state and county taxes on property, this sum, in cities, being largely increased by the addition of the city taxes. High schools have only recently been given state aid, and that moderately; the larger ones still depending, in a great measure, upon the special tax of the city, district, or county, according to the class to which the school belongs. The state supports one Polytechnic school, that at San Luis Obispo, where there are three courses, agriculture, mechanics, and domestic science.

About 1878, in the endeavor to teach the children of the worst parts of San Francisco a right way of living, the free kindergartens were begun. Perhaps their success cannot be better shown than in the fact that in the first year of the work along "Barbary coast," one of the most turbulent districts of the city, the Italian fruit and vegetable dealers who lived there, brought the teachers a purse of seventy-five dollars, because the children had been taught not to steal their fruits and vegetables or to break their windows. The first free kindergarten was started on Silver Street in "Tar Flats" and had for its teacher a pretty young girl, with beautiful eyes and a mass of bronze-colored hair, whom the ragged little urchins soon learned to adore. That little school was the beginning of one of the best kindergarten systems in the country, and the pretty young teacher is now Kate Douglas Wiggin, one of America's best loved writers, the author of those delightful books, "The Birds' Christmas Carol," "Timothy's Quest" and others equally interesting. There have been many gifts to these kindergartens. In memory of their only son, Mr, and Mrs. Leland Stanford gave one hundred thousand dollars, while Mrs. Phoebe Hearst supported entirely three of the schools. Kindergartens may now form part of the primary department in the school system of any community so desiring, and are to be found in most of the cities.

Nothing in the educational work of California is of more importance than the five normal schools, which graduate each year hundreds of teachers thoroughly prepared in all branches for the important work of training the children of the state.

As the crown of the free school system, stands the state university at Berkeley. Many an interesting story might be told of the noble men, who as early as 1849 began their long struggle to gain for the youth of California the chance for higher education. The Reverend Samuel Willey, the American consul Mr. Larkin, and Mr. Sherman Day were leaders in this enterprise. There was much against them; men's thoughts were almost entirely given to the necessities of everyday life, and few seemed able to see that a grand and beautiful future was coming to the new territory. The university secured its charter in 1868, but it was not until the adoption of the new constitution in 1879 that it was placed on a firm basis which could not be changed by each new legislature.

The coming of Mr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler to the presidency was one of the best strokes of fortune the institution has ever known. Under his management it has taken a great stride forward. In the work it does, and the high standard it demands, it takes its place side by side with the best universities of the older Eastern states. The work of its college of agriculture is becoming of great service to the farmer and fruit grower. The result of its experiments in determining the best wheat for the soil is of very great importance to the grain industry of the state.

Connected with the university are: the Lick Observatory on Mount Hamilton; the Mark Hopkins Institute of Art, the Hastings College of Law, and Colleges of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy, in San Francisco; and an admirable University Extension Course which offers its advantages to the people of any locality throughout the state who may desire its help.

One of the most practical and important associations in the state is the Farmer's Institute, which, under direction and control of the university, holds a three days' meeting once a month in each locality throughout the state. Also, once a year, an institute of a week's duration is held at Berkeley, where eminent scientists give their services, and the results are most helpful.

The university has received many gifts from distinguished citizens. Mrs. Phoebe Hearst has devoted much of her time and a large amount of her money to its improvement, and plans are under way to make it the most finished and beautiful educational institution ever owned by any state or country.

Barely one hour's ride from San Francisco south, lies the Leland Stanford Junior University, which at the time of its foundation, in 1885, was the greatest gift ever bestowed upon humanity by any one person. In this noble movement Mr. and Mrs. Stanford were as one. Their only son died in 1884, and the university is a memorial of him, a grand example of the way in which those who are dead may yet live, through the good done in their names. Although entirely a private benefaction, its doors are open to students absolutely free of all tuition charges.

This university started with a large endowment, but after the death of Mr. Stanford, a lawsuit with the United States, and a shrinkage in the value of the properties it owned, ran the finances so low that for a short time it was found necessary to charge a small entrance fee. Even then, the college was kept open only through the economy and self-sacrifice of Mrs. Stanford and the members of the faculty, who stood by the institution with noble unselfishness. By the year 1906 the financial condition had become satisfactory and the attendance had materially increased. Two handsome new buildings, one for the library and the other for the gymnasium, were about completed when, on April 18, an earthquake, the most destructive ever experienced on the Pacific coast, shook all the region around San Francisco Bay. Stanford suffered severely: the two new buildings were ruined; so, too, was the museum and a portion of the chemistry building. Both the noble arch and the mosaics in the front of the memorial chapel were destroyed. Beyond this, comparatively little damage was done to the college buildings. The graduating exercises were postponed until the fall term; otherwise the disaster did not interfere seriously with the routine of study, neither did it affect the attendance in 1906-7, which was unusually large. In the fall of 1907 President Jordan stated that he was empowered to announce that Thomas Weldon Stanford, brother of Senator Leland Stanford, had decided to give the university his own large fortune of several millions.

It is generally recognized that the university owes a great part of its present success to the splendid talents and faithfulness of President Jordan, who has given the hardest labor of the best years of his busy life to helping it onward and upward. Its educational work is thorough, and its requirements are being steadily raised. It stands for the highest education that is possible. Addition is constantly being made to its group of noble buildings. Beautiful Stanford is the sparkling jewel in California's diadem.

Not far from the University of California in the suburbs of Oakland is situated Mills College, which for many years was the only advanced school for girls of which the state could boast. This institution had its beginning as a seminary in Benicia, but was moved to its present situation in 1871. In 1885 it became a college with a state charter. In plan of studies and high Christian aim, it resembles Mount Holyoke, from which many of its leading instructors have been graduated.

There is no place here to speak of all the leading private schools of the state. Throop Polytechnic in Pasadena, the Thatcher School in the valley of the Ojai, and Belmont Military Academy are among the best. A word, however, must be said in tribute to Santa Clara College, without which the California youth of from twenty to forty years ago would have been lacking in that higher education which stands for so much in the making of a state. Incorporated in 1851, it was opened with funds amounting to but one hundred and fifty dollars, yet it grew steadily. With a clever Jesuit faculty, this college has done admirable work of so thorough a character as to win the praise of all those who have come in contact with its results. From it have been graduated such men as Stephen M. White, Reginaldo del Valle, and many other of our leading professional and business men.



Chapter XVIII

Statistics



The state of California lies between the parallels 32i and 42i north latitude, extending over a space represented on the eastern coast by the country between Edisto Inlet, South Carolina, and the northern point of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Its northern third lies between 120i and 124i 26' west longitude. From Cape Mendocino, its most westerly point, the coast trends southeastward to San Diego Bay. The total coast line on the Pacific is 1200 miles.

The state's greatest width is 235 miles, which is between Point Conception and the northern end of the Amaragosa Range on the Nevada line. It is narrowest between Golden Gate and the southern end of Lake Tahoe. Its area is 158,297 sq. miles, second only to Texas of all the states.

The population of California, according to the United States census of 1920, is 3,426,861, which has since been greatly increased. The following table shows the counties of the State:—



Counties of California

Area Population Valuation Name Origin and Meaning of Name Sq. Mi. 1920 1910 of Property County Seat ____________ _________ Alameda Sp., Shaded promenade 764 344,127 246,131 128,681,766 Oakland Alpine 710 243 309 422,063 Markleeville Amador Sp., Sweetheart 632 7,793 9,086 4,918,908 Jackson Butte Fr., Rounded, detached hill 1,660 30,030 27,301 16,057,766 Oroville Calaveras Sp., Skul's (from Indian battle ground) 1,080 6,183 9,171 6,177,285 San Andreas Colusa Ind. 1,088 9,290 7,732 12,188,096 Colusa Contra Costa Sp., Opposite coast 728 53,889 31,674 21,753,956 Martinez Del Norte Sp., Of the North 992 2,759 2,417 2,882,445 Crescent City Eldorado Sp., The gilded (name given to fabled land of gold) 1,796 6,426 7,492 4,668,840 Placerville Fresno Sp., Ash tree 6,152 128,779 75,657 34,302,205 Fresno Glenn 1,270 11,853 7,172 10,645,524 Willow Humboldt (named for Baron von Humboldt) 3,496 37,413 33,857 24,911,492 Eureka Imperial 4,200 43,383 13,591 El Centro Inyo 10,294 7,031 6,974 2,316,319 Independence Kern 8,050 54,843 37,715 24,050,871 Bakersfield Kings 1,176 22,032 16,230 7,883,009 Hanford Lake 1,328 5,402 5,526 3,258,020 Lakeport Lassen 4,520 8,507 4,802 4,590,748 Susanville Los Angeles Sp., The angels 4,200 936,438 504,132 169,268,166 Los Angeles Madera Sp., Timber 2,062 12,203 8,368 6,732,495 Madera Marin Ind. 549 27,342 25,114 14,489,582 San Rafael Mariposa Sp., Butterfly 1,510 2,775 3,956 2,270,246 Mariposa Mendocino Sp., (from Mendoza, viceroy of Mexico) 3,626 24,116 23,929 13,131,995 Ukiah Merced Sp., Mercy 1,932 24,579 15,148 14,877,086 Merced Modoc Ind. 3,741 5,425 6,191 4,076,680 Alturas Mono Sp., Monkey, or pretty 3,020 960 2,042 1,151,109 Bridgeport Monterey Sp., King's forest 3,340 27,980 24,146 18,962,554 Salinas Napa Ind. 780 20,678 19,800 13,840,291 Napa Nevada Sp., Heavy fall of snow 972 10,850 14,955 7,203,349 Nevada City Orange (named for its chief product) 750 61,375 34,436 13,812 Santa Ana Placer Sp., Loose (from placer mines) 1,365 18,584 18,237 9,677,724 Auburn Plumas Sp., Feathers 2,694 5,681 5,259 2,792,091 Quincy Riverside 7,323 50,297 34,696 16,373,296 Riverside Sacramento Sp., The Sacrament 1,000 90,978 67,806 41,333,337 Sacramento San Benito Sp., St. Benedict 1,388 8,995 8,041 6,499,068 Hollister San Bernardino Sp., St. Bernard 19,947 73,401 56,706 21,392,228 San Bernardino San Diego Sp., St. James 4,278 112,248 61,665 20,807,594 San Diego San Francisco Sp., St. Francis (of Assisi) 47 506,676 416,912 564,070,301 San Francisco San Joaquin Sp., name of a saint 1,396 79,905 50,732 34,740,353 Stockton San Luis Obispo Sp., St. Louis the Bishop 3,310 21,893 19,383 13,680,235 San Luis Obispo San Mateo Sp., St. Matthew 434 36,781 26,585 18,999,564 Redwood City Santa Barbara Sp., St. Barbara 2,632 41,097 27,738 18,849,976 Santa Barbara Santa Clara Sp., name of a saint 1,286 100,588 83,539 61,390,817 San Jose Santa Cruz Sp., Holy Cross 424 26,269 26,240 12,560,071 Santa Cruz Shasta Fr., Chaste, pure 3,876 13,311 18,920 10,902,036 Redding Sierra Sp., Sawtoothed Ridge 960 1,783 4,098 1,844,560 Downieville Siskiyou 5,991 13,545 18,801 10,560,650 Treks Solano Sp., name of a mission 900 40,602 27,559 20,195,481 Fairfield Sonoma Ind., Valley of the Moon 1,620 51,990 48,394 30,380,419 Santa Rosa Stanislaus 1,456 43,557 22,522 12,834,108 Modesto Sutter (named for J. A. Sutter) 622 10,115 6,328 6,621,047 Yuba City Tehama 3,008 12,882 11,401 11,674,562 Red Bluff Trinity 3,282 2,552 3,301 1,651,362 Weaverville Tulare Sp., Reed-covered 4,952 59,032 35,440 17,447,042 Visalia Tuolumne Ind., Stone wigwams 2,208 7,768 9,979 7,089,725 Sonora Ventura Sp. 1,722 28,724 18,347 11,171,219 Ventura Yolo Ind., Rushes 996 17,105 13,926 17,640,436 Woodland Yuba Sp., Uba, wild grapes 636 10,375 10,042 5,898,350 Marysville



List of Governors



Gaspar de Portola, April, 1769 Pedro Fages, July, 1770 Fernando Rivera y Moncada, May 25, 1774 Felipe de Neve, Feb. 3, 1777 Pedro Fages, Sept. 1O, 1782 Jose Romeu, April 16, 1791 Jose Arrillaga, April 9, 1792 Diego de Borica, May 14, 1794 Jose Arrillaga, Jan. 16, 1800 Jose Arguello, July 24, 1814 Pablo de Sola, March 31, 1815

California became province of the Mexican Empire, April 11, 1822

Luis Arguello, Nov. 10, 1822, First native Governor.

March 26, 1825, California became province of Mexican Republic.

Jose Maria Echeandia, Nov. 8, 1825 Manuel Victoria, Jan. 31, 1831 Jose Maria Echeandia, Dec. 6, 1831 Jose Figueroa, Jan. 15, 1833 Jose Castro, Sept. 29, 1835 Nicolas Gutierrez, Jan. 2, 1836 Mariano Chico, May 3, 1836 Nicolas Gutierrez, Sept. 6, 1836 Jose Castro, Nov. 5, 1836 Juan B. Alvarado, Dec. 7, 1836 Manuel Micheltorena, Dec. 31, 1842 Pio Pico, Feb. 22, 1845, to Aug. 10, 1846, end of Mexican rule.

The following were Governors under Military Rule, U.S.A.

John D. Sloat, July 7, 1846 Robert F. Stockton, July 29, 1846 John C. Fremont, Military Governor, Jan. 19, 1847, for 50 days Stephen W. Kearny, Military Governor, March to May 31, 1847 R. B. Mason, Military Governor, May 31, 1847 Persifer F. Smith, Military Governor, Feb. 28, 1849 Bennet Riley, April 12, 1849



Peter H. Burnett, Dec. 20, 1849, First State Governor, Democratic, received 6716 votes, total vote, 12,064. John McDougall, Lieutenant Governor, became Governor Jan. 9, 1851, Democrat John Bigler, Jan. 8, 1852, Democrat John Bigler, Jan. 7, 1854, Democrat John Neely Johnson, Jan. 9, 1856, American Party John B. Weller, Jan. 8, 1858, Democrat Milton S. Latham, Jan. 9, 1860, Democrat John G. Downey (Lieutenant Governor), inaugurated Jan. 14, 1860, Democrat Leland Stanford, Jan. 10, 1862, Republican Frederick F. Low, Dec. 10, 1863, Union Party Henry H. Haight, Dec. 5, 1867, Democrat Newton Booth, Dec. 8, 1871, Republican Romualdo Pacheco (Lieutenant Governor), inaugurated Feb. 27, 1875, Republican (native state Governor) William Irwin, Dec. 8, 1875, Democrat Geo. C. Perkins, Jan. 8, 1880, Republican Geo. Stoneman, Jan. 10, 1883, Democrat Washington Bartlett, Jan. 8, 1887, Democrat Robert W. Waterman (Lieutenant Governor), inaugurated Sept. 13, 1887, Republican H. H. Markham, Jan. 8, 1891, Republican James H. Budd, Jan. II, 1895, Democrat Henry T. Gage, Jan. 4, 1899, Republican Geo. C. Pardee, Jan. 7, 1903, Republican James N. Gillett, Jan. 9, 1907, Republican Hiram W. Johnson, January, 1911, Republican; reelected on Progressive ticket, 1914 William D. Stephens (Lieutenant Governor), inaugurated March 15, 1917, Progressive



Electoral Vote



1852, Democratic, 4 votes 1856, Democratic, 4 votes 1860, Republican, 4 votes 1864, Republican, 5 votes 1868, Republican, 5 votes 1872, Republican, 6 votes 1876, Republican, 6 votes 1880 Republican, 1 vote Democratic, 5 votes 1884, Republican, 8 votes 1888, Republican, 8 votes 1892, Republican, 1 vote Democratic, 8 votes 1896, Republican, 8 votes Democratic, People's and Silver parties, 1 vote 1900, Republican, 9 votes 1904, Republican, 9 votes 1908, Republican, to votes 1912, Democratic, 2 votes Progressive, 11 votes 1916, Democratic, 13 votes 1920, Republican, 13 votes



Bibliography

Bancroft—"History of California," vols. I, II, Ill, IV, V, VI, VII. Bancroft—"California Pastoral." Bancroft—"History of North Mexican States." Hittell—"History of California," vols. I, II, III, IV. Royce—"History of California." Blackmar—"Spanish Institutions of the Southwest." Montalvo—"Sergas of Esplandian." Translator, E. E. Hale, Atlantic Monthly, Vol. XIII, p. 265. Vancouver—"Voyage of Discovery to the Pacific Ocean," vol. III. Geronimo Boscano—"Chinigchinich," "History of Mission Indians." Translator, Alfred Robinson—"Life in California." Francisco Palou—"Life of Fray Junipero Serra." Junipero Serra—"Diary." Translated in magazine Out West, March-July, 1902. Hakluyt—"Drake's Voyages." Vanegas—"History of California." Davis—"Sixty Years in California." Colton—"Three Years in California." Fremont—"Memoirs." Sherman—"Memoirs." Century Magazine, vols. 41-42. Stoddard—"In the Footsteps of the Padres." Lummis—"The Right Hand of the Continent." Series, Out West Magazine, 1903. Lummis—" Spanish Pioneers." Jackson—"A Century of Dishonor." Jackson—"Ramona." California Book of Louisiana Purchase Exposition.



Index



Abalone, 22 Acapulco, 68 Admission to the Union, 179-182 Adobe, 93 Alameda, 182 Alaska, 214 Alba, 110 Alcalde, 104, 108, 173, 174 Alfalfa, 244 Afileria, 209 Alta, 86 Alvarado, 125, 133, 134, 136 American government of California, 173-179 American River, 150 Americans in California, 129, 134, 140-146, 149 Anaheim, settled, 212 Anian, Strait of, 53, 62 Apricots, 256 Area, 289 Arguello, Captain Lulls, 128, 131, 132 Arguello family, 145 Arroyo Seco, 97, 146 Ascension, Padre, 8, 670 Atole, 94 Avalon, 68 Ayala, Lieutenant, 88 Bahia, 249 Bailey, W. F., quoted, 185 Bananas, 257 Bancroft, quoted, 206 Bandini, aids Americans, 145 Bandini, Dona Arcadia, quoted, 137 Bandini, Mrs., makes flag, 146 Barley, 255 Bautista, 134 Bear Flag Republic, 142 Beets, 260 Belmont Military Academy, 287 Benitite, 277 Benton, Senator, 182, 195 Berkeley, State University at, 283 Bidwell, quoted, 166 Bolero, 116 Bonito, 22 Borax, 276 British, visit California, 130 Broderick, David C., 190, 191 Buffalo Bill, 186 Burbank, Luther, 262-266 Burnett, Peter, 181 Butte County, oranges in, 247 Cable, Pacific, 225 Cabo de Pinos, 55 Cabrillo, Juan Rodriguez, 48-56, 72 Cacafuegos, 60 Cactus, 265 Cahuenga, treaty of, 146, 148 Calaveras grove, 235 Calhoun, 179 California, area of, 289 California, climate of, 13-18 California, geography of, 13,14 California, name, origin of, 11, 12 California Column, 198 California Lancers, 193 Californite, 276 Camisa, 116 Canneries, 257, 260, 261 Cape Mendocino, 67 Capitol, 204 Carmelo River, 71, 87 Carmenon, Sebastin, explorations of, 67 Carne seco, 101 Carquinez, Strait of, 14 Carreta, 116, 118, 213 Carrillo, in convention, 177 Castillo, Domingo, map of, 12 Castro, General, 139, 140, 142 Cattle raising, 108, 113 Celery, 256 Central Pacific Railroad, 197-201 Chagres, Panama, 163 Chamisso, Albert von, 182 Chapman, 125, 126 Cherries, 262 China, war with Japan, 223 Chinese, in California, 202, 203 Chinese, work on railroad, 198 Chinigchinich, 25, 33-36, 45, 47 Chippa, 43-45 Cholos, 138 Cigaritos, 109 Citron, 246, 256 Civil War, 180, 189-194 Clay, Henry, 178 Cleeta, 19-29, 45-47 Climate, 13-18 Club wheat, 242 Cody, Mr., 186 Coloma, mill near, 150 Columbia, and Panama Canal, 222 Colony days, 211-214 Colton, Rev. Walter, 173, 174 Colton, quoted, 203 Comandante, 136 Comstock mine, 271 Concepcion de Arguello, 130, 131 Conquest of California, 139-146 Constitution of 1849, 178 Constitution of 1879, 203 Constitutional Convention of 1849, 177 Cooper, Ellwood, 262 Copper mining, 276 Corn, 244 Coronel, Don Ignacio, school of, 280 Cortez, Hernando, 12, 53, 74 Cotopacnic, 46 Counties, 290, 291 Cradle, used in mining, 158 Crespi, Juan, 75, 100 Crocker, Charles, 197-199 Cuatrito, 117 Cuchuma, 22, 26, 32, 35, 45 Cushiony scale, 250 Day, Sherman, 284 Debris, 268 Del Valle, Reginaldo, 288 Dewey, Commodore, in Spanish war, 217 Dios, 110 Dolores mission, 88 Donner party, 167 Dragontea, 57 Drake, Sir Francis, 57-66, 12, 73 Drakes Bay, 63 Dress of early Californians, 115, 116 Dried fruits, 260 Drift mining, 269 Dulce, 258. Earthquake (1906), 225-228 El Camino Real, 95 El Refugio, 125 Empire mine, 274 England, explorations, 59-66 Escuela, 279 Explorations, 48-73, 81-83 Farallones, 81 Farmer's Institute, 285 Ferrelo, 56, 57, 85 Festivals, 126 Fiesta, 126 Figs, 260 Flores, General, 146 Flour trade, 243 Forests, 229-236 Forty-niners, 156, 172 Fremont, Captain, 139-143, 146 Fremont, dispute with Kearny, 148, 149 Fremont, elected senator, 178 Fremont, explorations, 139, 107, 195 Fremont, on land question, 182 French, visit California, 129 Frijoles, 98 Fruit, 246-263 Fruit, canned, 257, 260 Fruit, crystallized, 261 Fruit, dried, 260 Fruit, preserved, 258 Fugitive Slave Law, 190 Galli, Francisco, 66 Galvez, Jose de, 75-78, 84, 87 Gems, 276 Gente de razon, 124 Gentiles, 80 Gesnip, 19-33, 38-47 Gicamas, 70 Gigantea, 234 Gillespie, 140, 143, 146 Gold, discovered, 147, 151, 155 Gold, early mining, 154-160 Gold, modern mines, 267-271, 274 Golden Hind, ship, 66 Governors, list of, 292 Graham, 133, 134 Grain, 238-245 Grape fruit, 252 Grapes, 254, 258-260 Guam, 225 Gwin, in convention, 177 Gwin, senator, 178, 189, 190, 281 Hague, 220, 221 Harte, Bret, 180, 200 Harvester, 240 Hawaii, 218-220, 225 Hearst, Mrs. Phoebe, 283, 285 Hecox, Mrs., quoted, 171 Hittell, quoted, 205 Hopkins, Mark, 197 Huntington, Collis P., 197, 198 Huntington, H. E., 239 Hydraulic mining, 160, 268, 269 Ide, 141. Immigration after 1848, 156, 161-172 Indian Bar, 184 Indians, aborigines, 19-47, 54, 63, 64 Indians, baskets, 43-45 Indians, boats, 39 Indians, clothing, 21, 31, 32, 33, 43, 63 Indians, food, 28, 29, 38, 42, 45-47 Indians, houses, 26 Indians, hunting, 23-25, 42, 43 Indians, myths, 80, 45 Indians, worship, 33-36 Indians in Santa Catalina, 70 Indians, mission, 91-105, 127 Indians, on ranches, 110-112 Indians, recent history, 206-208 Irrigation, 245, 252-255 Isadora, 138 Isbell, Mrs. Oliver Mann, 280 Jacal, 26 Japan, 223-225 Jesuits in New Spain, 76 Jiminez, 53 Jones, Commodore, 136, 137 Jones, W. C., 182 Jordan, President, 287 Juan, 48, 51, 52, 56 Judah, Theodore D., 196-198. Kahhoom, 43-45 Kearny, General Stephen, 145, 148, 149 Kern River, electric power from, 278 Kindergartens, 282 King, Thomas Starr, 192 Klamath, 37, 38 Korea, 223 Kotzebue, Otto von, 132 Kunzite, 276 Ladybird, 250 La Fiesta, 126 Laguna rancho, battle of, 146 Laguna rancho, sheep on, 210 Land question, 182, 183 La Perouse, 129 La Posesion, 55 La Purisima mission, 89 Larkin, consul, 136, 137,139, 284 Leland Stanford Junior University, 285-287 Lemons, 245, 251 Lick Observatory, 284 Lollah, 30 Lopez, Juan, 147 Lorne, Marquis of, quoted, 262 Los Angeles, beginnings of, 107, 108. Los Angeles, captured by Americans, 143 Los Angeles, church built by Chapman, 125 Los Angeles, during Civil War, 194 Los Angeles, in colony days, 213 Los Angeles, Kern River power, 278 Los Angeles, old palms in, 144 Los Angeles, State Normal School, 283 Lumber, 229-236 Lummis. Charles F., author, 249 Macana, 22, 27, 28, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41, 42, 44, 46 Machado, Agustin, 122 McKinley, President, 218, 220 Maestro, 113 Mahan, Captain, quoted, 220 Malaga, 256 Manchuria, 223 Mandarin orange, 248 Manila, cable to, 225 Manila, trade, 67, 74, 77 Manila Bay, battle, 217 Marin County, 226 Mariposa grove, 234 Marshall, James, 150-153 Mason, Colonel, 149, 154 Mayor domo, 110 Mendocino, Cape, 67 Mendoza, 72 Merced River, 160. 111 Mexican government of California, 124 Mexico, dispute over Plus Fund, 221 Mexico, revolt against Spain, 122, 124 Mexico, war with the United States, 134-135, 140, 174 Micheltorena, Governor, 137 Millay, 48 Mills College, 287 Mines, modern, 267-277 Missions, 76-105 Missions, aid government, 123 Missions, irrigation, 252 Missions, orchards, 257, 258 Missions, schools at, 279 Missions, secularized, 103-105, 126 Missions, wheat raising, 237-239 Modocs, 208 Monterey, attacked by pirate, 125 Monterey, captured by Jones, 186, 137 Monterey, captured by Sloat, 143 Monterey, mission founded at, 85 Monterey, presidio of, 87 Monterey Bay, discovered, 55, 71 Monterey Bay, Portola at, 81 Mountains, 18-16 Muchachas, 110, 112 Muchchos, 110 Murphy, Virginia Reed, quoted, 168 Muscat grape, 258 Mussel Slough District, 201 Nahal, 31 Nakin, 29, 47 Native Sons of the Golden West, 205 Navel orange, 248-250 Nevada City, 274 Neve, Felipe de, 107 New Albion, 64 New Almaden, quicksilver mines, 276 Nihie, 35, 36 No-fence law, 211 Nopal, 29, 32-36, 40, 41, 43 Normal schools, 283 Nuts, 257, 261, 262 Oats, 255 Ojai, 287 Olives, 246, 255, 261 Ollas, 22, 26, 85 Oranges, 246-254 Oregon, voyage of the, 216, 217 Oregon Country, 135 Ortega, discovers San Francisco bay, 82, 83 Ortega, rancho attacked, 125 Otter hunting, 132, 183 Outdoor life, 17, 18 Outlaws, 214 Pacheco, Governor, 205 Pacific cable, 225 Pacific Ocean, importance of, 18, 217 Padres, 51, See Missions Pala, chapel, 89 Palou, Francisco, 75, 79, 88, 100 Panama Canal, 221 Panocha, 120 Papas pequenos, 70 Pasadena, settled, 212 Pastorel, 97 Patio, 94 Patron, 111 Patrona, 110, 112 Payuchi, 25-47 Pepe, 49, 50 Pesos, 60 Petroleum, 276 Peyri, 95, 96 Philippine trade, 58, 71-78, 201 Philippines, 217, 218 Pico, General Andres, 145, 146, 148 Pinos, Point, 55, 71, 80, 81 Pius Fund, 76, 220 Placer mines, 347, 158, 268 Plaza, 107 Pocket, in placer mining, 180 Pomato, 265 Pomelo, 252 Pony express, 185-188 Port Costa, wheat grader at, 243 Portola, Captain, 77-80, 88-85 Prairie schooner, 170 Preserved fruit, 258 Presidios, 85, 108 Prunes, 262, 266 Pueblos, 106-108 Pumpkin, preserved, 258 Quartz mining, 270 Quicksilver, 276 Railroad, 196-201, 205, 206 Rainfall, 14, 16 Raisins, 250, 258-260 Ramirez, 177 Ranch life, 109-127 Rancheros, 121, 122, 183 Ranches, modern, 262 Ranchos, 109 Rebosa, 118 Reyes, Point, 67, 81-88 Rezanof, Count, 130, 181 Rhubarb, 205 Riley, Governor, 176 Riverside, founded, 212 Riverside, oranges at, 247, 249, 250 Robinson, Alfred, quoted, 257 Rodeo, 113, 114 Roosevelt, 222, 224, 225 Ross, Fort, 131, 133 Routes to California, 101-172 Rurik, ship, 182 Russia, sells Alaska, 215 Russia, war with Japan, 224 Russians in California, 131-133 Sacramento, founded, 133 Sacramento, pony express at, 186 Sacramento, railroad begun, 198 Sacramento valley, 239, 269 St. John de Anton, 61 St. Michael orange, 248 Sal, Point, 130 Salinas River, 189 San Agustin, 67 San Antonio mission, 87 San Antonio, ship, 79, 83-85 San Benito County, benitite in, 277 San Bernardino County, gems in, 276 San Bruno, 182 San Buenaventura mission, 89, 99 San Buenaventura mission, fruit trees, 246, 257 San Carlos, ship, 79, 88, 287 San Carlos de Borromeo mission, 85, 86, 100, 120 San Diego, captured by Americans, 143-146 San Diego Bay, discovered, 50, 68 San Diego mission, 80, 92 San Diego mission, fruit trees, 248 San Diego mission, Indian revolt, 102 San Diego mission, wheat, 287 San Diego presidio, 108 San Diego, ship, 68 San Fernando mines, 148 San Fernando mission, 89,90 San Fernando mission, brandy, 257 San Fernando mission, fruit trees, 246 San Francisco, city named, 153 San Francisco, disorder in (Vigilantes), 184 San Francisco, during Civil War, 192, 198 San Francisco, earthquake and fire, 226-228 San Francisco, gold excitement, 158, 154 San Francisco, growth after 1848, 156 San Francisco, in war of 1898, 218 San Francisco, kindergartens, 282 San Francisco, pony express at, 186 San Francisco, Sutro baths, etc., 273, 274 San Francisco Bay, discovered, 88, 87, 88 San Francisco mission, 87, 88 San Francisco presidio, 108 San Gabriel mission, 87,90 San Gabriel mission, Chapman at, 125, 120 San Gabriel mission, mill at, 239 San Gabriel mission, orchards, 246, 257 San Gabriel mission, wheat, 237 San Gabriel River, battle of, 146 San Joaquin Valley, 239, 247, 269 San Jose, beginnings of, 107 San Jose, early school at, 280 San Jose, earthquake, 226 San Jose mission, 89, 121 San Jose mission, Indian revolt, 102 San Jose, ship, 83 San Juan Bautista mission, 89 San Juan Capistrano mission, 89, 98 San Juan Capistrano mission, attacked by pirate, 125 San Luis Obispo mission, 87 San Luis Obispo Polytechnic School, 282 San Luis Rey mission, 89, 95 San Mateo, 182 San Miguel, Cabrillo at, 50, 55-57 San Miguel mission, 89, 123 San Pasqual, battle, 145, 146 San Pedro, Bay-of, discovered, 54, 71 San Rafael mission, 89 San Salvador, 53 San Tomas, ship, 68, 71, 72 Sanchez, Padre, 246 Sanitary Commission, 192 Santa Barbara mission, 89 Santa Barbara mission, fruit trees, 246 Santa Barbara presidio, 108 Santa Catalina, 22 Santa Catalina, discovered, 53, 68 Santa Clara College, 288 Santa Clara mission, 89 Santa Clara mission, Indian revolt, 102 Santa Clara mission, orchards, 257 Santa Clara mission, school at, 280 Santa Cruz, town founded, 107 Santa Cruz mission, 80 Santa Fe, 78 Santa Inez mission, 89 Santa Inez mission, fruit trees, 246 Santa Rosa, 226, 264, 266 Saunders, and navel oranges, 249 Scale, orange, 250, 251 School taxes, 282 Schools, early, 113, 279-281 Schools, modern, 281-288 Sempervirens, 230, 234 Senor, 56, 133 Senora, 213 Senorita, 213 Sequoias, 230-235 Sequoya League, 208 Serra, Junipero, 75-80, 83-88, 102 Serra, Junipero, death of, 100 Serra, Junipero, work of, 91, 92 Seward, 179, 214, 215 Shasta, oranges in, 247 Shasta, Mount, 275 Sheep Industry, 209-211 Sherman, Wm. T., 149, 151, 164 "Shirley," quoted, 184 Sholoc, 22-82, 85, 36, 89, 46, 47 Shumeh, 31 Sierra Nevada, 14, 16, 56, 100, 282 Slavery struggle, 175-179, 190 Sloat, Commodore, 142, 148 Soil, 16, 18 Solano mission, 89 Soledad mission, 89 Sombrero, 111 Sonoma, captured, 141 South Sea, 58 Southern Pacific Railroad, 201,290 Spain, colonies, 75, 77 Spain, colonies, explorations, 48-57, 66-73, 81-83 Spain, colonies, revolt against, 122, 124 Spain, colonies, trade laws, 119-122 Spanish government of California, 77, 122 Spanish-American War, 215-219 Stampede of 1849, 161 Stanford, Leland, gifts for education, 283, 286 Stanford, Leland, governor, 193 Stanford, Leland, railroad work, 197-200 Stanford, Mrs. Leland, 283, 286 Stanford, Thomas Weldon, 287 Stanford University, 285-287 Steamboat, first in California, 155 Stearns, Don Abel, 137, 147, 148 Stock raising, 108, 113 Stockton, Commodore, 143, 146, 148 Stockton, grain center, 242 Sugar, 260 Sultana grape, 239 Sutro, Adolph, 271-274 Sutro baths, 273, 274 Sutter, Captain John, 133, 150-152 Sutter's Fort, 133 Sutter's mill, 150, 153 Tamales, 209 Tangerine orange, 248 Telegraph, 195 Texas, 134, 135 Thatcher School, 287 Throop Polytechnic School, 287 Tibbetta, Mrs., and navel oranges, 249 Titas, 45 Tomales, 226 Tortilla, 93,111, 244 Trade, early, 119-122 Tres Re yes, ship, 68, 82, 83 Trist, 175 Tsuwish, 43, 45 Tuscon, 206 Tulare County, products, 247, 276 Tules, 30, 31, 35, 39, 40 Tuolumne grove, 284 Union Pacific Railroad, 197-201 United States, conquers California, 134-146 University of California, 283-285 Valencia late orange, 248 Vallejo, General, 125 Vallejo, General, captured, 141 Vallejo, General, in convention, 177 Vallejo, General, loses land, 183 Vallejo, General, quoted, 118, 148 Vallejo, Senorita Guadalupe, quoted 118, 121, 183, 257 Vancouver, Captain, 130 Vancouver, Captain, quoted, 257 Vanquech, 35 Vaquero, 111 Vasques, 214 Vegetables, 256, 257, 261 Ventura, Cabrillo at, 54 Vera Cruz, 74, 75 Vigilantes, 184, 185 Vizcaino, Don Sebastian, explorations of, 68-73 Wash-day expedition, 118 Webster, Daniel, 176, 179 Westminster, settled, 212 Wheat, 237-245, 255 Wheeler, Benjamin Ide, 284 White, Stephen M., 288 Whitman, Walt, quoted, 219 Wiggin, Kate Douglas, 282 Willey, Rev. Samuel, 284 Wolfskill grove, 246 Yerba Buena, 152 Yosemite, 238 Zanja, 94

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