The means were—

At 21 stations of greater elevation than Dorjiling 1 degree=348 ft. At 17 stations lower in elevation 1 degree=447 ft.

VI.—_Sixty-four contemporaneous observations at Jillapahar, 7,430 feet, and the bed of the Great Rungeet river, 818 feet; taken in January and February, give 1 degree=322 feet.

VII.—Observations taken by burying a thermometer two and a half to three feet deep, in a brass tube, at Dorjiling and at various elevations near that station.

Month February and March Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet Lower Stations Leebong, 6000 feet 1 degree= 269 feet

Month February Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet Lower Stations Guard-house, Great Rungeet, 1,864 feet 1 degree= 298 feet

Month April Upper Stations Leebong, 6000 feet Lower Stations Guard-house, Great Rungeet, 1,864 feet 1 degree= 297 feet

Month April Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet Lower Stations Khersiong, 4,813 feet 1 degree= 297 feet

Month March and April Upper Stations Khersiong, 4,813 feet Lower Stations Punkabaree, 1,850 feet 1 degree= 223 feet

Month March, April, May Upper Stations Jillapahar, 7,430 feet Lower Stations Punkabaree, 1,850 feet 1 degree= 253 feet

Mean 1 degree=273 feet

The above results would seem to indicate that up to an elevation of 7,500 feet, the temperature diminishes rather more than 1 degree Fahr. for every 300 feet of ascent or thereabouts; that this decrement is much leas in the summer than in the winter months; and I may add that it is less by day than by night. There is much discrepancy between the results obtained at greater or less elevations than 7000 feet; but a careful study of these, which I have arranged in every possible way, leads me to the conclusion that the proportion map be roughly indicated thus:—

1 degree=300 feet, for elevations from 1000 to 8000 feet. 1 degree=320 feet, for elevations from 8000 to 10,000 feet. 1 degree=350 feet, for elevations from 10,000 to 14,000 feet. 1 degree=400 feet, for elevations from 14,000 to 18,000 feet.

VIII.—Khasia mountain observations.

Churra Poonji Date June 13 to 26 Calcutta Observations 86.3 degrees Number of Observations 63 Churra Observations 70.1 degrees Number of Observations 67 1 degree= 300 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,069 feet

Date August 7 to September 4 Calcutta Observations 84.6 degrees Number of Observations 196 Churra Observations 69.2 degrees Number of Observations 214 1 degree= 331 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,225 feet

Date October 29 to November 16 Calcutta Observations 80.7 degrees Number of Observations 85 Churra Observations 63.1 degrees Number of Observations 133 1 degree= 282 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,225 feet

Total Calcutta Observations 354 Total Churra Observations 414 Mean 1 degree= 304 feet

Kala-panee Date June, Aug., Sept. Calcutta Observations 85.5 degrees Number of Observations 35 Khasia Observations 67.4 degrees Number of Observations 35 1 degree= 345 feet Altitude above the Sea 5,302 feet

Moflong Date June, July, Aug., Oct. Calcutta Observations 85.9 degrees Number of Observations 73 Khasia Observations 68.8 degrees Number of Observations 74 1 degree= 373 feet Altitude above the Sea 6,062 feet

Syong Date Calcutta Observations 85.1 degrees Number of Observations 4 Khasia Observations 65.0 degrees Number of Observations 6 1 degree= 332 feet Altitude above the Sea 5,734 feet

Myrung Date August Calcutta Observations 89.1 degrees Number of Observations 42 Khasia Observations 69.7 degrees Number of Observations 41 1 degree= 343 feet Altitude above the Sea 5,632 feet

Myrung Date October Calcutta Observations 82.9 degrees Number of Observations 21 Khasia Observations 63.2 degrees Number of Observations 58 1 degree= 336 feet Altitude above the Sea 5,632 feet

Nunklow Calcutta Observations 86.4 degrees Number of Observations 139 Khasia Observations 70.9 degrees Number of Observations 139 1 degree= 372 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,688 feet

Mooshye Date September 23 Calcutta Observations 78.5 degrees Number of Observations 9 Khasia Observations 66.3 degrees Number of Observations 12 1 degree= 499 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,863 feet

Pomrang Date September 23 Calcutta Observations 82.7 degrees Number of Observations 51 Khasia Observations 65.8 degrees Number of Observations 51 1 degree= 369 feet Altitude above the Sea 5,143 feet

Amwee Date September 23 Calcutta Observations 79.9 degrees Number of Observations 15 Khasia Observations 67.1 degrees Number of Observations 11 1 degree= 396 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,105 feet

Joowy Date September 23 Calcutta Observations 79.5 degrees Number of Observations 11 Khasia Observations 69.0 degrees Number of Observations 7 1 degree= 567 feet Altitude above the Sea 4,387 feet

Total Calcutta Observations 400 Total Khasia Observations 434 Mean 1 degree= 385 feet

The equivalent thus deduced is far greater than that brought out by the Sikkim observations. It indicates a considerably higher temperature of the atmosphere, and is probably attributable to the evolution of heat during extraordinary rain-fall, and to the formation of the surface, which is a very undulating table-land, and everywhere traversed by broad deep valleys, with very steep, often precipitous flanks; these get heated by the powerful sun, and from them, powerful currents ascend. The scanty covering of herbage too over a great amount of the surface, and the consequent radiation of heat from the earth, must have a sensible influence on the mean temperature of the summer months.

APPENDIX J.

ON THE MEASUREMENT OF ALTITUDES BY THE BOILING-POINT THERMOMETER.

The use of the boiling-point thermometer for the determination of elevations in mountainous countries appearing to me to be much underrated, I have collected the observations which I was enabled to take, and compared their results with barometrical ones.

I had always three boiling-point thermometers in use, and for several months five; the instruments were constructed by Newman, Dollond, Troughton, and Simms, and Jones, and though all in one sense good instruments, differed much from one another, and from the truth. Mr. Welsh has had the kindness to compare the three best instruments with the standards at the Kew Observatory at various temperatures between 180 degrees and the boiling-point; from which comparison it appears, that an error of l.5 degrees may be found at some parts of the scale of instruments most confidently vouched for by admirable makers. Dollond's thermometer, which Dr. Thomson had used throughout his extensive west Tibetan journeys, deviated but little from the truth at all ordinary temperatures. All were so far good, that the errors, which were almost entirely attributable to carelessness in the adjustments, were constant, or increased at a constant ratio throughout all parts of the scale; so that the results of the different instruments have, after correction, proved strictly comparable.

The kettle used was a copper one, supplied by Newman, with free escape for the steam; it answered perfectly for all but very high elevations indeed, where, from the water boiling at very low temperatures, the metal of the kettle, and consequently of the thermometer, often got heated above the temperature of the boiling water.

I found that no confidence could be placed in observations taken at great elevations, by plunging the thermometer in open vessels of boiling water, however large or deep, the abstraction of heat from the surface being so rapid, that the water, though boiling below, and hence bubbling above, is not uniformly of the same temperature throughout.

In the Himalaya I invariably used distilled, or snow or rain-water; but often as I have tried common river-water for comparison, I never found that it made any difference in the temperature of the boiling-point. Even the mineral-spring water at Yeumtong, and the detritus-charged glacial streams, gave no difference, and I am hence satisfied that no objection can be urged against river waters of ordinary purity.

On several occasions I found anomalous rises and falls in the column of mercury, for which I could not account, except theoretically, by assuming breaks in the column, which I failed to detect on lifting the instrument out of the water; at other times, I observed that the column remained for several minutes stationary, below the true temperature of the boiling water, and then suddenly rose to it. These are no doubt instrumental defects, which I only mention as being sources of error against which the observer must be on the watch: they can only be guarded against by the use of two instruments.

With regard to the formula employed for deducing the altitude from a boiling-point observation, the same corrections are to a great extent necessary as with barometric observations: if no account is taken of the probable state of atmospheric pressure at the level of the sea at or near the place of observation, for the hour of the day and month of the year, or for the latitude, it is obvious that errors of 600 to 1000 feet may be accumulated. I have elsewhere stated that the pressure at Calcutta varies nearly one inch (1000 feet), between July and January; that the daily tide amounts to one-tenth of an inch (=100 feet); that the multiplier for temperature is too great in the hot season and too small in the cold; and I have experimentally proved that more accuracy is to be obtained in measuring heights in Sikkim, by assuming the observed Calcutta pressure and temperature to accord with that of the level of the sea in the latitude of Sikkim, than by employing a theoretical pressure and temperature for the lower station.

In the following observations, the tables I used were those printed by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau for the East India Company's Magnetic Observatory at Simla, which are based upon Regnault's Table of the 'Elastic Force of Vapour.' The mean height of the barometrical column is assumed (from Bessel's formula) to be 29.924 at temp. 32 degrees, in lat. 45 degrees, which, differing only .002 from the barometric height corresponding to 212 degrees Fahrenheit, as determined experimentally by Regnault, gives 29.921 as the pressure corresponding to 212 degrees at the level of the sea.

The approximate height in feet corresponding to each degree of the boiling-point, is derived from Oltmann's tables. The multipliers for the mean temperature of the strata of atmosphere passed through, are computed for every degree Fahrenheit, by the formula for expansion usually employed, and given in Baily's Astronomical Tables and Biot's Astronomie Physique.

For practical purposes it may be assumed that the traveller, in countries where boiling-point observations are most desired, has never the advantage of a contemporaneous boiling-point observation at a lower station. The approximate difference in height is hence, in most cases, deduced from the assumption, that the boiling-point temperature at the level of the sea, at the place of observation, is 212 degrees, and that the corresponding temperature of the air at the level of the sea is hotter by one degree for every 330 feet of difference in elevation. As, however, the temperature of boiling water at the level of the sea varies at Calcutta between July and January almost from 210.7 degrees to 212.6 degrees, I always took the Calcutta barometer observation at the day and hour of my boiling-point observation, and corrected my approximate height by as many feet as correspond to the difference between the observed height of the barometer at Calcutta and 29.921; this correction was almost invariably (always normally) subtractive in the summer, often amounting to upwards of 400 feet: it was additive in winter, and towards the equinoxes it was very trifling.

For practical purposes I found it sufficient to assume the Calcutta temperature of the air at the day and hour of observation to be that of the level of the sea at the place of observation, and to take out the multiplier, from the mean of this and of the temperature at the upper station. As, however, 330 feet is a near approach to what I have shown (Appendix I.) to be the mean equivalent of 1 degree for all elevations between 6000 and 18,000 feet; and as the majority of my observations were taken between these elevations, it results that the mean of all the multipliers employed in Sikkim for forty-four observations amounts to 65.1 degrees Fahrenheit, using the Calcutta and upper station observations, and 65.3 degrees on the assumption of a fall of 1 degree for every 330 feet. To show, however, how great an error may accrue in individual cases from using the formula of 1 degree to 330, I may mention that on one occasion, being at an elevation of 12,000 feet, with a temperature of the air of 70 degrees, the error amounted to upwards of 220 feet, and as the same temperature may be recorded at much greater elevations, it follows that in such cases the formula should not be employed without modification.

A multitude of smaller errors, arising from anomalies in the distribution of temperature, will be apparent on consulting my observations on the temperature at various elevations in Sikkim; practically these are unavoidable. I have also calculated all my observations according to Professor J. Forbes's formula of 1 degree difference of temperature of boiling-water, being the equivalent of 550 feet at all elevations. (See Ed. Phil. Trans., vol xv. p. 405.) The formula is certainly not applicable to the Sikkim Himalaya; on the contrary, my observations show that the formula employed for Boileau's tables gives at all ordinary elevations so very close an approach to accuracy on the mean of many observations, that no material improvement in its construction is to be anticipated.

At elevations below 4000 feet, elevations calculated from the boiling-point are not to be depended on; and Dr. Thomson remarked the same in north-west India: above 17,000 feet also the observations are hazardous, except good shelter and a very steady fire is obtainable, owing to the heating of the metal above that of the water. At all other elevations a mean error of 100 feet is on the average what is to be expected in ordinary cases. For the elevation of great mountain masses, and continuously elevated areas, I conceive that the results are as good as barometrical ones; for the general purposes of botanical geography, the boiling-point thermometer supersedes the barometer in point of practical utility, for under every advantage, the transport of a glass tube full of mercury, nearly three feet long, and cased in metal, is a great drawback to the unrestrained motion of the traveller.

In the Khasia mountains I found, from the mean of twelve stations and twenty-three observations, the multiplier as derived from the mean of the temperature at the upper station and at Calcutta, to be 75.2 degrees, and as deduced from the formula to be 73.1 degrees. Here, however, the equivalent in feet for 1 degree temp. is in summer very high, being 1 degree=385 feet. (See Appendix I.) The mean of all the elevations worked by the boiling-point is upwards of 140 feet below those worked by the barometer.

The following observations are selected as having at the time been considered trustworthy, owing to the care with which they were taken, their repetition in several cases, and the presumed accuracy of the barometrical or trigonometrical elevation with which they are compared. A small correction for the humidity of the air might have been introduced with advantage, but as in most barometrical observations, the calculations proceed on the assumption that the column of air is in a mean state of saturation; as the climate of the upper station was always very moist, and as most of the observations were taken during the rains, this correction would be always additive, and would never exceed sixty feet.

It must be borne in mind that the comparative results given below afford by no means a fair idea of the accuracy to be obtained by the boiling-point. Some of the differences in elevation are probably due to the barometer. In other cases I may have read off the scale wrong, for however simple it seems to read off an instrument, those practically acquainted with their use know well how some errors almost become chronic, how with a certain familiar instrument the chance of error is very great at one particular part of the scale, and how confusing it is to read off through steam alternately from several instruments whose scales are of different dimensions, are differently divided, and differently lettered; such causes of error are constitutional in individual observers. Again, these observations are selected without any reference to other considerations but what I have stated above; the worst have been put in with the best. Had I been dependent on the boiling-point for determining my elevations, I should have observed it oftener, or at stated periods whenever in camp, worked the greater elevations from the intermediate ones, as well as from Calcutta, and resorted to every system of interpolation. Even the following observations would be amended considerably were I to have deduced the elevation by observations of the boiling-point at my camp, and added the height of my camp, either from the boiling-point observations there, or by barometer, but I thought it better to select the most independent method of observation, and to make the level of the sea at Calcutta the only datum for a lower station.

SERIES I.—Sikkim Observations.

Elev. by Barom. or Temp. Elev. Place. Month. Trigonom. B.P. Air by B.P. Error (feet) (feet) (feet) ———————————————————————————————————— Great Rungeet river Feb. B 818 210.7 56.3 904 + 86 Bhomsong Dec. 1,544 210.2 58.0 1,321 -223 Guard House, Gt Rungeet April 1,864 208.1 72.7 2,049 +185 Choongtam Aug. 5,268 202.6 65.0 5,175 -93 Dengha Aug. 6,368 200.6 68.0 6,246 -122 Mr. Muller's (Dorjiling) Feb. Tr 6,925 199.4 41.3 7,122 +197 Dr. Campbell's (do.) April 6,932 200.1 59.5 6,745 -187 Mr. Hodgson's (do.) Feb. B 7,429 199.4 47.6 7,318 -111 Sinchul Jan. Tr 8,607 197.0 41.7 8,529 -78 Lachoong Aug. B 8,712 196.4 54.6 8,777 + 65 Lamteng Aug. 8,884 196.3 77.0 8,937 + 53 Zemu Samdong July 8,976 196.1 58.6 8,916 -60 Mainom Dec. Tr 10,702 193.4 38.0 10,516 -186 Junct. of Zemu & Thlonok July B 10,846 193.6 52.0 10,872 + 26 Tallum July 11,482 191.8 54.6 11,451 -31 Yeumtong Sept. 11,919 191.3 52.2 11,887 -32 Zemu river June 12,070 190.4 48.5 12,139 + 69 Tungu July & 12,751 189.7 43.4 12,696 -55 Oct. Jongri Jan. 13,194 188.8 26.0 13,151 -43 Zemu river June 13,281 188.5 47.0 13,360 + 79 Lachee-pia Aug. 15,262 186.0 42.8 14,912 -350 Momay Sept. 15,362 186.1 48.6 14,960 -402 Palung Oct. 15,620 185.4 45.8 15,437 -183 Kongra Lama July 15,694 184.1 41.5 16,041 +347 Snow-bed above Yeumtong Sept. 15,985 184.6 44.5 15,816 -169 Tunkra pass Aug. 16,083 164.1 39.0 16,137 + 54 Yeumtso Oct. 16,808 183.1 15.0 16,279 -529 Donkia Sept. 16,978 182.4 41.0 17,049 + 71 Mountain above Momay Sept. 17,394 181.9 47.8 17,470 + 76 Sebolah pass Sept. 17,585 181.9 46.5 17,517 -68 Kinchinjhow Sept. 17,624 181.0 47.5 18,026 +402 Donkia Mountain Sept. 18,510 180.6 37.1 18,143 -367 Ditto Sept. 18,307 179.9 38.8 18,597 +290 Bhomtso Oct. 18,450 181.2 52.0 18,305 -145 Donkia pass Sept. 18,466 181.2 45.5 17,866 -600 ———————————————————————————————————— Mean -58

SERIES II.—Khasia Mountains.

Elev. Elev. Place Month Bar. B.P. Tm. Air by B.P. Diff. (feet) (feet) (feet) ——————————————————————————————————— Churra June 4,069 204.4 70.3 4,036 -33 Amwee Sept. 4,105 205.1 67.7 4,041 -64 Nurtiung Oct. 4,178 205.0 70.0 4,071 -107 Nunklow July 4,688 203.9 69.8 4,333 -355 Kala-panee June, July, 5,302 202.2 65.8 5,202 -100 Sept., Oct. Myrung July 5,647 201.9 69.4 5,559 -88 Syong July 5,725 201.8 70.8 5,632 -93 Moflong July, Aug., 6,062 201.4 64.8 5,973 -89 Oct., Nov. Chillong Nov. 6,662 201.2 62.8 6,308 -354 ——————————————————————————————————— Mean 5,160 5,016 -143



APPENDIX K.

ACTINOMETER OBSERVATIONS.

The few actinometer observations which I was enabled to record, were made with two of these instruments constructed by Barrow, and had the bulbs of their thermometers plunged into the fluid of the chamber. They were taken with the greatest care, in conformity with all the rules laid down in the "Admiralty Guide," and may, I think, be depended upon. In the Sikkim Himalaya, a cloudless day, and one admitting of more than a few hours' consecutive observations, never occurs—a day fit for any observation at all is very, rare indeed. I may mention here that a small stock of ammonia-sulphate of copper in crystals should be supplied with this instrument, also a wire and brush for cleaning, and a bottle with liquid ammonia: all of which might be packed in the box.

Active 6.568. Time always mean.

Jillapahar, Dorjiling, Elev. 7430 feet, Lat. 27 degrees 3 minutes N., Long. 88 degrees 13 minutes E.

A.—APRIL 19th, 1850. Watch slow 1 minute 15 seconds mean time.

Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.0 to 8.13 11.1 65.5 0.9900 22.960 53.5 8.15 to 8.28 15.0 69.5 12.2645 9.0 to 9.13 17.7 71.5 14.5140 22.948 56.0 10.0 to 10.13 19.1 72.5 15.4710 22.947 57.0 11.0 to 11.13 19.0 75.0 14.9150 22.946 58.5 p.m. 0.0 to 0.13 18.8 75.0 12.7600 22.944 60.3 1.0 to 1.13 17.2 73.3 13.8976 22.939 59.4 2.0 to 2.13 17.4 74.0 13.8330 22.914 60.3 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.0 to 8.13 33.8 19.7 .505 88.0 Day unexceptional, 8.15 to 8.28 111.5 wind S.W., after 9.0 to 9.13 37.2 18.8 .153 110.0 10 a.m. squally. 10.0 to 10.13 39.7 17.3 .550 121.0 11.0 to 11.13 38.2 20.3 .500 125.0 p.m. 0.0 to 0.13 44.8 15.5 .592 120.0 1.0 to 1.13 40.7 18.7 .546 122.0 Dense haze over 2.0 to 2.13 44.1 16.2 .577 108.0 snowy Mts. —————————————————————————————————

B.—APRIL 20th Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.0 to 8.13 11.8 64.0 10.9150 22.969 43.4 9.0 to 9.13 17.8 73.3 14.2750 22.974 36.2 10.0 to 10.13 18.8 65.0 14.7580 22.985 57.0 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.0 to 8.13 43.4 10.8 .691 74.0 Dense haze, 9.0 to 9.13 44.1 12.1 .662 92.0 S.E. wind, 10.0 to 10.13 42.5 14.5 .609 92.0 cloudless sky. —————————————————————————————————

Superintendent's House, Dorjiling. Elev. 6932 feet. C.—APRIL 21st. Watch slow 1 minute mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.35 to 8.48 17.3 65.0 15.7084 56.4 9.07 to 9.20 20.9 72.7 16.8872 23.447 63.8 10.0 to 10.13 23.9 77.3 18.3791 60.8 11.0 to 11.13 24.4 81.0 17.8864 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 8.35 to 8.48 47.6 8.8 .741 97.0 Day very fine, 9.07 to 9.20 49.9 13.9 .628 100.0 snowy Mts. in 10.0 to 10.13 49.2 11.6 .677 109.0 dull red haze, 11.0 to 11.13 107.5 wind S.E. faint. —————————————————————————————————

Rampore Bauleah (Ganges). Elev. 130 feet. Lat. 22 degrees 24 minutes N., Long. 88 degrees 40 minutes E.

MAY 17th, 1850. Watch slow 15 seconds mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.51 to 8.13 13.0 88.0 8.8790 29.698 87.5 9.03 to 9.16 19.5 96.0 12.5190 92.0 9.20 to 9.33 21.2 107.0 12.7836 29.615 92.3 11.15 to 11.28 21.1 105.0 12.8499 98.5 11.32 to 11.45 16.5 108.7 9.8770 29.620 98.3 p.m. 1.20 to 1.33 21.6 108.5 12.9348 104.5 1.40 to 1.53 21.4 113.7 12.4976 105.8 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.51 to 8.13 80.1 7.4 .793 91.0 S.E. wind, very 9.03 to 9.16 81.2 10.8 .715 83.8 hazy to west, sky 9.20 to 9.33 80.2 12.1 .687 132.0 pale blue. 11.15 to 11.28 74.8 23.7 .478 98.5 Wind west, rising. 11.32 to 11.45 74.3 24.0 .475 142.0 p.m. 1.20 to 1.33 76.7 27.8 .425 144.0 1.40 to 1.53 72.2 33.6 .355 134.0 —————————————————————————————————

Churra, Khasia Mountains. Elev. 4225 feet, Lat. 25 degrees 15 minutes N., Long. 91 degrees 47 minutes E. A—NOVEMBER 4th, 1850. Watch slow 7 minutes mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.20 to 6.30 5.0 63.7 4.6400 25.781 57.8 6.32 to 6.42 7.4 65.4 6.6896 59.0 7.55 to 8.05 20.0 77.5 15.2400 63.5 8.08 to 8.18 21.0 82.0 15.2040 64.4 8.20 to 8.30 24.2 85.8 10.8432 64.8 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.20 to 6.30 53.1 4.7 .850 75.0 Sky faint blue, 6.32 to 6.42 54.8 4.2 .870 83.0 cloudless, 7.55 to 8.05 56.9 6.6 .806 108.0 wind S.W., 8.08 to 8.18 57.3 7.1 .790 106.5 clouding. 8.20 to 8.30 59.5 5.3 .837 113.5 —————————————————————————————————

B.—NOVEMBER 5th. Watch slow 7 minutes mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Air ——————————————————————————- a.m. 6.39 to 6.49 11.2 70.2 9.3408 59.4 6.51 to 7.01 13.4 72.8 10.8138 60.5 7.56 to 8.06 18.4 73.2 15.0161 61.7 8.08 to 8.21 20.4 77.7 15.4836 63.3 9.26 to 9.36 23.8 79.5 17.8072 9.37 to 9.47 25.1 84.0 17.7959 10.57 to 11.07 29.0 89.5 19.5460 66.7 ——————————————————————————-

Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.39 to 6.49 57.6 1.8 .940 Wind S.W., 6.51 to 7.01 57.8 2.7 .918 clouds rise and 7.56 to 8.06 57.7 4.0 .875 disperse. 8.08 to 8.21 58.7 4.6 .860 Sky pale. 9.26 to 9.36 9.37 to 9.47 10.57 to 11.07 60.8 5.9 8.28 126.0 —————————————————————————————————

C.—NOVEMBER 6th. Watch slow 7 minutes mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.05 to 6.18 2.6 62.0 2.4986 25.781 56.5 6.22 to 6.35 6.5 63.5 6.0710 57.0 6.38 to 6.51 9.6 66.7 8.5152 61.0 8.27 to 8.37 21.7 78.8 16.2750 64.2 8.39 to 8.52 23.0 81.7 19.4750 64.5 ————————————————————————————————— Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.05 to 6.18 54.5 2.0 .935 Sunrise, 6, pale 6.22 to 6.35 55.1 1.9 .935 yellow red, 6.38 to 6.51 57.4 3.6 .888 cloudless. 8.27 to 8.37 59.3 4.9 .855 100.0 Cirrhus below. 8.39 to 8.52 59.4 5.1 .847 105.0 —————————————————————————————————

D.—NOVEMBER 14th. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.12 to 6.22 2.9 60.6 3.5988 25.783 51.5 6.24 to 6.37 6.1 66.0 5.4472 52.7 7.13 to 7.23 12.4 70.8 10.2672 56.5 7.24 to 7.34 14.7 76.0 11.4025 57.8 8.34 to 8.44 19.9 82.8 14.2653 59.8 8.47 to 9.00 21.7 88.8 14.7343 60.5 9.53 to 10.03 23.5 86.6 16.2620 25.832 67.2 10.04 to 10.17 25.3 89.5 17.0775 67.0 11.24 to 11.31 33.3 111.5 20.7014 25.819 64.6 —————————————————————————————————

Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 6.12 to 6.22 49.4 2.1 .930 6.24 to 6.37 50.3 2.4 .925 7.13 to 7.23 52.3 4.2 .900 98.0 Thick cumulus low 7.24 to 7.34 53.1 4.7 .855 104.0 on plains. 8.34 to 8.44 50.8 9.0 .742 117.0 Sunrise yellow 8.47 to 9.00 51.6 8.9 .730 121.0 red. 9.53 to 10.03 61.6 5.6 .832 127.0 Cloudless. 10.04 to 10.17 58.8 8.2 .778 133.0 11.24 to 11.31 59.0 5.6 .832 130.0 Clouds rise. —————————————————————————————————

E.—NOVEMBER 15th. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 9.53 to 10.06 25.8 78.0 17.5306 25.854 63.0 10.50 to 11.03 26.1 80.5 19.1835 64.0 11.31 to 11.44 28.5 84.0 20.2065 65.3 p.m. 0.33 to 0.46 30.9 91.5 20.4267 25.844 65.8 1.07 to 1.21 29.1 90.5 20.4388 67.0 2.47 to 3.00 21.1 75.0 16.5653 25.808 67.2 3.48 to 4.00 16.7 73.0 13.4435 62.0 4.03 to 4.16 16.2 75.0 12.7170 25.803 61.5 —————————————————————————————————

Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. ——————————————————————————————- a.m. 9.53 to 10.06 55.3 8.7 .772 Sky cloudless. 10.50 to 11.03 52.8 11.2 .690 Wind N.E. 11.31 to 11.44 51.9 13.4 .638 p.m. 0.33 to 0.46 51.2 14.6 .620 1.07 to 1.21 49.6 17.4 .560 2.47 to 3.00 56.6 10.6 .708 3.48 to 4.00 50.8 11.2 .690 4.03 to 4.16 50.5 11.0 .692 ——————————————————————————————-

Silchar (Cachar), Elev. 116 feet, Lat. 24 degrees 30 minutes N., Long. 93 degrees E. (approximate).

NOVEMBER 26th, 1850 Watch slow 13 minutes 39 seconds mean time.

Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 9.11 to 9.24 19.4 69.0 16.4706 66.3 9.34 to 9.41 22.7 81.0 16.5937 9.50 to 9.57 25.3 87.5 17.3558 29.999 68.7 10.07 to 10.14 26.5 91.5 17.5695 70.3 11.03 to 11.16 26.3 89.0 17.5251 73.2 p.m. 0.00 to 0.13 26.4 90.0 17.8144 29.967 74.5 0.58 to 1.11 27.6 94.0 17.9676 76.8 2.51 to 3.04 23.0 93.0 15.0880 29.892 78.5 3.55 to 4.08 17.6 91.5 11.6688 79.5 4.09 to 4.22 15.5 93.5 11.0215 29.881 79.4 4.23 to 4.36 12.0 93.7 7.8360 78.5 —————————————————————————————————

Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. ——————————————————————————————- a.m. 9.11 to 9.24 63.5 2.8 .860 Dense fog till 9.34 to 9.41 7.30 p.m. 9.50 to 9.57 61.5 7.2 .788 Wind north. Clear. 10.07 to 10.14 62.7 7.6 .780 11.03 to 11.16 60.3 12.9 .657 Wind. N.E. Light p.m. 0.00 to 0.13 61.7 12.8 .658 cirrhus low. 0.58 to 1.11 60.3 16.5 .586 2.51 to 3.04 62.1 16.4 .588 Streaks of cirrhus 3.55 to 4.08 57.0 22.5 .480 aloft. 4.09 to 4.22 62.1 17.3 .570 4.23 to 4.36 62.1 16.4 .588 Sun sets in hazy cirrhus. ——————————————————————————————-

Chittagong, Elev. 200 feet, Lat. 22 degrees 20 minutes N., Long. 91 degrees 55 minutes E.

A.—DECEMBER 31st, 1850. Watch slow 3 minutes 45 seconds mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.39 to 7.52 10.0 70.0 8.3700 57.0 8.40 to 8.53 21.3 91.5 14.1219 29.874 59.5 9.04 to 9.08 23.2 89.5 15.6163 63.3 9.52 to 9.56 24.3 87.3 16.7341 29.923 64.5 10.02 to 10.06 25.1 90.5 16.7668 65.7 11.16 to 11.29 24.3 84.5 17.1558 68.5 11.52 to 11.56 26.6 92.6 17.5028 29.892 69.5 p.m. 1.38 to 1.41 24.7 84.0 17.5123 71.7 1.47 to 1.51 25.4 90.7 16.8418 3.10 to 3.17 21.1 86.0 14.6645 29.831 71.0 3.18 to 3.25 19.3 89.3 13.0468 —————————————————————————————————

Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.39 to 7.52 55.7 1.3 .960 Cloudless. 8.40 to 8.53 57.2 2.3 .920 127.0 Mountains clear. 9.04 to 9.08 59.7 3.6 .890 Wind E.N.E. Cool. 9.52 to 9.56 61.3 3.2 .900 142.0 10.02 to 10.06 60.4 5.3 .840 148.0 Wind N.W. 11.16 to 11.29 58.6 9.9 .722 150.0 11.52 to 11.56 59.2 10.3 .710 Wind S.W. p.m. 1.38 to 1.41 61.8 9.9 .720 1.47 to 1.51 3.10 to 3.17 60.5 10.5 .710 Clouds about in 3.18 to 3.25 patches. —————————————————————————————————

B.—JANUARY 1, 1851. Watch slow 3 minutes 45 seconds mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.34 to 7.41 10.0 69.4 8.4200 29.948 55.4 8.38 to 8.45 16.0 70.0 13.3920 58.9 9.44 to 9.51 19.5 74.7 15.3660 29.891 63.2 10.46 to 10.53 21.0 78.2 15.8550 66.7 11.50 to 11.57 21.5 81.2 15.6950 69.8 p.m. 0.06 to 0.13 24.1 88.0 16.4603 29.850 70.3 0.58 to 1.02 23.9 87.2 16.4432 71.0 1.45 to 1.52 21.4 84.5 15.0870 71.3 3.15 to 3.22 18.1 82.5 13.0320 29.798 71.3 4.27 to 4.34 10.2 82.0 7.3746 70.0 4.36 to 4.43 9.8 84.0 6.9482 4.45 to 4.52 8.5 85.0 5.9670 4.56 to 5.09 5.6 85.0 3.9312 67.5 5.12 to 5.18 3.8 84.0 2.6942 29.778 68.7 —————————————————————————————————

Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 7.34 to 7.41 54.0 1.4 .953 Mist rises and 8.38 to 8.45 57.7 1.2 .970 104.5 drifts westward 9.44 to 9.51 61.7 1.5 .960 115.0 till 7.30 a.m. 10.46 to 10.53 62.4 4.3 .870 129.0 11.50 to 11.57 58.3 11.5 .688 117.0 Wind N.W., clouds p.m. 0.06 to 0.13 56.0 14.3 .625 122.5 rise. 0.58 to 1.02 56.7 14.3 .625 1.45 to 1.52 57.5 13.8 .633 117.0 3.15 to 3.22 57.1 14.2 .625 4.27 to 4.34 59.5 10.5 .708 4.36 to 4.43 4.45 to 4.52 4.56 to 5.09 62.7 4.8 .855 Sunset cloudless. 5.12 to 5.18 62.2 6.5 .810 —————————————————————————————————

C.—JANUARY 2, 1851. Watch slow 3 minutes mean time. Tem. Act. Hour Act. Act. Reduced Barom. Air ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 10.02 to 10.09 19.2 71.0 15.8592 64.5 10.20 to 10.24 22.6 79.0 16.9048 29.861 65.6 p.m. 0.03 to 0.10 24.7 89.2 16.6972 29.858 69.0 0.22 to 0.25 25.9 95.5 18.6796 70.7 2.04 to 2.08 23.3 91.5 15.4479 71.2 2.10 to 2.14 23.8 93.0 15.6128 —————————————————————————————————

Black Hour D.P. Diff. Sat. Bulb ————————————————————————————————— a.m. 10.02 to 10.09 60.6 3.9 .878 116.0 Low, dense fog at 10.20 to 10.24 61.4 4.2 .872 sunrise, clear at p.m. 0.03 to 0.10 59.3 9.7 .728 119.0 9 a.m. 0.22 to 0.25 57.5 3.2 .650 Hills hazy and 2.04 to 2.08 61.0 10.2 .718 112.0 horizon grey. 2.10 to 2.14 —————————————————————————————————

APPENDIX L.

TABLE OF ELEVATIONS.

In the following tables I have given the elevations of 300 places, chiefly computed from barometric data. For the computations such observations alone were selected as were comparable with contemporaneous ones taken at the Calcutta Observatory, or as could, by interpolation, be reduced to these, with considerable accuracy: the Calcutta temperatures have been assumed as those of the level of the sea, and eighteen feet have been added for the height of the Calcutta Observatory above the sea. I have introduced two standards of comparison where attainable; namely, 1. A few trigonometrical data, chiefly of positions around Dorjiling, measured by Lieutenant-Colonel Waugh, the Surveyor-General, also a few measured by Mr. Muller and myself, in which we can put full confidence: and, 2. A number of elevations in Sikkim and East Nepal, computed by simultaneous barometer observations, taken by Mr. Muller at Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling barometer was in bad repair, I do not place so much confidence in these comparisons as in those with Calcutta. The coincidence, however, between the mean of all the elevations computed by each method is very remarkable; the difference amounting to only thirty feet in ninety-three elevations; the excess being in favour of those worked by Dorjiling. As the Dorjiling observations were generally taken at night, or early in the morning, when the temperature is below the mean of the day, this excess in the resulting elevations would appear to prove, that the temperature correction derived from assuming the Calcutta observations to correspond with eighteen feet above the level of the sea at Sikkim, has not practically given rise to much error.

I have not added the boiling-point observations, which afford a further means of testing the accuracy of the barometric computations; and which will be found in section J of this Appendix.

The elevation of Jillapahar is given as computed by observations taken in different months, and at different hours of the day; from which there will be seen, that owing to the low temperature of sunrise in the one case, and of January and October in the others, the result for these times is always lowest.

Moat of the computations have been made by means of Oltmann's tables, as drawn up by Lieutenant-Colonel Boileau, and printed at the Magnetic Observatory, Simla; very many were worked also by Bessell's tables in Taylor's "Scientific Memoirs," which, however, I found to give rather too high a result on the averages; and I have therefore rejected most of them, except in cases of great elevation and of remarkable humidity or dryness, when the mean saturation point is an element that should not be disregarded in the computation. To these the letter B is prefixed. By far the majority of these elevations are not capable of verification within a few feet; many of them being of villages, which occupy several hundred feet of a hill slope: in such cases the introduction of the refinement of the humidity correction was not worth the while.

SERIES I.—Elevations on the Grand Trunk-road. February, 1848.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet ——————————————————————————————————- 1 Burdwan 93 2 Gyra 630 3 Fitcoree 860 2 Tofe Choney 912 4 Maddaobund 1230 1 Paras-nath saddle B.4231 2 ,, cast peak 4215 1 ,, flagstaff 4428 1 ,, lower limit of Clematis and Berberis 3162 1 Doomree 996 1 Highest point on grand trunk-road 1446 4 Belcuppee 1219 1 Hill 236th mile-stone 1361 3 Burree 1169 1 Hill 243rd mile-stone 1339 3 Chorparun 1322 3 Dunwah 625 1 Bahra 479 1 284th mile-stone 474 2 Sheergotty 460 4 Muddunpore 402 1 312th mile-stone 365 3 Naurungabad 337 4 Baroon (on Soane) 344 4 Dearse 332 ——————————————————————————————————-

SERIES II.—Elevations in the Soane Valley. March, 1848.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet ——————————————————————————————————- 3 Tilotho 395 6 Akbarpore 403 2 Rotas palace 1489 4 Tura 453 3 Soane-pore 462 6 Kosdera 445 4 Panchadurma 492 1 Bed of Soane above Panchadurma 482 3 Pepura 587 1 Bed of Soane river 400 9 Chahuchee 490 4 Hirrah 531 4 Kotah 541 4 Kunch 561 7 Sulkun 684 ——————————————————————————————————-

SERIES III.—Elevations on the Kymore Hills. March, 1848.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet ——————————————————————————————————- 2 Roump 1090 9 Shahgunj 1102 1 Amoee 818 1 Goorawul 905 9 Mirzapore (on the Ganges) 362 ——————————————————————————————————-

SERIES IV.—Elevations near Dorjiling. 1848 to 1850.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet ——————————————————————————————————- Jillapahar (Mr. Hodgson's house) 9 ,, sunrise 7301 110 ,, 9.50 p.m. 7443 104 ,, noon 7457 99 ,, 2.40 p.m. 7477 93 ,, 4 p.m. 7447 37 ,, sunset 7447 ———- ———- Sum 452 Mean 7429 ======= Ditto by Monthly observations. ======= 27 January 7400 84 February 7445 37 March 7517 7 April 7582 83 July 7412 74 August 7421 95 September 7454 18 October 7351 ———- ———- Sum 434 Mean 7448 ======= ======= 103 The Dale (Mr. Muller's) B.6957 ,, by trigonometry 6952 16 Superintendent's house B.6932 ,, by trigonometry 6932 38 Colinton (Mr. Muller's) B.7179 25 Leebong B.5993 ,, by trigonometry 6021* 2 Summit of Jillapahar B.7896 2 Smith's hotel 6872 7 Monastery hill below the Dale B. 214.1 The Dale by barometer 6952 ———- 7166 Monastery hill by trigonometry 7165.3 ======= 1 Ging (measured from Dale) B.5156 12 Guard-house at Great Rungeet B.1864 2 Bed of Great Rungeet at cane-bridge 818 5 Guard-house at Little Rungeet 1672 8 Sinchul top 8655 ,, by trigonometry 8607 4 Saddle of road over shoulder of Sinchul 7412 4 Senadah (Pacheem) bungalow 7258 1 Pacheem village 3855 13 Kursiong bungalow B.4813 13 Punkabaree 1815 2 Rungniok village B.4565 2 Tonglo, summit B.10.078 ,, ,, by trigonometry 10.079.4 13 ,, Saddle below summit B.10.008 1 ,, Rocks on ascent of B.8148 4 Source of Balasun 7436 ,, by Dorjiling 7451 8 Goong ridge 7441 —————————————————————————————————— * To summit of chimney, which may be assumed to be 30 feet above where the barometer was hung.

SERIES V.—Elevations in East Nepal, October to December, 1848.

No. By By of Calcutta Dorjiling Obs. Name of Locality Barometer Barometer ——————————————————————————————————- Feet Feet 1 Source of Myong river 4,798 7 Myong valley, camp in 4,345 4,345 7 Myong valley 3,801 3,763 5 Purmiokzong 4,507 4,535 2 Shoulder of Nanki 7,216 1 ,, Shepherds' hut on do. 8,999 3 Summit of Nanki 9,994 10,045 8 ,, Camp on Nanki 9,315 9,324 3 Jummanoo 4,320 4,404 5 Sulloobong 5,244 5,311 4 Bheti village 4,683 4 Sakkiazong village 5,804 5,847 3 Camp on ridge of mountain 8,315 8,391 1 Peak on Sakkiazong 9,356 9,289 3 Makarumbi 5,444 5,525 3 Pemmi river 2,149 2,262 3 Tambur river at junction with Pemmi 1,289 1,487 1 Camp on Tambur, Nov. 13 1,418 1,496 3 ,, Nov. 14 1,600 2 Chintam village 3,404 8 Mywa Guola 2,079 2,185 3 Tambur river, Nov. 18 2,515 2,574 3 ,, Nov. 19 3,113 3,289 3 Taptiatok village 4,207 4,359 2 Loontoong village 5,615 5,738 2 Tambur river, Nov. 23 8,066 8,096 10 Wallanchoon village 10,384 10,389 6 Tuquoroma 12,889 12,999 1 Wallanchoon pass B.16,764 16,748 1 Foot of pass-road 13,501 13,518 4 Yangma Guola 9,236 9,322 2 Base of great moraine 12,098 12,199 2 Top of moraine above ditto B. 679 9 Yangma village camp B.13,516 13,488 1 Lake bed in valley 15,186 1 Upper ditto (Pabuk) B.16,038 4 Yangma valley camp, Dec. 2 10,997 11,001 1 Kambachen pass B.15,770 3 Camp below ditto 11,643 11,611 1 Kambachen village 11,378 2 Camp in valley 11,454 11,514 1 Choonjerma pass B.15,259 4 Camp below ditto 13,289 13,287 1 Yalloong river-terrace 10,449 4 Camp side of valley 10,080 10,035 3 Yankatang village 5,530 5,598 1 Saddle on road south of Khabili 5,746 8 Khabang village 5,495 5,515 1 Spur of Sidingbah, crossed Nov. 19 6,057 5,980 3 Yangyading village 4,082 4,145 4 Sablakoo 4,635 4,718 7 Iwa river, Dec. 12 3,747 3,818 2 ,, Dec. 13 6,134 6,184 4 Singalelah, camp on 9,263 9,328 1 Islumbo pass 10,388 ——————————————————————————————————

SERIES VI.—Elevations in Sikkim, December, 1848, and January, 1849.

No. By By of Calcutta Dorjiling Obs. Name of Locality Barometer Barometer ——————————————————————————————————- Feet Feet 4 Kulhait valley, camp in 6,406 6,374 6 Lingcham village 4,892 4,848 5 Bed of Great Rungeet, December 20 1,805 1,874 6 Lingdam village, December 21 5,552 5,556 6 Nampok village 4,354 4,501 7 Bhomsong 1,556 1,533 8 Mainom top Tr.10,702 B.10,613 1 Neon-gong Goompa 5,225 1 Pass from Teesta to Rungeet 6,824 6 Lingdam village 5,349 5,401 1 Great Rungeet below Tassiding 2,030 Tassiding tamples 4,840 5 Sunnook, camp on 3,955 4,018 1 Bed of Ratong 2,481 1 Pemiongchi temple 7,083 10 Camp at Pemiongchi village 6,551 6,616 9 Tchonpong village 4,952 5,003 1 Bed of Rungbi river 3,165 9 Camp on Ratong river 3,100 3,242 1 Doobdi Goompa 6,493 6,451 22 Yoksun 5,600 5,635 7 Dumpook 6,646 6,710 15 Buckim 8,625 8,693 7 Mon Lepcha top 13,090 13,045 21 Jongri B.13,170 13,184 1 Ratong below Mon Lepcha 7,069 7,217 1 ,, below Yoksun 3,729 3,851 1 Catsuperri lake 6,068 6,009 1 ,, temple 6,493 6,476 4 Tengling village 5,295 5,219 5 Rungbee river bed 3,230 3,350 5 Changachelling temple 6,805 6,850 5 Kulhait river 3,075 3,243 1 Saddle of Hee hill 7,289 6 Camp on Hee hill 6,609 6,744 ——————————————————————————————————

SERIES VII.—Elevations in the Sikkim Terai and Plains of India, Gangetic Delta and Jheels.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet —————————————————————————————————- 3 Siligoree Bungalow 302 12 Titalya 326 3 Sahibgunj (west of Titalya) 231 4 Bhatgong 225 4 Thakya-gunj 284 4 Bhojepore 404 5 Rummai 293 5 Rangamally 262 5 Belakoba 368 1 Mela-meli 337 6 Kishengunj 131 43 Mahanuddy river between Kishengunj and Maldah 153 24 ,, ,, Maldah and Rampore Bauleah 98 12 Rampore (Mr. Bell's) 130 13 Dacca (Mr. Atherton's) 72 54 Jheels, Dacca and Pundua *-.003 33 Megna river (June 1st-6th) +.008 13 Soormah (June 9th) +.048 4 Pundua (June 10th and 11th) +.018 3 ,, (Sept. 7th) -.016 5 ,, (Nov. 16th and 17th) -0.66 —————————————————————————————————- * The observations marked thus * are the differences in inches between the readings of my barometer at the station, and that at the Calcutta observatory, which is 18 feet above the sea-level.

SERIES VII—Elevations in Sikkim, May to December, 1849.

No. By By of Calcutta Dorjiling Obs. Name of Locality Barometer Barometer ——————————————————————————————————- Feet Feet 2 Mik, on Tendong 3,912 4 Namtchi, camp on spur 5,608 1 Tendong summit B.8,671 2 Temi, Teesta valley 4,771 Tr.8,663 4 Nampok, Teesta valley B.5,138 8 Lingmo, Teesta Valley B.2,861 5,033 4 Lingtam spur, Teesta valley B.4,743 2,838 4 Gorh, ,, B.4,061 4,867 2 Bling-bong, ,, B.2,657 4,195 8 Linga village, ,, B.2,724 2,711 10 Singtam, May 14 to 16 B.4,435 2,839 16 Singtam (higher on hill) Oct. 30 to Nov. 2 B.4,575 5 Niong 3,954 2 Namgah 4,229 7 Chakoong 4,371 4,443 27 Choongtam, May 5,245 5,284 37 Choongtam, August 5,247 5,297 4 Dholep, Lachen 6,120 6,145 4 Dengha, Lachen 6,337 6,399 3 Latong, Lachen 6,471 6,310 8 Kampo Samdong 7,315 7,344 1 Chateng 8,819 8,695 1 Chateng, lower on spur 8,493 8,343 33 Lamteng village 8,900 8,867 53 Zemu Samdong 9,026 8,926 1 Snow bed across Zemu river 9,828 4 Camp on banks of Zemu 10,223 10,271 74 Junction on Thlonok and Zemu 10,864 10,828 47 Camp on banks of Zemu river 12,064 12,074 1 Zemu river, June 13 12,422 1 Zemu river, higher up, June 13 13,281 2 Yeunga (Lachen valley) 10,196 43 Tallum Samdong 11,540 11,424 20 Tungu, July 12,779 12,723 30 Tungu, October 12,799 12,747 1 Palung plains 15,697 3 Sitong 15,372 2 Kongra Lama pass 15,745 15,642 5 Yeumtso (in Tibet) 16,808 2 Bhomtso (in Tibet) 18,590 6 Cholamoo lakes (in Tibet) 16,900 2 Donkia pass, October 18,589 2 Donkia pass, September 18,387 56 Momay Samdong 15,362 15,069 Measured from Momay 1 Donkia, September 13 16,876 17,079 1 Kinchinjhow, September 14 17,495 17,656 1 Sebolah pass 17,604 17,567 1 South shoulder of Donkia, September 20 18,257 18,357 1 Mountain north of Momay, September 17 B.17,394 1 West shoulder of Donkia mountain, Sept. 26 B.18,510

The following were measured trigonometrically. Forked Donkia mountain Tr.20,870 Kinchinjhow mountain Tr.22,750 Tomo-chamo, east top of Kinchinjhow Tr.21,000 Thlonok mount, Peak on Tr.20,000 Chango-khang mountain Tr.20,600 Tukcham mountain, from Dorjiling Tr.19,472 Chomiomo mountain Tr.22,700 Summit of Donkia (from Donkia pass and Bhomtso) Tr.22,650 Tunkra Mountain, from Dorjiling Tr.18,250 By Dorjiling Barometer 48 Yeumtong 11,933 11,839 7 Yeumtong, October 11,951 By Yeumtong Barometer 2 Snow bed above Yeumtong B.15,971 16,000 3 Punying B.11,299 By Dorjiling Barometer 51 Lachoong village, August B. 8,712 8,474 12 Lachoong village, October B. 8,705 8 Lacheepia B.15,293 15,231 2 Tunkra pass B.16,083 3 Rock on ascent to ditto B.13,078 13,144 4 Keadom B. 6,609 3 Tukcham village B. 3,849 5 Rinkpo village B. 6,008 7 Laghep B.10,423 1 Phieungoong B.12,422 3 Barfonchen B.11,233 1 Chola pass B.14,925 3 Chumanako B.12,590 17 Phadong B. 5,946 3 Tumloong, Nov. 3rd and 4th B. 5,368 105 Higher on hill, Nov. 16th to Dec. 9th B. 5,976 1 Yankoong B. 3,867 2 Tikbotang B. 3,763 3 Camp, Dec. 11th B. 2,952 12 Serriomsa B. 2,820 11 Dikkeeling B. 4,952 2 Singdong B. 2,116 3 Katong ghat, Teesta B. 735 5 Namten B. 4,483 6 Cheadam B. 4,653 —————————————————————————————————-

SERIES IX.—Khasia Mountains, June to November, 1850.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet —————————————————————————————————- 36 Churra (Mr. Inglis's) 4,069 167 Churra bungalow opposite church, August 4,193 102 Churra bungalow opposite church, Oct., Nov. 4,258 25 Kala-panee bungalow 5,302 63 Moflong 6,062 1 Chillong hill 6,662 9 Syong bungalow 5,725 1 Hill south of ditto 6,050 32 Myrung bungalow, July 5,647 6 Myrung bungalow, Sept. 5,709 9 Chela 80 63 Nunklow 4,688 6 Noukreem 5,601 10 Mooshye 4,863 35 Pomrang 5,143 12 Amwee 4,105 9 Joowye 4,387 3 Nurtiung 4,178 —————————————————————————————————-

SERIES X.—Soormah, Silhet, Megna, Chittagong, etc.

No. of Elevation Obs. Name of Locality Feet —————————————————————————————————- 27 Silhet (Mr. Stainforth's) 133 38 Soormah river, between Silhet and Megna 46 36 Silchar 116 24 Megna river +.020* 12 Noacolly (Dr. Baker's) -.039 10 Noacolly on voyage to Chittagong .000** 72 Chittagong (Mr. Sconce's) 191 8 Chittagong flagstaff-hill at south head of harbour 151 2 Seetakoond hill 1,136 16 Seetakoond bungalow -.069* 3 Hat-Hazaree -.039 12 Hattiah -.049 4 Sidhee -.039 17 Chittagong to Megna -.014** 10 Eastern Sunderbunds +.002 —————————————————————————————————- * Difference between barometer at station and Calcutta barometer. ** The observations were taken only when the boat was high and dry, and above the mean level of the waters.

INDEX. A Abies, Brunoniana, i. 206, 209, 272, 274, 342; ii. 25, 32, 44, 108; Smithiana, ii. 25, 32, 45; Webbiana, i. 191, 272, 307, 342; ii. 44, 108. Abrus precatorius (note), i. 16. Acacia Arabica, i. 60, 80; Catechu, i. 31, 52, 393, 395; Serissa, i. 193. Acarus, ii. 173. Aconitum, Himalayan, ii. 108; palmatum, i. 168; Napellus, i. 168; variegatum (note), ii. 107. Acorns, abundance of, i. 373. Acorus Calamusa, i. 286. Actinolites, ii. 146. Adamia cyanea, i. 112. Adenanthera pavonina, ii. 328. AEgle Marmelos, i. 25, 50, (note) i. 16. Agates, i. 33, 91. Ailurua ochraceus, ii. 108. Akshobya, image of, i. 322. Alligator, i. 51, 54; droppings of in river banks, ii. 251. Alluvium, Gangetic, i. 88, 379. Alsophila gigantea, i. 110, 142; (note), ii. 13. spinulosa (note), ii. 13. Amber used in Sikkim, ii. 194. Ameletia Indica, i. 386. American plants in Himalaya, ii. 39. Amherstia, ii. 245. Amlah, Sikkim, ii. 192; examination by, ii. 211. Amulet, Tibetan, i. 166. Amwee, ii. 315. Andromeda, ii. 22, 39; fastigiata, i. 343. Andropogon acicularis, i. 385; muricatus, i. 42. Animals at Tungu, ii. 92. Antelope, ii. 132. Antilope Hodgsoni, ii. 157. Ants' hills, white, i. 20. Aponogeton, i. 62. Apoplexy, symptoms of at great elevations, ii. 178. Apple, crab, ii. 32; wild, i. 205; ii. 148. Aquilaria Agallocha, ii. 328. Aralia used for fodder, i. 359; pith yielding rice-paper, i. 359. Ararat, Mount, ii. 3. Areca gracilis, ii. 10 (note), i. 143. Arenaria rupifraga, ii. 89. Argemone Mexicana, i. 30. Arisoema, i. 49. Aristolochia saccata, ii. 6. Arrat, name of Lepchas, i. 127. Arrow-root, i. 93. Artemisia, headache produced by, ii. 20; Indica (note), ii. 20. Arums, food prepared from, ii. 49; poisoning by, ii. 75. Arun river, i. 224; ii. 124, 143; sources of, ii. 167. Asarum, ii. 48. Assam valley, view of, ii. 290. Ass, wild, ii. 172. (See Equus Hemionus and Kiang). Astragalus, used for making paper, ii. 162; Tibetan (note), ii. 165. Atmosphere, dry, i. 65; transparency of, ii. 127, 169. Atmospheric vapours, strata of, i. 188, 310. Attar of roses, i. 78. Aucuba, i. 126; ii. 39. Aurora Borealis, i. 37; Appendix, p. 384. B Baghoda, i. 26. Baikant-pore, i. 393. Bails, or Thuggee stations, i. 68. Baisarbatti terrace, i. 401. Baker, Dr., ii. 339. Balanites, i. 25. Balanophora, ii. 19, 47; cups made from, i. 132; knots caused by, i. 133. Balasun river, i. 110, 402. Bamboo, dwarf, i. 126; eatable grain of, i. 313; flowering of, i. 155, 158; kinds of in Khasia, ii. 268; kinds and uses of in Sikkim, i. 155, 158; planted, i. 386. Bambusa stricta, i 30. Bananas, wild, i. 20, 143; scarlet-fruited, ii. 319. Ban, or Lepcha knife, i. 130. Banyan tree, i. 18; of Calcutta gardens, ii. 246. Barnes, Mr., i. 95; Mr. Charles, i. 114. Barometer, accident to, ii. 139; observations on Jheela, ii, 258. Baroon on Soane river, i. 35. Bassia butyracea, i. 151; latifolia, i. 16. Bath, hot, at Bhomsong, i. 305; at Momay, ii. 133; at Yeumtong, ii. 117. Beadle, Lieut., i. 26. Beaumontia, i. 401. Bee, alpine, ii. 68; boring, i. 374; leaf-cutting, i. 46. Beejaghur, i. 56. Bees'-nests, i. 201; ii. 16. Begonia, alpine, ii. 108. Behar, hills of, i. 32. Belcuppee, i. 28. Bellows, Himalayan, ii 82; of Khasia, ii. 310; of leaves, i. 53. Benares, i. 71; observatory at, i. 74. Berberis Asiatica (note), i. 24; concinna, ii. 198; insignis, i. 364. Betel-pepper, i. 99; ii. 327. Bhaugulpore, i. 90; gardens at, i. 91. Bhel fruit, i. 50. Bhomsong, i. 297; ii. 8; temperature of soil at, i. 305. Bhomtso, ii. 124, 164, 174; elevation, temperature etc., at, ii. 175. Bhotan, called Dhurma country (note), i. 136; 366 (note). Bhotanese (note), i. 136; ii. 232. Bhotan Himalaya, i. 153; ii. 165, 298. Bhoteeas, i. 205, 215. Bhote (note), i. 136. Bignonia Indicta, i. 16. Bijooas, or Lepcha priests, i. 135. Bikh poison, i. 168; ii. 108. Bind hills, i. 64. Birds at Momay, ii. 131; of Khasia, ii. 305; of Terai, i. 399. Black-rock of Colonel Waugh (note), ii. 18. Blocks, granite, ii. 293, 310; split, i. 201; syenite, ii. 303. Boat on Ganges, i. 70. Boga-panee, ii. 287, 308. Bombax, i. 26. Boodhist banners, i. 144; monuments, i. 147; temple, i. 77; worship, i. 174, 324; worship introduced into Sikkim, i. 127. Borassus, i. 39. Bore, or tidal-wave, ii. 343. Bor-panee, ii. 301, 318. Borrera, ii. 165, 173. Borr (Pandanus), i. 300; ii. 9. Boswellia thurifera, i. 29, 39. Botrichium Virginicum, i. 293. Boulders in river-beds, i. 288; of gneiss on Jongri, i. 353; on Mon Lepcha, i. 342. Bowringia, ii. 313. Bread, Tibetan, i. 297. Breccia, modern formation of, i. 200. Bridge, at Amwee, ii. 315; living, ii. 268; of canes, i. 149; ii. 21. Buceros, i. 187. Buchanania, i. 26. Bucklandia, ii. 185. Buckwheat, cultivated at Jigatzi, ii. 171; wild, ii. 31. Bufo scabra, ii. 96. Bugs, flying, i. 81. Burdwan, i. 6; coal-fields, i. 8. Burkutta river, i. 28. Burrampooter, altered course of, ii. 253, 346; old bed of, ii. 256; Tibetan, see Yaru-tsampu; view of from Khasia, ii. 300, 301. Butea frondosa, i. 9, 52, 381, 392. Butter, churning, ii. 77, 87; ornaments made of, ii. 88. Butterflies, painted lady, ii. 33; at various elevations, ii. 26, 65, 98, 132; tropical, i. 152. C Cachar, ii. 326; rain-fall at, ii. 334. Coesalpinia paniculata, i. 25. Cajana, i. 13. Calami, species of in Himalaya, i. 143. Calamus, ii. 10. Calcutta, journey to, ii. 242. Callitriche verna? (note), ii. 96. Calotropis, i. 30, 86; C. arborea, i. 72; temperature of, i. 36. Caltha palustris (note), ii. 77; scaposa (note), ii. 77. Camels, i. 61; at Lhassa, ii. 172. Campbell, Dr., joins me in Terai, i. 376; meet at Bhomsong, i. 297; at Choongtam, ii. 146; seizure of, ii. 202; sent as Superintendent of Dorjiling, i. 117; treatment of as prisoner, ii. 205. Cane bridge at Choongtam, ii. 21; at Lachoong, ii 101; over Great Rungeet, i. 149. Canoes of Teesta, i. 392, 396; of Tambur, i. 194; swamped, ii. 335. Capparis acuminata, i. 38. Cardamine hirsuta, i. 230. Cardiopteris, ii. 334. Carex Moorcroftii, ii. 155. Carissa carandas, i. 14, 31. Carroway, ii. 66. Carthancus, i. 80. Caryota urens, i. 143. Cascades of Khasia, ii. 270; of Mamloo, ii. 278. Cassia fistula, i. 393. Casuarina (note), ii. 346. Catechu, collecting, i. 52. Cathcartia, ii. 198. Catsuperri, i. 362; lake, i. 363; temples, i. 365. Cave, Lieut., garden at Churra, ii. 284. Cedrela Toona, i. 144, 193; ii. 18. Cedrus Libami (note), i. 257. Central India, hills of, i. 32. Cervus Wallichii, antlers of, ii. 214. Chachoo river, ii. 84. Chahuchee, i. 51. Chait, description of, i. 324; (note), i. 158. Chakoong, ii. 18, 188. Chamaerops Khasiana, ii. 279. Chameleon, i. 205. Changachelling, i. 368. Chango-khang, ii. 84, 133, 141. Chattuc, ii. 262, 309, 337. Chaulmoogra (See Took), i. 151. Cheadam, ii. 234. Cheer-pine, i. 182. Chela, ii. 306. Chepanga, ii. 15. Cherry, alpine wild, ii. 145. Cheytoong, Lepcha boy, ii. 184. Chillong hill, ii. 290. Chinese plants in Khasia, ii. 318; in Sikkim, i. 126; ii. 39. Chingtam, i. 196. Chirring (red rose), ii. 63. Chiru. See Tchiru, ii. 157. Chittagong, ii. 345; leave, ii. 353. Chokli-bi (Smilacina), ii. 48. Chola, i. 123; summit of pass, ii. 199; view of from Donkia, ii. 127. Cholamoo lake, ii. 124, 157, 176. Chomachoo river, i. 225; ii. 125. Chomiomo, ii. 80, 94, 165. Choombi, ii. 110. Choongtam, ii. 21, 98, 145, 185; insects at, ii. 98; vegetation of, ii. 24. Choonjerma pass, i. 264. Chumulari, i. 125, 185; ii. 110; discussion on, ii. 166; view of from Khasia, ii. 300. Chunar, i. 71. Chung (Limboos), i. 187. Churra-poonji, ii. 272; rain-fall at, ii. 282; table-land of, ii. 277; temperature of, ii. 284. Cicada, i. 107, 127; ii. 305; upper limit of, ii. 96. Cicer arietinum, i. 80. Cinnamomum, i. 162. Cinnamon of Khasia, ii. 309. Cirrhopetalum (note), ii. 10. Clay of Sikkim, i. 155; Appendix, 383. Clematis nutans (note), i. 24. Clerodendron, i. 387. Climbers, bleeding of, ii. 350; of Sikkim, i. 163. Coal, of Burdwan, i. 8; Churra, ii. 278, 285, 303; Terai, i. 403. Cobra, mountain, ii. 20. Cochlospermum, i. 53. Cocks, Sikkim, i. 314. Coelogyne, i. 110; Wallichii, i. 166; ii. 311. Coffee, cultivation of, at Chittagong, ii. 347; at Bhaugulpore, i. 93. Coix, cultivation of, ii. 289. Coles, i. 55, 91. Colgong, i. 94. Colvile, Sir J., i. 5. Comb of Lepchas, ii. 194; of Mechis, i. 408. Conch shells, in Boodhist temples, i. 174, 312; cut at Dacca, ii. 254. Conduits of bamboo, i. 144. Confervae of hot springs, i. 28; Appendix, 375. Conglomerate, ii. 19, 165, 176, 177, 402, 403. Coniferae, Himalayan, i. 256. Conocarpus latifolius (note), i. 16. Cooch-Behar, i. 384. Cooches, i. 384. Cookies, ii. 330. Corbett, Dr., i. 82. Cornelians, i. 33. Cornwallis, Lord, mausoleum of, i. 78. Corpses, disposal of in Sikkim and Tibet, i. 287. Cosi river, i. 96. Cowage plant, i. 12. Cows, Sikkim, i. 314; ii. 150. Crab, fresh-water, ii. 7. Cranes, i. 392; (note) ii. 161. Crawfurdia, ii. 145. Crows, red-legged, ii. 37. Cruciferae, rarity of in Himalaya, i. 113. Cryptogramma crispa, i. 262; ii. 68, 72. Crystals in gneiss, ii. 138. Cupressus funebris, i. 315, 317, 336. Cups, Tibetan, i. 132. Currants, wild, i. 148. Currents, ascending, i. 374. Curruckpore hills, i. 87. Cuttack forests, ii. 340. Cycas pectinata, i. 151, 382; ii. 30; (note), i. 143; trees in Calcutta Garden, ii. 247. Cyclops, figure resembling (note), ii. 195. Cynodon Dactylon, i. 385. Cypress funereal, i. 315, 317, 336. Cypripedium, ii. 68, 322. D Dacca, ii. 254. Dacoits, i. 65. Dalbergia Sissoo, i. 101. Dallisary river, ii. 256. Damooda valley, i. 7. Dandelion, ii. 66. Daphne, paper from, ii. 162. See Paper. Date-palm, i. 34, 88; dwarf, ii. 300. Datura seed, poisoning by, i. 65. Davis, Mr. C. E., i. 41. Decaisnea, new edible fruit, ii. 198. Deer, barking, i. 399. Delphinium glaciale, i. 269; ii. 95. Demons, exorcisement of, ii. 114. Dendrobium densiflorum, ii. 19; Farmeri, etc., ii. 323; nobile, ii. 19; Pierardi, i. 103. Dentaria (a pot-herb), ii. 47. Denudation of Himalaya, i. 308; of Khasia, ii. 324. Deodar (note), i. 256. Dewan, Sikkim, i. 117; ii. 97; arrival at Tumloong, ii. 217; conferences with, ii. 221, 225; dinner with, ii. 231; disgrace of, ii. 241; hostility to British, i. 117; house of, i. 304. Dhal, i. 13. Dhamersala, i. 222. Dhob grass, i. 385. Dhurma country, name for Bhotan, (note), i. 366; people (note), i. 136; rajah, i. 136; seal of, i. 372. Digarchi, ii. 125. See Jigatzi. Dijong (name of Sikkim), i. 127. Dilivaria ilicifolia, ii. 347. Dillenia, i. 393, 395. Dinapore, i. 82. Dingcham, ii. 87, 169. Dingpun, at Chola, ii. 200, 201; Tibetan, ii. 160; Tinli, ii. 204. Diospyros embryopteris, i. 392; fruit, ii. 64. Dipterocarpi, ii. 345; D. turbinatus, ii. 348. Diseases attributed in Tibet to elements, ii. 178. Djigatzi, ii. 125. See Jigatzi. Dog, loss of, ii. 100; Tibetan, i. 204; wild, i. 43. Do-mani stone, i. 294. Donkia, i. 123; ii. 126; ascent of, ii. 178; forked, ii. 120; pass, ii. 123, 179; temperature of, ii. 129; tops of, ii. 137. Doobdi temples, i. 336. Dookpa, Boodhist sect (note), i. 366. Doomree, i. 25. Dorje, i. 173. Dorjiling, i. 113; ceded to British, i. 116; climate, i. 119, 120; elevation of, i. 115; leave, ii. 248; origin of, i. 115; prospects of, ii. 248; threat of sacking, ii. 214; trade at, i. 118. Duabanga grandiflora, i. 401. Dunkotah (East Nepal), i. 190. Dunwah pass, i. 30. Dust-storm, i. 51, 81. Dye, yellow, ii. 41. E Eagle-wood, ii. 328. Earthquake, Chittagong, ii. 349; Noacolly, ii. 342; Titalya, i. 376. Edgeworthia Gardneri, i. 205, 333; ii. 10, 162. Efflorescence of nitrate of lime, i. 43; of soda, i. 13. Eggs of water-fowl in Tibet, ii. 161. Ek-powa Ghat, i. 59. Elaeagnus, i. 205. Eleocharis palustris (note), ii. 96. Elephants, at Teshoo Loombo, ii. 172; bogged, ii. 333; discomforts of riding, i. 400; geologising with, i. 10; path of, i. 108; purchase of, i. 381; wild, ii. 302. Eleusine coracana, i. 133. Enkianthus, i. 108. Ephedra, ii. 84, 155. Ephemera at 17,000 feet, ii. 141. Epipactis, ii. 66. Equinoctial gales, ii. 144. Equus Hemionus, ii. 172. Eranoboas (note) i. 36, 90. Erigeron alpinus (note), ii. 164. Ervum lens, i. 13. Erythrina, ii. 18. Euphorbia ligulata, i. 46; pentagona, i. 82; neriifolia, i. 46, 82; tereticaulis, i. 46. European plants in Himalaya, ii. 38. Euryale ferox, ii. 255; seeds of, in peat, ii. 341. F Fair, 161; at Titalya, i. 118. Falconer, Dr., house of, ii. 243. Falconeria, ii. 353. Falkland Islands, quartz blocks of, (note), ii. 179. Fan-Palm, ii. 279. Fear, distressing symptoms of, ii. 220. Felle, Mr., i. 55. Felspar, concretions of, i. 406. Fenny river, mouth of, ii. 343. Ferns, eatable, i. 293; European, ii. 68, 72. Feronia elephantum, i. 25, 50, (note), i. 16. Festuca ovina, ii. 123, (note) ii. 164. Fever, recurrence of at elevations, ii. 183. Ficus elastica, i. 102; infectoria, i. 26. Figs, i. 157. Fire, grasses destroyed by, i. 385; in forests, i. 146. Fire-wood, Sikkim, ii. 151. Fish, dried, ii. 309; Tibet (note), ii. 183. Fishing basket of Mechis, i. 404. Flame, perpetual, ii. 352. Flood, tradition of, i. 127; ii. 3. Florican, i. 55, 381. Forests of Sikkim, i. 165. Fossil plants of coal, i. 8; of Khasia, ii. 325; of Terai, i. 403. Frogs, Sikkim, i. 165. Fruits of Sikkim, i. 159; ii. 182. Funaria hygrometrica, ii. 19. Fungi, European, ii. 73. G Ganges, fall of, i. 71; scenery of, i. 79. Gangetic delta, ii. 340; head of, ii. 252. Gangtok Kajee, ii. 229. Gardeners, native, i. 93. Gardens, Bhaugulpore, i. 91; Burdwan, i. 6; Calcutta Botanic, i. 3, ii. 244; Lieutenants Raban and Cave's, ii. 284; Sir Lawrence Peel's, i. 2. Garnets, amorphous, (note) ii. 123; sand of, i. 80, 371. Garrows, ii. 272. Gaultheria, ii. 22, 182. Gelookpa, Boodhist sect. (note) i. 366. Geology of Choongtam, ii. 27; Khasia mountains, ii. 323; outer Himalaya, i. 406, Paras-nath, i. 32. Geranium, ii. 19. Ghassa mountains, (note) ii. 166. Ghazeepore, i. 78. Giantchi, ii. 168, (note) ii. 131. Glaciers of Chango-khang, ii. 115; Donkia, ii. 136; Himalaya, ii. 57; Kambachen, i. 260; Kinchinjhow, ii. 134, 180; Lachen Valley, ii. 78; Yangma Valley, i. 246. Glory, ornament resembling, ii. 86; round deities' heads, ii. 195. Gnaphalium luteo-album, i. 80. Gnarem Mountain, ii. 18. Gneiss, characters of, (note) ii. 128; cleavage of, ii. 91; flexures of, i. 406. Gnow, (wild sheep), ii. 132. Goa, (antelope), ii. 157. Goats, poisoned by Rhododendrons, ii. 150; shawl-wool, ii. 88. Godowns, opium, i. 83. Goitre, i. 134. Goliath beetles, ii. 98. Goomchen, (tail-less rat), ii. 156. Goong ridge, i. 180. Gordonia Wallichii, i. 102, 157. Gorh, ii. 10; Lama of, ii. 11. Goruck-nath, figure of, ii. 195, (note) i. 323. Gossamer spiders, i. 81, Goughia, ii. 33. Gram, i. 13. Grand trunk-road, i. 10, 11. Granite, blocks of, ii. 310; cleavage planes of (note), i. 345; of Kinechinjhow (note), ii. 287, (note), ii. 128; phenomena of, i. 308. Grant, Dr., i. 90; Mr. J. W., report on Dorjiling, i. 116, Grapes, cultivation of, i. 92; wild in Sikkim, ii. 187. Grasses, absence of on outer Himalaya, i. 113; gigantic, i. 385. Gravel terraces and beds in Terai, i. 378, 380, 382, 401. Great Rungeet river, cross, i. 287; excursion to, i. 142. Greenstone of Khasia, ii. 287. Griffith, Dr., i. 3; (note) ii. 40, 244. Grislea tomentosa, (note) i. 16. Grouse, Himalayan, ii. 113. Grove, sacred in Khasia, ii. 319. Guatteria longifolia, i. 82. Gubroo, i. 345. Guitar, Tibetan, i. 304. Gum arabic, i. 60; of Cochlospermum, i. 53; of Olibanum, i. 29. Gunpowder, manufacture of, i. 9. Guobah of Wallanchoon, i. 217, 230. Gurjun trees, ii. 345, 348. Gyrophora, ii. 130. H Hailstorm, i. 405. Halo, i. 69; seen from Donkia, ii. 129. Hamamelis chinensis, ii. 318. Hamilton, Mr. C., i. 65. Hardwickia binata, i. 50, 54. Hares, Terai, i. 399; Tibetan, ii. 157. Harrum-mo, (wild tribe), ii. 14. Hattiah island, removal of land from, ii. 353. Haze on plains, i. 374, 375. Hee hill, i. 371. Helicteres Asoca (note), i. 16. Helwingia, i. 126. Herbert, Major, report on Dorjiling, i. 116. Hierochloe, ii. 115. Himalaya, distant view of, i. 96; vegetation and scenery of outer, i. 108; view of from Khasia, ii. 287, 289, 297. Hippophae, ii. 43. Hodgsonia, i. 395; ii. 7; heteroclita, ii. 350. Hodgson, Mr., i. 122; join in Terai, i. 376; view from house, i, 123. Holigarna, varnish from, ii. 330. Hollyhock, ii. 105. Honey poisoned by Rhododendron flowers, i. 201; preservation of bodies in, ii. 276; seekers, ii. 16. Hooli festival, i. 73, 389. Hopkins, Mr., on elevation of mountains, i. 326. Hornbills, i. 187. Hornets, ii. 26. Horse-chestnut, Indian, i. 394. Horse, wild, ii. 172. Hot-springs, boy passes night in, ii. 184; of Momay, ii. 133, 180; Seetakoond, i. 88; Soorujkoond, i. 27; Yeumtong, ii. 116. House, Lama's, i. 317; Tibetan, at Yangma, i. 242; Wallanchoon, i. 211. Houttynia, ii. 7. Hydnocarpus, ii. 7. Hydropeltis (note), ii. 318. I Ice, accumulation of, ii. 47; action of, i. 353 (note), ii. 121; transport of plants in, ii. 247. Imperata cylindrica, i. 385. India-rubber tree, i. 102; ii. 13. Indo-Chinese races, i. 140. Infusoria at 17,000 feet, ii. 123. Inglis, Mr. H., ii. 265. Insects at 4000 feet, ii. 18; Choongtam (5000 feet), ii. 26; Dorjiling (note), ii. 98; Lamteng (8000 feet), ii. 37; Momay (15,300 feet), ii. 132; Tallum (12,000 feet), ii. 68; Tunga (13,000 feet), ii. 93; Zemu river (12,000 feet) ii. 59; Zemu Samdong (9000 feet), ii. 65. Iron forges, chime of hammers, ii. 296; sand, ii. 310; smelting of, in Khasia, ii. 310; stone, i. 401. Irvine, Dr., i. 82. Islumbo pass, i. 280. Ivy, ii. 32. J Jaws, i. 18, 90. Japanese plants in Sikkim, i. 126; ii. 39. Jarool (Lagerstroemia), ii. 327. Jasper rocks, i. 50. Jatamansi, i. 217. Jeelpigoree, i. 384; rajah of, i. 389. Jerked meat, i. 214; ii. 183. Jews' harp, Tibetan, i. 338; ii. 219. Jhansi-jeung, see Giantchi, ii. 168. Jheels, ii. 256, 309; brown waters of, ii. 263. Jigatzi (note), ii. 125, 171; temperature of, ii. 171. Job's tears, cultivation of, ii. 289. Jongri, i. 349. Joowye, ii. 316. Jos, image of, at Yangma, i. 236. Jummul river, ii. 253. Juncus bufonius, i. 80, 230. Jung Bahadoor, ii. 239, 243. Juniper, black, sketch of, ii. 55. Juniperus recurva, ii. 28, 45. Junnoo mountain, i. 123, 258, 264. Jyntea hills, ii. 314. K Kadsura, ii. 6. Kajee, i. 182. Kala-panee, ii. 285. Kambachen, or Nango pass, i. 250; top of, i. 253; village, i. 257. Kambajong, ii. 125. Kanglachem pass, i. 246. Kanglanamo pass, i. 271, 341, 350. Katior-pot (Hodgsonia), ii. 7. Katong-ghat, ii. 233. Kaysing Mendong (note), i. 286, 332. Keadom, ii. 101. Kenroop-bi (Dentaria), ii. 47. Khabili valley, i. 278. Khamba mountains, ii. 167. Khasia, climate of, ii. 282; geology of, ii. 323; leave, ii. 323; people of, ii. 273. Khawa river, i. 193. Khutrow (Abies Smithiana), ii. 25. Kiang, ii. 172. Kiang-lah mountains, ii. 124, 167. Kidnapping, i. 341. Kinchinjhow, ii. 41, 80, 84, 140; glacier of, ii. 134, 180. Kinchinjunga, i. 344; circuit of, i. 381; view of from Bhomtso, ii. 165; from Choongtam, ii. 14, 188; from Donkia pass, ii. 126; from Dorjiling, i. 123; from Sebolah, ii. 142; from Thlonok, ii. 50. Kishengunj, i. 98; ii. 249. Kollong rock, ii. 293. Kongra Lama, ii. 155; pass, ii. 80. Kosturah (musk-deer), i. 269. Kubra, i. 123, 272. Kulhait river, i. 281, 370; valley, i. 282. Kumpa Lepchas i. 137; Rong, i. 137. Kunker, i. 12, 29, 50, 89, 94: Kursiong, i. 109, 110, 405. Kurziuk, i. 284. Kuskus, i. 42. Kymore hills, geology of, i. 32; sandstone of, i. 39. L Lac, i. 9. Lacheepia, ii. 112. Lachen-Lachoong river, ii. 14, 186. Lachen Phipun, ii. 22, 43, 149; conduct of, ii. 61; tent of, ii. 78. Lachen river, ii. 30; length of, and inclination of bed, ii. 176. Lachoong Phipun, ii. 105; valley, headstreams of, ii. 120; village, ii. 103; revisited, ii. 183. Lagerstroemia grandiflora, i. 401. Reginae, ii. 327. Laghep, ii. 197. Lagomys badius, ii. 156. Lagopus Tibetanus, i. 93. Lailang-kot, ii. 286. Lake-beds in Yangma valley, i. 232, 234, 238, 244. Lakes caused by moraines, ii. 119. Lamas, arrival of at Tumloong, ii. 224; dance of, i. 228; music of, i. 313; ii. 218; Pemiongchi, ii. 225; of Sikkim, i. 290; of Simonbong, i. 174; worship of, i. 365; ii. 178. Lamteng, ii. 34, 96, 148. Landslips, ii. 16, 20, 97, 115. Larch Himalayan, i. 255; sketch of, ii. 55. Larix Griffithii, i. 255; ii. 44. Lassoo Kajee, ii. 2. Laurels, i. 162. Lautour, Mr., ii. 345. Leaf-insect, ii. 305. Lebanon, Cedar of, i. 256. Lecidea geographica, i. 221, 352; ii. 130; oreina, ii. 179. Leebong, i. 143. Leeches, i. 107, 167; ii. 17; upper limit of, ii. 54. Leguminosae, absence of in Himalaya, i. 112. Lelyp, i. 205. Lemma minor, i. 306. Lemon-bushes, wild, ii. 233. Lepchas, i. 127; diseases of, i. 134; dress and ornaments of, i. 130; ii. 194; food of, i. 132; music of, i. 133; peaceable character of, i. 128, 136. Lepus hispidus, i. 399; oiostolus, ii. 158. Leucas, a weed in fields, i. 383. Leuculia gratissima, i. 193, 276; Pinceana, ii. 286. Leycesteria, i. 206. Lhassa (note), ii. 168; notices of, i. 299; ii. 27, 172. Lichens, Arctic, i. 352; ii. 130, 165, 179. Licuala peltata (note), i. 143. Lignite, i. 403. Liklo mountain, ii. 50. Lilium giganteum (note), ii. 33. Little Rungeet, cross, i. 157, 175; guardhouse at, i. 371; source of, i. 181. Limboos, i. 137; language of, i. 138. Lime, deposit of, i. 407; ii. 97; nitrate of, i. 43. Limestone, at Rotas, i. 40; nummulite, ii. 266, 346; of Churra, ii. 278; spheres of, i. 55; Tibetan, ii. 177. Lime-tuff, impression of leaves on, i. 44. Limosella aquatica, i. 230. Linaria ramosissima, i. 42. Lingcham, i. 281, 313; Kajee of, i. 282, 284, 371. Lingo cane-bridge, ii. 12. Linum trigynum (note), i. 16. Lister, Colonel, ii. 329. Lizard, i 37; ticks on, i. 37. Lohar-ghur, i. 402. Luminous wood, ii. 151. Lushington, Mr., sent to Dorjiling, ii. 227. Lycopodium clavatum, ii. 19. Lyellia crispa, ii. 19. Lymnaea Hookeri, ii. 156. M Machoo valley, ii. 109. Maddaobund, i. 18. Magnolia, Campbellii, i. 125, 166; excelsa, i. 125; distribution of (note), i. 166. Magras, aborigines of Sikkim, i. 139. Mahaldaram, i. 111. Mahanuddy river, i. 98, 375; ii. 250. Mahaser, a kind of carp, i. 398. Mahowa, i. 16, 63. Maidan (term as applied to Tibet), ii. 170. Mainom mountain camp on, i. 307; summit of, i. 310. Maitrya, the coming Boodh, i. 357. Maize, hermaphrodite, i. 157; roasted, ii. 78. Malayan plants in Himalaya, ii. 39. Maldah, ii. 250. Mamloo, village and waterfalls of, ii. 278. Mango, blossoming, i. 61. Mani, or praying-cylinder, i. 135, 172, 211; turned by water, i. 206. Mantis of Khasia, ii. 305. Marlea, ii. 33. Marmot, i. 93; head and feet of, ii. 106. Martins' nest, spiders in, i. 46. May-fly at 17,000 feet, ii. 141. M'Lelland, Dr., i. 3. Mealum-ma (nettle), ii. 189, 336. Mechi fisherman, i. 404; river, i. 383; tribe, i.101, 140. Meconopsis, i. 81; ii. 281; Nepalensis, ii. 53. Meepo, i. 198; house of, ii. 194; joined by, ii. 11; wife of, ii. 193. Megna, altered course of, ii. 341; navigation of, ii. 338. Melastoma, ii. 18. Mendicant, Tibetan, ii. 189. Mendong, i. 211, 332; Kaysing (note), i. 286. Menziesia, ii. 113. Mesua ferrea, ii. 328. Midsummer, weather at, ii. 59. Mirzapore, i. 64. Moflong, ii. 288. Momay Samdong, arrival at, ii. 118; climate of, ii. 143; second visit to, ii. 180. Monastic establishments of Sikkim, i. 367. Monghyr, i. 87. Monkeys, i. 278; ii. 37. Mon Lepcha, i. 342. Monotropa, ii. 19. Monuments of Khasia, ii. 319. Moormis, i. 139. Mooshye, ii. 314. Moosmai, ii. 268. Moraines, ancient, at Lachoong, ii. 104; at Tallum, ii. 67; at Yangma, i. 231, 246; extensive, ii. 118; indicating changes of climate, i. 380. Morung of Nepal, i. 378, 382. Mountains, deceptive appearance of, ii. 127. Moss of puff-ball, ii. 13. Mudar (Calotropis), i. 86. Muddunpore, i. 35. Mugs at Chittagong, ii. 345. Mulberry, wild, i. 151. Mules, Tibetan (note), ii. 228. Mungeesa Peak, i. 55. Munnipore dance, ii. 331; frontier, ii. 334; (note), ii. 329. Murraya exotica, i. 44. Murwa beer, i. 133, 175, 285, 291; grain, i. 133. Mushroom, eatable, ii. 47. Musk-deer, i. 209; ii. 37. Muslin, Dacca, ii. 254. Mutton, dried saddles of, ii. 183. Myong valley (East Nepal), i. 181. Myrung, ii. 292. Mywa Guola, i. 137; sunk thermometer at, i. 198. N Nagas, ii. 332. Nageesa (Mesua ferrea), ii. 320. Namten, ii. 223. Nango mountain i. 236; or Kambachen pass, i. 250. Nanki mountain, i. 183. Napleton Major, i. 92. Nardostachys Jatamansi, i. 217; (note), ii. 164. Nauclea cordifolia, i. 26; parvifolia, i. 26. Neongong temple, i. 311. Nepal, East, journey to, i. 178. Nepalese Himalaya, i. 125, Nepenthes, ii. 315. Nettles, i. 157; gigantic, i. 182; ii. 188. Nightingales, i. 332. Nimbus of the ancients (note), ii. 195. Ningma, Boodhist sect (note), i. 366. Nipa fruticans, i. 1; ii. 355. Nishung, or Moormis, i. 139. Noacolly, ii. 339; extension of land at, ii. 341. Nonkreem, ii. 310. Nummulites of Khaaia limestone, ii. 325. Nunklow, ii. 300. Nunnery at Tumloong, ii. 191. Nursing, i. 124, 347. Nurtiung, ii. 318. Nut, Himalayan, ii. 114. Nutmegs, wild, ii. 353. Nymphaea pygmaea, ii. 312. 0 Oaks, i. 109; distribution of in India (note), ii. 336; Sikkim, i. 157; upper limit of, ii. 114. Observatory at Benares, i. 74. Oil of Bassia butyracea, i. 151; of B. latifolia, i. 16; Kuskus, i. 42; mustard, linseed, and rape, i. 13; uggur, ii. 328; wood, ii. 348. Olax scandens, i. 31. Olibanum, Indian, i. 29. Olivine (note), ii. 123. Omerkuntuk, i. 32. Onglau (mushroom), ii. 47. Opium, East Indian, cultivation and manufacture of, i. 83; quality of, i. 85. Opuntia, i. 205. Orchideae, growth of in Khasia, ii. 321; of Khasia, ii. 281. Orobanche, Himalayan, i. 262; Indica, i. 16. Ortolan, i. 98. Otters, i. 198. Ovis Ammon, i. 244; ii. 132; skulls of, i. 249. Oxalis sensitiva, i. 102. Oxytropis Chiliophylla (note), ii. 164. P Pacheem, i. 111; vegetation of, 112. Painom river, ii. 167. Palibothra, i. 90. Palms, distribution of in Sikkim, i. 143; fan, i. 29; of Khasia, ii. 267. Palung plains, ii. 84, 152; view of from Sebolah, ii. 142. Pandanus, i. 300; ii. 9. Papaw, ii. 350. Paper, manufactory at Dunkotah, i. 190; of Astragalus, ii. 162; of Daphne and Edgeworthia, i. 205, 303; ii. 162; of Tibet, ii. 162. Papilio Machaon, ii. 65; (note), ii. 68. Paras-nath, i. 12, 32; geology of, i. 32; summit of, i. 21. Paris, ii. 18. Parochetus communis, ii. 50. Patchouli plant, ii. 314. Patna, i. 82. Pawn, i. 99. Peaches, Sikkim, i. 158; cultivation of, ii. 185. Peacock wild, i. 30. Peat at Calcutta, ii. 341. Pea-violet, ii. 309. Peel, Sir L., garden of, i. 2. Peepsa, i. 157. Pelicans, mode of feeding, i. 80. Pemberton, Capt., treatment of his embassy in Bhotan (note), ii. 202. Pemiongchi temple, i. 327. Pemmi river (East Nepal), i. 192. Pepper, Betel, i. 99. Perry Mr., i. 98. Peuka-thlo, ii. 81. Phadong Goompa, ii. 192; confinement at, ii. 209. Phari, ii. 110. Pheasant (Kalidge), i. 255; horned, ii. 37. Phedangbos (Limboo priests), i. 138. Phenzong Goompa, ii. 192. Phieungoong, i. 332; ii. 198. Phipun, Lachen, ii. 22, 149; of Lachoong, ii. 105. Phoenix acaulis, i. 145; (note), i. 143, 400; dwarf, i. 22, 382; paludosa, i. 1; ii. 355; sylvestris, i. 88. Phosphorescent wood, ii. 151. Photinia, ii. 22. Phud (Tibet mendicant), ii. 186. Phyllanthus emblica, i. 273; (note), i. 16. Picrorhiza, i. 272. Pigeons, ii. 37. Pines, gigantic, ii. 108; Himalayan, i. 256; ii. 44, 198; rarity of in Sikkim, i. 169. Pinguicula, ii. 40. Pinus excelsa, ii. 45, 105; Khasiana, ii. 282, 288, 301; longifolia, i. 145, 182, 278, 280; ii. 3, 45. Piptanthus Nepalensis, ii. 5. Pitcher-plant, ii. 315. Plantago leaves, used to dress wounds, ii. 75. Plantain, scarlet-fruited, ii. 309; wild, i. 143. Plants, English, on Soane river, i. 45; English, on Ganges, i. 80; temperature of, i. 36; of English genera in Terai (note), i. 398. Plectocomia, i. 143. Plumbago, i. 407; ii. 46. Poa annua, i. 118, 221; laxa, ii. 123 Poa (fibre of Boemeria), i. 157. Podocarpus neriifolia (note), i. 256. Podostemon (note), ii. 314. Poisoners, i. 65. Poisoning of goats by rhododendrons, ii. 150; of Bhoteeas by arum-roots, ii. 75. Polygonum cymosum, ii. 31. Polypodium proliferum, i. 50. Pomrang, ii. 313. Pony, Tibetan, i. 118; ii. 75; (note), ii. 131. Poppy, cultivation of, i. 31; ii. 352. Porcupine, i. 205. Potamogeton natans, i. 306. Potatos, culture of in East Nepal, i. 259; Khasia, ii. 277; Sikkim, i. 158. Pothos, ii. 18. Praong (bamboo), i. 158, 313. Primula petiolaris, i. 306; Sikkimensis, ii. 77. Prinsepia (note), ii. 102, 291. Procapra picticaudata, ii. 157. Prunella, ii. 132; vulgaris, ii. 66. Prunus, used for fodder, i. 359. Pteris aquilina, ii. 19; (note), ii. 53. Pullop-bi (Polygonum), ii. 31. Pulse accelerated at great elevations, ii. 131, 142. Pundim mountain, i. 345; cliff of, i. 346. Pundua, ii. 264. Punkabaree, i. 102, 374, 403. Purnea, i. 97. Pyrola, ii. 43. Q Quartz-beds folded, i. 406; blocks in Falkland Islands (note), ii. 179. Quercus semecarpifolia, i. 187. Quoits, i. 338. R Raban, Lieut., ii 333; garden of at Churra, ii. 84. Radiation, powerful in valleys, i. 209. Rageu (deer), ii. 98. Rain-fall at Churra, ii. 282; at Noacolly, ii. 340; diminution of at Rotas, i. 43; in Sikkim (Appendix), 412; Silchar, ii. 334. Rajah, Sikkim, audience of, i. 302; poverty of, i. 303; (note), ii. 216; presents from, ii. 64; punishment of, ii. 246; residence of, ii. 191, 217. Raj-ghat i. 44. Rajmahal hills, i. 95. Raklang pass, i. 292. Ramchoo lake (of Turner), ii. 143, 167. Rampore Bauleah, ii. 251. Ranee of Sikkim, presents from, ii. 227. Rangamally, i. 393. Ranunculus aquatilis, ii. 156; hyperboreus (note), ii. 112; sceleratus, i. 45, 80. Ratong river, i. 358. Rat, tail-less, ii. 156. Red snow, absence of in Himalaya, ii. 117. Release from confinement, ii. 237. Reptiles of Khasia, ii. 305; of Sikkim, ii. 25. Rhododendrons, i. 166, 167; alpine, i. 220; ii. 58; anthopogon, i. 220, 349; arboreum, i. 126, 200, 274, 275, 276; ii. 125; argenteum, i. 116, 358; ii. 6; Aucklandii, ii. 25; barbatum, i. 166, 274; campylocarpum, i. 261; Dalhousiae, i. 126, 162; ii. 25; distribution of at Chola (note), ii. 197; Edgeworthii, ii. 25; Falconeri, i. 272, 274, 307; flowering of at different elevations, ii. 181; formosum, ii. 301; Hodgsoni, i. 250, 274; leaves curled by cold, ii. 199; nivale, ii. 89, 155; of Churra, ii. 282; poisoning of goats by, ii. 150; setosum, i. 220, 349; superb at Choongtam, ii. 186. Rhubarb, gigantic, ii. 58; used as tobacco, ii. 152. Rice-paper plant (note), i. 359. Rice, Sikkim, i. 155; upper limit of cultivation, ii. 105. Ringpo, ii. 196. Ripple-mark on sandstone, i. 43, 63. Rivers, diurnal rise and fall of, ii. 69; of West Bengal, i. 33; temperature of, ii. 60; velocity of, ii. 99. Rocks, absence of scratched in Sikkim, ii. 120; falling, ii. 57; moutonneed, ii. 136; moved by frosts, etc., ii. 179; retention of heat by, i. 222; strike of in Tibet, ii. 177. Rong (name of Lepchas), i. 127. Rosa involucrata, ii. 250; macrophylla, ii. 43; sericea, i. 168. Rose Gangetic, (Rosa involucrata), ii. 255; gardens, i. 78; large-flowered, ii. 43. Rotas-ghur, i. 40; palace, i. 42. Rottlera tinctoria, i. 315. Rummai, i. 394. Ryott valley, ii. 190. S Saddle, Tibetan, i. 296. Sakkya, invocation of, i. 229; Sing, i. 321; Thoba, i. 331. Sakkyazong, i. 186, ii. 66. Sal, i. 21. Salix tetrasperma, i. 400; Babylonica, ii. 32. Salmonidae, distribution of in Asia, (note) ii. 183. Salt, country in Tibet, ii. 124; monopoly of by Indian Government, ii. 339. Salvinia, ii. 338. Sandal-wood, red, ii. 328. Sandstone of Kala-panee, ii. 286; of Khasia, ii. 267; of Kymore hills, i. 39; of Terai, i. 379, 402; slabs of, i. 60. Sara (crane) breeding in Tibet (note), ii. 161. Sar-nath, i. 77. Satpura range, i. 32. Satyrium Nepalense (note), ii. 102. Saussurea, bladder-headed, ii. 109; gossypina, i. 225. Saxifraga, arctic, i. 81; ciliaris, ii. 280; (note) ii. 100. Scirpus triquetra (note), ii. 96. Scitamineae, ii. 18. Sconce, Mr., ii. 345. Scorpions, i. 53. Scratched rocks, absence of in Sikkim, ii. 120. Seal of Bhotan Rajah, i. 372. Seasons of vegetation in Sikkim, ii. 182. Sebolah pass, ii. 141. Seetakoond bungalow and hill, ii. 352; hot springs of, i. 88; perpetual flame at, ii. 352. Sepoys, Lepcha and Tibetan, ii. 235. Shahgunj, i. 60. Shales, carbonaceous in Terai, i. 403. Sheep, breeding of, ii. 150; feeding on rhododendron leaves, i. 261; grazed at 16,000 feet, ii. 89; at 18,000 feet, ii. 170; Tibetan, i. 272; wild, i. 243, ii. 132. Sheergotty, i. 31. Shell-lac, i. 9. Shells, ii. 7; alpine, ii. 156. Shepherd's purse, i. 221. Shigatzi (see Jigatzi). Shooting, prejudice against, ii. 40. Showa (stag) antlers of, ii. 214. Shrubs, northern limits of, ii. 118. Siberian plants in Himalaya, ii, 38, 66, 63, 74. Sidingbah (note), i. 274, 276. Sikkim, climate of, i. 160; Rajah, i. 116, 298; vegetation, i. 168; Dewan, i. 298. Silchar, ii. 328. Silhet, ii. 326, 335; leave, ii. 337. Siligoree, i. 375, 399. Silok-foke, Lama of, ii. 4. Simonbong temple, i. 172. Simulium, i. 157. Sinchul, ascent of, i. 124, 125; plants of, i. 125. Singdong, ii. 223. Singtam Soubah, ii. 15; at Chola, ii. 201; dismissal of, ii. 210; illness of, ii. 72; joined by, ii. 64. Singtam village, ii. 14. Sissoo, i. 395. Sitong, ii. 153. Skimmia, i. 126; laureola, i. 167. Sleeman, Major, reports on Thuggee, i. 67. Slopes, inclination of in Sikkim, i. 327. Smilacina (a pot-herb), ii. 48. Snake-king, image of, i. 369, (note) i. 328. Snakes, ii. 25, 305. Snow, perpetual ii. 116, 128, 169; phenomena of (note), i. 252; shades, i. 357; storms, i. 355. Snowy Himalaya, views of from Tonglo i. 184; very deceptive appearance of, i. 124. Soane, i. 35; cross, i. 38, 45, 53; elevation of bed, i. 46; mouth of, i. 82; pebbles, i. 33, 91; plants in bed of, i 45. Soda, sesqui-carbonate of, i. 13; effloresced, ii. 157. Soil, temperature of, i. 35, 36, 45, 158, 170, 186, 219, 247; at Bhomsong, i. 305. Songboom, i. 361. Soormah river, ii. 261; basin of, ii. 256. Soorujkoond, hot-springs of, i. 27. Sound, produced by boulders in rivers, ii. 48; transmission of, i. 253. Sparganium ramosum (note), ii. 96. Sphaerostema, ii. 33. Sphynx atropos, i. 46. Spiders in martins' nests, i. 46, Spondias mangifera, i. 82. Squirrels, i. 46. Stainforth, Mr., house at Pomrang, ii. 313; at Silhet, ii. 335. Sterculia foetida, i. 39. Stick lac, i. 9. Sticks, warming (note), ii. 154. Stipa, ii. 132. Stauntonia, i. 112. Strawberry of the plains, i. 395; alpine, ii. 108. Struthiopteris, ii. 68. Strychnos potatorum, i. 50. Stylidium, ii. 336. Styloceras ratna, i. 399. Sulkun, i. 56. Sultangunj, rocks of, i. 90. Sundeep island, deposit of silt on, ii. 342. Sunderbunds, ii. 354; compared with Jheels, ii. 260; vegetation of, ii. 340. Sunipia (note), ii. 10. Sunnook, i. 317. Sunrise, false, i. 63. Sunset, false, i. 63; in Tibet, ii. 173. Suspension bridge, iron, i. 199. Syenite, blocks of, ii. 302. Symplocos, dye from, ii. 41. Syong, ii. 291. T Taktoong river, ii. 32. Talauma Hodgsoni, i. 162. Taldangah, i. 12. Tallum Samdong, ii. 67, 96. Tamarind tree, i. 17. Tamarisk, i. 392. Tambur river, i. 194; elevation and slope of bed, i. 200. Tanks, plants in, i. 62; movements of water in, ii. 342. Taptiatok (E. Nepal), i. 204. Tassichooding temples, i. 257. Tassiding, i. 289, 315; temples, i. 319; foundation, i, 325. Tchebu Lama, i. 302; ii. 5, 193; house and chapel of, ii. 194. Tchiru (antelope), ii. 157. Tchuka (rhubarb), ii. 58. Tea, buttered, ii. 78; brick, i. 297; made of Photinia, etc., ii. 22; Tibetan, ii. 78. Teal, English, ii. 158. Tea-plants, i. 5; cultivation of in Sikkim, i. 144; cut by hail at Dorjiling, i. 408; at Myrung, ii. 92; Chittagong, ii. 347. Teelas, ii. 262, 327. Teesta river, at Bhomsong, i. 297; exit from mountains, i. 396; in plains, i. 392; junction with Great Rungeet, i. 154; signification of, i. 398; temperature of, i. 397; ii. 60. Teeta (febrifuge), i. 272. Temples of Catsuperri, i. 365; Changachelling, i. 368; Choongtam, ii. 21; Doobdi, i. 366; Neongong, i. 311; Pemiongchi, i. 327; Phadong, ii. 192; Simonbong, i. 172; Tassichooding, i. 257; Tassiding, i. 319; Wallanchoon, i. 228; Yangma, i. 235; various, i. 313; mode of building, i. 311; worship in, i. 312, 365; ii. 178. Tendong, i. 127; ii. 3.; summit of, ii. 6. Terai, i. 100, 104; definition of, i. 377; excursion to, i. 373; meteorology of, i. 384; of Khasia, ii. 266; seizure of, ii. 240; vegetation of, i. 101. Terraces, at Baisarbatti, i. 401; junction of Zemu and Thlonok, ii. 53; Momay, ii. 119; Yalloong, i. 270; Yangma, i. 234, 242. Terya, ii. 226. Teshoo Loombo (note), ii. 171. Tetrao-perdrix nivicola, ii. 113. Thalictrum, i. 19; alpinum, ii. 115; glyphocarpum (note), i. 24. Thermometer, black bulb, i. 15; boiling-point, ii. 113, 153, Appendix, 453; lost, ii. 184; minimum left on Donkia pass, ii. 129; sunk, i. 198; Appendix, 441, 451. Thigh-bone, trumpet of, i. 173, 314. Thlaspi arvense, ii. 68. Thlonok river, ii. 47. Thomson, Dr., joined by, ii. 238. Thugs, river, i. 67; suppression of, i. 65. Tibet, animals of, ii. 93, 157, 173; enter, ii. 155; inhospitality of climate, i. 299; snow-line, elevation of in, ii. 128, 175. Tibetans, i. 262; blackening faces of women, ii. 172; camp of, ii. 85; charm-box, i. 270; child's coral, ii. 87; churns, ii. 77; cups, i. 212; diet, i. 212; Dingpun, ii. 160; dogs, i. 204; drunk, i. 230; guitar, i. 304; headdresses, ii. 86; hospitality, ii. 94; household, i. 212; houses, ii. 67; pipe, i. 212; salute, i. 203; sepoys, ii. 160, 200, 235; tea, i. 212; ii. 78; tents, ii. 77. Ticks, i. 166, 279; ii. 79. Tidal-wave, ii. 343. Tide in Bay of Bengal, ii. 340; in Sunderbunds, ii. 354. Tiger hunt, i. 56. Tikbotang, ii. 228. Tingri, ii. 169. Titalya, i. 100, 376. Toad, Javanese, ii. 96. Tobacco, Chinese, ii. 232; made from rhubarb, ii. 152. Toddy-palm, i. 34, 39, 88. Tofe Choney, i. 16. Tomo-chamo mountain, ii. 122. Tong (arum-roots prepared for food), ii. 49; collection and preparation of, ii. 65. Tonglo, i. 158; camp on, i. 183; elevation of, i. 171; excursion to, i. 155; summit of, i. 167; temperature of, i. 170; vegetation of, i. 167. Took (Hydnocarpus), ii. 7. (See Chaulmoogra). Toon (Cedrela), i. 193, 312. Tourmalines, i. 224; ii. 27. Toys, children's in Sikkim, i. 338. Travelling equipment, i. 179. Tree-fern, i. 110; ii. 13; in Silhek, ii. 336.

END OF VOLUME II OF HIMALAYAN JOURNALS.