The two other churches founded by Abbot Ulsinus are those of St. Stephen and St. Michael.

St. Stephen's Church stands 3/4 mile S.W. from the Clock Tower, at the junction of the roads from Edgware and Watford. It was restored by Sir Gilbert Scott in 1861-62; but still retains some ancient features; e.g., the late Norman arch in N. wall, formerly in part separating the nave from the N. aisle (now absent), and two Norman windows, widely splayed, in W. wall. Note (1) brass eagle-lectern, believed to have been formerly in the Abbey at Holyrood; (2) double piscina in S. aisle; (3) fifteenth century font. The oldest brass, much worn, is in the S. chapel; it is to the memory of William Robins, Clerk of the Signet to Edward IV., (d. 1482) and Katherine his wife.



St. Michael's Church, about 3/4 mile W. from the Clock Tower, stands on gently rising ground close to the carriage road to Gorhambury. It is believed to occupy, approximately, the centre of what was the ancient city of Verulam (q.v.) and to mark the site of a Roman temple. It has been restored, and the tower rebuilt, by Lord Grimthorpe; the work was only completed two or three years ago. Flint and tiles taken from the surrounding ruins by the builders still exist in the walls; but repeated restorations have almost obliterated the evidences of its antiquity. There are brasses (1) to Thomas Wolvey, an Esquire to Richard II. (d. 1430); (2) to "John Pecok et Maud sa femme" (circa 1340-50); but the monument of paramount interest is that in the recess N. of the chancel, to Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam and Viscount St. Albans (d. 9th April, 1626). The great philosopher and Lord Chancellor is represented as sitting in a tall chair, leaning his head upon his left hand; a Jacobean ruff is round his neck and a wide hat upon his head; the sculptor (unknown) has succeeded admirably in imparting an air of abstraction to the countenance. Of Bacon's house at Gorhambury, 11/2 mile farther W., little remains except some fragments of wall and tower, with projecting entrance[m] porch. In the yet remaining spandrels of the arches are medallions of Roman Emperors; over the porch are the arms of Elizabeth. The present mansion, a little E. from the ruins, was commenced in 1778 by James third Viscount Grimston; it has been considerably altered, but retains the grand N. portico; the pediment, supported by ten Corinthian columns, reaches to the roof. The hall is very large, and contains portraits of Francis Bacon, George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, and other worthies. There are numerous pictures in other apartments, including portraits of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Stafford, Queen Elizabeth, Robert Devereux, Catherine of Braganza and William Pitt.



There were three monastic institutions on the outskirts of the town:—

(1) The Leper Hospital of St. Julian, founded by Geoffrey de Gorham, sixteenth Abbot of St. Albans, on a spot close to St. Stephen's Church. Of this no vestige remains.

(2) The Hospital of St. Mary de Pre, for women-lepers, founded about fifty years after the above by Warren de Cambridge, twentieth abbot, on either side of the old Watling Street. Some of the graves in the churchyard attached to the hospital were visible so recently as 1827, and the cottages known as the "Three Chimnies," originally part of the hospital itself, were pulled down in 1849.[8]

[Footnote 8: Vide Historical Records of St. Albans, by A. E. Gibbs, F.L.S., etc.; a most interesting little volume.]

(3) Sopwell Nunnery, founded by Abbot Geoffrey de Gorham about 1140, at a spot a little S. from the Old London Road, on the river Ver. The masses of ivy-mantled ruins still to be seen, and usually called the "ruins of Sopwell Nunnery," are, at least for the most part, the remains of the house built by Sir Richard Lee, to whom the manor was granted at the Dissolution.

ST. ALBANS ABBEY.—The Abbey has been so repeatedly altered and restored that it may be said to illustrate every style of ecclesiastical architecture from Norman to the present time. Opinions differ widely as to the merits of that scheme of renovation and innovation completed under the direction and by the munificence of Lord Grimthorpe, and no attempt will be here made to criticise or extol the work of so great an expert. Such a description of the venerable Abbey as an architect might love to write would fill a volume in this series. After careful consideration I have decided to sketch its history in such a way as to show, however imperfectly, how it came to be what it is. I have been careful to compare many authorities and to follow the consensus of testimony wherever I have found discrepancy or contradiction.

It has already been stated that, according to Gildas, Bede and other authorities, a church was erected on Holmhurst Hill after the martyrdom of St. Alban. Concerning that church we know little more than that it was almost destroyed by the Saxons. In 793, or very near that date, Offa II., who had murdered the East Anglian King, Ethelbert, resolved to found a monastery, encouraged, as we learn from William of Malmesbury, by Charlemagne. The monastery was duly founded, for an abbot and 100 Benedictine monks, and the little church, renovated, became the original abbey of the foundation. Having discovered the bones of St. Alban and placed them in a costly reliquary, Offa conveyed them to this church, intending to erect a nobler edifice for their reception; but it is doubtful whether the design was carried out during his lifetime. Indeed, we know little as to that enlarging and adornment of the church which must surely have been effected in the days of the early abbots, and the first hints of the erection of the great abbey occur in the lives of Ealdred and Eadmer, eighth and ninth abbots, who collected immense quantities of red, tile-like Roman bricks from the ruins of Verulam; Matthew Paris tells us that Eadmer made some progress in the actual rebuilding of the church. The twelfth abbot, Leofstan (d. 1066), enriched the building with "certain ornaments"; but it was the fourteenth abbot, Paul de Caen (1077-97), who, using the vast stores of material collected by his predecessors, entirely rebuilt the church on a scale almost commensurate with its present size.

The rebuilding of the Abbey Church by Abbot Paul de Caen occupied eleven years. When completed, it was certainly one of the noblest and largest structures in the kingdom. The length of this cruciform Norman church was 426 feet. (The extreme length is now 550, due to additions presently mentioned.) On the E. side of either transept were two apsidal chapels, the one adjoining the presbytery aisle being in each case the larger of the two; there was also an apse at the E. end of the presbytery. A square, battlemented tower flanked the W. front on either side; but the chief glory of Abbot Paul's church was undoubtedly the enormous Norman tower of four stages, triforium, clerestory, ringing-floor and belfry, surmounted by parapets and flanked by angle turrets, of which such considerable portions yet remain. Visitors who saw the Abbey thirty years ago saw the E. portion of the nave, the transepts and the tower substantially as built by Abbot Paul de Caen. The new Abbey was dedicated 1115.

Geoffrey de Gorham, sixteenth abbot (1119-46), placed the relics of St. Alban in a new shrine.

Robert de Gorham, eighteenth abbot (1161-67), erected the Chapter House and Locutory (Abbot's Cloister); his successor, Symeon (1167-83), completed the erection and embellishment of the Shrine of St. Alban, raising its height so that it could be seen from the High Altar. During his abbacy the relics of St. Amphibalus were brought to St. Albans, and the shrine of that saint was eventually erected in the E. aisle. The Chapel of St. Cuthbert in the Baptistery, built by Abbot Richard de Albini (1097-1119), was also dedicated about this time.

Warren de Cambridge, twentieth abbot (1183-95), placed the relics of St. Amphibalus in a feretry, enriching it with gold and silver ornamentation. He placed it behind the High Altar, near the feretry of St. Alban.

John de Cella, twenty-first abbot (1195-1214), commenced to rebuild the W. front, notably the three fine E.E. porches now replaced by those of Lord Grimthorpe, but the work was completed by his successor William de Trumpyntone (1214-35), who added the two flanking towers. This abbot erected the rood screen between the nave and choir, added the octagon above the tower after removing the Norman turrets and parapets, and probably built those E.E. bays on each side of the nave which are nearest to the W. front. He also restored portions of the S. transept and S. aisle, and rebuilt St. Cuthbert's Chapel on the spot now partly occupied by the Rood Screen.

The E. end of the Abbey next received the attention of these architect-abbots. Commencing at the second bay E. from the tower, John de Hertford (1235-60) almost entirely replaced the Norman and E.E. work of his predecessors by work which merged into a graceful E. Dec. The work was carried on by his immediate successors, doubtless sadly hindered by the turbulent state of the times. John de Norton (1260-90) built the S. aisle of the Retro-choir, and part of the Lady-chapel, but his work was supplemented by that of John de Berkhampstead (1291-1302). John de Marinis (1302-8) removed the feretry and tomb of St. Alban to the position which it occupied until about the time of the Dissolution and spent 820 marks in the erection of a tomb of Purbeck marble. Hugh de Eversden (1308-26) built the five moulded Dec. bays of the S. aisle, replacing the Norman work, which had given way, and completed the Lady-chapel at the extreme E., thereby greatly increasing the length of the entire building. There was subsequently, however, for a long period, a passage between the Retro-choir and the Lady-chapel.

Abbot Michael de Mentmore (1335-49) completed the restoration of the S. aisle and repaired the Cloister. His successor, Thomas de la Mere, paved the W. floor, and no doubt minor restorations were almost continually in progress during the latter half of the fourteenth century; but a new chapter in the story of the Abbey commenced when John de Wheathampsted became abbot (1420-40 and 1451-64). This celebrated man, during the two periods of his abbacy, hardly rested in his efforts to beautify the Abbey. It is stated in a Cottonian MS. that this abbot constructed a little chapel near the shrine of St. Alban; this was perhaps the Watching Loft (N. of Saint's Chapel) in which the keeper of the holy shrine and relics (Custos Feretri) spent much of his time. John de Wheathampsted also built the tomb of Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester (d. 1447), on the side of the chapel opposite the Watching Loft (a few steps lead down to the coffin); prepared his own tomb W. from that of the duke; built the great Perp. window over the W. porches, now replaced by one Dec. in design, and the nine N. windows of Nave and Ante-Choir; and was probably responsible for the paintings discovered on the choir ceiling, and for many of the embellishments of the Lady-chapel. Perhaps, however, his fame chiefly rests on the High Altar Screen, which he designed, but which was erected by the thirty-sixth abbot, William Wallingford (1476-84).

There were apparently few important features added to the Abbey, and but little restoration effected during the rule of the last four abbots (1492-1539). A few brief paragraphs concerning its modern restorations and present appearance must now be added.

Those modern restorations date largely from the middle of last century. Its condition, internally and externally, was at that time certainly discreditable to everybody concerned in its welfare. In 1856 a National Committee placed the matter in the hands of Sir Gilbert Scott, under whose direction the building was in part restored; but public funds presently failed and in 1879 the direction of the workers was undertaken by one who had at once the inclination and the funds necessary to its completion—Lord Grimthorpe.

The Abbey, from the W. porches to the E. end of the Lady-chapel and the Chapel of Transfiguration, measures inside 520 feet, outside 550 feet; the entire transept length from N. to S., on the floor, 177 feet; the nave, the longest Gothic one in the world, 292 feet x 75 feet 4 inches; the Lady-chapel, 57 feet x 24 feet; the great Screens are rather less than 170 feet apart; the height of the tower is 144 feet. Visitors will find some slight discrepancies as to measurements in the several guides which have been compiled; but the foregoing figures will assist them to realise the vast dimensions of the building. Its area is approximately 40,000 square feet. Of special interest are:—

(1) The Tower, which is seen to greater advantage since Sir Gilbert Scott removed the exterior plaster, thus exposing the wonderfully preserved Roman tiles with which it was faced by Abbot Paul de Caen. The four enormous piers upon which it rests were weakened by the ignorance of early restorers, who cut into them freely, and dug graves in such manner as to imperil their foundations. The most arduous work of Sir Gilbert Scott was the strengthening of these piers, effected piecemeal by partial reconstruction of the piers themselves and by laying a durable substratum of cement right down to the chalk. The fine ring of eight bells was rehung. Visitors will find the ascent of the spiral staircase long and arduous, but will be rewarded by the almost unrivalled view from between the merlons on its summit.



(2) St. Alban's Shrine (in the Saint's Chapel between the Altar Screen and the Lady-chapel), already referred to (p. 188), disappeared about the time of the suppression of the monastery (1539), and all traces of it were lost except the fragment of Purbeck marble marking its former site on the chapel floor. Yet that shrine, its genuineness unquestioned, stands to-day on the site which it occupied centuries ago! Hundreds of fragments of Purbeck marble were discovered when the central arches of the Lady-chapel were opened by Dr. Nicholson previous to the restorations of Sir Gilbert Scott. Subsequently, other fragments were discovered and the whole collection, the importance of which was suspected, was pieced together with indefatigable ingenuity by the late John Chapple. The feretry itself, mentioned by Matthew Paris, which was supposed to contain the relic of the martyr, has not, and probably never will be, discovered. The vaulted niches are of clunch, but the rest of the shrine is of Purbeck marble. Note the beautiful tracery of these groined niches, the cusps of the arches and crocketted pediments, and the carvings in the tympana, representing scenes from the martyrdom of SS. Alban and Amphibalus.

(3) Shrine of St. Amphibalus (in N. aisle of presbytery). This was discovered in fragments and pieced together in the same manner as that of St. Alban. The whole, however, is of clunch, and, unfortunately, incomplete. Note the fret-like sculpture round the basement, and the name of the saint (imperfect) in carved capitals.

(4) High Altar Screen, or screen of Abbot Wallingford (restored at the expense of Lord Aldenham); is in point of size, as in beauty, perhaps unique in England. Note its resemblance to that at Winchester. It was much dilapidated, its many statues having been entirely destroyed at the time of the Reformation; but its restoration has been admirably executed, the figures of SS. Alban and Amphibalus being especially noticeable: the latter wears a Celtic, not a Roman tonsure. Note also the figures of our Lord and His apostles in alabaster, and those of Adrian IV., Bede, Hugh of Lincoln, St. Edmund and many others.

(5) Chantry Tombs of Abbot Ramryge and Abbot John Wheathampsted, occupying respectively the last arches of N. and S. side of the Sanctuary. Note the fine late Perp. work of the former, and the Wheathampsted arms, three wheat-ears, on the latter.

(6) The Lady-chapel (enter through Retro-choir). This formerly contained much of the finest work in the Abbey and traces of it are still retained, despite its repeated and entire restoration. The present vaulted roof of real stone replaces that of imitation stone built by Abbot Hugh de Eversden. In post-Reformation days it was long used as the Grammar School; but since the removal of the school to the Old Gate House (1869) the chapel has gradually been brought into its present state. Many of its most beautiful features—tracery, mouldings, statuettes, carvings, etc.—had, however, been completely destroyed by the boys. The marble pavement is new; the stained glass in the E. window was presented by the Corporation of London. Note the wonderful variety of carved flowers and fruits with which this chapel is embellished.

From Grose's Antiquities (vol. viii.) I quote the following:—

"Mr. Robert Shrimpton, grandfather, by the mother's side, to Mrs. Shrimpton of St. Albans, was four times mayor of that town; he died about sixty years since, being then about 103 years of age. He lived when the Abbey of St. Alban flourished before the Dissolution and remembered most things relating to the buildings of the Abbey, the regimen of the house, the ceremonies of the church ... all of which he would often discourse in his life-time. Among other things, that in the Great Hall there was an ascent of fifteen steps to the abbot's table, to which the monks brought up the service in plate, and staying at every fifth step, which was a resting-place, at every of which they sung a short hymn. The abbot usually sat alone in the middle of the table; and when any nobleman or ambassador or stranger of eminent quality came thither they sat at his table towards the end thereof. When the monks had waited a while on the abbot, they sat down at two other tables, placed on the sides of the hall and had their service brought in by novices, who, when the monks had dined, sat down to their own dinner."

First Battle of St. Albans.—On May 23rd, 1455, the forces of King Henry VI. assembled in the neighbourhood of St. Peter's Street, and were attacked by those of the Duke of York and Warwick the Kingmaker. Advancing from the fields E. of the town, Warwick's men appear to have approached from Key Fields and Sopwell Lane, and, finally, having fought their way into Holywell Hill, to have united with those of the Duke of York, who had forced the town barriers farther N. The battle was desperately contested; the bowmen, as usual in those times, playing a conspicuous part; Henry VI. was wounded in the neck, Humphrey Earl of Stafford in the right hand, Lord Sudley and the Duke of Buckingham in the face—all with arrows. The wounded king took refuge in the cottage of a tanner; here he was made prisoner and conducted by the Duke of York to the Abbey. The town was at the mercy of the Yorkist soldiers during the latter part of the day; many houses were looted and the Abbey was probably spared only because the royal prisoner had been conducted thither. Several illustrious persons slain in this battle were buried in the Lady-chapel: (1) Henry Percy, second Earl of Northumberland; (2) Edmund Beaufort, first Duke of Somerset; (3) John, Lord Clifford. Sir Robert Vere, Sir William Chamberlain, Sir Richard Fortescue, Kts., and many squires and other gentlemen also perished.

Second Battle of St. Albans.—On Shrove Tuesday, 17th February, 1461, Queen Margaret defeated the Earl of Warwick, who retreated with considerable loss, the battle being mostly fought out on Bernard's Heath, N. from St. Peter's Church. This engagement also was stubbornly fought out. According to Stow and Hollinshead, the Lancastrians were thwarted in their efforts to pass through the town from S. to N., being repulsed by arrows in the Market Place, and eventually reached Bernard's Heath by a circuitous route from the W. If this is so, visitors who ramble down the High Street, turn right into Katherine Lane, coming out of Wellclose Street near St. Peter's Church, will probably tread in the footsteps of the troops of Margaret. After the fight had been decided the victorious Lancastrians poured back into the town, which was again plundered, and the Abbey also partially stripped. This was during the second abbacy of John Wheathampsted, and Stow records that the day after the battle Queen Margaret, and the King (Henry VI.) were led by the abbot and monks to the High Altar of the Abbey, where they returned thanks for the victory.

ST. MARGARET'S, on the river Lea, has a small church with several unimportant memorials. It was probably formed from one aisle of an older edifice.

St. Margaret's is also the name of a few cottages a little N.W. from Great Gaddesden, near the site of the Benedictine convent of Muresley, the refectory of which was almost intact early last century.

ST. PAUL'S WALDEN (4 miles S.W. from Stevenage Station, G.N.R.) is a large and scattered parish; much of it is very picturesque. The church, which was restored twenty years ago, is of several styles, but contains little worthy of comment. Note the tablet on the W. wall of the chapel to Henry Stapleford and Dorothy his wife. "The said Henry was servant to Queen Elizabeth, King James and King Charles" (d. 1631). The manor was formerly called first Waldene, then Abbot's Walden, being the property of the abbots of St. Albans. St. Paul's Walden Bury, 1/2 mile S.W. from the church, is the seat of Lord Strathmore. Note the fine avenues in the park, commanding good views of the house. The walk S. to Whitwell, through the steep and twisted lane and across the bridge over the Maran, keeping the "bog" and cress beds on the right, is very pretty.

SANDON (31/2 miles S.E. from Ashwell Station, G.N.R) has a flint church, probably late fourteenth century. Several features should be noted: (1) Perp. screen (oak) between nave and chancel; (2) old stained glass in windows of both aisles; (3) fine Jacobean oak pulpit; (4) old brass, with inscription which was imperfect 200 years back, to "Johannes Fitz Geoffery, Armiger" (d. 1480); (5) piscina in each aisle; (6) pinnacled and crocketted arches in chancel, over triple sedilia. The church was partially restored in 1875. The manor of Sandone was owned by Saxon kings; Athelstan gave ten houses in the vill to St. Paul's, London. The Old North Road to Royston is 2 miles E.

SANDRIDGE (21/2 miles N.E. from St. Albans) is on the road to Wheathampstead, and is a thoroughly typical English village consisting, for the most part, of one street, with the parish church near its N.E. end. The parish stretches northwards to the Lea, and is very ancient; the vill was given by Egfrith, a son of Offa, to St. Alban's Abbey. It owes its name to the nature of its soil. The church, one of the most ancient in the county, has known much restoration, but still retains Norman work. It was consecrated as a chapel a few years after the consecration of St. Alban's Abbey (1115); the chancel was rebuilt by Abbot John Moote (circa 1400). The tower fell towards the end of the seventeenth century and the structure which took its place was pulled down and reconstructed in 1887. Note the old material in the apex, the Perp. windows in the aisles, the clerestoried Norman nave and the Norman font. There are N. and S. porches.

Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, derived his first title, Baron Sandridge, from this parish; the Jennings family, from which his wife Sarah was descended, possessed the manor for several generations. Sandridge Bury, N.W. from the village, is beautifully situated.

SARRATT (11/2 mile N. from Chorley Wood Station, Met. Extension) is near the river Chess, on the Bucks border. The church is late Norman and is remarkable for the saddle-back roof of its tower, running N. and S., the only tower roof of its kind in Herts. The building is cruciform, of flint, dressed with Totternhoe and Caen stone, and has a square ambry, a very old piscina, and a double sedilia; the latter is E.E. Richard Baxter is said to have preached from the Jacobean pulpit. There are a few old memorials. The church is prettily situated, and a picturesque walk may be taken N.W. to Sarratt Bottom, thence N.E. to

SARRATT GREEN, which during the last two or three centuries has gradually outgrown Sarratt. Note the many fine old cottages on either side of the village green. Sarratt owes its name to Syret, a Saxon.

SAWBRIDGEWORTH (formerly Sabysford, Sabridgeworth, Saybrichesworth and now often called Sapsworth) lies at the S.E. extremity of the county, 4 miles S. from Bishop's Stortford. The district is not very diversified, but is open and pleasant. The history of the several old manor houses in the neighbourhood would fill a large volume; those of Hyde Hall (E.) and Pishiobury (S.) are engraved in Chauncy; the present mansion in Pishiobury[n] Park was built by Wyatt, and has a fine adjoining rosery. The church stands between the town and the station (G.E.R.); it has a good Perp. screen between the clerestoried Dec. nave and the chancel, and a large canopied piscina in the N. aisle. The brasses are numerous: note (1) to Sir John Leventhorpe (d. 1433) and Katherine his wife (d. 1431); the former was an executor to King Henry V.; (2) to several other members of the Leventhorpe family, too numerous to mention; (3) to Calpredus Jocelin (d. 147-), and his wives Katherine and Joan; (4) inscription on brass, which was long ago transcribed as follows:—

"Of your Charite Sey a Pater Nostre and an Ave For the Sowl of William Chaunce On whose Sowl Jesu have Mercy".

Several monuments and brasses are to the memory of persons buried elsewhere. Note the marble altar-tomb in chancel to John Jocelin or Jocelyn (d. 1525) and Philippa his wife.

Shafton End and Shafton-Hoe lie a little E. from the Cambridge Road, on the Essex border, about 4 miles S.E. from Royston.

Shaw Green is 4 miles S.E. from Baldock, near Julians Park.

SHEEPHALL (2 miles N.N.E. from Knebworth Station, G.N.R.) is a little E. from the Great North Road. It is a small village. The church, E.E., is approached through a good lich-gate, and contains many memorials, including two sixteenth-century brasses to members of the Nodes family, one of which was Sergeant of the Buckhounds to Henry VIII., Edward VI., Mary and Elizabeth (d. 1564).

SHENLEY (2 miles E. from Radlett Station, M.R.) is of interest to many for its fine old "lock-up," or cage, in the centre of the village. We are on high ground here, and the tower of St. Alban's Abbey is well seen above the trees to the N.W. The village is scattered along several converging roads, and the surrounding country is undulating and beautifully wooded. Turn down the lane opposite the Black Lion to reach the old church of St. Botolph, 1 mile N.N.W. from the cage. Note the venerable yews, and the quaint old grave-boards in the graveyard; also the altar-tomb to Nicholas Hawksmoor, a pupil of Wren, and the architect of St. Mary Woolnoth, Lombard Street (d. at Shenley, 1736). The church was partly rebuilt in the middle of the eighteenth century, when the tower was demolished and a structure of timber, with quadrangular tiled roof, eventually erected in its stead. This has disappeared, and the "old parish church" is now an oblong building of flints, chalk-faced, with tiled roof. Porters, in the park, a little W., was the residence of Admiral Lord Howe. Salisbury Hall, a gabled manor house with massive chimneys, surrounded by a moat, is Jacobean, and stands on the spot occupied successively by the older houses of the Montacutes, and of Sir John Cutts, Treasurer and Privy Councillor to Henry VIII. Eugene Aram visited the neighbourhood.

Sleap's Hyde (1/2 mile S.E. from Smallford Station, G.N.R.) is a hamlet in the parish of Colney Heath.

Smug Oak, a few cottages, lies on the E. confines of Bricket Wood, 1/2 mile N.E. from that station, L.&N.W.R.

Smyth's End adjoins Barley on the S. (q.v.).

Solesbridge Lane, on the river Chess, is close to Chorley Wood.

Southend and Southend Green are hamlets, (1) adjoining Stevenage on the S., (2) 1/2 mile E. from Rushden.

Spellbrook is a hamlet nearly midway between Sawbridgeworth and Bishop's Stortford.

Stanborough, on the Hatfield-Welwyn road, is midway between Hatfield and Brocket Hall Parks. The road which branches N.W. from the hamlet leads to the modern church at Lemsford (q.v.).

STANDON has several claims to notice. It is a large village, 1 mile E. from the Old North Road. A little W., and on the other side of the railway, is the mansion which occupies the site of Standon Lordship, a fine old manor house, of which hardly a vestige remains. It was long owned by the Sadleir family, most illustrious of whom was Sir Ralph Sadleir (d. 1587), who fought at Pinkie. (See below.)

The church, largely Dec., still retains some Saxon foundations, and has singular features worthy of comment. The embattled tower is separate from the main structure, standing on the S. side of the chancel; the chancel is raised much higher than the nave, from which it is approached by a flight of steps; note the hagioscope on either side of the chancel arch. Within the chancel, on the S. side, stands the fine monument to Sir Ralph Sadleir, consisting of altar-tomb and marble effigy in armour, recumbent beneath a canopy supported by Corinthian pillars; note the relieved figures of his sons and daughters on the lower part of the tomb, also, suspended above, two helmets and other relics. The standard pole captured at Pinkie rests beside the effigy. There are also several old brasses. Close to the village, at Old Hall Green, are the Roman Catholic College, Chapel and Cemetery; the college was founded at Twyford, Hants, late in the seventeenth century, from whence it was removed, first to Standon Lordship, and then (1769) to Old Hall. The library is large and valuable.

STANSTEAD ABBOTS may be easily reached from St. Margaret's Station, G.E.R., 1/2 mile W. It was a place of considerable trade at the time of the Conquest. The old flint church is E.E., with a chapel on the N. side, built by Edward Baesh—whose monument it contains—in 1577. He was lord of the manor of Stanstead Abbots and "General Surveyor of the Victuals for the Navy Royal and Marine affairs within the Realms of England and Ireland" (d. 1587). He married Jane, a daughter of Sir Ralph Sadleir. (See Standon.) The six Baesh Almshouses were built and endowed by his son, Sir Edward Baesh. Several brasses, some mutilated, are in the church, notably one near the altar-rails to William Saraye or Saxaye, late of "Grais In" (d. 1581). Stansteadbury, a huge gabled mansion, largely rebuilt, stands in extensive grounds, and was the home of the Baeshs and of their successors, the Feildes.

Stapleford, a village on the river Beane, is 3 miles N.N.W. from Hertford. The church is Perp. with N. porch; it was enlarged nearly fifty years ago, when the present tower was added.

STEVENAGE, a town on the Great North Road, has shifted from its original position. It once stood farther N.E. and close to the church; but after a terrible fire which destroyed a large proportion of its houses the village was gradually rebuilt more directly on the famous old coaching road. The first paper mill in England is said to have been built in this parish. Several of its inns were standing when the regular coaches were on the road.



The old Church of St. Nicholas, 3/4 mile N.E., is reached through an avenue of limes and chestnuts, headed by a new lich-gate. It is largely E.E. Note the octagonal pillars and pointed arches of the nave and the two small chapels attached to the chancel. The font at the W. end is under an Early Norman arch. There are several modern windows of stained glass, and a good brass, early sixteenth century, in the chancel. The church at the S. end of the town was designed by Sir A. W. Blomfield about sixty years back, but has since been much enlarged. Half a mile farther S. on the main road are six almost equidistant mounds, thought to be of Danish origin.

At the old Castle Inn, E. side of High Street, great numbers of persons have been shown on the rafters in a barn the coffin of Henry Trigg, whose will was proved in 1724; one of its provisions was that his body should not be buried, but disposed of in that way. Little more than a mile N.W. from the station, at Redcoats Green, stood, until 1893, "Elmwood House," the home of the Hermit of Hertfordshire. This man, James Lucas, was descended from a good family, but for reasons never satisfactorily explained he lived alone, and in a most filthy condition, from October, 1849, to April, 1874. A concise and reliable account of this peculiar man is issued by Messrs. Paternoster and Hales of Hitchin.

STOCKING PELHAM, on the Essex border (51/2 miles N.E. from Braughing Station, G.E.R.), has an E.E. church dating from early fourteenth century; it has no tower. The chancel was restored in 1864. The manor is very ancient, and was held by Simon de Furneaux in the reign of Edward I., but the village now shows little of interest.

Swangles (21/4 miles N.E. from Ware) is a small hamlet a little S. from the river Rib.

Symonds Green (3/4 mile S.W. from Stevenage Station, G.N.R.) is a hamlet between the Great North Road and the ruins of Minsden Chapel.

Symonds Hyde Farm and Wood are in a pleasant district, very diversified, a little S.W. from Brocket Hall Park. Smallford and Hatfield Station (G.N.R.) are from 2 to 3 miles S. and S.W. respectively.

Tea Green, a hamlet near the Beds border, lies between Breachwood Green and Putteridge Bury.

Tednambury and Tednam Mill are on the river Stort and right on the Essex border. Sawbridgeworth Station (G.E.R.) is 1 mile S.

TEWIN (about 2 miles S.E. from Welwyn Station, G.N.R.) is most charmingly situated on high ground above the river Maran. The village is divided into the Upper and Lower Green; the church, 1/4 mile from the latter, stands on a hill that slopes steeply to the river. Note the altar-tomb in churchyard to Lady Anne Grimston (d. 1710). The tomb is forced asunder by ash and sycamore trees growing together, a circumstance popularly attributed to the sceptical opinions of Lady Anne, who is said to have denied the doctrine of immortality, and to have expressed the wish that such a phenomenon should happen if the doctrine were indeed true. The church, which looks very old, is of flint, brick and rubble, with a large diamond-faced clock on one side of the tower. In the S. porch (entrance blocked up) is the marble monument to Sir Joseph Sabine (d. 1739); who fought under Marlborough. Note the pyramid, 15 feet high, and the recumbent effigy, dressed as a Roman soldier. There is also in the S. aisle a good brass to one Thomas Pygott (d. 1610), and a slab with an imperfect Lombardic inscription to Walter de Louthe. Tewin Water, in the park, N.W., is prettily surrounded by trees. Beautiful walks may be taken in almost any direction, especially in the trend of the river Maran towards Digswell and Welwyn.

Tharbes End is 11/2 mile N.W. from Sawbridgeworth.

THEOBALD'S PARK. (See Waltham Cross.)

THERFIELD (3 miles S.E. from Ashwell Station, G.N.R.) was, according to Dugdale's Monasticon Anglicanum, given to the church of Ramsey by Etheric, Bishop of Sherbourne, about 980, and Chauncy "guesses" that an abbot of Ramsey built Therfield church. The present church is a modern Dec. structure, a little W. from the centre of the scattered village. The Icknield Way skirts the parish on the N. and many Roman relics have been discovered in the neighbourhood. There are also several tumuli in the parish, which lies on high, chalky soil.

THORLEY (2 miles S.W. from Bishop's Stortford) can show a good Norman doorway on the S. side of the little church; note the dog-tooth moulding and twisted nook-shafts. The remainder of the building is largely E.E.; there is a piscina in the chancel and—at the W. entrance—a niche for a holy water basin. The font, as at Bishop's Stortford, was a modern discovery. Thorley Wash and Thorley Street are between the church and the G.E.R.

THROCKING (2 miles N.W. from Buntingford Station, G.E.R.) stands on a hill. The church is E.E. and Dec., except the upper part of the tower, of brick, added in 1660. The monuments include one by Nollekens and one by Rysbrack, to members of the Elwes family, of whose manor house there are still some traces adjacent to the Hall Farm. The walk N.W. to Baldock, by way of Julians Park (7 to 8 miles), leads across open, breezy country.

THUNDRIDGE and WADE'S MILL are on the Old North Road, about 2 miles N. from Ware. The river Rib crosses the road at Wade's Mill. The present parish church, E.E. in style, was built about seventy years ago, close to the bridge over the Rib; the tower of the old church; "Little St. Mary's," with a Norman arch stands in the lower meadows 1/2 mile E. On the W. side of the Old North Road, close to Wade's Mill, a low obelisk marks the spot where Thomas Clarkson resolved to give his life to the cause of the abolition of slavery.

Titmore Green is 11/2 mile N.W. from Stevenage Station, G.N.R.

Tittenhanger. (See London Colney.)

Todd's Green adjoins Titmore Green.

Tonwell, on the main road from Ware or Stevenage, is a hamlet near the river Rib. It has a modern chapel-of-ease. Ware is 21/2 miles S.E.

TOTTERIDGE, on the Middlesex border, is 1 mile W. from the Station (G.N.R.). Richard Baxter lived here for a short time. The neighbourhood is well wooded and very pleasing to the eye. The church, on the hill-top, dates only from 1790; but the site was occupied by an earlier structure. The memorials are of no historic interest; but near the enormous yew tree in the churchyard stands the tomb of the first Lord Cottenham (d. 1851). Near by, too, lies Sir Lucas Pepys, physician to George III. (d. 1830). Totteridge Park, W. from the village, was the residence of Baron Bunsen, and of the above-mentioned Lord Cottenham; the large, plain structure in which they lived, recently in part rebuilt, was erected about a century ago, taking the place of the fine old manor house, for some generations the home of the Lee family. At Copped Hall, near the church, the late Cardinal Manning was born in 1808.

TRING is the most westerly place of any importance in Herts. The station (L.&N.W.R.) is nearly 2 miles E. from the town, which is sheltered on the N.W. by the chalk hills, a fresh spur of which crops out 3 mile N.E. at Aldbury (q.v.). The church (Perp.) stands near the centre of the town and is fortunate in having been restored under the direction of Mr. Bodley in 1882. It is an embattled, flint structure; the tower has a corner turret and is, like that at Hitchin, unusually massive. Note (1) the clustered columns of the nave, (2) the quaint corbels, (3) the large, imposing monument to Sir William Gore and his wife (d. 1707 and 1705 respectively); Sir William was Lord Mayor of London; (4) good Perp. windows in each aisle.

Tring was formerly a considerable centre of the straw-plait industry, which is still pursued to a less extent. The place is of great antiquity, Treung hundred dating from the days of Alfred the Great. William I. gave it to Robert Earl of Ewe, and Stephen kindly bestowed it upon the monks of Faversham, "in perpetual Alms for the Health of the Souls of Maud his Queen and all faithful People". Edward II. granted to Tring market rights.

Tring Park (property of Hon. N. C. Rothschild) is surrounded by perhaps the most exquisite woods—largely of beech—in the whole county. Much altered in modern times, it is said to have been designed by Wren, and to have been visited by Charles II. The park is well kept, and contains many living curiosities placed here by Lord Rothschild, a lover of natural history. The Museum, at the top of Akeman Street, containing a fine zoological collection, is the outcome of his lordship's energy and benevolence. The Museum House, to which it is attached, is a prettily designed structure of red brick, with gables.

Tring, Little, is a hamlet 11/4 mile N.W. from the town, and Tring Grove, a hamlet 11/4 mile N.E. The former is near the large reservoirs, upon which several of the rare birds mentioned in the Introduction (Section IV.) were observed.

Trowley Bottom (3 miles N.W. from Redbourn Station, M.R.) is a hamlet a little S. from Flamstead, in one of the most thoroughly rural districts in the county. The Roman Watling Street (St. Albans-Dunstable road) is 1 mile N.E.

Turnford (11/4 mile S.W. from Broxbourne Station, G.E.R.) is a hamlet in Cheshunt parish, on the New River. Broxbourne Bury Park is 1 mile N.

Two Waters owes its name to its position at the junction of two small rivers—the Gade and the Bulbourne. It is in Hemel Hempstead parish, and about 1 mile E. from Boxmoor Station.

Tyttenhanger. (See Tittenhanger.)

Upwick Green (4 miles N.W. from Bishop's Stortford) is a hamlet on the Essex border. Hadham Hall (see Little Hadham) is 1 mile S.

VERULAM. Of the old Roman municipium (Verulamium) there now remains above ground little more than some large fragments of crumbling wall in the valley of the Ver, immediately S.W. from St. Albans. Passing under the old Gatehouse and crossing the bridge at the Silk Mill the visitor, instead of turning right and following the course of the Ver, should keep straight on and pass the small gate into Verulam Woods. On his right as he follows the broad footpath will be the outer E. wall of the Roman city; on his left what appears a long gorge, overgrown by bushes and trees of many species, was once the fosse. Note the great thickness and solidity of the walls, and the tile-like bricks, similar to those in the Abbey tower, mingled with flints. Presently both wall and fosse turn sharply W. and may be followed in that direction for a considerable distance. The walls may also be traced at other spots farther W., particularly a large mass known as Gorhambury Block, believed to mark the boundary of the municipium in that direction.

It has been mentioned in the Introduction (Section IX.) that the only Roman theatre known to have existed in England stood in this neighbourhood. Its remains were discovered rather more than seventy years ago in a field immediately W. from St. Michael's Church; nothing is now to be seen, for the excavations have been again covered. The discovery included that of the stage, somewhat narrow, the auditorium, with many rows of seats, and portions of the frescoed walls. Many coins were found among the ruins.

Mention must be made of the fact that the Roman Verulamium was the scene of the awful massacre in the time of Boadicea, when the Queen of the Iceni, with a great number of followers, slew alike the British and Roman inhabitants and partially destroyed the city (A.D. 61). An account of this is in the Annals of Tacitus. The place was subsequently rebuilt and occupied by the Saxons, who called it Watlingceaster, or Werlamceaster.

Wade's Mill. (See Thundridge.)

Wakely (2 miles W. from Westmill Station, G.E.R.) is a hamlet in Westmill parish, consisting of a farm and a few cottages.

WALKERN (41/2 miles E. from Stevenage) is a large village, with many picturesque nooks and cottages. The river Beane skirts it on the E. side. The manor is very ancient; Chauncy speaks of "Walkerne" as a town, and mentions a mill which stood in his day (1632-1719) at its S. end, presumably where Walkern Mill now stands. The church, on a knoll sloping to the Beane, is mostly Perp., but retains Norman work in the S. aisle; the chancel is modern, E.E. in style. The effigy in Purbeck marble in a recess of S. wall, of a knight in chain mail, is thought to represent one of the Lanvalei family. If so, it forms an interesting link with a remote past, for in the reign of King John one Alan Basset paid a hundred marks to that monarch, and gave him a palfrey "that his daughter might marry the heir of William de Lanvalley". There are also effigies on brass to the Humberstone family (sixteenth century). Walkern Hall (1 mile S.E.) stands in a small but pretty park; Walkern Bury (1 mile E.) can still show some remains of a castle.

WALLINGTON (31/2 miles E. from Baldock) lies in one of the most quiet districts of the county, a district almost entirely agricultural. The village is small; a few cottages are ancient and picturesque, but there is little to notice. Take the lane opposite the Plough Inn to reach the church, which can show a good Perp. roof and screen, and some mutilated monuments and brasses in the chapel. The main structure is Dec.; but the chancel was rebuilt forty years ago. A walk affording views very characteristic of Herts may be taken from the footpath near the walled pond adjoining the church, by bearing S.S.E. to Red Hill, Rushden and Cottered.

Walsworth, a hamlet, is almost a suburb at the N.E. end of Hitchin, 1/2 mile from the station.



WALTHAM CROSS, on the London-Cambridge road, owes its name, as is well known, to the Cross which Edward I. erected to the memory of Queen Eleanor about 11/4 mile W. from Waltham Abbey. The cross stands a little W. from Waltham Station (G.E.R.), where the above-mentioned road meets that which leads E. to the Abbey. Although frequently restored it is perhaps even now more complete than any other Eleanor Cross still existing. (That erected at St. Albans, as already stated, was destroyed about 200 years ago.) It is, I believe, disputed as to whether it was designed by Pietro Cavalini or not; it was completed in 1294. It is hexagonal in shape, of three stages, diminishing from basement to summit; the details of its sculpture can be readily seized by examining Mr. New's drawing. The restoration of 1833 was worked in Bath stone; this was largely replaced by new material, in Ketton stone, only a few years ago, at which time the Old Falcon Inn, which projected almost to the cross, was pulled down, thus affording a view of the monument from all sides.

The Four Swans, close to the cross, dates from 1260, as is testified on the large, quaint sign-board which swings above the road; but only a few portions of the present structure are of any great antiquity. There is a modern church a little N. from the cross; but much of the district commonly called Waltham is in Essex. Of great interest to visitors, however, and about 1 mile W. from the Cross, is Theobald's Park, a brick mansion erected about 150 years back by Sir G. W. Prescott, Bart. At one of the entrances to the park stands Temple Bar, brought here from Fleet Street and erected in its present position in 1888. The house does not occupy the site of the historic manor house visited by so many sovereigns, which stood on a slight eminence some distance to the N.W. It was William Cecil, afterwards Lord Burghley, who commenced to build that famous mansion in 1560, and enlarged it considerably when he found it pleasant in the eyes of many persons of high degree. Queen Elizabeth was frequently a visitor at Theobalds. It was Burghley's son, Robert Cecil, who entertained James I. here as that monarch was on his way to London and the English Crown, and James became so pleased with the house and its surroundings that he obtained it from Cecil, giving him the royal manor of Hatfield in its stead. It was from Theobalds that Charles I. set out to raise his standard at Nottingham (1642). The house was partially destroyed during the turmoil that ensued; after the Restoration it was given by Charles II. to George Monk. It was subsequently the property of the Earl of Portland and of several other persons.

WARE was for a long period, and is perhaps now, the centre of the malt trade in Herts, but brickmaking is also extensively carried on. The river Lea skirts the town on the S. side, and is crossed by an iron bridge near the Barge Inn. The High Street displays many new houses and shops, but by turning into the smaller by-ways visitors may find quaint cottages and picturesque nooks and corners. The town is very ancient, but contained only a few persons at the time of the Conquest.

The cruciform church of St. Mary has been much restored; the body of the present structure is Dec.; but the tower and chancel are Perp. Note (1) the carved oak screen separating the S. transept from the Lady-chapel; (2) sedilia, piscina and ambries in the chapel itself; (3) octagonal font (temp. Henry IV.), bearing figures of saints on its panels; (4) mural monument in S. transept to Sir Richard Fanshawe; (5) brass to W. Pyrry or Pyrey (d. 1470) and his wives Agnes and Alice, the inscription was apparently never completed; (6) curious brass figure near pulpit. There is also a modern church in the New Road, E.E. in style, of Kentish Rag and Bath Stone.

There was a Franciscan Priory a little W. from the church, which, although sometimes said to have been founded by Margaret, Countess of Leicester (temp. Henry III.), was probably of much earlier foundation, though doubtless enlarged by that lady. It fell into decay after the Dissolution, but some remains of the old buildings are still to be seen at Ware Priory, a mansion occupying the site. The property formed a separate manor, which was given to the Countess of Richmond by her son, Henry VII.

Ware is not without literary association. The Johnny Gilpin, on the road to Amwell, commemorates the hero of Cowper's ballad; Pepys mentions his visits to the town on several occasions; Dick Turpin, as the story runs in Ainsworth's Rookwood, passed through Ware in his famous ride to York; Godwin, who figures so largely in the Lamb literature, was for some years the Independent minister of the town. By a long ascent N. from the town, we reach, by turning right, the hamlet of Ware Side, picturesquely scattered over a slight depression close to Widford (q.v.). W. from the town is Ware Park, a mansion on a beautiful eminence.

Warren's Green (about 4 miles N.E. from Stevenage Station, G.N.R.) is a small hamlet.

Water End, on the river Gade, is on the S.W. confines of Gaddesden Park. There are also hamlets of the same name (1) close to Ayot Station, G.N.R.; (2) at the E. extremity of Mimms Park, 2 miles N.W. from Potter's Bar Station (Middlesex).

Waterford and Waterford Marsh are in Bengeo parish, on the river Beane. On the marsh is some grazing common, free to all parishioners.

Waterside is the name of a few cottages (1) on the river Gade, near King's Langley village; (2) at Mill Green, 1 mile N.E. from Hatfield.

WATFORD, including its quickly rising suburbs, is much the largest town in Hertfordshire. The Colne crosses the high road where it dips before rising towards Bushey, and Chauncy says that the town derives its name from the Wet Ford by which the river is crossed. The building of the Junction Station (L.&N.W.R.), N.E. from the High Street, did much to facilitate the growth of Watford and extend its trade; the railroad diverges S.W. to Rickmansworth only, and N.E. to Bricket Wood, Park Street and St. Albans; the main line from London passes through a long tunnel before reaching King's Langley Station. The antiquities of the town itself are less interesting and indeed less known than those of other towns in the county, and Chauncy, e.g., finds little to say about it. The manor was long held by the abbots of St. Albans; then it became Crown property, and after several changes of ownership passed to William, fourth Earl of Essex, whose descendants are still lords of the manor.

The parish church, on a small yard adjoining the S. side of the High Street, is Perp., and was well restored about fifty years ago; with its Katherine- and Essex Chapels it forms a large and imposing structure. The latter chapel was built in 1595 by Bridget, Countess of Bedford. Its monuments are very numerous and comprise (1) to Sir Charles Morison, Kt. (d. 1599), and Dorothy his wife; note the fine kneeling effigies; (2) to Sir Charles Morison, K.B., son of the foregoing (d. 1628), and the Hon. Mary (Hicks) his wife, with recumbent effigies one above the other, and attendant figures of a daughter and two sons (note the Corinthian columns which support the canopy overshadowing the whole); both these Morison monuments were the work of Nicholas Stone, mentioned in Walpole's Anecdotes; (3) altar-tomb to the founder of the chapel (d. 1600); (4) altar-tomb with Tuscan columns and recumbent effigy to Elizabeth, wife of Sir William Russell (d. 1611). Among the brasses are those to (1) Henry Dickson (d. 1610); George Miller (d. 1613) and Anthony Cooper, "servants to Sir Charles Morryson, Kt."; (2) imperfect, Hugo de Holes, Justice of the King's Bench (d. 1415), and Margaretta his wife (d. 1416); (3) Henry Baldwyn of Reedheath (d. 1601), Alice, his wife, and three children; (4) James Moss, a messenger to George II. (d. 1758).

There are modern churches: (1) St. John's, in the Sutton Road, a Gothic edifice completed in 1893; (2) St. Andrew's, near the Junction, E.E. in design, with a good stained glass window in the S. aisle, and a beautiful Roman Catholic church by Bentley, architect of Westminster cathedral. In Beechen Grove is one of the finest Nonconformist (Baptist) chapels in the county; it dates from 1878 and is Italian in design. Market day is on Tuesday.

CASHIOBURY PARK stretches from the N.W. end of Watford, reaching—together with Grove Park, which it joins—to the parting of the ways at Langleybury Church (4 miles N.W. from Watford Old Church). It is crossed from N. to S. by the river Gade. The present mansion dates from 1800; it was built by Wyatt for the fifth Earl of Essex. Disposed around an open courtyard, its many handsome apartments make a noble appearance; what was formerly part of the N. wing of the old mansion built by Sir Richard Morrison and his son Charles in the sixteenth century is still retained, although that house was largely rebuilt by the first earl, from designs furnished by Hugh May. There is a fine library, and three smaller ones, the collection of books being very valuable; but in the estimation of many the pictures are still more so. Among them may be named: (1) Arthur Lord Capel and his family, C. Janssens; this was the Capel who defended Colchester and was beheaded in 1649; (2) Charles II., by Lely; (3) fifth Earl of Essex as a boy with his sister, by Reynolds, in frame carved by Grinling Gibbons; (4) Countess of Ranelagh, full length, by Kneller; (5) portrait by Rubens, probably of Charlotte de la Tremouille, afterwards Countess of Derby; (6) "Moll Davis" (actress), by Lely. There are many others, especially further portraits of the Capel family. The park and grounds are beautifully laid out. The park is open to the public; but the house is shown only by special request.

WATTON or WATTON AT STONE is a large village on the Hertford-Stevenage road and the river Beane, 31/2 miles S.E. from Knebworth Station, G.N.R. Its position is very central, the roads from Ware, Hertford, Great and Little Munden, Walkern, Stevenage, Welwyn and Tewin all converging within the area of the main street. The church, at the S. end of the village, is Perp.; it was entirely restored in 1851. Note (1) piscina and triple sedilia in chancel; (2) doors formerly leading to rood loft; (3) curious tombstone, E.E., in the churchyard; (4) E. window of stained glass, dating from the Restoration; (5) memorial window in the S. aisle to Lady Catherine Barrington. The brasses are unusually old and interesting, e.g., (1) with canopied effigy, to Sir Philip Peletot (d. 1361); (2) to Sir E. Bardolf (d. 1455); the effigy is that of his wife, his own having been long missing; (3) to John Boteler (Butler) and family (1514). The Boteler family, to whom there are many other memorials in the church, lived for many generations in the manor house of Woodhall, burnt in 1771. The house stood on high ground in the beautiful Woodhall Park, E. from Watton Church, on the site occupied by the present fine mansion (Abel Smith, Esq., J.P.). The Beane flows through the park and has been widened to form a large sheet of water S. from the house.

Welham Green is between Hatfield- and Mimms Parks, 2 miles S. from Hatfield Station.

Wellbury is 3 miles W. from Hitchin. Wellbury House (modern) stands in a small park; two small places of few inhabitants, called "Old" and "New" Wellbury, lie on the N.E. outskirts of the Park.

WELWYN, a small town in the Maran Valley, can show little of interest beyond many quaint cottages, and the church, famous as that in which Dr. Edward Young, author of Night Thoughts, officiated from 1730 to 1765. He was buried in the church; the mural memorial to him was erected by his son. The church is Dec., with E.E. portions; the piscina in the chancel is ancient, the sedilia is modern. An inventory of the church furniture, taken in 1541, shows that there were formerly three altars in it. The avenue of limes in the rectory grounds was planted by Young; there is a Latin inscription to the poet on a pedestal at its upper end. His son was visited here by Dr. Johnson and James Boswell.

The walk S.E. to the station (11/4 mile) commands a fine view of the Great Northern viaduct of forty arches over the deeper portion of the Maran Valley. On the opposite (left) side of the road is Locksleys, a good mansion by the river side, surrounded by charming grounds. One mile S. is The Frythe, long the residence of the Wilshere family; at a rather less distance N. is Danesbury, a prettily designed mansion in a small park.

"King Etheldred ... willing to relieve his people from the barbarous usuage and the inhuman actions of the insulting Danes ... sent instructions to the Governors of all cities, boroughs and towns in his dominions, commanding, that at a certain hour upon the feast of St. Brice, all the Danes should be massacred; and common fame tells us that this massacre began at a little town called Welwine in Hertfordshire, within twenty-four miles of London, in the year 1012, from which Act, 'tis said this Vill received the name of Welwine, because the Weal of this county (as it was then thought) was there first won; but the Saxons long before called this town Welnes, from the many springs which rise in this Vill; for in old time Wells in their language were term'd Welnes."

One of the springs in the neighbourhood, now disused, was famous in Young's day for its chalybeate waters.

West End is a hamlet 2 miles S.W. from Cole Green Station, G.N.R. It lies close to the N.W. corner of Bedwell Park, with the river Lea 1 mile N.

West Hyde, in the extreme S.W. of the county, near the river Colne, has a modern cruciform church, Italian in style.

WESTMILL, a church and picturesque cluster of cottages in a hollow a little W. from the Buntingford Road, is 11/2 mile S. from that town. The river Rib runs between the church and the station (G.E.R.). The manor is ancient; it was given by William I. to Robert de Olgi. Nathanial Salmon, author of a History of Hertfordshire published in 1728, was once curate here.

The church very probably dates from the end of the thirteenth century, and is an E.E. flint structure. There are some old slabs in the chancel to the Bellenden family, and one on the nave floor bearing an inscription to one Thomas de Leukenor (?).

Westmill Green is a hamlet 11/2 mile S.W. from Westmill Station, G.E.R.

WESTON, a large village 3 miles S.E. from Baldock, has an interesting, restored church, dating from about 1200. It has a N. transept, in which are two good Norman windows; a piscina, E.E., is in the nave. The massive embattled tower, which carries an octagonal, N.E. turret, was rebuilt in 1867. In the churchyard may be seen two small stones, about four yards apart, which, according to local tradition, mark the grave of the Weston giant. The church was once a property of the Knights Templars. There is what seems a second village just where a narrow footpath leads from the Lufen Hall Road to the church, which stands 1/2 mile E. from the long main street. Many folk may still be noticed plaiting in the neighbourhood.

Weston Dane End (11/2 mile S. from the above village) is a hamlet on the road to Walkern.

Westwick Row (2 miles S.E. from Hemel Hempstead) is a hamlet near Leverstock Green, in a charming neighbourhood.

WHEATHAMPSTEAD lies in a hollow, in the valley of the Lea. Cyclists approaching the village from St. Albans by way of Sandridge and No Man's Land must beware of the steep descent from the Old Red Cow to the Swan Inn. The place undoubtedly owes its name to the fine wheat grown in the neighbourhood; it is very picturesque, particularly around the church and vicarage, and by the waterside towards Brocket Hall.

The cruciform church, W. from the centre of the village, is E.E. and Dec. with a few Perp. features. A doorway in the Brocket Chapel is supposed to be Saxon, but I cannot say whether the supposition is correct; the chapel also contains an altar-tomb with effigies of Sir John Brocket and his wife, Margaret, bearing date 1543, and a piscina in the S. wall. A brass of much interest is that to Hugh Bostock and his wife, Margaret (circa 1450), showing their figures in robes. These persons were the parents of John de Wheathampsted. (See St. Albans.) An old marble tablet is to John Heyworth (d. 1558) and his wife Joan. Note also the monumental effigies in N. transept to Sir John Garrard, Bart. (d. 1637), and his wife Elizabeth (d. 1632). The reredos is very fine.

Forty years ago the village was truly rural, but the rebuilding of the old mill between the church and station (G.N.R. branch from Hatfield to Dunstable) and the erection of several modern shops in the main street has altered its appearance. Wheathampstead House, close to the station, is the seat of Earl Cavan; Lamer Park, a little N., slopes pleasantly towards the fine home of A. G. B. Cherry-Garrard, Esq.

Mention must be made of the curious bronze vessel of the Anglo-Saxon period, resembling a teapot, found in the neighbourhood some years ago. It is figured and described in the recently published Victoria History of Hertfordshire.

Wheathampstead Cross (11/2 mile S.E. from Harpenden Station, M.R.) is 2 miles S.W. from the above village. It contains nothing but a few cottages.

Whempstead, a hamlet in the centre of the county, is not easily reached, being about 5 miles E. from Knebworth Station, G.N.R., and rather farther N.W. from Ware. The so-called Whempstead Chapel, recently demolished, was a small cottage, but it doubtless stood near the site of an old chapel "founded and endowed about the beginning of the thirteenth century by the family of Aguillon".

White Barns, near the Essex border, is a hamlet 3/4 mile N. from Furneaux Pelham (q.v.).

Whitwell (41/2 miles S.W. from Stevenage) is strictly a hamlet, but is a place of some size, scattered along the S. bank of the river Maran. The nearest parish church is at St. Paul's Walden (q.v.), but there is a modern Baptist chapel near the centre of the main street, and a small church on the Bendish Road, formerly owned by the Countess of Huntingdon's Connection; it is now partially disused. The mill at the E. end of the village, near the old tan-yard, was burnt down many years ago, but has since been rebuilt.

Widbury is 1 mile E. from Ware.

WIDFORD, so interesting in the eyes of all lovers of Charles Lamb, is a small village on the river Ash, with a station (G.E.R.) a few minutes W. from the church. Visitors, however, must remember that much in the neighbourhood has changed since Lamb's day. He himself recorded the demolition of the old house "Blakesware" or, as he wrote it, "Blakesmoor,"[o] which he knew so well as a child; the church spire, mentioned in his verses "The Grandame," was rebuilt many years back; the cottage at Blenheim close by, immortalised in Rosamund Gray, was long ago rebuilt.

The church is Dec. and Perp.; there are sedilia in the chancel, the roof of which was finely painted by Miss Gosselin forty years ago, and there is a piscina in the nave. The circular stone staircase that formerly led to the old rood-loft was built up during restoration. The present E. window is to the memory of John Eliot—the missionary to the Indians—born at Nazing early in the seventeenth century. There are very few memorials; one might almost repeat the words written of the church two centuries ago, "In this church are no gravestones". The manor is very ancient and was held in the reign of William I. by the Bishop of London.

Wigginton lies on very high ground, commanding splendid views. The village is about 11/2 mile S.W. from Tring Station, L.&N.W.R.; the church, near the parting of the roads at its S.E. extremity, is a small flint structure, E.E. in style, with a modern N. aisle. It has no tower. Champneys, near Wigginton Common (1 mile S.), is a prettily situated mansion, rebuilt in 1874. It was formerly the residence of the Valpy family.

Wilbury Hill, between Ickleford and Baldock, is crossed by the Roman Icknield Way. The vallum, through which the Way passes, is thought to mark the site of a Roman camp; Stukeley's suggestion that it was probably the site of a British oppidum is questioned by Salmon (History of Hertfordshire, 1728). Roman coins have been found in some abundance in the neighbourhood, notably a silver Faustina.

Wild Hill is between Hatfield and Bedwell Parks.

Willian, formerly Wylie (2 miles N.E. from Hitchin Station, G.N.R.), is very ancient, mention of it as a property dating from the times of the Mercian kings. The village lies 1 mile W. from the Great North Road. The church is thought to date from the Conquest, but only an arch in the chancel is Norman. Note (1) the monument to "Edvardus Lacon" (d. 1625), and Joanna his wife (d. 1624); (2) small brass to Richard Goldon, a former vicar (d. 1446—? 1417). A tiny graveyard surrounds the church. Roxley Court (1/2 mile S.) is the property of Colonel Mortimer Hancock.

Wilstone, near the Aylesbury Canal, lies in a hollow 2 miles S.E. from Marston Gate Station, L.&N.W.R. It has a modern church, E.E. in style, consisting of nave only.

Windridge, a ward of St. Stephen's parish, is 11/2 mile S.W. from the L.&N.W.R. Station at the foot of Holywell Hill, St. Albans.

Winter Green is on the N.W. confines of Knebworth Park, about 1 mile from the church and 2 miles from the station (G.N.R.). The neighbourhood is on high ground.

Woodend (31/2 miles S.W. from Westmill Station, G.E.R.) has a numerous population, but is, I believe, a hamlet in Ardeley parish. The modern Chapel of St. Alban the Martyr is built largely of small stones, and has a S. porch. Walkern Park is 3/4 mile S.W.

Woodhall (11/2 mile N.N.E. from Hatfield) is a scattered hamlet between Stanborough and Hatfield Hyde. Two farms and several cottages bear the name. Woodhall Woods are a little farther N.

Woodhill (about 31/2 miles S.E. from Hatfield) is prettily situated, with Brookmans, Hatfield and Bedwell Parks all within a short walk. St. Mark's Chapel-of-Ease was rebuilt in 1880, although originally erected only in 1852 by the then Marquess of Salisbury.

Woodside is the name of at least three small places, (1) in the neighbourhood of Hatfield, where Upper and Lower Woodside are at the S.E. side of the park; (2) a ward in the parish of Cheshunt; (3) in the parish of Leavesden.

Woollen's Brook, on the Hoddesdon-Hertford road, has a tiny Mission Church. It is a small hamlet, a little S. from Haileybury College.

Woolmer Green lies on the Great North Road, 1 mile S.E. from Knebworth Station, G.N.R. The roads from Welwyn, Stevenage and Bramfield meet at the S. end of the street. The hamlet is considerable.

WORMLEY (1 mile S.W. from Broxbourne Station, G.E.R.) is on the New River. The church is at Wormley Bury, 1/2 mile W. from the village; it is very ancient, but was restored twenty years ago. Note (1) Norman font; (2) small Norman doorway on N. side; (3) "The Last Supper," by Giacomo Palma, a fine picture over the communion table; (4) rebuilt chancel arch; (5) Perp. windows in nave; (6) tablet on S. wall to Gough the antiquary (d. at Enfield, 1809). Gough completed a translation of a French history of the Bible in his thirteenth year, which was printed for private circulation; he subsequently translated Fleury's work on Israelitish customs and edited Camden's Britannia. He bequeathed many MSS. to Oxford University.

The church contains other modern monuments, and there are brasses (1) to John Cleve, Rector (d. 1404); (2) to Edward Howton (d. 1479), his wife and family; (3) to John Cok, his wife and eleven sons; date uncertain, but presumably fifteenth century. Cok or Cock was the name of a very old family in the neighbourhood, especially at Broxbourne.

WYDDIAL (11/2 mile N.E. from Buntingford) was called Widihale in Domesday Book, and was given by William I. to Hardwin de Scalers. The walk from Buntingford up the hill to the ruined church at Layston (q.v.), and thence to this village, leads through some of the quietest spots in the county. The church is E.E., and stands on high ground a few yards N. from the road and about 1 mile W. from the river Quin. It was restored sixty years ago; but still retains two seventeenth-century stained-glass windows in the aisle, and two Jacobean screens. The little N. chapel of brick was built by one George Canon in 1632. The brasses include (1) to George Gyll, Lord of the Manor (d. 1546); (2) to Dame Margaret (Plumbe), a daughter of Sir Thomas Neville, Kt., and wife to Sir Robert Southwell, Master of the Rolls (d. 1575). There are many memorials to the Goulston family, several of whom were Lords of the Manor; that to Sir Richard Goulston (d. 1686) bears a long inscription in Latin. Wyddial Hall, in a small park close to the church, was the property of the Goulstons.

WYMONDLEY, GREAT or MUCH, is nearly 2 miles S.E. from Hitchin Station, G.N.R. The church dates from early in the twelfth century, but has been much restored. The font, the chancel arch, and three windows in the chancel are said to be Norman; the tower is Perp. The memorials are unimportant.

The neighbourhood is interesting. The Lords of the Manor of Wymondley Magna were formerly, as the newspapers have recently reminded us, Cup-bearers to the King at his Coronation. Near the church are some traces of an ancient fortification; a little S., and opposite a row of quaint cottages with heavily thatched roofs, stands Delamere House, once the property of Cardinal Wolsey, who is said to have been visited here by Henry VIII. At the Manor Farm, Edward VI.—according to tradition—once slept; the Green Man, close by, on the W. side of the main street, has been kept by successive generations of one family for 300 years. Forty years ago several Roman urns were discovered in the neighbourhood, and the well-preserved pavement of a Roman villa was unearthed, subsequently, at Purwell Mill, between the village and Hitchin. Prehistoric implements have also been found.

WYMONDLEY, LITTLE, formerly Wymondley Parva, is 1 mile S. from the above. The E. end of the street is crossed by the G.N.R. near the tiny churchyard. The church is Perp.; and was largely rebuilt in 1875; two earlier structures are thought to have occupied the site. It contains several inscriptions, and some monuments to the Needham family (seventeenth century). A Priory of Augustinian Canons, dedicated to St. Mary, was founded here by Richard Argenton, in the reign of Henry III.; it was suppressed at the Dissolution. When, in 1891, the Old Priory farm-house was being altered, some portions of two E.E. arches were disclosed, and are thought to show where the cloister of the Priory stood. There is another E.E. arch in the house.

YARDLEY. (See Ardeley.)

Youngsbury. (See High Cross.)



INDEX OF PERSONS

A

Abbot d'Aubeny, 62, 179, 188 —— Eadmer, 186 —— Ealdred, 186 —— Geoffrey de Gorham, 148, 179, 184, 185, 187 —— Hugh de Eversden, 189, 194 —— John de Berkhampstead, 189 —— John de Cella, 188 —— John de Hertford, 123, 189 —— John de Marinis, 189 —— John de la Moote, 64, 145, 198 —— John Wheathampsted, 146, 147, 167, 190, 193, 196, 225 —— Leofstan, 186 —— Michael de Mentmore, 189 —— Paul de Caen, 187, 191 —— Ralph, 119 —— Ramryge, 193 —— Robert de Gorham, 197 —— Roger de Norton, 63, 157, 189 —— Symon, 37, 188 —— Thomas de la Mare, 91, 179, 189 —— Ulsinus, 181, 182 —— Warren de Cambridge, 179, 184, 188 —— William de Trumpyntone, 188 —— Wm. Wallingford, 190

Adane (brass), 135

Adrian IV., 41, 45, 193

Aguillon family, 226

Alan the Red, 85

Alban, a rector (brass), 103 —— St., 31, 37, 59, 177, 186, 188, 193

Albyn (brass), 114

Aldenham, Lord, 49

Alford, Lady M., 99, 154

Alfred the Great, 31, 117, 118

Altham, Helen, 159 —— Sir J., 159

Alwin the Thane, 48

Amphibalus, St., 37, 166, 177, 188, 193

Anestie, Rich. de, 51

Anne of Bohemia, 136 —— Mortimer, 137

Anorbul, Wm. (brass), 107 {Annabull in text}

Anthony, W., 81

Antoninus (quoted), 84, 94, 117, 177

Aram, Eugene, 127, 201

Arbuthnot, C. G., 94

Archer, Robt., 85

Argenthem, R. de, 60

Argenton, Rich., 233

Arnald the "Leveller," 120

Ascham, Roger, 110

Asser, 117

Athelstan, 51

Atkins, Sir E., 47

Axtil, Henry, 157

Aylmer, Bishop, 103 —— Judith, 103

B

Babthorpe, Ralph, 182

Bache, Simon (brass), 141

Bacon, Francis, 40, 161, 183, 184

Bacon, Sir Nich., 184

Baesh family, 175, 203, 204

Baker, H. W. Clinton-, 69 —— W. R., 68

Baldwyn family (brass), 219

Barclay, E. E., 78

Bardolf, Sir E. (brass), 221

Barrington family, 141, 221

Bartolommeo, 160

Basset, Alan, 213 —— Wm., 174

Baugiard, Ralph, 130

Baxter, Rich., 41, 135, 199, 209

Beaufort, Edmund, 196

Becket, Thomas, 76

Bede (quoted), 117, 178, 186, 193

Beel family (brass), 127

Beldam, J., F.S.A., 173

Bell, John (brass), 166

Bellenden family, 224

"Belted Will Howard," 63

Benham, Canon, quoted, 50

Benson, Mgr. R. H., 43

Benstede, Sir J., 71

Beresford family, 150

Bernard de Baliol, 126, 163

Bertulf, King, 71

Bessemer, Sir H., 41

Bickerdy, Marmaduke, 46

Binning, Lord, 63

Bishop, Mr., 31

Blomfield, Sir A. W., 49, 55, 93, 105, 168, 205

Blount family, 170, 171 —— Sir H., 145

Boadicea, 31, 212

Bodley, Mr. G. F., 85, 209

Bokeland, Nich. de, 80

Boleyn, Anne, 58

Bonham, Miss, 59

Bonner, Bishop, 41, 179

Borrell, Sir J. (brass), 80

Bostock, Hugh, 147, (brass) 225 —— Margaret (brass), 225

Boswell, James, 40, 222

Boteler family, 57, (brass) 81, 150, 221

Bouchier, Sir T., 139

Bowlby, A. S., 100

Bradby, Canon, 106

Brakespear, Nich., 41, 45, 193 {Breakspeare in text}

Bramfield family (brass), 87

Braybroke, Bishop, 103

Bridget, Countess, 219

Bridgewater family (see Egerton)

Brockett family, 113, 225

Browne, Dean J., 121

Buckingham, Duke of, 195

Bucknall family, 159

Bunsen, Baron, 209

Bunyan, John, 40, 88, 127, 163

Burghley, Lord, 109, 110, 111, 215

Burgo, Elizabeth de, 82

Burgundy, Duke of, 66

Burnet, Bishop, 63

Butterfield, W., 64

C

Caesar family, 71

Calvert family, 121

Canon, Geo., 231

Capell family, 42, 104, 105, 218, 220, 221

Carlo Dolce, 160

Caroline, Queen, 156

Carter family (brass), 138

Cary family (brasses), 49, 130, 132, 169

Cassivelaunus, 34 {Cassivellaunus in text}

Catherine of Arragon, 148 —— Braganza, 184

Cavan, Earl, 42, 226

Cecil, Sir Robt., 42, 109, 110, 113, 215 —— Thomas, 111

Chamberlain, Sir W., 196

Chamber, Father (brass), 172

Chantrey (sculptor), 81

Chapman, Geo., 40, 127

Chapple, John, 192

Charlemagne, 186

Charles I., 32, 46, 111, 119, 173, 197, 216 —— II., 32, 105, 176, 210, 216, 220

Chaucer, 39

Chauncy family, 100 —— Sir H, (quoted), 31, 46, 52, 54, 58, 63, 66, 74, 81, 84, 87, 91, 96, 100, 115, 132, 137, 150, 157, 174, 175, 182, 200, 207, 218

Chester family, 61 —— Robt., 173

Churchill, Duke of Marlborough, 199

Citroen, David, 94

Clarendon, Earl of, 43, 143

Clarkson (charity), 60 —— Thomas, 208

Cleve, Rev. John (brass), 230

Clifford, Lord John, 196

Clinton family, 61

Clutterbuck, Robt. (quoted), 31, 180

Clyfford, Eliza. (brass), 56 —— Sir Robt. (brass), 56

Cobb, Rev. J. W., 31

Cock, Sir H., 80 —— (Cok) family (brasses), 231

Cogdell, T. (brass), 46

Coke, Mildred, 111

Conan, Duke of Brittany, 153

Coningsby, Sir R., 151

Cooch, 60

Cooper, Anthony (brass), 219 —— Sir A. Paston, 115 —— Sir A. Paston Paston, 116

Cottenham, Lord, 209

Cotton, Dr., 40, 180, 182 —— Sir J., 154

Courtenay, Henry, 94

Covert, Sir H. (brass), 150

Cowper, Ann, 72 —— family, 42, 121, 143, 161 —— William, 40, 71, 72, 73, 148, 180, 182

Cressye, W. and G. (brasses), 107

Cromwell, Oliver, 32, 120 —— Richard, 86

Crossman, Mr. Alan F., 21

Crouchback, Edmund, 53

Crowch family, 142

Cudworth, 41

Curll, William, 113

Cussans, J. E., 31, 130

Cutts, Sir John, 201

D

Dacre family, 136

Dacres, Robert, 85

David of Scotland, 119

Day family (brass), 169

De Furneaux family, 97, 205

Delawood, W. (brass), 130

Denny, Lady M. (brass), 75

De Ros family, 93

De Toni family, 93

Desborough, Lord, 159

Devereux, Robt., 184

Dickens, Chas., 40, 140

Dickson, Henry (brass), 219

"Dick Turpin," 217

Dion Cassius (quoted), 31

Dixon, Nich. (brass), 85

Docwra family, 145, 162

Doddridge, Rev. P., 41

Dodyngton family (brasses), 177

Dowman family (brass), 155

Duckett, Sir G., 75

Dugdale, quoted, 52, 71, 207

Dyer, Sir W. (brass), 154

E

Ebury, Lord, 42, 169

Edelwine the Black, 45, 166 {Egelwine in text}

Edgar, King, 103, 105, 108

Edmund de Langley, 136, 137 —— of Hadham, 103 —— St., 193

Edward I., 180, 214 —— II., 136, 210 —— III., 72, 82, 85, 103 —— IV., 65, 183 —— VI., 56, 108, 110, 154, 168, 202, 232 —— Black Prince, 72 —— the Elder, 118

Egerton family, 42, 47, 53, 98, 154

Egfrith, 198

Eleanor, Queen, 180, 214

Eliot, John, 227

Elizabeth, Queen, 32, 56, 75, 95, 108, 109, 111, 114, 119, 131, 132, 140, 184, 197, 202, 215

Ellis, Thos. and Grace, 121

Elwes family, 208

Entwysel, Sir B., 182

Eric (Baron Reay), 70

Essex, Earls of (see Capell)

Ethelbert, 186

Etheldred, 223

Etheric, Bishop, 207

Eustace de Mere, 172 —— Earl of Boulogne, 130

Evans, Sir John, K.C.B., 33, 35, 138, 153, 155

Evelyn, John, 26

F

Fanshawe, Sir Rich., 63, 216

Feilde family, 204

Field, Dr. Nat., 41

Fitzroy, James, 169

Flambard, Simon, 103

Flaunden, Thos., 96

Fleetwood, Bishop, 41

Floyer (Flyer?) family, 78

Forester family, 89

Forster, John, 40, 140

Fortescue, Sir Rich., 196

Fouke, Sir B., 95

Fountaine, Andrew, 151

Fox, George, 41, 127

Freeman, Dr., 58

Frewell (Knight), 153

Frowyk family (brasses), 152

G

Garrard, A. G. B. Cherry-, 226 —— Sir J. and Elizabeth, 225

Gaveston, Piers, 41, 136

Geoffrey, Johannes (brass), 198 —— Treasurer, 46

George II., 219 —— III., 209

Gernon, Robt., 144

Gerrard de Furnival, 152

Giacomo Palma, 230

Giant of Weston, 102, 224

Gibbons, Grinling, 220

Gibbs, Mr. A. E., F.L.S. (quoted), 31, 185

Gildas, 178, 186

Giles-Puller, G. B., 124

Glamis, Lord, 43 {Not found in text}

Glascocke, Hon. Sir W., 138

Godwin, Harold, 58, 165

Godwin, Leofwin, 164 —— William, 41, 217

Goisfride de Bech, 145

Goldon, Rich. (brass), 229

Gore family, 100, 104, 210

Gosselin, Miss, 227

Gough the Antiquary, 230

Goulston family, 231

Gray, James (brass), 132

Grimston family, 184, 206

Grimthorpe, Lord, 43, 179, 181, 183, 185, 191

Grose, F. (quoted), 23, 84, 194

Gyll, Geo. (brass), 231

H

Haggard, Mr. H. Rider, 54

Hall, Robert, 135

Halsey family, 98

Hamilton, Hon. Geo., 101 —— Jane, 101

Hampden, Viscount, 42, 136

Hanbury, C. A., 63

Hancock, Col. M., 229

Harcourt family, 48

Hardwicke, Earl, 145

Hardwin de Scalers, 125, 231

Harrington, Sir W., 121

Harrison, Sir John, 120

Harvey, Sir Garrett, 104 {Garratt in text}

Hawksmoor, Nich., 201

Helen, St., 59

Helle, Roger, 136

Henry II., 63, 72 —— III., 83, 85, 136, 168 —— IV., 91, 119 —— V., 91, 119, 141, 200 —— VI., 56, 119, 138, 141, 175, 195, 196 —— VII., 110, 217 —— VIII., 58, 80, 85, 108, 132, 148, 201, 202, 232 —— of Huntingdon, 117

Herkomer, Prof., 106

"Hermit of Herts," 205

Hert, James (brass), 127

Heydon family, 159

Heyworth, John and Joan, 225

Hide family, 48 —— Leonard, 131

Hippolits, St., 134

Hogarth, 143

Holes, Justice (brass), 219

Hollinshed (quoted), 196 {Hollinshead in text}

Hoore family (brass), 92

Hopkinson, Mr. J., F.L.S., 12

Horsley, Bishop, 41

Horwode, Ralph (brass), 46

Hotoft, John (brass), 141

Howard of Escrick, 176

Howe, Lord, 201

Howton family (brass), 230

Hugh of Lincoln, 193

Hughes family (brasses), 134

Humberstone family (brasses), 213

Humphrey, Duke of Gloster, 190 {Gloucester in text} —— Earl, 195

Hutchinson, 48

I

Incent, Dr. John, 71

Isabel of Castile, 136, 137

Isabella of France, 119 —— (2nd wife, Rich. II.), 120

J

Jack o' Legs, 102, 224

James I., 41, 42, 109, 111, 119, 131, 173, 197, 215 —— II., 32, 176

Janeway, James, 135 —— John, 135

Janssens, C., 143, 161, 220

Jennings, Admiral, 61 —— family, 199

Jerrold, Douglas, 140

Joan of Navarre, 91, 119

Jocelin family, 200

Jocelyn, Sir R., 56

John, 125 —— "Gilpin," 217 —— of France, 119 —— of Gaunt, 118

Johnson, Dr., 40, 222

Jones, Inigo, 140

Joyce, Cornet, 32

Julian the Apostate, 36

K

Katharine Tudor, 103, 119, 120 {Katherine in text}

Kemp, Bishop, 103

Ken, Bishop, 41, 73

Kent family (brass), 56

Kesteven, W. (brass), 150

Kit Cat Club, 69

Kneller, 69, 111, 143, 161, 221

Knighton, Sir G., 68

Knolles family (brass), 150

Kybeworth, Thos., 134 {Bybsworth in text}

L

Lacon, Edward and Joanna, 229

Lamb, Chas., 28, 40, 49, 101, 146, 147, 227 —— Mary, 146 —— Sir M., 114

Lambard (brass), 124

Langley, W. (brass), 81

Lanvalei family, 213

Lawes, Sir J. B., 108

Lee family, 209 —— Nathaniel, 40 —— Sir Rich., 185 —— —— W. de la, 46

Lely, 111, 143, 220, 221

Leoni (architect), 169

Leukenor (?), Thos., 224

Leventhorpe family (brasses), 200

Lewin, Earl, 116

Lightfoot (Hebraist), 41 —— J. (brass), 152

Limesy, Ralph, 119, 162

Long, Alderman (brass), 49

Louis XI., 66 —— (Dauphin), 118 —— XVIII., 173

Louthe family (brasses), 121, 207

Loyd, W. J., 142

Lucas, James, 205

Luini, 54

Lushington family, 55

Lyde, Sir L., 57

Lytton, Bulwer, 40, 140 —— family, 139, 140, 141, 144 —— Lord, 42

M

Macaulay, Lord, 40, 55, 171

Magnaville, G. de, 100, 149 —— Sir Hugh de, 149

"Maid of the Mill," 165

Makery, Thos., 147

Manning, Cardinal, 209

Margaret of Anjou, 119, 138, 196 —— Countess, 217

Marjoribanks, Edward, 83

Martin, Mr. T. H., 12

Mary (March. Salisbury), 112 —— Tudor, 56, 108, 110, 137, 202

Mattok (brasses), 127

Matthew of Westminster (quoted) 76 —— Paris (quoted), 40, 158, 166, 179, 186, 192

Maundeville, Sir J., 40

Maurice, Bishop, 74, 228

Mawley, Edward, 12

May, Hugh, 220

Mayne family (brasses), 75

Meetkerke, Sir A., 174

Melbourne, Lord, 42, 114

Miles, General, 85

Miller, Geo. (brass), 219

"Moll Davis," 221

Monk, General, 216

Monmouth (see Fitzroy)

Montacute, 67 —— family, 201

More, Sir Thos., 40, 151

Moreton, Earl, 116

Morison family, 219, 220

Morris, Dr. J., 93

Moss, James (brass), 219

Murillo, 94

Myddleton, Sir Hugh, 10, 50 {Myddelton in text}

N

Needham family, 232

Nevil, Robt. and Elizabeth, 46

Nevill, Archbishop, 169 —— Sir Robt., 147 —— Thos., 56

Neville, Sir Thos., 231

Newce family (brasses), 104

Newmarch, Isabel, 120

Newport, Edward, 78 —— Robt. (brass), 97

Nicholson, Dr. J., 31, 192

Nodes family (brasses), 202

Nollekens (sculptor), 158, 208

Norden, J. (quoted), 11, 102, 116, 117, 134

O

Odo, Bishop, 165

Offa of Mercia, 116, 122, 158, 168, 178, 186

Ogard, Andrew, 175

Oldhall, Sir J., 132

Oudeby, John (brass), 95

Overbury (brass), 144

Owen, John, 65 —— Tudor, 103

P

Paine (architect), 114

Palmerston, Lord, 42

Parker, Dr., 12 —— family (brass), 166

Parr family, 58

Pecok, John and "Maud" (brass), 183 —— Rich. (brass), 167

Peletot, Sir P. (brass), 221

Pemberton, Roger (brass), 181

Penn, William, 41, 87, 168

Penrice, Sir H., 158

Pepys, Sir Lucas, 209 —— Samuel, 26, 65, 164, 217

Percy, Henry, 195

Peri, 162

Perient, J. (brass), 91 —— J., junr. (brass), 92

Peter de Valoignes, 118, 125 —— the Great, 111 —— "Wild Boy," 156

Piers Gaveston, 41, 136

"Piers Shonkes," 78

Pietro Cavalini, 214

Piozzi, Mrs., 158

Pitman, Dr., 148

Pitt, William, 184

Plowden, W. C. M., 68

Plumbe, M. (brass), 231

Plumer, Col. J., 101 —— family, 100 —— William, 101

Pope (quoted), 171 —— Sir T., 109

Portland, Earl, 216

Poyidres, R. (brass), 134 {Poydres in text}

Poynard family (brass), 61

Prescott, Sir G. W., 215

Prest, Johannes, 120

Priestley, Wm., 94 {Priestly in text}

Prior, Matt. (quoted), 128

Pryor, A. Reginald, 15 —— Charity, 60

Pulter family, 89, (brasses) 127

Pygott, T. (brass), 207

Pyke, W. (brass), 85

Pym family, 166

Pyrry family (brasses), 216

R

Radcliffe, F. A. D., 125

Randolph, Thos., 103

Ranelagh, Lady, 111, 120

Ransom, W., 25

Raphael, 160

Raven, J. (brass), 72

Ravenscroft family, 65

Rawdon, Sir M., 129

Raymond, Lord Justice, 46

Read(e) family, 113

Reay, Martha, 93

Reed, Isaac, 50

Rembrandt, 161

Revett (architect), 57

Reynes, Elizabeth, 94

Reynolds, Sir J., 111, 112, 220

Rhodes, Cecil, 74

Richard II., 91, 136, 137, 183 —— Duke of York, 195 —— Earl of Cambridge, 138

Richmond, Countess, 217

Ridley, Bishop, 41, 132, 168

Robert, W. (brass), 92 —— de Olgi, 224 —— —— Sigillo, 46 —— Earl of Ewe, 210

Robins (brass), 183

Robinson, Mrs., 59

Roe, 60

Roesia, Dame, 172

Roger of Wendover, 37 —— the Monk, 148, 156

Romanelli (sculptor), 142

"Rosamund Gray," 227

Rothschild family, 42, 210

Roubeliac (sculptor), 121

Rous, T. B., 170

Rubens, 54, 126, 221

Rumbold, "Hannibal," 175, 176

Russell family, 86, 176, 219

Ryder, H. C. D., 133

Rysbrack (sculptor), 61, 208

S

Sabine, Sir J., 207

Sadleir family, 202 —— Sir Ralph, 42, 202, 203

Salisbury family, 42, 94, 108, 110, 111, 113

Salmon, Nat., 31, 224, 228

Salusbury family, 158

Salvator Rosa, 160

Samwell family (brass), 158

Sandwich, Earl of, 93

Saraye, W. (brass), 204

Saunders, James, 20, 21 —— Thos., 95

Saxony, Duke of, 122

Say, Sir W., 79

Sayer, John, 72, 73

Scales family, 172

Scott, John, 40, 50 —— Sir Gilbert, 82, 96, 143, 180, 182, 191, 192 —— Sir W., 77

Seabrooke family, 107

Seddon, J. P., 59

Selina, Countess, 86, 227

Sexi the Dane, 123

Shaw, Mr. Norman, 76