Time has had revenge upon the Grand Monarch and the usurping tyrant, yet their names must be upon the roll of heroes, since they played a mighty part in the events that make history and cannot suffer oblivion though they have ceased to tower above the subjects they despised. Louis XIV's personality needs the mantle of magnificence which fell from France after the predominance of years. Napoleon can be watched in obscurity and exile till the price of countless victories is estimated more truly now than was possible for his contemporaries. His successor has become a mere tinsel figure meddling with strange impunity with the destinies of Europe, and possessing qualities so little heroic that only his audacious visions and his last great failure make the memory of France's last despotic ruler {231} one that must abide with the memory of those other Revolutionaries of 1848.

Mazzini and Garibaldi receive once more the respect that poverty stripped from them when they led a forlorn cause and gave up home and country. Earthly admiration came too late to console them for the ills of exile and the loss of their beloved, but they both knew that a struggle had not been vain which would leave Italy free. Romance forgets these sons of the South and their brief taste of popular glory. Youth looks further back for idols placed on pinnacles of tradition, despising shabby modern garb and loving the blood-stained suit of armour.

Rousseau has risen triumphant above the strife of tongues that would dispute his claims to the heroic because his life was marred and incomplete. He has credit now for a fierce impersonal love of truth and purity. He is a great teacher and a great philosopher, though none ever placed him among the heroic in action or in character. His cynical contemporary, Voltaire, still has some veil of vague obscurity which hides his brilliance from the world apt to reckon him a mere scoffer and destroyer of beliefs. He has more profound faith perhaps than many who took up the sword to defend religion, but he covered his spirit of tolerance with many cloaks of mockery, ashamed to be a hero in conventional trappings, eager to win recognition for his wit rather than immortality for the courage of the convictions he so firmly held.

Not of equal stature are the heroes looming through the curtain Fate drops before each scene of the world's drama when another play begins. There were selfish aims sometimes in the breasts of the patriotic, worldly ambitions in the Reformers, the lust of persecution {232} in the Saints. Yet these great protagonists of history are easy to distinguish among the crowd of actors who have played their parts. Their words grip the attention, their actions are fraught with real significance, and it is they who win applause when the play is at an end.



{233}

Index

Aboukir, 175, 177 Aboukir Bay, 174 Acre, 175, 177 Addison, 158 Ajaccio, 168, 171 Albizzi, Rinaldo degli, 31 Albizzi, the, 30, 31 Aldgonde, Sainte, 92 Alencon, Prince, 109 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 217, 218, 219, 220, 225 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 225 Alexander, Emperor of Russia, 178 Alexander of Parma, 97 Alexandria, 174 Alexis, 137, 138, 144 Alfonso of Naples, 32 Alighieri, Durante, 21 Alma, Battle of, 209 Alps, the, 207 Alsace, Province of, 215 Alva, Duke of, 82, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 93 Amelia, Daughter of George I, 148 America, discovery of, 40 Amiens, Treaty of, 176 Amsterdam, 93, 139 Anna Karenina, 221 Angelico, Fra, 31 Angelo, Michael, 127 Angouleme, Duchess of, 180 Anita, wife of Garibaldi, 197 Anjou, 18, 45, 106, 111 Anjou, Duke of, 97, 98 Anna of Saxony, Princess, 80 Anne of Austria, 91, 118, 139 Anthony of Bourbon, 103 Antwerp, 86, 91, 95, 98 Apostolato, Popolare, the, 191 Apraxin, Admiral, 142 Aragon, Prince of, 18 Archangel, 138 Arezzo, 22 Aristotle, 16 Armand Jean Duplessis, 116, 117 Arouet, Francois Marie (see Voltaire) Arques, Battlefield, 116 Arrabiati, the, 49 Artois, Count of, 180 Assisi, 14 Athens, Duke of, 30 Auerstaedt, Battle of, 178 Augsburg, 56, 61, 71 Augustine, Saint, 53 Augustus, King of Poland, 142, 149 Augustus, William, 149 Austerlitz, Battle of, 178 Austria, 64, 70, 91, 96, 118, 121, 129, 151, 156, 172, 173, 175, 179, 180, 183, 186, 188, 192, 198, 202, 208, 209, 210 Austria, Emperor of, 202 Azov, 139

Balaclava, Battle of, 209 Bassi, Ugo, 193, 198, 204 Barras, 172 Bartholomew, Saint, Massacre of, 92, 107 Bassompierre, 125 Bastile, the, 125, 157, 171 Bavaria, 150 Bavaria, Dukes of, 14 Bayard, Knight, 67, 68 Bearns, 102 Beatrice, 21, 22, 23, 24, 28 Beauharnais, Eugene, 172, 184 Beauharnais, Hortense, 207 Beauharnais, Josephine, 172, 177, 207 "Beggars, The," 84, 85, 86, 90, 92, 94, 95 Beghards, the, 13 Begue, Lambert Le, 13 Beguines, 13 Behrs, Sophia, 221 Belgium, 211 Bellerophon, the, 182 Berlaymont, 83, 84 Berlin, 145, 160, 178 Berne, 174 Biagrasse, La, 67 Bianchi, the, 24 Bismarck, Herr Otto von, 210, 215 Bluecher, 182 Bohemia, 152, 201 Bologna, 20, 26, 42, 69 Bonaparte, Charles, 169 Bora, Catherine von, 60 Bordeaux, 215 Borodino, Battle of, 180 Borsi, Marquis, 41 Botticelli, 38, 39 Boulogne, 178 Bourbon, 102 Bourbon, Constable of, 67, 68 Bourges, Archbishop of, 13 Brabant, Duke of, 86, 98 Brandenburg, Elector of, 145 Brederode, noble, 83, 84 Brienne, 169 Brill, 92 Brussels, 71, 83, 84, 88, 96 Buonaparte, Jerome, 179 Buonaparte, Joseph, 179 Buonaparte, Louis, 179 Burgundy, 64, 65

Cairo, 174 Cajetan, Papal Legate, 56 Calais, 73 Calas, 164 Calvin, John, 100, 163 Cambalet, Marquis of, 126 Camicia Rossa, the, 197 Camisaders, the, 93 Campanile, the, 32 Cambalet, Madame de, 127 Cane della Scala, 28, 29 Canossa, 14 Caprera, 201 Carbonari, the, 185, 186, 187, 188 Carlyle, 191 Casimir, John, 97 Cateau Cambresis, 75 Catherine de Medici, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110 Catherine of Aragon, 64, 66 Catherine, Queen, 140, 143 Catholic League, the, 112, 114 Cavalcanti, Guido, 23 Cavour, Count, 199, 200, 201, 202, 205, 206 Cencio, 15 Cerchi, the, 21, 24 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 192, 194, 196, 201 Charles I of England, 122, 129 Charles II of England, 133 Charles II of Spain, 132 Charles V, 57, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78, 80, 100 Charles VI of Austria, 150 Charles VII, 67 Charles VII, Emperor, 151 Charles VIII of France, 45, 46, 47 Charles IX, 101, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109 Charles X, 186 Charles XII of Sweden, 140, 142, 145, 149, 152 Charles, Count of Anjou, 18, 45 Chartres, 114 Chatelet, Marquis du, 159, 160 Chevreuse, Madame de, 124 Chievres, Flemish Councillor, 66 Chillon, Marquis de (see Richelieu), 117 Christ, 10, 38, 54, 58 Christianity, 11 Ciompi, the, 30 Cirey, 159, 160 Civil Code, the, 176 Cloth of Gold, Field of the, 65 Colbert, 130, 135 Coligny, Admiral de, 98, 99, 106, 107, 108 Columbus, Christopher, 64 Commune, the, 166 Compiegne, 208 Concini, 118, 119 Concordat, the, 176 Conde (Enghien), General, 129, 133, 137 Conde, Prince de, 106 Confessions, Tolstoy's, 224 Conrad, 18 Conradin, 18 Constantinople, 12, 32 "Continental System," the, 180 Corneille, 131 Corsica, island, 168, 170, 171 Cosimo dei Medici, 31, 33, 33, 34 Cossacks, the, 221 "Council of Trouble" (Blood), 89, 91 Crimea, the, 200, 209 Cromwell, Protector, 170 Crusades, the, 11

D'Aiguillon (see Madame de Cambalet) D'Albert of Navarre, 65 Dante Alighieri, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 187, 228 Delft, 95, 98 De Luynes, 119, 120 Denis, Madame, 161, 162 Deptford, 139 Desaix, General, 175 Dettingen, Battle of, 151 Devin du Village, Le, play, 165 Diet of Spires, 61 Diet of Worms, 57, 58 Dijon, 101 Directory, the, 173, 174 Divine Comedy, the, 28, 29, 229 Domenico, Fra, 49, 50, 51 Dominic, Saint, 13, 42, 230 Dominicans, 13, 43 Donati, Lucrezia, 34 Donati, the, 21, 23, 24, 26 Don John, 96, 97 Doukhobors, the, 225 Dresden, Treaty of, 152 Dreux, 113 Duc d'Enghien, 129 Duplessis, Armand Jean, 116

Egmont, Count, 79, 80, 81, 85, 87, 88, 89 Egypt, 174, 175, 177 Eisenach, 57 Eisleben, 52, 62 Elba, 180, 181, 182 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 90, 95, 97, 106, 108 Emile, 165 Enghien (Conde) (see Conde, General) England, 63, 65, 69, 122, 135, 150, 152, 153, 157, 168, 172, 175, 176, 180, 182, 209, 211 Epernon, General, 119 Erasmus, 55, 60 Erfurt, 52, 56, 223 Eric, Duke of Brunswick, 58 Eugenie, Empress, 208, 211, 212 Evelyn, John, 139

Faesulae, 20 Farinata degli Uberti, 19 Fenelon, Priest, 134 Ferdinand, 63 Ferdinand I, 184, 192, 200, 205 Ferdinand II, Emperor, 126 Ferdinand of Bohemia, 120 Ferney, 162 Ferrara, 41 Fet, Poet, 222 Flanders, 81, 135 Fleury, General, 202 Florence, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 44, 46, 47, 48, 49, 51 Flushing, 92 France, 17, 25, 27, 45, 63, 65, 66, 67, 69, 70, 74, 75, 85, 92, 95, 103, 109, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 126, 129, 130, 131, 135, 150, 152, 153, 168, 172, 175, 176, 201, 203, 207, 216 Francis I of France, 57, 63, 64, 65, 67, 68, 113 Francis II of Austria, 184, 202, 205 Francis Joseph II, Emperor, 202, 205 Francis, Saint, 13, 230 Franciscans, 13 Frankfort, 54, 61, 151, 180 Frankfort, Treaty of, 215 Frate, the, 27 Frederick II, 15, 17, 18 Frederick II, of Brandenburg and Hohenzollern, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 156, 160, 161, 178 Frederick, Elector of Saxony, 53, 55, 64 Frederick, Elector Palatine, 120 Frederick, Prince of Wales, 148 Frederick William I, 145, 146, 147, 148, 154, 156 Fronde, La, 129 Frondeurs, the, 129

Galitzin, 137, 138 Gambetta, 213, 215 Gaston, brother of Louis XIII, 124 Garibaldi, 193, 196, 197, 198, 199, 201, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 210, 230 Gay, 158 Gemma, 23 Geneva, 162, 164, 165, 166, 190 Genoa, 12, 168, 186, 189 George I of England, 148 George II of England, 151 Germany, 61, 62, 69, 70, 74, 85, 100, 154, 218 Ghent, Pacification of, 96 Ghibellines, 14, 16, 19, 22, 25 Giotto, 32 Giuliano, 38, 39 Gordon, Patrick, 140 Granvelle, Cardinal, 78, 79, 81 Greece, 175 Grenoble, 181 Grisi, 191 Guelfs, the, 14, 15, 16, 19, 22 Guise, Duke of, 103, 107 Guise, Henry of, 102, 108, 109, 112

Haarlem, 93, 94 Hamburg, 61 Henry II of France, 71, 75, 109 Henry III of France, 110, 112, 114 Henry IV of Germany, 14 Henry IV of France, 114, 116 Henry VI, 15 Henry VIII, 59, 63, 64, 65, 70 Henry of Anjou, 106, 111 Henry d'Albret, 113 Henry de Bourbon, 105 Henry of Guise, 102, 108, 111 Henry of Luxemburg, Emperor, 27, 28 Henry of Navarre, 97, 104, 106, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 115 Henry, Prince of Bourbon, 102, 104 Henry of Valois, 112 Hohenlinden, Battle of, 175 Hohenstaufen, House of, 15, 17 Hohenzollern, House of, 210 Holland, 83, 85, 93, 95, 96, 98, 133, 179 Holy Land, 12 Holy Wars, 12 Homer, 28 Hoorn, Admiral, 85, 86, 89 Hubertsburg, 153 Huguenots (Confederates), 101, 102, 108, 118, 120, 123 Hungary, 65

Imola, Tower of, 37 India, 153, 174 "Indulgences," 54 Inferno, the, 26, 27, 29 Inkerman, Battle of, 209 Inquisition, the, 70, 76, 82, 83 Isabella, 63 Isabella of Portugal, 67 Italy, 12, 15, 17, 20, 27, 42, 45, 64, 67, 69, 122, 127, 173, 174, 175, 183, 184, 185, 186, 188, 189, 191, 192, 200, 201, 202, 203, 206, 207, 210 Ivan, half-brother of Peter the Great, 137 Ivan the Fool, 223 Ivry, Battlefield, 116

Jaffa, 175 Jansenists, the, 163 Jarnac, Battle of, 104 Je l'ai vu, play, 157 Jena, 59, 178 Jerusalem, 12, 15 Jesuits, the, 163 Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella, 63 John of Austria, 96

Katte, Lieutenant von, 149 Kleber, 177 Kneller, Sir Godfrey, 139 Knox, John, 100

La Barre, 164 Ladies' Peace, The, 68 Lambert Le Begue, 13 Landgrave of Hesse, 70 "League of the Compromise," 82, 83 Leboeuf, Marshal, 211 Lefort, 138 Legion of Honour, the, 176 Leibnitz, 159 Leipzig, Battle of, 180 Leo X, Pope, 54, 55 Leonora, wife of Concini, 118, 119 Leopold, Prince, 210, 211 Lesser Brothers, 14 Leszczynski, Stanislaus, 142 Lettres anglaises, 158 Leuthen, 152 Leyden, 94 Lille, Battle of, 135 Lisle, Rouget de, 176 Livonia, 140 Livy, 32 Locke, 158 Lombardy, 43, 68, 184, 202, 203 Longwy, Fortress of, 215 Lorenzo, Church of San, 32 Lorenzo the Magnificent, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38-41, 43, 229 Lorraine, Province of, 215 Louis XI, 65 Louis XIII, 118, 119, 122, 124, 127 Louis XIV, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 137, 154, 230 Louis XVI, 165, 176, 180, 208 Louis XVIII, 180 Louis, Count of Nassau, 82, 90, 92, 93, 94, 96 Louis de Bourbon, 103, 104 Louis Philippe, King, 86, 207, 208 Louis, Saint, of France, 113 Louvain, 89 Louvre, the, 104, 117, 130 Low Countries, the, 63, 74, 75, 78, 80, 82, 87, 89, 90, 93 Lowe, Sir Hudson, 182 Lucerne, 218 Lucon, Bishop of, 117, 118, 119, 120 Ludovico, 37 Lulli, 132 Luneville, Treaty of, 176 Luther, Johnny, 60 Luther, Martin, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59 60, 61, 62, 69, 70, 100, 229 Luxemburg, 211 Luxemburg, Henry of, 27 Lyons, 17, 181

Madrid, 67 Madrid, Treaty of, 68 Magenta, Battle of, 202 Maggiore, Lake, 201 Magyars, 10 Mahomet, 9 Maintenon, Madame de, 133, 134, 136 Malines, 93 Malta, 69, 174, 175 Mameli, poet, 193 Manfred, 18 Manin, President of Venice, 198 Mantua, Duke of, 122 Marboeuf, 169 Marches, the, 206 Marco, San, 39, 41, 43, 48, 49, 50, 229 Marengo, Battle of, 175 Margaret of Parma, 78, 80, 83, 84, 86, 88, 89 Margaret of Valois, 104, 105, 106, 108 Margrave of Baireuth, 149 Maria Theresa, 132, 150, 151, 152, 153, 156, 172 Marie Antoinette, 166, 172, 208 Marie de Medici, 119, 123, 125, 126, 127 Marie Louise, 177, 179, 180, 184 Marillac, Marshal, 125 Marino, San, 184 Marlborough, Duke of, 135 Marly, 131 Marmont, 173 Marsala, 204 Marseillaise, the, 176 Marseilles, 188 Martino, San, 21, 202 Mary, Queen of Scots, 101 Mary, Princess, 66 Matthias, Archduke, 96 Maurice, Duke of Saxony, 70, 71, 80 Maximilian, Emperor, 20 Mayenne, 113 Mazarin, 129, 131, 132 Mazarins, the, 129, 130 Mazeppa, Hetman, 142 Mazzini, Guiseppe, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190, 191, 192, 193, 196, 199, 201, 222, 231 Medici, Cosimo dei, 31, 32, 33, 34 Medici, Lorenzo dei, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 48 Medici, Piero, dei, 44, 45, 47 Medici, the, 30, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38, 45, 66, 109 Menshikof, 140 Mentana, Battle of, 210 Metternich, Prince, 184, 185 Metz, 212, 215 Mexico, 210 Middelburg, 92 Milan, 20, 35, 36, 37, 64, 65, 66, 67, 174, 192, 202 Milan, Duchess of, 35, 37 Milan, Duke of, 35, 36 Miloslavski, Mary, 137 Miloslavski, Sophia, 137, 138, 143 Mirandola, Pico della, 42, 43 Modena, 184 Moliere, 131, 162 Moltke, General von, 211, 212 Molwitz, Battle of, 151 Mons, 93, 97 Monsieur, Peace of, 109 Montebello, Battle of, 201 Monte Video, 197 Montigny, son of Hoorn, 91, 92 Montpensier, Duchess of, 111 Moreau, General, 175 Moscow, 137, 141, 180, 222 Muhlberg, 70 Murat, General, 184

Namur, 96 Nantes, Edict of, 114, 133 Naples, 16, 18, 32, 36, 39, 45, 63, 65, 66, 184, 191, 200 Napoleon Buonaparte, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 188, 189, 196, 230 Napoleon, Louis, 193, 201, 207, 208 Napoleon III, 201, 202, 203, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215 Narva, 140 Naryshkin, Nathalie, 137 Nassau, 82 Navarre, 97, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 109, 110, 112, 113, 115, 116 Navarre, d'Albert of, 65 Navarre, Princesse de, 159 Nelson, 174, 178 Neri, the, 24 Netherlands, the, 66, 70, 71, 74, 75, 77, 78, 82, 83, 86, 87, 88, 90, 91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 133 Neva, river, 141, 142 New Learning, 63 Newton, 158, 159 New World, 64 Nice, 203 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 216, 218 Niemen, 178 Nihilists, the, 225 Notre Dame, Cathedral of, 118, 129 Nouvelle Heloise, La, play, 165 Novara, Battle of, 196, 200 Nuremburg, 61

Oepide, tragedy, 157 Orange, Prince of (see William) Orleans, Duke of, 186 Orsini, Clarice, 34

Palermo, 16, 204, 205 Paoli, 168, 169 Papacy, the, 14, 15, 18, 52, 56, 66, 70 Paradiso, the, 28 Paris, 27, 59, 101, 105, 107, 112, 113, 114, 119, 157, 158, 162, 167, 171, 181, 186, 208, 212, 213 Paris, the Congress of, 200 Parma, Duchess of, 79, 85 Parma, Duke of, 113 Pauline, sister of Napoleon, 199 Pavia, 67 Pazzi, Carro dei, 37 Pazzi, banking-house of, 37, 38, 39, 40 Pazzi Conspiracy, 36 Pazzi, Francesco dei, 37 Peter, Prince of Aragon, 18 Petersburg, Saint, 141, 142, 144, 145 Peter the Great, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 226 Philip, Archduke of Austria, 64 Philip II, Emperor of Spain, 71, 75, 76, 77, 81, 84, 87, 88, 89, 92, 93, 97, 98, 105, 113, 118 Philip IV of Spain, 122 Philip, King of France, 25 "Piagnoni" (Snivellers), 47, 49, 50 Piedmont, 184, 189, 193, 199, 200 Pilo, Rosalino, 204, 205 Pisa, 12 Pisa, Archbishop of, 30, 39 Pisa, Lord of, 28 Pistoia, 24 Pitt, William, 178 Pius IV, 41 Pius VII, 184 Plasencia, city of, 72 Plato, 32 Plautus, 53 Poitou, 117 Poland, 150, 216 Poland, King of, 141, 142 Polikoushka, 218 Poltava, Battle of, 142 Pomerania, province, 152 Pompadour, Madame de, 158, 166 Pont Neuf, 117 Pope Alexander VI, 45, 48 Pope Boniface, 25 Pope Clement VII, 68 Pope Gregory VII, 14 Pope Gregory IX, 15, 16 Pope Innocent IV, 16, 43, 44 Pope Julius, 68 Pope Leo X, 54, 66 Pope Sixtus IV, 36, 42 Pope, the, 14, 16, 37, 41, 47, 48, 53, 62, 64, 69, 173, 208 Portinari, the, 21 Portinari, Beatrice, 22 Portugal, 67, 105, 133, 179 Portugal, King of, 105 Potsdam, 160, 161 Potsdam Guards, 145, 146 Poussin, 127 Power of Darkness, the 223 "Pragmatic Sanction", the, 150 Prague, 152 Preaching Brothers, 14 Pressburg, 151 Prior, 158 Protestants, 61, 78, 86, 92, 93, 109, 114, 122 Prussia, 145, 148, 150, 152, 153, 156, 160, 180, 209, 210, 211, 215 Puglia, Francesco da, 49, 50 Purgatorio, the, 28 Pyrenees, Treaty of, 130

Quatre, Henri, 113

Racine, 131 Radetsky, Field-Marshal, 195 Ramboullet, Julie de, 127 Ramolino, 189 Ramolino, Letitia, 168 Ravaillac, 115 Ravenna, 29 Requesens, Don Luis, 94, 95 Resurrection, Tolstoy's, 226 Revival of Letters, 55 Revolution, French, 155, 170 Rheims, 114 Rheinsburg, Castle of, 149 Rhodes, 69 Riario, 37, 38 Richelieu, Cardinal, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 129 Rochelle, La, 109, 121 Rocroy, Battle of, 129 Rohan, Chevalier, 157 Rohan, Duke of, 122 Roman Emperor, the Holy, 64 Roman Empire, 68 Rome, 13, 15, 20, 24, 35, 38, 47, 54, 55, 56, 61, 101, 117, 121, 195, 196, 197, 198, 204, 207, 210 Roon, General von, 212 Rossbach, Battle of, 152 Rotondo, Monte, Battle of, 210 Rouen, 103 Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 164, 165, 166, 167, 230 Ruel, 127 Ruffini, Jacopo, 189, 191 Russia, 139, 141, 142, 152, 156, 172, 179, 180, 200, 209, 217, 219, 224 Ryssel, 79 Ryswick, Peace of, 135

Sadowa, Battle of, 209, 210 Saint Augustine, Order of, 53 Saint-Cyr, Convent of, 133 Saint Dominic, 13, 42, 230 Saint Francis, 13, 230 Salemi, city of, 204 Salviati, Archbishop, 38 Sansoni, Cardinal Raffaelle, 38 San Yuste, Monastery of, 71, 72 Sardinia, 184, 198, 199, 201, 204, 205 Sardinia, King of, 184, 194, 196, 204, 205 Savonarola, Girolamo, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 57, 228 Savoy, 69, 122, 190, 203 Savoy, Duchy of, 184, 198, 206 Saxony, 59, 70, 80, 150, 152, 179 Saxony, Elector of, 53, 58, 61, 70, 87 Sayes Court, 139 Scala, Cane della, 28 Scarron, Poet, 133 Sebastopol, Siege of, 217, 223 Sedan, Battle of, 212 Segovia, Castle of, 91 Seine, river, 9 Selim, 65 Sepulchre, the Holy, 11 Servetus, 100 Sforza, Galeazzo, 35, 37 Sicily, 63, 184, 191, 204, 205, 206 Silent, William the (see William) Silesia, 150, 151, 152, 153 Simone de Bardi, 22 Social Contract, the, 165 Solferino, Battle of, 202 Soliman the Magnificent, 69 Sorbonne, the, 101, 112 Spain, 63, 64, 67, 70, 76, 78, 81, 86, 87, 90, 91, 97, 105, 118, 122, 126, 130, 133, 150, 179, 210 Spain, King of, 86, 104 Speyer, Diet of, 61 Staeel, Madame de, 180 States-General, the, 81, 95, 96 Staupnitz, 53 St Bartholomew, Massacre of, 92, 107 St Helena, 182 St Jerome, brothers of, 72 St John, Knights of, 69 St Peter's, 16, 53, 54 Streltsy, the, 138, 139 Sully, 114 Susa, Pass of, 123 Swabia, 14, 18 Swarte, John de, 79 Sweden, 141, 142 Swift, Jonathan, 157 Switzerland, 190 Syria, 175

Tetzel, 54, 55 Thiers, Monsieur, 215 Thionville, Fortress of, 215 Third Estate, the, 158 Thirty Years' War, 126 Tilsit, Treaty of, 178, 180 Titelmann, Peter, 78 Titian, 72 Toledo, Duke of Alva, 88 Toleration, Edicts of, 111 Tolstoy, Countess, 223 Tolstoy, Count Leo, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227 Torriano, 73 Toulon, 172 Tours, 213 Trafalgar, Battle of, 178 Trianon, village, 166 "Troubles, Council of," 89 Tuileries, the, 104, 180, 181, 210 Turenne, General 133, 137 Turgeniev, novelist, 217, 221 Turin, 206 Turkey, 140, 142, 200, 208, 217 Tuscany, 19, 184, 192 Tyrol, the, 201

Uguccione, Lord of Pisa, 28 Umbria, 206 United States, 198 Urbino, Duke of, 37

Valladolid, 76 Valois, Henry of, 112 Vassy, 103 Vatican, the, 117 Venetia, 202 Venice, 12, 20, 36, 184, 198, 203, 205, 206, 210 Vergil, 27, 28, 53 Verona, 28 Versailles, 130, 131, 132, 134, 154, 159, 213, 215 Victor Emmanuel II, 196, 198, 202, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207 Victor Emmanuel, King, 184 Vienna, 183, 185, 192, 198 Voltaire, 136, 156, 157, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 231 Volterra, town of, 36, 38, 40 Volturno, Battle of, 206

Waiblingen (Ghibellines), 14 Walcheren, 92, 95 War and Peace, 221 Warsaw, 216 Waterloo, Battle of, 182 Weaving Brothers, 13 Weimar, 57 Welf, 14 Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 179, 182 Wellington, Duke of (see Wellesley) Westphalia, 179 Wilhelm I, Emperor, 210, 211, 212, 213, 215 Wilhelmina, 147, 148, 149 Wilhelmus van Nassouwen, 92 William III of England, 135, 139 William, Prince of Orange, 75, 79, 80, 81, 83, 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 103, 108, 229 William the Stadtholder, 135 Wittenburg, 53, 55, 56, 58, 59, 62 Wolsey, Cardinal, 65 Worms, 57, 58, 61, 69 Woerth, Battle of, 212

Yasnaya Polyana, 219, 221, 223

Zaandem, 139 Zealand, 93, 95, 96, 98 Zierickzee, 95 Zorndorf, Battle of, 152 Zutphen, 93

THE END