Such, I think, is the spirit, the permanent principle of these two books. That remains and increases. The conception of the process by which the New Republic shall be built is less constant, and Mr Wells will change his opinions concerning it for just so long as he continues to grow. Should he ever adopt an inalterable policy, subscribe to some "ism," and wear a label, he would brand himself truly as inconsistent. Then, indeed, he would have contradicted himself. We search for truth never hoping to find it complete and whole; and he who is contented with a part denies God....

A Modern Utopia (1905) is an attempt to picture "The New Republic" in being; a very different dream of reconstruction from that displayed in Edward Bellamy's Looking Backward, and Equality, but having nevertheless certain points of likeness to the former at least, and especially in the method of marking contrasts by a form of parallelism, by keeping the world as we know it within the circle of attention in order to break the paralysing illusion that we are moving in romantic and quite impossible surroundings. Mr Wells' machinery is slightly complicated. He takes two figures from the beginning of this twentieth century. The Owner of the Voice ("you will go with him through curious and interesting experience. Yet, ever and again, you will find him back at the table, the manuscript in his hand ...") and the "botanist," a foil and a stimulator to the other expositor. "The image of a cinematograph entertainment is the one to grasp," writes Mr Wells in his preliminary explanation. "There will be an effect of these two people going to and fro in front of the circle of a rather defective lantern, which sometimes jams and sometimes gets out of focus, but which does occasionally succeed in displaying on a screen a momentary moving picture of Utopian conditions."

I think Mr Wells tried very valiantly to avoid the all too obvious mistake made by other Utopian builders, both romantic and practical. He began, I feel sure, with the admirable intention of depicting the people of the early twentieth century in new conditions, changed only in so far as they were influenced by the presentation of finer ideals and by more beautiful circumstance. He even introduced a contemporary critic of Utopian conditions in the shape of the talkative person, "a conscious Ishmaelite in the world of wit, and in some subtly inexplicable way a most consummate ass." But once we begin to postulate our Utopian villains, the reader's thought is distracted from the contemplation of the heroic which is the cement that binds every stone in the visionary city. In order to change conditions it is necessary to change much in the present cast of human nature. In a fiction of Utopia there is no place for a Napoleon, a Rockefeller, or an ambition-swelled Imperialist. So Mr Wells is driven with various hesitations and resentments to assume that the interactions of cause and effect have indeed tended to produce a sweeter-tempered, more generous race of men and women; that the spirit which moves us now to seek a larger liberty and a greater tolerance has been encouraged and increased by the exercise of its own tendencies and the sight of its own triumphs; and that those who set their minds to the building gain an added grace in the labour. It is a perfectly fair and consistent assumption, but Mr Wells has been warned by his predecessors, from Robert Owen back to Plato and forward to Edward Bellamy, that the designs for Utopia have always been flawed by an altered conception of the humanity that walks within the city; and he has begun by trying to avoid a fallacy and ended by begging a question that he might very well have convincingly argued.

By many people A Modern Utopia is definitely labelled as the "Samurai" book. That conception of a natural aristocracy of spirit and ability did indeed return upon its creator in the form of an object lesson that filled him with a disgust for what was really a fine ideal, only too temptingly displayed. So many of his readers, and particularly his younger readers, formed the wish to become "Samurai" without more ado, a high office for which none of them, perhaps, had the ability or the determination to fill. For Utopias take even longer to build than Rome or London. But the plan is there—vague and tentative as the original scheme of a Gothic cathedral, a plan to be continually modified and changed in its most important features; and the building has begun....

The last books that can strictly fall into the present category are The Future of America (1906) and New Worlds for Old (1908). The former is rather a record of impressions than the attempt at prophecy which the title and the first chapter indicate; and the final conclusion is too hesitating even to convince us that America has a future. "I came to America questioning the certitudes of progress," Mr Wells says in his Envoy. "For a time I forgot my questionings, I sincerely believed, 'These people can do anything,' and, now I have it all in perspective, I have to confess that doubt has taken me again." And without question he has changed his opinion with regard to many of the observations he made nine years ago. I sincerely hope he has.

New Worlds for Old is quite definitely a book of suggestions with regard to certain aspects of socialism. It is the most practical of all the sociological books, and makes so strong an appeal to the buried common-sense of even prejudiced readers, that a devoted Primrose Leaguer to whom I lent my copy was quite seriously disturbed in mind for nearly a week after he had read it. Fortunately for his own peace, he found an answer that permitted him comfortably to avoid the perpetual burden of an active responsibility. He thought that "Socialism would be all right in a perfect world," or words to that effect; and it was quite evident to him that the effort to make some small contribution towards raising the standard of human idealism was no part of his duty. In any case he greatly preferred the solid assurance of the Primrose League. And, speaking generally, as I have tried to do throughout, I find that New Worlds for Old presents a clearer indication to the possible path for the idealist than any of the other sociological essays. Mankind in the Making dealt very largely with education directed to a particular end, but in the book I am now considering may be found certain outlets for the expression of the less consistently strenuous. Education, whether of individual children in the home or regarded as a function of the State, offers continual perplexities that only the most resolute can confront day by day with renewed zeal; the problems of collective ownership are less confused by psychology, and the broad principles may be adopted and the energy of the young believer directed towards the accomplishment of minor detail. He may, for example, find good reason for the nationalising of the milk supply without committing himself to any broader theory of expropriation.

Finally I come to the collection of various papers issued in 1914 under the title An Englishman Looks at the World—a book that I may pass with the comment that it exhibits Mr Wells in his more captious moods, deliberately more captious in some instances, no doubt, inasmuch as the various papers were written for serial publication—and that Confession of Faith and Rule of Life, published in 1907 as First and Last Things. The opening is unnecessarily complicated by the exposition of a metaphysic that is quite uncharacteristic and has little to do with the personal exposition that follows; and, indeed, I feel with regard to the whole work that it attempts to define the indefinable. I deprecate the note of finality implied in the title. "It is as it stands now," I read in the Introduction, "the frank confession of what one man of the early Twentieth Century has found in life and himself," but that man has found much since then, and will continue to find much as he grows continually richer in experience. So that while no student of Wells' writings can afford to overlook First and Last Things, I would warn him against the danger of concluding that in that book he will find at last the ultimate expression of character and belief, set out in the form of a categorical creed. Again I find a spirit and overlook the letter. I choose to take as representative such a passage as the following, with all its splendid vagueness and lack of dogma, rather than a definite expression of belief that Mr Wells does not believe in a personal immortality. This passage runs: "It seems to me that the whole living creation may be regarded as walking in its sleep, as walking in the sleep of individualised illusion, and that now out of it all rises man, beginning to perceive his larger self, his universal brotherhood, and a collective synthetic purpose to increase Power and realise Beauty...."

* * * * *

And now that I have attempted my interpretation, I look back and confess that it is a very personal reading of my subject. I may have sought too eagerly for all those passages in which I found a note that roused in me the most thrilling response. I may have omitted to display vital issues that more truly characterise H.G. Wells than the appealing urgencies, idealisms, and fluencies that I have found most sympathetic and most admirable. But if I appear to have done him an injustice in some particulars, it is rather because I have been absorbed by the issue I sought to reveal, than because I deliberately weighed and rejected others. This short essay can be no more than an introduction to the works it describes. It was never intended to be critical. I have had no intention of discussing technique, nor of weighing Mr Wells against his contemporaries in any literary scale. But I have attempted to interpret the spirit and the message that I have found in his books; and I have made the essay in the hope that any reader who may consequently be stirred to read or to re-read Wells will do so with a mind prepared to look below the surface expression.

I feel no shade of hesitation when I say that H.G. Wells is a great writer. His fecundity, his mastery of language, his comprehension of character are gifts and abilities that certain of his contemporaries have in equal, or in some particulars in larger measure. But he alone has used his perfected art for a definite end. He has not been content to record his observations of the world as he has seen it, to elaborate this or that analysis of human motive, or to relate the history of a few selected lives. He has done all this, but he has done infinitely more by pointing the possible road of our endeavour. Through all his work moves the urgency of one who would create something more than a mere work of art to amuse the multitude or afford satisfaction to the critic. His chief achievement is that he has set up the ideal of a finer civilisation, of a more generous life than that in which we live; an ideal that, if it is still too high for us of this generation, will be appreciated and followed by the people of the future.



A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF H.G. WELLS' PRINCIPAL WRITINGS

Select Conversations with an Uncle (Lane). 1895.

The Time Machine—An Invention (Heinemann). 1895.

*The Stolen Bacillus and Other Stories (Macmillan). 1895.

The Wonderful Visit (Dent). 1895.

The Island of Dr Moreau (Heinemann). 1896.

The Wheels of Chance (Dent). 1896.

*The Plattner Story (Macmillan). 1897.

The Invisible Man (MacMillan). 1897.

The War of the Worlds (Heinemann). 1898.

When the Sleeper Wakes (Nelson). 1899.

Afterwards published (1911) in a revised and altered edition, as "The Sleeper Awakes."

*Tales of Space and Time (Macmillan). 1899.

Love and Mr Lewisham (Macmillan). 1900.

Certain Personal Matters (Unwin). 1901.

Anticipations of the Reaction of Mechanical and Scientific Progress upon Human Life and Thought (Chapman & Hall). 1901.

The First Men in the Moon (Macmillan). 1901.

The Discovery of the Future (A Lecture given at the Royal Institute). 1902.

The Sea Lady—A Tissue of Moonshine. 1902.

Mankind in the Making (Chapman & Hall). 1903.

*Twelve Stories and a Dream (Macmillan). 1903.

The Food of the Gods and How it Came to Earth (Macmillan). 1904.

A Modern Utopia (Nelson). 1905.

Kipps—The Story of a Simple Soul (Macmillan). 1905.

In the Days of the Comet (Macmillan). 1906.

The Future in America—A Search after Realities (Chapman & Hall). 1906.

First and Last Things—A Confession of Faith and Rule of Life (Constable). 1907.

The Misery of Boots (Fabian Tract). 1907.

Socialism and Marriage (Fabian Tract). 1908.

New Worlds for Old (Constable). 1908.

The War in the Air (Bell). 1908.

Tono-Bungay (Macmillan). 1909.

Ann Veronica—A Modern Love Story (Unwin). 1909.

The History of Mr Polly (Nelson). 1910.

The New Machiavelli (Lane) 1910.

The Country of the Blind and Other Stories (Nelson). 1911.

Floor Games (A book about play for children) (Palmer). 1911.

Socialism and the Great State (A contribution by H.G. Wells. The book is written by fifteen authors) (Harper). 1911.

Marriage (Macmillan). 1912.

The Passionate Friends—A Novel (Macmillan). 1913.

Little Wars (A book about play for children) (Palmer). 1913.

An Englishman Looks at the World (Cassell). 1914.

The World Set Free—A Story of Mankind (Macmillan). 1914.

The volumes marked * are collections of short stories, the best of which were republished in "The Country of the Blind," 1911.

NOTE.—Some of these volumes have been published under different titles in the U.S.A. (See American Bibliography.)



AMERICAN BIBLIOGRAPHY

Island of Dr Moreau (Duffield). 1896.

Invisible Man (Harper). 1898.

Thirty Strange Stories (Harper). 1898.

When the Sleeper Wakes [English title, "The Sleeper Awakes."] (Harper). 1899.

Anticipations (Harper). 1902.

Discovery of the Future (Smithsonian Institute Washington). 1903.

Discovery of the Future (Huebsch). 1913.

Food of the Gods and How it Came to Earth (Scribners). 1904.

Love and Mr Lewisham (Stokes). 1904.

Mankind in the Making (Scribners). 1904.

Modern Utopia (Scribners). 1905.

Twelve Stories and a Dream (Scribners). 1905.

Kipps (Scribners). 1905.

Future in America (Harper). 1906.

Time Machine—An Invention (Holt & Company). 1906.

In the Days of the Comet (Century Company). 1906.

First and Last Things (Putnams). 1908.

New Worlds for Old (Macmillan Company). 1908-13.

Socialism and the Family (Ball Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts). 1908.

This Misery of Boots (Ball Publishing Company, Boston, Massachusetts). 1908.

War in the Air (Macmillan Company). 1908.

War in the Air (Grosset & Dunlap). 1910.

Ann Veronica (Harper). 1909.

Select Conversations with an Uncle (Saalfield Publishing Company, Akron, Ohio). 1909.

Tono-Bungay (Duffield). 1909.

War of the Worlds (Harper). 1909.

History of Mr Polly (Duffield). 1910.

History of Mr Polly (Grosset & Dunlap). 1912.

New Machiavelli (Duffield). 1910.

Door in the Wall and Other Stories (Mitchell Kennerley). 1911.

Floor Games (Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts). 1912.

Socialism and the Great State (Harper). 1912. (See page 119.)

Marriage (Duffield). 1912.

Little Wars (Small, Maynard & Company, Boston, Massachusetts). 1913.

Passionate Friends (Harper). 1913.

Wheels of Chance—A Bicycling Idyll (Macmillan Company). 1913. Illustrated by F.A. Symington. [English title, "The Wheels of Chance: A Holiday Adventure."]

The Wonderful Visit (E.P. Dutton & Company). 1914.

Social Forces in England and America (Harper). 1914.

The World Set Free (E.P. Dutton & Company). 1914.



INDEX

Ann Veronica, 65, 76 Anticipations, 99

Bebel, 100 Bellamy, Edward, 105 Bromley, 13

Capital and Labour, 35 Characterisation, 60 Common-sense, 98 Comte, 97 Country of the Blind, The, 29, 55

Dynasts, The, 40

Education, 111 Englishman Looks at the World, An, 112

Fabre, Henri, 63 Fecundity, 115 Feminism, 72 First and Last Things, 112 First Men in the Moon, The, 46 Fixed Opinions, 102 Food of the Gods, The, 51, 54 Future of America, The, 109

Henley House, 15 History of Mr Polly, The, 65, 67 Huxley, 19 Hyndman, 100

Idealism, 69 Insurgent Bigness, 52 In the Days of the Comet, 36, 46 Invisible Man, The, 25, 28 Island of Dr Moreau, The, 25 Isolation, 86

Kipps, 60-65

Love and Mr Lewisham, 60-64

Man of the Year Million, The, 20, 30 Mankind in the Making, 99 Marriage, 73, 82-85 Marx, 100 Metaphysics, 112 Midhurst Grammar School, 14 Modern Utopia, A, 99, 104

New Machiavelli, The, 65, 77-79, 82, 86 New Republic, The, 99, 103, 104 New Worlds for Old, 109

Passionate Friends, The, 73, 89, 95

Rule of Thumb, 77, 78, 88

Samurai, 108 Sea Lady, The, 49, 50 Shaw, 100 Socialism, 99, 110 South Kensington School, 14 Spencer, Herbert, 97 Spirit of Freedom, 96, 103

Time Machine, The, 20, 23 Tono-Bungay, 59, 73

Up Park, 14 Utopias, 106-108

Verne, Jules, 17

War in the Air, The, 40, 42, 44, 56 War of the Worlds, The, 25, 29 Wells, Mr and Mrs Joseph, 12 Wheels of Chance, The, 60 When the Sleeper Wakes (The Sleeper Awakes), 33, 36 Wife of Sir Isaac Harman, The, 91, etc. Women Employees, 92, 94 Wonderful Visit, The, 23, 25 World Set Free, The, 43, 46

THE END