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Antoine Van Dyck—sa vie et sonnoeuvre. (Paris, 1882).
THE FIGHTING TEMERAIRE TUGGED TO HER LAST BERTH TO BE BROKEN UP, 1838
(TURNER)
JOHN RUSKIN
"The flag which braved the battle and the breeze No longer owns her."
Exhibited at the Academy in 1839, with the above lines cited in the Catalogue. Of all Turner's pictures in the National Gallery this is perhaps the most notable. For, first it is the last picture he ever painted with perfect power—the last in which his execution is as firm and faultless as in middle life; the last in which lines requiring exquisite precision, such as those of the masts and yards of shipping, are drawn rightly at once. When he painted the Temeraire Turner could, if he liked, have painted the Shipwreck or the Ulysses over again; but when he painted the Sun of Venice, though he was able to do different, and in some sort more beautiful things, he could not have done those again. His period of central power thus begins with the Ulysses and closes with the Temeraire. The one picture, it will be observed, is of sunrise, the other of sunset. The one of a ship entering on its voyage, and the other of a ship closing its course for ever. The one, in all the circumstance of the subject, unconsciously illustrative of his own life in its triumph, the other, in all the circumstances of its subject, unconsciously illustrative of his own life in its decline. Accurately as the first sets forth his escape to the wild brightness of nature, to reign amidst all her happy spirits, so does the last set forth his returning to die by the shore of the Thames. And besides having been painted in Turner's full power, the Temeraire is of all his large pictures the best preserved. Secondly, the subject of the picture is, both particularly and generally, the noblest that in an English National Gallery could be. The Temeraire was the second ship in Nelson's line at the Battle of Trafalgar; and this picture is the last of the group which Turner painted to illustrate that central struggle in our national history. The part played by the Temeraire in the battle will be found detailed below. And, generally, she is a type of one of England's chief glories. It will be always said of us, with unabated reverence, "They built ships of the line." Take it all in all, a Ship of the Line is the most honourable thing that man as a gregarious animal, has ever produced. By himself, unhelped, he can do better things than ships of the line; he can make poems and pictures, and other such concentrations of what is best in him. But as a being living in flocks, and hammering out, with alternate strokes and mutual agreement, what is necessary for him in those flocks, to get or produce, the ship of the line is his first work. And as the subject was the noblest Turner could have chosen so also was his treatment of it. Of all pictures of subjects not visibly involving human pain, this is, I believe, the most pathetic that was ever painted. The utmost pensiveness which can ordinarily be given to a landscape depends on adjuncts of ruin; but no ruin was ever so affecting as this gliding of the vessel to her grave. A ruin cannot be so, for whatever memories may be connected with it, and whatever witness it may have borne to the courage and glory of men, it never seems to have offered itself to their danger, and associated itself with their acts, as a ship of battle can. The mere facts of motion, and obedience to human guidance, double the interest of the vessel: nor less her organized perfectness, giving her the look, and partly the character of a living creature, that may indeed be maimed in limb or decrepit in frame, but must either live or die, and cannot be added to nor diminished from—heaped up and dragged down—as a building can. And this particular ship, crowned in the Trafalgar hour of trial with chief victory—prevailing over the fatal vessel that had given Nelson death—surely, if ever anything without a soul deserved honour or affection, we owed them here. Those sails that strained so full bent into the battle—that broad bow that struck the surf aside, enlarging silently in steadfast haste full front to the shot—resistless and without reply—those triple ports whose choirs of flame rang forth in their courses, into the fierce revenging monotone, which, when it died away, left no answering voice to rise any more upon the sea against the strength of England—those sides that were wet with the long runlets of English life-blood, like press planks at vintage, gleaming goodly crimson down to the cast and clash of the washing foam—those pale masts that stayed themselves up against the war-ruin, shaking out their ensigns through the thunder, till sail and ensign drooped—steeped in the death-stilled pause of Andalusian air, burning with its witness-clouds of human souls at rest,—surely, for these some sacred care might have been left in our thoughts, some quiet space amidst the lapse of English waters? Nay, not so. We have stern keepers to trust her glory to—the fire and the worm. Never more shall sunset lay golden robe on her, nor starlight tremble on the waves that part at her gliding. Perhaps, where the low gate opens to some cottage-garden, the tired traveller may ask, idly, why the moss grows so green on its rugged wood; and even the sailor's child may not answer, nor know, that the night-dew lies deep in the war-rents of the wood of the old Temeraire. And, lastly, the pathos of the picture—the contrast of the old ship's past glory with her present end; and the spectacle of the "old order" of the ship of the line whose flag had braved the battle and the breeze, yielding place to the new, in the little steam-tug—these pathetic contrasts are repeated and enforced by a technical tour de force in the treatment of the colours which is without a parallel in art. And the picture itself thus combines the evidences of Turner's supremacy alike in imagination and in skill. The old masters, content with one simple tone, sacrificed to its unity all the exquisite gradations and varied touches of relief and change by which nature unites her hours with each other. They gave the warmth of the sinking sun, overwhelming all things in its gold, but they did not give those gray passages about the horizon, where, seen through its dying light, the cool and the gloom of night gather themselves for their victory.... But in this picture, under the blazing veil of vaulted fire, which lights the vessel on her last path, there is a blue, deep, desolate hollow of darkness out of which you can hear the voice of the night wind, and the dull boom of the disturbed sea; the cold deadly shadows of the twilight are gathering through every sunbeam, and moment by moment, as you look, you will fancy some new film and faintness of the night has risen over the vastness of the departing form. (Compiled from Modern Painters, Vol. I. pt. ii. Sec. I. ch. vii. sec. 46 n., Sec. II. ch i. sec. 21; Harbours of England, p. 12; and Notes on the Turner Gallery, pp. 75-80.)
Finally a few words about the history of the picture itself may be interesting. The subject of it was suggested to Turner by Clarkson Stanfield (who himself, it will be remembered, had painted a Battle of Trafalgar). They were going down the river by boat, to dine, perhaps, at Greenwich, when the old ship, being tugged to her last berth at Deptford, came in sight. "There's a fine subject, Turner," said Stanfield. This was in 1838. Next year the picture was exhibited at the Academy, but no price was put upon it. A would-be purchaser offered Turner 300 guineas for it. He replied that it was his "200 guinea size" only, and offered to take a commission at that price for any subject of the same size, but with the Temeraire itself he would not part. Another offer was subsequently made from America, which again Turner declined. He had already mentally included the picture, it would seem, amongst those to be bequeathed to the nation; and in one of the codicils to his will, in which he left each of his executors a picture to be chosen by them in turn, the Temeraire was specially excepted from the pictures they might choose.[30]
Edward T. Cook, A Popular Handbook to the National Gallery.
FOOTNOTES:
[30] Mr. W. Hale White recently drew up for Mr. Ruskin, from official records, the following history of the Temeraire. To him and to Mr. Ruskin I am indebted for permission to insert the history here. It will be seen that Turner was right in calling his picture the Fighting Temeraire and the critic who induced him to change the title in the engraving to the Old Temeraire wrong:—
"The Temeraire, second-rate, ninety-eight guns, was begun at Chatham, July, 1793, and launched on the 11th September, 1798. She was named after an older Temeraire taken by Admiral Boscawen from the French in 1759, and sold in June, 1784. The Chatham Temeraire was fitted at Plymouth for a prison ship in 1812, and in 1819 she became a receiving ship and was sent to Sheerness. She was sold on the 16th August, 1838, to Mr. J. Beatson for L5,530. The Temeraire was at the Battle of Trafalgar on the 21st October, 1805. She was next to the Victory, and followed Nelson into action; commanded by Captain Elias Harvey, with Thomas Kennedy as first lieutenant. Her maintopmast, the head of her mizzenmast, her foreyard, her starboard, cathead and bumpkin, and her fore and main topsail yards were shot away; her fore and main masts so wounded as to render them unfit to carry sail, and her bowsprit shot through in several places. Her rigging of every sort was cut to pieces; the head of her rudder was taken off by the fire of the Redoutable; eight feet of the starboard side of the lower deck abreast of the mainmast were stove in, and the whole of her quarter-galleries on both sides carried away. Forty-six men on board of her were killed, and seventy-six wounded.... The Temeraire was built with a beakhead, or, in other words, her upper works were cut off across the catheads; a peculiarity which can be observed in Turner's picture. It was found by experience in the early part of the French war that this mode of construction exposed the men working the guns to the enemy's fire, and it was afterwards abandoned. It has been objected," adds Mr. White, "that the masts and yards in the picture are too light for a ninety-eight gun ship; but the truth is that when the vessel was sold she was juryrigged as a receiving ship, and Turner, therefore, was strictly accurate. He might have seemed more accurate by putting heavier masts and yards in her; but he painted her as he saw her. This is very important, as it gets rid of the difficulty which I myself have felt and expressed, that it was very improbable that she was sold all standing in sea-going trim, as I imagined Turner intended us to believe she was sold, and answers also the criticism just mentioned as to the disproportion between the weight of the masts and yards and the size of the hull." Part of the Temeraire, Mr. White tells me, is still in existence. Messrs. Castle, the shipbuilders of Millbank, have the two figures of Atlas which supported the sterngallery.
SPRING
(BOTTICELLI)
MARCEL REYMOND
Of all the ancient Italian painters, Botticelli has, for several years, been the master most in fashion. Why? The first reason should be sought in that reaction against the pseudo-classic style of the Renaissance which has seemed to be the dominant tendency of art in the Nineteenth Century. But this explanation does not suffice to tell us for what reasons the favour of the public has specially fallen upon Botticelli. Why select Botticelli rather than any other artist of the Fourteenth or Fifteenth Century? Why Botticelli and not Giotto, or Fra Angelico, or, to cite none but his contemporaries, why not Signorelli, or Ghirlandajo? It is because Fra Angelico's art is too religious for our century and Giotto's art too philosophical, or, at least, it is because our century no longer thinks of demanding from its artists, as in the time of Giotto and Fra Angelico, the expression of the moral questions with which it is occupied. And if we seem to-day somewhat indifferent to the art of Ghirlandajo, or Signorelli, it is because their thought is too grave and because we desire before all else that art shall bring smiles into our laborious life; we demand that it shall give repose to our tired brains by charming us with the vision of all terrestrial beauties, without exacting any labour or any effort from our minds.
In this quest of beauty, our curious minds, which know so many things and which have been able to compare the works of the most diverse civilizations, are perpetually seeking novelty, eager for rare forms, and inimical to everything banal and to everything that ordinary life brings before our eyes. And in our fin de siecle we have been so much the more prone to subtle pursuits because for some time our French art has seemed to take delight in the forms of a gross realism.
This refinement of art, this intimate analysis of form and thought, this love of sensual beauty, had appeared at the court of the Medici by the same causes that prompt us to seek them; they are the fruit of a society that has attained the highest degree of well-being, wealth and knowledge.
This kind of art lasted only for a moment in Florence. It is correct to say that Florentine art did not seem destined to speak the charms of feminine beauty. From its beginning, this school had been stamped by Giotto with the philosophic impress, and for two centuries its artists had been before everything else, thinkers, occupied more with moral ideas than with the beauty of form.
The first in Florence to be enthralled by the charm of beautiful eyes was the poor Filippo Lippi. It was he who created that new form of art which was to continue with Botticelli, his pupil, and which attained its perfection under the hands of Leonardo. If, to the Lucrezia Buti of Filippo Lippi, we join Botticelli's Simonetta and Leonardo's Monna Lisa, we should have the poem of love sung by Florentine genius under its most exquisite form.
What Botticelli was, Spring will tell us; and this work is so significant, its essence expresses the thought of the master so clearly that it has preserved all its charm for us, although its particular meaning is not known to us. We call it Spring, but if one of the figures in the picture really represents Spring, it is only an accessory figure; and, moreover, this name given to the picture is entirety modern. Vasari says that it represents Venus surrounded by the Graces, but if we find the three Graces in the picture, it is not likely that the principal figure represents Venus. In my opinion, it is that principal figure that is the key to the picture; it is for this figure that everything has been done, and this it is, above all, that we must interrogate if we wish to know Botticelli's meaning. Evidently it is neither Venus, nor Spring; and the precision of the features, and the fidelity of the smallest details of the costume make us believe that we are in the presence of a veritable portrait.... Around her, Nature adorns herself with flowers; Spring and the Graces surround her like a train of Fays. Here is one of the familiar poetical forms of the Fifteenth Century; and, doubtless, by attentively reading the Florentine poets, we should discover the meaning of all the allegorical figures that Botticelli has united in his work and which we do not understand.[31]
But whatever may be the particular meaning of each of these figures, it is certain that here we have to do with love and beauty, and that perhaps in no other work may we find the charm of woman described in more passionate accents.
In this world of feminine fascination Botticelli loved everything. He knows the attraction of the toilet and of jewels, but he knows above all that no gem and no invention of man can rival the beauty of the female form. He was the first to understand the exquisite charm of silhouettes, the first to linger in expressing the joining of the arm and body, the flexibility of the hips, the roundness of the shoulders, the elegance of the leg, the little shadow that marks the springing of the neck, and, above all, the exquisite carving of the hand. But, even more, he understood "le prestige insolent des grands yeux,"—large eyes, full, restless, and sad, because they are filled with love.
Look at these young maidens of Botticelli's. What a heavenly vision! Did Alfred de Musset know these veiled forms that seem to float over the meadow and did he think of them in the sleeplessness of his nights of May? Did he think of that young girl whose arm rises supple as the stem of a flower, of that young Grace so charming in the frame of her fair hair confined by strings of pearls, or, indeed, of that Primavera, who advances so imperiously beautiful, in her long robe of brocade, scattering handfuls of flowers that she makes blossom, or of that young mother more charming still in her modest grace, with her beautiful eyes full of infinite tenderness.
And around this scene, what a beautiful frame of verdure and flowers! Nature has donned her richest festal robes; the inanimate things, like the human beings, all speak of love and happiness, and tell us that the master of this world is that little child with bandaged eyes, who amuses himself by shooting his arrows of fire.
To say a word about the technique of this work, we should remark that Botticelli always painted in fresco or distemper, and that he did not seek the supple modelling that painting in oil affords; and, on the other hand, he submitted profoundly to the influence of Pollaiolo; he observed Nature with the eyes of a goldsmith; and he painted his works as if, working a niello or enamel, he had to set each figure in gold-wire.
Finally, is it necessary to speak of the date of the Primavera? This would occasion a long discussion if the space were accorded me. Let it suffice to say that the biography written by Vasari merits no credence, that it has been unfortunately accepted by the majority of historians, and that we have not yet a good chronology of Botticelli's works, nor even a simple catalogue. As for the chronology, most historians, relying upon Vasari, place nearly all of Botticelli's works before his trip to Rome in 1481. I think, on the contrary, and I will prove it elsewhere, that the great productive period of Botticelli belongs to the ten last years of the century and that the Primavera should be classed in this period. The Primavera represents, with The Birth of Venus and The Adoration of the Magi, the culminating point of Botticelli's art.
Jouin, Chefs-d'oeuvre; Peinture, Sculpture, Architecture (Paris, 1895-97).
FOOTNOTES:
[31] See notably the Stanze of Politian, where one will find nearly all the details of Botticelli's picture; the shady grove, the flowery meadow, even the attitudes and the garments of the personages. Is it not a figure of Botticelli's which is thus described:
"She is white and white is her robe, All painted with flowers, roses, and blades of grass."
Transcriber's Notes:
{a} Possible typo for sinister?
{b} Van die Beroerlicke Tijden in die Nederlanden. Tijden appears in text as Tij den. Other sources give Tyden as another spelling.
Most of the illustrations in this book have links to colored images on other sites on the internet. If the links don't work, try the "Web Gallery of Art" at http://www.wga.hu/ Then search for the artist or painting of interest. Since this is not an html file, you may wish to copy to link you are interested in, into your browser, where you can view the related image.
BOTTICELLI The Birth of Venus Florence 6 http://www.wga.hu/art/b/botticel/5allegor/30birth.jpg
VERONESE The Queen of Sheba Turin 16
MICHAEL ANGELO The Last Judgment Rome 18 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/m/michelan/3sistina/lastjudg/0lastjud.jpg
CORREGGIO Magdalen Dresden 28
VAN DER HELST The Banquet of the Arquebusiers Amsterdam 34 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/h/helst/celebrat.jpg
WATTEAU L'Embarquement pour l'Ile de Cythere Paris 38 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/w/watteau/antoine/1/07cythe1.jpg
RAPHAEL The Sistine Madonna Dresden 46 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/raphael/5roma/2/03sisti.jpg
CARPACCIO The Dream of St. Ursula Venice 58 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/c/carpacci/1ursula/2/50dream.jpg
RUBENS The Descent from the Cross Antwerp 62 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/rubens/11religi/07desce1.jpg
TITIAN Bacchus and Ariadne London 72 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/t/tiziano/mytholo1/bacchus.jpg
FRA ANGELICO The Coronation of the Virgin Paris 78 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/a/angelico/altar/angelic1.jpg
BOTTICELLI Judith Florence 80 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/b/botticel/painting/judith.jpg
HOBBEMA The Avenue of Middelharnais London 88 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/h/hobbema/alley.jpg
ANDREA DEL SARTO The Dance of the Daughter of Herodias Florence 94
FABRIANO The Adoration of the Magi Florence 98 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/g/gentile/adormag.jpg
HOLBEIN Portrait of Georg Gisze _Berlin_ 102 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/h/holbein/hans_y/1535/2gisze.jpg
TINTORET Paradise Venice 106
GUIDO RENI Aurora Rome 114 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/reni/1/aurora.jpg TITIAN The Assumption of the Virgin Venice 120
REMBRANDT The Night Watch _Amsterdam_ 124 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/rembran/painting/group/night_wa.jpg
GOZZOLI The Rape of Helen London 138
L. DA VINCI Monna Lisa Paris 142 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/l/leonardo/04/1monali.jpg
VAN EYCK The Adoration of the Lamb _Ghent_ 154 http://www.wga.hu/art/e/eyck_van/jan/09ghent/1open3/l3adora.jpg
PIERO DI COSIMO The Death of Procris London 168 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/p/piero/cosimo/allegory/procris.jpg
TINTORET The Marriage in Cana Venice 172 http://www.wga.hu/art/t/tintoret/2religio/marriage.jpg DE LA TOUR Portrait of Madame de Pompadour Paris 178
CONSTABLE The Hay Wain London 184 http://www.wga.hu/art/c/constabl/haywain.jpg
VELASQUEZ The Surrender of Breda Madrid 192 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/v/velazque/1631-35/04breda.jpg
MURILLO The Immaculate Conception Paris 196 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/m/murillo/1661-/immacula.jpg
GIOTTO St. Frances before the Soldan Florence 202 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/g/giotto/scroce/2bardi/scenes2/franci6.jpg
ROSSETTI Lilith Rockford, Del. 212 http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/dgr/paintings/4.jpg
DUERER The Adoration of the Magi Florence 216 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/d/durer/1/04/2adorat.jpg
HOGARTH The Marriage A-la-Mode London 218 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/h/hogarth/marriag1.jpg
L. DA VINCI The Madonna of the Rocks _Paris_ 234 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/l/leonardo/02/2virg_p.jpg
GUIDO RENI Portrait of Beatrice Cenci _Rome_ 240 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/s/sirani/b_cenci.jpg
RAPHAEL The Transfiguration Rome 250 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/raphael/5roma/5/10trans.jpg
PAUL POTTER The Bull _The Hague_ 256 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/p/potter/y_bull.jpg
FRAGONARD Coresus and Callirhoe Paris 262 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/f/fragonar/1/06coresu.jpg
GAINSBOROUGH The Market-Cart London 268
TINTORET Bacchus and Ariadne Venice 274 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/t/tintoret/4mytholo/ariadne.jpg
GREUZE La Cruche Cassee _Paris_ 280 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/g/greuze/broken_j.jpg
REYNOLDS Portrait of Lady Cockburn and her Children London 282 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/r/reynolds/cockburn.jpg
RAPHAEL St. Cecilia Naples 288 http://www.abcgallery.com/R/raphael/raphael45.JPG
L. DA VINCI The Last Supper Milan 290 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/l/leonardo/03/4lastsu2.jpg
VAN DYCK Portrait of the Children of Charles I. Turin 300 http://www.abcgallery.com/V/vandyck/vandyck28.JPG
TURNER The Fighting Temeraire London 306 http://www.j-m-w-turner.co.uk/artist/gifetc/tameria.jpg
BOTTICELLI Spring Florence 314 http://gallery.euroweb.hu/art/b/botticel/allegory/primaver.jpg
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