The letter was signed by the commanders of fourteen Loyalist regiments.

The application of these officers received due recognition, and on the arrival of his Majesty's orders and instructions to Sir Guy Carleton, dated the 9th of June, it was decided that the Kings American Regiment, Queens Rangers, British Legion, New York Volunteers, Loyal American Regiment, New Jersey Volunteers, De Lancey's Brigade, Prince of Wales American Regiment, Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland Loyalists, Loyal American Legion, King's American Dragoons and one or two other corps, should hold themselves in readiness to embark for Nova Scotia, where on their arrival they were to be disbanded, unless any should chose to be discharged at New York.

Before the royal orders and instructions arrived in America the King's American Dragoons had been sent to the mouth of the St. John river, under command of Major Daniel Murray. They encamped at Manawagonish, a little to the west of Carleton heights, with the intention of making a settlement in the old township of Conway. On the 6th of July, Col. Edward Winslow wrote to Major Joshua Upham, who had remained at New York as Aide-de-Camp to Sir Guy Carleton: "I am gratified excessively at the situation and behaviour of your regiment. I never saw more cheerfulness and good humor than appears among the men. They are encamped on one of the pleasantest spots I ever beheld, and they are enjoying a great variety of what you (New) Yorkers call luxuries—such as partridges, salmon, bass, trout, pigeons, etc. The whole regiment are this day employed in cutting and clearing a road to the river, and Murray and I intend to ride tomorrow where man never rode before." The following day Winslow wrote Ward Chipman, "I am at present at Murray's head quarters in a township which we shall lay out for the provincials,[142] and we have already cut a road from his camp to the river, about three miles. We cut yesterday, with about 120 men, more than a mile through a forest hitherto deemed impenetrable. When we emerged from it, there opened a prospect superior to anything in the world I believe. A perfect view of the immense Bay of Fundy, on one side, and very extensive view of the river St. John's with the Falls, grand Bay and Islands on the other—in front the Fort, which is a beautiful object on a high hill, and all the settlements about the town, with the ships, boats, etc., in the harbor—'twas positively the most magnificent and romantic scene I ever beheld."

[142] Meaning the Loyalist regiments.

The view from Lancaster Heights, which so delighted Colonel Winslow, proves equally charming to American tourists of the present generation. The stay of the King's American Dragoons at "Camp Manawaugonish," however, was brief, for about the end of August they were sent up the St. John river to what is now the Parish of Prince William, where many of their descendants are to be found at the present day. The commander of the regiment was the celebrated Sir Benjamin Thompson, better known as Count Rumford, who, by the way, never came to New Brunswick; but other officers of the corps were prominent in our local affairs. Major Joshua Upham was a judge of the supreme court. Major Daniel Murray was for some years a member of the House of Assembly for York County. Chaplain Jonathan Odell was for years Provincial Secretary. Surgeon Adino Paddock was a leading physician, and the progenitor of a long line of descendants, who practiced the healing art. Lieutenant John Davidson was a member for York County in the provincial legislature and a leading land surveyor in the early days of the country. Lieutenant Simeon Jones was the ancestor of Simeon Jones, ex-mayor of St. John, and his well known family. Quarter master Edward Sands was a leading merchant of the city of St. John. Cornet Arthur Nicholson was a prominent man on the upper St. John in early times, and for a while commanded the military post at Presquile.

After the articles of peace had been signed, no serious effort was made to restrain the non-commissioned officers and men of the Loyalist regiments from taking "French leave," and a good many of them left the service without the formality of a discharge. Those who did so were of course marked on the roll as deserters; they remained, for the most part, in the States, and eventually returned to their former places of abode. Others of the troops were formally discharged at New York. As a consequence the British American regiments that came to the St. John river were reduced to a fraction of their original strength. The number of those who came to St. John in the Fall fleet, has been commonly stated as about three thousand souls. The returns of the Commissary general's office in New York show that up to October 12th as many as 3,396 persons connected with the Loyalist regiments had sailed to the River St. John, viz., 1823 men, 563 women, 696 children and 311 servants. The following summer an enumeration was made by Thomas Knox of the disbanded troops settled on the St. John river. His return for the Loyalist regiments gives a total of 3,520 persons, viz., 1877 men, 585 women, 865 children and 193 servants. This does not differ very materially from the other return at New York, the difference being accounted for by the fact that a few of the men of these regiments left New York very late in the season, and consequently were not included in the return of 12th October.

The official correspondence of Sir Guy Carleton contains a pretty full account of the circumstances that attended the departure of the Loyalist regiments and their subsequent arrival at St. John. During the summer months they had been encamped near Newtown, Long Island, a short distance from Brooklyn Ferry. They embarked on the 3d of September, and Sir Guy Carleton wrote to General Fox, the commander in chief in Nova Scotia, that he hoped they would sail on the 7th of that month; but, as usual, unforseen delays prevented their departure until some days later. The command of the troops devolved on Lieut. Col. Richard Hewlett, of the 3d battalion of De Lancey's Brigade; Lieut. Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment, was second in command. Most of the senior officers were at this time in England, where they had gone to present to the British government their claims for compensation for losses consequent upon the war, and to press their claims for half-pay upon the disbanding of their regiments.

Sir Guy Carleton's instructions to Lieut. Col. Hewlett are contained in the following letter.

"New York, Sep. 12, 1783.

"Sir.—You are to take the command of the British American Troops mentioned in the margin,[143] which are to proceed to the River St. John's in the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. On your arrival there you will see that the stores intended for them are duly delivered, and you will take such steps as shall be necessary for the several corps proceeding immediately to the places alloted for their settlement, where they are to be disbanded on their arrival, provided it does not exceed the 20th of October, on which day Captain Prevost, deputy inspector of British American Forces, has directions to disband them.... You will give directions to the officer commanding each corps that, in case of separation, they will proceed on their arrival at the River St. John's in forwarding their respective corps to the places of their respective destination.... The debarkation of the troops must not on any account whatever be delayed, as the transports must return to this Port with all possible dispatch. Directions have been given to Mr. Colville, assistant agent of all small craft at the River St. John, to afford every assistance in his power to the corps in getting to the places of their destination, and the commanding officers of corps will make application to him for that purpose.

[143] The names of the corps found in the margin of the original letter are, Queens Rangers, Kings American Regiment, Detachment of Garrison Battalion, New York Volunteers, 1st De Lanceys, 2nd De Lanceys, Loyal American Regiment. 2nd Do., 3d Do., Prince of Wales American Regiment, Pennsylvania Loyalists, Maryland Loyalists, American Legion, Guides and Pioneers, Detachment Kings American Dragoons, Detachment North Carolina Volunteers.

I am, etc., etc., GUY CARLETON.

The perils of navigation in the olden time are seen in the experience of the Esther and the Martha, two of the vessels of the Fall fleet. The ships left Sandy Hook, on or about the 15th of September, and all went well until they arrived near the Seal Islands, off the South-West coast of Nova Scotia. Here the Esther, having on board Colonel Van Buskirk's battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers, got out of her course and narrowly escaped destruction, reaching St. John several days after her sister ships. The Martha, Capt. Willis, was even more unfortunate. She was wrecked on a ledge of rocks off the Seal Islands, afterwards known as "Soldier's Ledge." Her passengers numbered 174 persons and including a corps of Maryland Loyalists and part of Col. Hewlett's battalion of De Lancey's Brigade. Of these 99 perished and 75 were saved by fishing boats.

According to the account of Captain Patrick Kennedy of the Maryland Loyalists, the accident was due to gross neglect. The master reported the previous evening that he had seen land, and everyone imagined he would lay to during the night, the weather being tempestuous. He had left New York with an old suit of sails and had not above twelve men and boys to work his ship. While they were engaged in rigging and setting up a new main topsail, to replace one that had gone to pieces early in the night, the ship struck. Soon after the long boat was smashed by the fall of the mainmast. The cutter had already been launched. The captain now gave orders to launch the jolly boat and, to the surprise of everybody, having repeatedly proclaimed that he would be one of the last to leave the ship, he jumped into her as she went over the side, rowed to the cutter, got into her, and inhumanly pushed off for the shore. The empty Jolly boat was turned adrift in full view of the unhappy people on board, the master turning a deaf ear to the solicitations of Captain Kennedy, who begged him to pull in toward the stern, in order to discuss some means of saving the lives of his passengers.

Another account of this tragedy has been preserved in the letter of Lieut. Michael Laffan, of Colonel Hewlett's battalion, to his brother:—

St. Johns, Oct. 11, 1783.

Dear Brother.—Yesterday evening I had the good Fortune to arrive at this Place. On the 25th of September, about 4 o'clock in the morning, the "Martha" struck against a rock off the Tusket river near the Bay of Fundy, and was in the course of a few Hours wrecked in a Thousand Pieces. I had the good Fortune to get upon a Piece of the Wreck with three more officers, viz., Lieut. Henley, Lieut. Sterling, Dr. Stafford and two soldiers (all of the Maryland Loyalists) and floated on it two Days and two nights up to near our Waists in Water, during which time Lieut. Sterling and one of the Soldiers died. On the third Day we drifted to an island where we lived without Fire, Water, Victuals or Clothing, except the Remnants of what we had on, about one Quart of Water per man (which we sipped from the cavities in the Rocks) and a few Rasberries and snails. On the seventh Day we were espied and taken up by a Frenchman, that was out a fowling, who took us to his House and treated us with every kindness. We staid with him six Days and then proceeded to a Place called Cape Pursue, where we met with Captain Kennedy and about fifty of both Regiments, who were saved at Sea by some fishing Boats, about 36 Hours from the time the Vessel was wrecked. Capt. Doughty, Lieut. McFarlane, Mrs. McFarlane and Ensign Montgomery perished....

Lieut. Col. Hewlett's letter to Sir Guy Carleton, announcing the arrival of the fleet at its destined port, is brief and to the point:

St. Johns, Bay of Fundy, 29th September, 1783.

Sir.—Agreeable to your Excellency's orders I have the honor to inform you that the Troops under my command arrived at the River St. Johns the 27th instant, except the ship "Martha" with the Maryland Loyalists and part of the 2d Batt'n De Lancey's, and the ship "Esther" with part of the Jersey Volunteers, of which ships no certain accounts were received since their sailings.

This day a small party of the Guides and Pioneers are landed, which proceed from the Falls up the River St. Johns tomorrow, if the weather permits.

I have given the necessary orders for the Troops to disembark tomorrow and encamp just above the Falls, from which place they shall be forwarded with all possible expedition to the place of their destination, but am much afraid the want of small craft will greatly prevent their dispatch.

I have the honor to be sir, Your most obedient, humble servant,

RICHARD HEWLETT, Lt. Col.

On the 13th October Col. Hewlett informed Sir Guy Carleton that the troops had all been disbanded by Major Augustin Prevost, and were getting up the river as speedily as the scarcity of small craft for conveying them would admit.

A large number of the officers and men of the disbanded regiments drew lots at Parrtown, and many remained at the mouth of the river during the winter. George Leonard, who was one of the chief directors of the settlement of the town, says that the lots at first laid out were divided and subdivided, on the arrival of almost every fleet, to accommodate the Loyalists as they came. These proved to be so greatly in excess of what had been anticipated, that the lots of those who came at the first were reduced by degrees to one sixteenth part of their original dimensions. It was not until the 17th December that a complete plan of Parrtown was prepared by Paul Bedell. Meanwhile there had been much delay in laying out lands for settlement on the River St. John.

Colonel Morse, of the Royal Engineers, gives a summary of the causes of the delay in placing the disbanded troops upon their lands: "First their arriving very late in the season; Secondly, timely provision not having been made by escheating and laying out lands; Thirdly, a sufficient number of surveyors not having been employed; but Lastly and principally, the want of foresight and wisdom to make necessary arrangements, and steadiness in carrying them out."

Lieut. Col. Edward Winslow, muster-master-general of the British American regiments, had been sent to Nova Scotia in the month of April to secure lands for the accommodation of the officers and men who wished to settle there. In this task he had the assistance of Lieut. Col. Isaac Allen, Lieut. Col. Stephen De Lancey and Major Thomas Barclay. Their instructions were to procure the lands required "in the most eligible and advantageous situation, paying strict regard to the quality of the soil." They decided to make application for the vacant lands on the River St. John, and the Nova Scotia government agreed that the provincial troops might be accommodated "near the source of that river, leaving the lower part to the Refugees." Lieut. Colonel De Lancey was greatly chagrined at this decision, and on the 11th July he wrote to Winslow: "If what I am informed is true, we might better be all of us in New York. It is that Conway, Burton, etc., are to be given to the Refugees, and that the lands to be given to the Provincials are to commence at Sunbury (or St. Anne) and go northwest to Canada or elsewhere.... This is so notorious a forfeiture of the faith of Government that it appears to me almost incredible, and yet I fear it is not to be doubted. Could we have known this a little earlier it would have saved you the trouble of exploring the country for the benefit of a people you are not connected with. In short it is a subject too disagreeable to say more upon."

The decision to settle the Loyalist regiment some distance up the river obliged the Kings American Dragoons to remove from Lancaster, where they had at first pitched their tents. The intimation to move on came in the shape of a letter from Gen'l Fox's secretary, to Major Murray, their commanding officer. An extract follows:

"It having been represented to Brig'r. General Fox that the King's American Dragoons under your command cannot be enhutted at the place where they are at present encamped, without inconvenience to the great number of Loyalists who are forming settlements at the mouth of the River St. John's, and he being also informed that His Excellency the Governor of this Province has assigned a certain tract of land for the accommodation of the Provincial Regiments on the River St. John's, beginning at the eastern boundaries of the Townships of Sunbury and Newtown, and extending up the River, I am directed to acquaint you that you have Brigadier General Fox's permission to remove the King's American Dragoons to that part of the district which has been allotted to the regiment.... Lieut. Colonel Morse, chief Engineer, will, in consideration that your Regiment may be exposed to peculiar inconveniences from being the first who are ordered to but on the River St. John's, forward to you such articles as he apprehends cannot be procured at that place."

On the 16th September, Gen'l Fox wrote from Annapolis, informing Governor Parr that the Loyalist regiments embarking at New York were, by the Commander in Chief's express order, to be discharged as contiguous as possible to the lands on which they were to settle, and he accordingly asked the Governor to determine the district each regiment was to settle, so that on their arrival they might proceed immediately to their respective destinations. Up to this time no attempt had been made to lay out lands for the troops, save in the district of Prince William for the King's American Dragoons. There was, it is true, an order to reserve for the Provincial Regiments, a tract extending from the townships of Maugerville and Burton on both sides of the river on the route to Canada as far as to accommodate the whole, but no survey had been made.

About this time the Hon. Charles Morris prepared a plan of the river in which the land not yet granted was laid out in blocks. These blocks were numbered and drawn for by the various regiments shortly after their arrival. But as the lines had not been run, nor any lots laid out for settlement the disbanded troops were in great perplexity. They knew not where to turn or what to do. Extracts from the letters of two regimental commanders will show how they regarded the outlook. Lieut. Col. Gabriel De Veber, of the Prince of Wales American Regiment, writes at Parrtown on the 14th December. "I am still here, where I have built a small house for the present. I have not been up the River yet, indeed the block, No. 11, which our Regiment has drawn, is so far up that I am totally discouraged. The numerous family I have demands some attention to the education of children. At such a distance they never can hope for any, and I should think myself highly culpable, were I not to endeavor to settle nearer to the metropolis, or to some place where I can attend to this necessary duty."

Major Thomas Menzies, of the Loyal American Legion, writes on March 2d, 1784: "I drew Block No 10 for the Corps under my command, which commences 48 miles above St. Anns, so that whatever becomes of me, it would be wildness to think of carrying my family there for the present."

We get a glimpse of the distress and perplexity of the men of the loyal regiments in one of Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman. "I saw all those Provincial Regiments, which we have so frequently mustered, landing in this inhospitable climate, in the month of October, without shelter and without knowing where to find a place to reside. The chagrin of the officers was not to me so truly affecting as the poignant distress of the men. Those respectable sergeants of Robinson's, Ludlow's, Cruger's, Fanning's, etc.,—once hospitable yeomen of the Country—were addressing me in language which almost murdered me as I heard it. 'Sir, we have served all the war, your honor is witness how faithfully. We were promised land; we expected you had obtained it for us. We like the country—only let us have a spot of our own, and give us such kind of regulations as will hinder bad men from injuring us.'"

A great many of the disbanded soldiers drew lots at Parrtown in the Lower Cove district. Some of them spent their first winter in canvas tents on the Barrack square. They thatched their tents with spruce boughs, brought in boats from Partridge Island, and banked them with snow. Owing to the cold weather and the coarseness of the provisions, salt meat, etc., the women and children suffered severely and numbers died. They were buried in an old graveyard near the present deep water terminus of the Intercolonial railway.

The last of the transports that sailed from New York to St. John, in addition to her passengers—mostly women and children—carried an assortment of clothing and provisions. The officer in charge was Lieut. John Ward of the Loyal American Regiment, grandfather of Clarence Ward, the well known secretary of the New Brunswick Historical Society. There was not time to build even a hut, and Mr. Ward was obliged to spend his first winter in the country under canvas. His son, John Ward, jr., was born in a tent on the Barrack square, Dec. 18, 1783. The Ward family were a sturdy stock and were noted for their longevity. The child born on the Barrack square attained the age of 92 years, and a younger son, Charles Ward, died in 1882 at the age of 91 years. The father, Lieut. John Ward, was 92 years of age when he died on the 5th August, 1846. He was known in his later years as "the father of the city." At the semi-centennial of the Landing of the Loyalists he was honored with a seat on the left of the mayor, John M. Wilmot, on whose, right sat Sir Archibald Campbell the Lieut. Governor. On the 18th May, 1843, the sixtieth anniversary of the landing of the Loyalists, the corporation of the city waited on Mr. Ward, then aged 90 years, at his residence, and presented him with an address. The officers of the Artillery also presented an address in which they say: "We claim you with pride as one of the first officers of the corps to which we now have the honor to belong; and we hail you at the same time as one of the few survivors of that gallant band, who—surrendering all save the undying honor of their sacrifice—followed the standard of their Sovereign to these shores, and whose landing we this day commemorate. That health and prosperity may be yours, and that the evening of your days may be as free from a cloud as your past life has been unspotted, is the sincere desire of the corps in whose behalf we have the honor to subscribe ourselves."

The experience of the disbanded soldiers, who wintered with their families at St. Anns, was even more trying than that of those who remained at Parrtown. The month of October was cold and rainy, and those who went up the river in boats had a very miserable time of it. A few were fortunate enough to be admitted into the houses of the old settlers, but the vast majority were obliged to provide themselves a shelter from the approaching winter by building log and bark huts. At St. Anns, where Fredericton was afterwards built, there were only two English speaking settlers, Benjamin Atherton, who lived on the site of Government House, and Philip Wade whose house stood on the river bank in front of the present Cathedral.

Speaking of the hardships endured by the founders of Fredericton, Peter Fisher observes: "Scarcely had they begun to construct their cabins, when they were surprised by the rigors of an untried climate; their habitations being enveloped in snow before they were tenantable.... The privations and sufferings of some of these people almost exceed belief. Frequently, in the piercing cold of winter, a part of the family had to remain up during the night to keep fire in their huts to prevent the other part from freezing. Some very destitute families made use of boards to supply the want of bedding; the father or some of the elder children remaining up by turns, and warming two suitable pieces of boards, which they applied alternately to the smaller children to keep them warm; with many similar expedients."

The awfulness of their situation may be readily imagined. Women, delicately reared, cared for their infants beneath canvas tents, rendered habitable only by the banks of snow which lay six feet deep in the open spaces of the forest. Men, unaccustomed to toil, looked with dismay at the prospect before them. The non-arrival of supplies expected before the close of navigation, added to their dire forebodings. At one time during the winter, starvation stared them in the face, and one who passed through the sorrowful experience of that time says: "Strong proud men wept like children, and, exhausted by cold and famine, lay down in their snow bound tents to die." The poor settlers had to make frequent trips of from fifty to one hundred miles with hand-sleds or toboggans, through the wild woods and on the ice, to procure a precarious supply of food for their famishing families.

Among those who settled at St. Anns at this time was Lodewick Fisher, who had seen nearly seven years service in Col. Van Buskirk's battalion of the New Jersey Volunteers. This brave old Loyalist came to St. John in the Ship "Esther," accompanied by his wife Mary, and three children, Eliza, Henry and Peter, all of whom were born on Staten Island during the war. Peter, the youngest of the trio, was only 16 months old at the time of his arrival and of course had no personal recollection of the experience of the first winter, but in his little history he has given some of the recollections of his elders which are of great interest. (It may be noted, in passing, that the eldest son of Peter Fisher, the Hon. Charles Fisher, was attorney general of the province and later a judge of the supreme court; he was one of the fathers of Responsible Government and left his impress in the pages of our history.)

Much that is of great interest concerning the founders of Fredericton has been gleaned from the reminiscences of Mrs. Lodewick Fisher, which she used to relate in the hearing of her grand-children.[144] From this source we learn that soon after the arrival of the Loyalist regiments at St. John, her family joined a party bound up the river in a schooner to St. Anns. In eight days they got to Oromocto, where they were landed by the Captain, who refused to proceed further on account of the lateness of the season. He charged them each four dollars for their passage. The night was spent on shore and the next day the women and children proceeded to St. Anns in Indian canoes, the others coming on foot. It was the 8th of October when they reached their destination, and pitched their tents at Salamanca, near the shore. Before any effectual steps had been taken to provide a shelter, winter was at hand. Snow fell on the 2nd November to the depth of six inches. The best that some of the unfortunate people could do was to pitch their tents in the depths of the forest. Stones were used for a rude fire place. The tent had no floor but the ground. The winter was very cold, with deep snow, which afforded some protection. Still it was an awful winter. There were mothers who had been reared in a pleasant country, enjoying the luxuries of life, who now clasped their helpless little ones to their bosoms and tried by the warmth of their own bodies to protect them from the bitter cold. Many of the weaker ones died from cold and exposure. Graves were dug with axes and shovels near by, and there in stormy wintry weather, the survivors laid their loved ones. They had no minister, and they were buried without any religious service. The burial ground at Salamanca, continued to be used for some years until it was nearly filled. They used to call it "the Loyalist Provincials burial ground."

[144] See "Founders of Fredericton," p. 165, Dr. G. U. Hay's Canadian History Readings.

This old burial ground is on the Ketchum place, just below the town. Some of the older citizens of Fredericton remember old head boards placed at the graves, since fallen into decay. Many names that were painted or carved on them served to show the Dutch ancestry of the men of Van Buskirk's battalion. The names were such as Van Horn, Vanderbeck, Ackermann, Burkstaff, Ridner, Handorff, Van Norden, Blaicker, Blann, Ryerson, etc.

As soon as the snow was off the ground the people began to build log houses, but they were soon obliged to desist for want of provisions. There was again delay in sending supplies, and the settlers were forced to live after the Indian fashion. They made maple sugar, dug edible roots, caught fish, shot partridges and pigeons and hunted moose. Some who had planted a few potatoes had to dig them up again and eat them. In their distress these poor souls were gladdened by the discovery of large patches of beans that were found growing wild. The beans were white, marked with a black cross, and had probably been planted by the French. "In our joy at this discovery," said Mrs. Fisher, "we at first called them the Royal Provincial's bread; but afterwards the staff of life and hope of the starving." There was great rejoicing when at length a schooner arrived with corn-meal and rye. It was not during the first season only that the settlers at St. Anns suffered for food, other seasons were nearly as bad.

During the summer all hands united in the task of building log houses. They had few tools beside the axe and saw. They had neither bricks nor lime. Chimneys and fire-places were built of stone, laid in yellow clay. The walls of the houses were of logs; the roofs of bark bound over with small poles. The windows had only four small panes of glass. The first house finished was that of Dr. Earle, whose services in a variety of ways were of the utmost value to the little community. Lieut. Col. Hewlett's house was built on Queen Street, where the Barker House now stands. It would seem that the old veteran accompanied his comrades to St. Anns, for he makes an affidavit before Major Studholme at that place on the 13th of October, stating that by the wreck of the Martha he had lost in tools, stores and baggage, property of the value of L200 stg. His loss included the greater part of his effects and left him well nigh penniless.

Col. Hewlett was born at Hampstead, Queens County, Long Island in New York, and died at Hampstead, Queens County, New Brunswick. His grant of land at the latter place included part of Long Island in the St. John river. He died in 1789 in the 60th year of his age. Two monuments have been erected in his memory, one at Hampstead on the St. John river, the other at his native town of Hampstead Long Island, N. Y. The inscriptions on the monuments are nearly identical.

SACRED To the Memory of LIEUT. COL. RICHARD HEWLETT,

Who served as Captain at the Conquest of Canada, and contributed to the Capture of Fort Frontenac, August, 1758, and at the breaking out of the American Revolution, 1775, received a Lieut.-Colonel's commission, and served during the war under General Oliver Delancey.

Born at Hampstead on Long Island in the then Province of New York, and died at this place, July 26th, 1789, aged 59 years.

Some interesting particulars of the services of Lt. Col. Hewlett during the Revolution are to be found in Jones' Loyalist History of New York. He was a brave and capable officer.

We cannot at this time follow further the fortunes of the Loyalists of 1733. Their privations and their toils were not in vain. History has justified their attitude during the Revolutionary epoch, and their merits are acknowledged by broad minded and impartial students of history in the United States. The late Professor Moses Coit Tyler, of the University of Cornell, gave it as his opinion, "That the side of the Loyalists, as they called themselves, of the Tories, as they were scornfully nick-named by their opponents, was even in argument not a weak one, and in motive and sentiment not a base one, and in devotion and self-sacrifice not an unheroic one." The same sentiments were even more emphatically expressed by Dr. Tyler on the occasion of the celebration of the centenary of the founding of the University at Fredericton, a few years since, on which occasion he said:

"We Americans here to-day wish to express our friendship toward you, not only on account of yourselves and the good work you are doing, but also on account, of those noble men and women, your ancestors, who founded this Province of New Brunswick, this town of Fredericton, and this University which is the crown and glory of both. We remember what sort of men and women they were—their sincerity, their devotion to principle in defiance of loss and pain, their courage, their perseverance, their clear prevision of the immense importance of race unity. So, very honestly, with all our hearts we greet you as a kindred people, many of you of the same colonial lineage with ourselves, having many things in your public and private experience identical with our own, still bound to us by antique and indestructible bonds of fellowship in faith, in sympathy, in aspiration, in humane effort, all coincident with the beginnings of English civilization in North America, nay with the beginnings of civilization itself in that fast-anchored isle beyond the sea, which is the beloved mother of us all. If between your ancestors and ours, on opposite sides of the old Revolutionary dispute a century and a quarter ago, there were many and bitter years of unfriendly tradition, we, on our part, are glad to think that such tradition lives no longer; that in the broad-minded view which time and the better understanding of our own history have brought us, the coming years are to witness a renewal and a permanent relation of good-will and mutual help, which bound together the earlier generations of our common race on this continent."

To these kindly words every generous souled descendant of the Loyalists will utter a fervent Amen. And still we say—all honor to the brave hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so severely for the preservation of a united British empire, and whose hands in later years laid strong and deep the foundation of our Canadian Dominion.



INDEX.

Aboideau, 235.

Acadia, bounds of, 17, 93.

Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S. Peninsula, 96, 101; settled on River St. John, 107, 114, 117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234, 248, 249, 255, 309; expulsion of, 116, 120, 133, 139.

Account books of Simonds & White, 181, 183, 201, 234.

Alden, John, 44, 46, 48.

Alexander, James, 13, 52.

Alexander, Sir William, 23.

Allan, John, 183, 262, 264, 265, 270-277, 293, 316, 337.

Allen, Lieut.-Colonel Isaac, 364.

Alline, Rev. Henry, 327, 330, 338-342.

Amesbury, 330.

Anderson, John, 161, 196, 247.

Andros, Governor, 38.

Annapolis, 76, 77, 79, 87, 347.

Aplin, Joseph, 352.

Arbuthnot, Colonel, 136, 138, 139, 143, 271, 278.

Argall, Samuel, 22.

Armstrong, Governor, 77.

Arrival of Simonds & White, 179, 239.

Atherton, Benjamin, 166, 180, 198, 233, 325, 343, 366.

Audren, Father, 107, 113.

Aukpaque, 36, 78, 82, 140, 142, 145, 175, 196, 253, 273, 285, 299; missionaries at, 106, 127, 146, 247, 253, 256.

"Bachelor," Sloop, 161.

Bailey, Rev. Jacob, 135, 317, 338, 347.

Bailly, Charles Francois, 75, 247, 248, 249, 299.

Baptiste, Captain, 47.

Barker, Jacob, 154, 171, 173, 174, 228, 259, 311, 324.

Barker, Jacob Jr., 161, 174, 324.

Barlow, Richard, 210, 219, 320.

Bates, Walter, 339, 348, 349, 353.

Batt, Major, 276, 281.

Baxter, Simon, 345, 348.

Bayard, Samuel, 332.

Bay of Fundy, 17; battles in, 46, 101.

Beardsley, Rev. John, 173, 351.

Beausejour, 96, 115.

Beckwith, Nehemiah, 314, 352.

Bellefontaine, 57, 100, 135, 143, 252.

Bellisle, 79, 86, 89, 90, 350.

Belliveau, Charles, 118, 119.

Bell of Medoctec Chapel, 75, 247.

Benardin, 22.

Bessabez, 7, 8.

Biard, Pierre, 8, 20, 21.

Biencourt, 20, 22.

Bill of Lading, 307.

Black, Edmund, 178, 239, 245.

Black, Rev. William, 342.

Blodget, Samuel, 176, 177, 178, 182, 188, 189, 192, 201.

Blowers, Sampson Salter, 346.

Boishebert, Pierre, at mouth of the St. John, 96, 97, 100, 102; retires to a "detroit," 117, 118, 120; at Nerepis, 123, 333; at Petitcodiac, 116; at Miramichi, 124.

Books in olden days, 201, 255.

Boston, 26, 178, 236, 239.

Botsford, Amos, 346, 347.

Bourg, Rev. Joseph M., 252, 253, 271, 285, 286, 289, 294, 295.

"Bridgewater," Ship, 356, 357, 358.

Briggs, Zephaniah, 171.

Brookings, Henry, 202.

Bruce, Lieutenant. R. G., 150.

Bungwarrawit, 298.

Burbank, David, 161, 174, 321, 324.

Burpee, David, 172, 259, 260, 318.

Burpee, Jonathan, 169, 170, 317.

Burton, Township, 203, 213, 364.

Butler, Captain Pierce, 174, 233.

Butternut, Trees, 8, 17, 131, 174.

Cadillac, 9, 109, 111.

Campbell, Tamberlane, 311, 324.

Campobello, 280.

Canada Company (see St. John's River Society).

Carleton, Sir Guy, 277, 293, 296, 345, 354, 358, 361, 362.

Carr, Peter, 227, 233.

Cartier, Jacques, 7.

Caton, Isaac, 196, 198, 208.

Caton's Island, 20, 130, 198.

Census, 56, 57, 78, 159, 168, 214, 250, 251.

Chamberlain, Montagu, 41.

Chambly, 30, 32.

Champlain, 9, 17, 19.

Charlevoix, 39, 112.

Charnisay, d'Aulnay, 23, 24-29.

Chauffours, Sieur de (see Louis d Amours).

Chipman, Ward, 191, 230, 360, 365.

Chkoudun, 17, 19.

Christie, Thomas, 174.

Chubb, Captain, 46, 53.

Church, Colonel Benjamin, 40, 47, 48.

Church, Covenant, 169, 340.

Clarke, John, 353.

Cleoncore Island, 55.

Cleveland, Lemuel, 177, 244, 280.

Clignancourt, Sieur de (see Rene d'Amours).

Climate, 238.

Clinch, Peter, 337.

Cobb, Captain, 99, 126, 128.

Coburn, Moses, 167, 174, 327.

Coffin's Manor, 333.

Congregational Church, 172, 256, 257.

Connor, Lieutenant, 296, 310, 337.

Contract, 1st Business, 177, 188, 191, 229, 239.

Contract, 2nd Business, 229, 239.

Converse, Captain, 42.

Conway, Township, 208, 212, 227, 244, 261, 280, 364.

Copper Mine, 19.

Cornwallis, Governor, 90, 100, 102.

County of Sunbury formed, 207.

Coy, Edward, 167, 168, 169, 326.

Crabtree, A Green, 183, 277, 279.

Crandall, Rev. Joseph, 329, 330, 339.

Cummings, Samuel, 346, 347.

Currency of Massachusetts, 182.

Curry, John, 280, 298.

Customs Collector, 259, 344.

D'Amours, Bernard, 55.

D'Amours, Louis, 46, 55, 57, 59-65, 250, 251.

D'Amours, Mathieu, 52, 55, 57, 59, 250.

D'Amours, Rene, 49, 55, 57, 69, 63, 67, 250, 251.

Danielou, Jean Pierre, 75, 78, 80, 141, 143, 250.

Danks, Benoni, 128, 131.

Darling, Benjamin, 330.

Davidson, Lieutenant John, 361.

Davidson, William, 259, 301, 304, 305, 308, 310.

DeLancy, Lieut.-Colonel, Stephen, 364.

Delesderniers, Frederick, 274, 275.

DeMeulles, 34.

DeMonts, 16, 20.

Denys, Nicolas, 10, 24, 27.

DePeyster, Abraham, 225.

DeRazilly, 23.

DesBarres, Joseph F. W., 164, 332.

Deserters, 137, 295.

"Detroit," or Narrows, 93, 117, 118.

DeVeber, Lieut-Colonel Gabriel, 361, 365.

Dibblee, Fyler, 349.

Dibblee, Rev. F., 299.

D'Iberville, 38, 41, 45, 46.

Diereville, 40, 54.

Disbanded Troops, 149, 164, 160, 206, 227.

Dole, W. P., 25.

Doucet, Joseph, 248.

Dover, N. H., 38.

Dummer, Rev., 41.

Du Pont, 21, 22.

Dutch, Mauraders, 32.

Eagleson, Rev. John, 269.

Early Mechanics, 335.

Earthquake, 194.

Eaton, Captain, 176, 177.

Eddy, Jonathan, 167, 262, 268, 327.

Ekouipahag, (see Aukpaque).

Elizee, Father, 43.

Emerson, Samuel, 181.

Emerson, Webster, 179.

Emenenic, 20, 130, 198.

English Settlers, 156.

"Envieux," Ship, 46, 47, 64.

Estabrooks, Elijah, 244, 280, 329.

Estey, Richard, 164, 169, 174, 328.

Estey, Zebulon, 161, 167, 174, 321, 329.

Falconer, Captain Thomas, 207, 210, 214, 222.

Falls, mouth of St. John, 20, 109, 215.

Fenton, Captain John, 212, 214, 217.

Fisher, Hon. Charles, 367.

Fisher, Peter, 155, 265, 312, 366.

Fishery, 176, 195, 198, 204, 222, 239.

Fleets of 1783, 348, 350, 353, 357, 361.

Fort Boishebert, 97, 103, 105, 114, 333.

Fort Cumberland, 268, 276.

Fort Frederick, erection of, 122, 127, 128, 133; garrison at, 134, 137, 150, 196, 233, 315; Glasier at Fort, 208, 215, 222; dismantled, 261; burned, 265.

Fort Howe, 218, 282, 284, 295, 335, 348, 350.

Fort Hughes, 295.

Fort LaTour, 24.

Fort Menagoueche, 103, 106, 116, 122, 133.

Fort Nachouac, 51, 196.

Fort at St. John, 24, 48, 53, 54, 100, 102, 105, 116, 122.

Fox, General, 364, 365.

Franklin, Michael, 159, 218; Superintendent of Indian affairs, 269, 276, 277, 282, 285, 287, 289, 293, 297, 301.

Francklin, Hazen & White, 305, 306-310.

Fredericton, 78, 366.

French Village, 231, 250, 253, 311.

Freneuse, 52, 58, 251.

Freshets, 63, 110, 216.

Frontenac, Count, 30, 40, 41.

Frost, Sarah, 354, 357.

Fur Trade, 20, 22, 26, 28, 59, 144, 174, 182, 193, 298.

Gage, 208, 212, 331.

Gagetown, 123, 132, 255.

Gale, 137, 155, 204.

Galissonniere, Count de la, 94, 106, 113.

Game, 10, 19, 26, 216, 368.

Ganong, Dr. W. F., 24, 31, 49, 123.

Garrison, Joseph, 159, 162, 174, 234, 326.

Gaspe, Sieur de, 103, 105, 106.

Gaudet, Placide P., 64, 87, 103, 116, 119, 130, 139, 249, 250, 252.

Gemesech, 30, 34.

Gemisick (see Jemseg), 30, 31, 34, 109.

Germain, Charles, 80, 81, 94, 98, 106, 113, 114, 137, 139.

Gilbert, Colonel Thomas, 166.

Glasier, Beamsley P., 196, 207, 208, 214, 312, 333; agent of St. John's River Society, 208, 209, 214-225.

Glasier, Benjamin, 312.

Glasier, "The Main John," 313.

Glode, Ballomy, 143.

Goold, Colonel, 270, 271.

Gorham, Captain John, 83, 94.

Grand Falls, 36, 70.

Grand Fontaine, 30.

Grand Lake, 290, 311.

Grand Lake Coal, 26, 234, 326.

Grand Manan, 221.

Grantees at Maugerville, 159, 162.

Grantees of Townships, 212, 213.

Grants of Lands, 149, 158, 206, 209, 230, 232.

Grapes, 8, 17.

Greenough, Moses, 176, 244.

Grimross, 132, 146, 220, 223.

Gyles, John, 11, 13, 29, 43, 52, 57, 69-63, 68-72.

Haldimand, Colonel, Frederick, 208, 296, 303.

Halifax, 89, 299.

Hamond, Sir A. S., 305, 306, 310, 311, 324.

Hannay, James, 11, 25, 39, 116, 169, 259, 318, 341.

Hardy, Elias, 230, 305, 333.

Hart, John, 289.

Hart, Jonathan, 174.

Hart, Thomas, 167, 330.

Hauser, Frederick, 346, 347, 352.

Haverhill, 190, 229.

Hawawes, Nicholas, 285, 295.

Hawthorn, Colonel, 49, 61.

Hayes, John, 309, 310, 311.

Hayward, Nehemiah, 168, 174.

Hazen Family, 190, 191, 203, 245.

Hazen House, 241.

Hazen & White, 309, 311, 335.

Hazen, Jarvis, Simonds, White & Co., 177, 178, 188, 200, 224, 229, etc.

Hazen, John, 241, 243, 313.

Hazen, Moses, 135, 150, 208, 227.

Hazen, William, 149, 176, 177, 190, 311; at St. John, 240, 272, 277, 311, 335, 344.

Hewlett, Lieut.-Colonel Richard, 361, 362, 363, 368.

Hovey, Stephen, 167.

How, Captain Edward, 89, 98.

Howlett, Ammi, 169, 174.

Hubbard, William, 314.

Huron Indians, 81, 86, 277, 294.

Hutchinson, Hon. Thomas, 137, 208, 227, 313.

Ice-jam, 197, 198.

Indian Church at Medoctec, 73, 74, 112.

Indian Corn, 9, 110, 166, 260.

Indian Cruelty, 6, 14, 39, 52, 53, 61, 69, 82, 83, 84.

Indians (see Maliseets and Micmacs).

Indian Pow-wows, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.

Indian Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143, 174, 263, 287.

Indiantown, 290, 341.

Inventory of effects, Simonds & White, 200, 201.

Island of St. John, 108.

Jack, D. R., 58.

Jadis, Captain, 259.

Jarvis, Leonard, 176, 181, 192, 225, 240.

Jarvis, Samuel Gardiner, 241.

Jemseg, Post at, 30, 31, 32, 40, 61, 140, 316.

Jenkins, Thomas, 178, 244, 280.

Jesuits, 73.

Jewett, Daniel, 173, 174.

Johnson, The Chevalier, 113, 124.

Joibert, 30, 33 (see Soulanges).

Jones, John, 205, 280, 316, 352.

Jones, Lieutenant Simeon, 361.

Kemble, Manor, 316, 332.

Kennebec, 67, 72, 93, 94.

Kennebeccasis, 55, 61, 234, 311.

Kennedy, Captain Patrick, 362.

Kimball, Richard, 174.

King George's War, 72, 79, 86.

King Philips's War, 38.

King William's War, 38, 53, 72.

Kingsclear, 75.

Kingston, 61, 350, 352.

King's Woods, 302.

Kinney, Israel, 167, 180.

LaHontan, Baron, 57.

LaJonquiere, 98, 102, 103.

Langan, Thomas, 309.

Larlee, John, 167, 174.

LaTour, Charles, 22, 24-29, 86.

LaTour, Lady, 24, 26, 27.

LaValliere, 33.

Lawrence, J. W., 25, 353.

Lawrence, Governor, 96, 115, 122.

Lawrence's Proclamations, 148, 206.

Leaming, Rev. J., 349.

Leavitt, Daniel, 181, 202, 244, 280, 350.

Leavitt, Jonathan, 150, 178, 179, 202, 204, 244.

LeBorgne, Alexander, 55, 79, 86, 91.

LeBorgne, Francois, 87.

LeLoutre, Abbe, 79, 94, 99, 113, 122.

LeMoyne, 38, 41.

Lescarbot, 9, 17.

Lime at St. John, 176, 195, 196, 199, 236-238, 348.

Lime-Kilns, Modern, 236, 237.

L'Isle, Dieu, Abbe, 106, 107, 113.

Livingston, Philip J., 208, 224, 225, 226.

Loder's Creek, 280.

Lloyd's Neck, 349, 355.

Loler. Peter, 297.

Long Island, 131.

Louisburg, Capture of, 80, 115, 124, 125.

Loverga, Father, 107, 113, 114.

Loyalists, 261, 266, 328, 344, 348, 353, 358.

Loyalist Agents, 346.

Loyalist Regiments, 360, 361-366.

Loyard, Jean B., 73-75, 77, 141.

Lumbering, 308, 312.

Machias, 183, 262, 265, 277, 292, 335.

Madawaska, 70, 102, 110, 111, 147, 249, 273.

Madocawando, 38, 86, 87.

Magistrates, Early, 196, 259, 322, 343.

Mahogany (see Manawagonish).

Maillard, Abbe, 254.

Maliseets, Their origin and Customs, 5-14; at war with the English, 40, 42, 43, 49, 51, 72, 79, 94, 161, 263, 283, 333; at Medoctec, 66-72, 141, 275; at Aukpaque, 127, 141, 145, 216, 247, 250, 256, 273; peace parleys, 77, 143, 284-289, 294; claim the lands, 6, 112, 142, 156; trade with the English, 145, 152, 161, 182, 196, 198, 300, 331.

Magistrates, Early, 161, 196, 259, 280, 322, 343.

Malouins, 20.

Manawagonish, 48, 270, 272, 274, 279, 316, 341, 360.

Marble, Isaac, 202, 204.

Marichites, (Maliseets), 95.

Marin, Sieur, 80, 82, 112.

Marriages, 12, 28, 33, 64, 65, 86, 87, 170, 180, 205, 245, 326.

Marsden, Joshua, 257.

Marsh at St. John (see Sebaskastaggan).

Marsh Bridge, 235.

Marston, Benjamin, 279, 335, 350.

"Martha," Ship, 362, 363.

Martignon, Sieur de, 31.

Martin, Joseph, 248, 267.

Mascarene, Paul, 79, 83, 86, 88, 95, 141.

Massacre at St. Anns, 135, 136, 252.

Masse, Enemond, 20, 22.

Massey, Brig. General, 269, 271, 276, 278, 279, 281.

Masting Contract, 305.

Mast-Pond, 304.

Masts, 47, 54, 109, 258, 293, 297, 301, 303, 305, 309, 311.

Mather, Rev. Dr., 355.

Mauger, Joshua, 154, 165, 220, 227.

Maugerville, 59, 146, 153, 206, 217, 227, 348; progress of, 158-175, 233, 256, 260; rebels of, 266, 267, 271, 315, 321.

Mazerolle Settlement, 250.

Medoctec Village, 6, 9, 13, 34, 36, 107, 110, 113, 273, 275, 298, 299; plague at, 45; Gyles at, 52, 59, 60, 68; Pote at, 84, 85.

Megabagaduce, 291.

Members for Sunbury, 207, 225, 259, 305, 314, 319.

Membertou, 7, 22.

Menagoueche, 18, 19, 43, 46, 47, 49, 53, 59, 105, 133, 141, 179.

Menaguashe, 183, 205, 286, 288, 294.

Men-ah-quesk, 18, 150, 179, 185.

Menneval, 38, 40.

Menzies, John, 358.

Menzies, Major Thomas, 365.

Mercure, Michael, 249, 267, 296.

Merveille, Captain, 21.

Micmacs, 7, 10, 38, 42, 60, 77, 94, 262, 294.

Middleton, Samuel, 176, 178.

Mill Creek, 156.

Mills at Nashwaak, 53, 209, 220-223, 226, 251; at Maugerville, 159, 164, 324; at St. John, 199, 231, 235; at Oromocto, 312.

Miramichi, 42, 121, 124, 305.

"Mistake," The, 167, 316, 327.

Mitchel, Lewis, 272.

Mohawks, 12, 13.

Moireau, Claude, 141.

Monckton, Colonel R., 91, 96, 115, 125-134.

Moncton, 161, 196.

Montcalm, 124.

Montesson, 107, 112.

Mooers, Peter, 159, 162, 174.

Moose, 10, 11, 216, 368.

Morpain, Pierre de, 64.

Morrisania, 256, 305, 312, 320.

Morris, Charles, 147, 158, 160, 218, 227, 258, 365.

Morris, Charles, Jr., 218, 222, 259.

Morris, Major, 134.

Morse, Colonel Robert, 279, 364.

Murray, Captain, 116.

Murray, Major Daniel, 360, 364.

McCurdy, Captain, 126, 132, 134.

McGregor, Rev. James, 342, 343.

McKeen, William, 167, 244.

McLean, General, 337.

McNeal, Sergeant, 77.

Narantsouak, 67.

Nashwaak, (Nachouac), 32, 40, 43, 47, 51, 53, 110, 196, 209, 220, 223, 343.

Navy Island, 17, 18, 53, 103.

Negro Men, 52, 199.

Neguedchecouniedoche, 33.

Neptune, John, 298.

Neptune, Lewis, 293.

Nerepis, 37, 97, 103, 104, 105, 123, 333.

Neuvillette, 49, 52.

Nevers, Elisha, 169, 171, 174, 319.

Nevers, Phinehas, 174, 180, 225, 259, 319.

Newburyport, 167, 178, 236, 239, 240, 321.

New Ireland, 291.

"Newport," Ship captured, 46.

Newton, Hon. Henry, 227, 343, 344.

Newton, Philip, 343.

New-town Township, 208, 212, 364.

Nid d'Aigle, 91, 118.

Noble, Rev. Seth, 171, 173, 266, 271, 321.

O'Bear, Port, 218.

Odell, Jonathan, 361.

Ogilvie, Rev. John, 208, 210, 214, 219.

Oromocto, 123, 296, 297, 309, 310, 324, 347, 367.

Ouigoudy, 17, 18.

Paddock, Adino, 361.

Palmer, Daniel, 169, 171, 174, 319.

Parr, Governor, 334, 348, 365.

Parr-town, 179, 348, 352, 363, 365.

Passamaquoddy, 176, 179, 195, 196, 204, 221, 268, 272.

Passamaquoddy Indians, 46, 90, 120, 143, 276, 280, 293, 294.

Peabody, Captain Francis, 149, 152, 153, 161, 174, 176, 178, 217, 220, 228, 247, 322; will of, 180, 323.

Peabody, Samuel, 167, 174, 205, 244, 280, 307, 309, 311, 323.

Peaslie, Robert, 176, 177, 181, 192.

Pemaquid, 39, 42, 45, 49, 53.

Pennoniac, 7.

Penobscot, 42, 44, 52, 67, 85, 263, 276, 290, 337.

Pepperrell, William, 80.

Perkins' Island, 195, 211, 221.

Perley, Israel, 149, 153, 174, 228, 259, 270, 271, 309, 320.

Perley, Moses H., 300, 322, 353.

Perley, Oliver, 161, 167, 174, 321.

Perrot, 33.

Peters, James, 346.

Phillipps, Governor, 76.

Pickard, Humphrey, 161, 169, 174, 321, 324.

Pickett, David, 350.

Pine-trees (see also Masts), 302, 309, 311.

Plague on St. John River, 45.

Plummer, Sylvanus, 172, 173.

Pontgrave, 20.

Porier, Senator, 116.

Portland Point, 25, 157, 176-187, 194, 243, 244, 277; arrival at, 178, 193, 261.

Portneuf, 38, 40, 44.

Port Royal, 7, 20, 22, 23, 24, 28, 41, 54, 64, 76.

Post Houses on the St. John, 296, 317.

Pote, Captain William, 81-85.

Poutrincourt, 19, 20.

Pow-wows, Indian, 42, 144, 174, 284-289, 293, 294, 298.

Preble, John, 270, 273.

Prescott & Co., 269.

Price, Edmund, 234, 316.

Prices of Goods, etc., 144, 161, 168, 174, 182, 184, 260, 306, 307.

Prince William, 361, 365.

Privateers, 183, 204, 265, 268, 277, 279, 281, 316, 330.

Quinton, Hugh, 156, 167, 171, 174, 244, 269, 289, 315.

Ralleau, 17.

Ralle, Missionary, 43.

Regan, Jeremiah, 352.

Religious Teachers, 247.

Relics, Indian, 5, 9.

Rideout, Nicholas, 174.

Ring, Zebedee, 205, 244, 280.

Robichaux, 86, 87, 90, 92, 133.

Rogers, Captain Jeremiah, 126, 132.

Rogers, Nathaniel, 209, 219, 223.

Rous, Captain John, 97, 100, 101, 115.

Route to Canada, 102, 108, 111, 112, 296.

Rowley, 317.

Royal Fencible American Regiment, 276, 281, 336.

Rum, 183, 193.

Rushagonis, 311.

Salamanca, 367, 368.

Saturday Night in 1764, 185.

Savary, Judge, 116.

Saw-mills, 53, 159, 164, 199, 209, 213, 220, 221, 223, 251, 312, 324.

Say, Gervas, 167, 169, 170, 174, 205, 244, 272, 289, 316, 326.

Sayre, Rev. John, 346.

Scalps, Rewards offered for, 80, 122.

Scott, Major, 127, 134.

Seabury, Rev. Samuel, 345.

Secondon (see Chkoudun).

Sedgewick, Major Robert, 29.

Seebaskastaggan Marsh, 176, 231, 234.

Seigniories, 30, 31, 32, 55, 58, 251.

Sharman, Dr., 288, 337, 338.

Sheffield (see Maugerville).

Sheep for settlers, 224.

Ship-building, 203, 205, 312, 316.

Ships, Transport, 348, 351, 353.

Ship-wrecks, 203, 241.

Shirley, Governor, 79, 95, 115, 121.

Shorne, Richard, 208, 215, 225, 226, 259.

Siege of Fort Nachouac, 49.

Simonds Family, 190.

Simonds, James, 149-152, 161, 167, 174, 176, 177, 184, 190, 194, 195, 198, 207, 210, 213, 221, 229-235, 238, 261, 262, 265, 314, 332.

Simonds, Richard, 150, 152, 177, 181, 188, 192.

Simon, Recollet Missionary, 36, 43, 44, 46, 52, 56, 59, 67, 72, 141.

Small, Colonel, 277.

Small-pox, 327.

Smith, Jonathan, 169, 171, 174.

Smith, Rev. Curryl, 225.

Smith, Stephen, 265.

Soulanges, Sieur de, 30, 32.

Spry, Captain William, 208, 210, 255, 327.

Stamp Act, 222.

St. Anns, Acadians at, 78, 120, 122, 123, 133, 248; massacre at St. Annes, 135, 136, 252; Indian Claims at, 146, 156, 175; trading post at, 198, 220, 308, 325; the Loyalists at, 366, 367.

St. Aubin, Ambroise, 175, 183, 263, 269, 299.

St. Castin, Baron, 38, 46, 64, 85, 86.

St. Croix Island, 10, 19.

St. John, name of City, 179.

St. John Harbor, 17, 48, 150, 176, 239, 347.

St. John River, 18, 34, 93, 120, 215, 347, 362; Cadillac's description, 109; inundations of, 63, 110, 216.

St. John's River Society, 210, 214-227, 309.

St. Vallier, Bishop, 34, 140.

Sterling, Captain Walter, 333.

Stickney, Isaac, 167, 174.

Stone age, 5, 9.

Storey, William, 179, 202.

Straton Brothers, 297.

Street, Samuel Denny, 321, 337, 352.

Studholme, Gilfred, at Fort Frederick, 233; at Fort Howe, 248, 262, 270, 274, 278, 279, 281, 283, 295, 316, 321, 336, 345, 350.

Sunbury County, 206, etc., 258, 259, 348.

Sunbury Township, 175, 208, 212, 364.

Tablet, Medoctec, 73, 74, 300.

Tapley, Alexander, 167, 168, 174.

Tapley, Samuel, 174.

Taxous, 42.

Temiscouata, 111, 121.

Temple, Sir Thomas, 30.

Thoma, Chief, 143.

Thoma, Pierre, 183, 263, 275, 285, 288, 290, 293, 298, 299, 300, 301.

Thompson, Lieut.-Colonel, Benjamin, 345, 361.

Thury, Missionary, 43, 44, 46, 52.

Tidmarsh, Giles, 168, 174, 180, 325.

Tilley, Sir S. L., 351.

Tinker, Captain William, 351.

Tory's Soliloquy, 359.

Townships, 208, 211, 212, 309, 364.

Transport Ships, 348, 351, 353.

Treaties, 77, 89, 90, 94, 143.

Truck-houses, 141, 143, 144, 161, 196.

"Two Sisters," Transport Ship, 355.

"Ulysees," Sloop, 126.

"Union," Transport Ship, 348, 349, 350.

Upper Cove, 180.

Upham, Joshua, 346, 360.

Upton, Samuel, 168.

Van Buskirk, Colonel Abraham, 362, 368.

Vaudreuil, 33, 64, 73, 75, 93, 112, 117, 121, 135.

Vergor, Sieur de, 101.

Vessels of Simonds, Hazen & White, 202-204, 222.

Vienneau Family, 250.

Villebon, Sieur de, 38, 40-54, 61, 63, 251, 300.

Villieu, 44, 47, 53, 57, 133.

Wade, Philip, 308, 366.

Wages, 174, 193, 205, 239, 260.

Waldron, Major, 38.

Walnut (see Butternut).

Ward, Clarence, 366.

Ward, Major John, 366.

Washademoak, 82, 94, 111.

Washington, George, 263.

Wasson, John, 174.

Watson, Brook, 354.

Webster, Mr., 171.

Webster, Samuel, 181.

Wellman, Mr., 171.

Wentworth, Governor, 302.

West, Captain, 272, 275.

White, James, 149, 152, 193, 201, 245, 261, 311, 321, 343; arrival at St. John, 178, 179, 239; at Crown Point, 192; second contract, 229, 230; dealings with Indians, 182, 272, 273, 283, 289, 295.

Whitney, Samuel, 170, 174.

Willard, Captain, 325, 358, 359.

Wilmot, Governor Montagu, 175, 177, 218, 219.

Winslow, Edward, 346, 360, 364, 365.

Winslow, Lieut.-Colonel John, 116.

Winthrop, Governor, 26.

Wood, Rev. Thomas, 171, 254, 255, 299.

Woodboats, First, 313.

Woodman, James, 164, 205, 244, 272, 280, 290, 324, 352.

Woolastook, 18.

Woodstock, 69, 73.

Wordens, Fort at, 91, 118.

Xavier, Francois, 77, 183, 286, 287.

Young Royal Highland Emigrants, 336.



ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page Samuel de Champlain Frontispiece Indian Encampment and Chief 15 Champlain's Plan of St. John Harbor 18 Title Page Bp. St. Vallier's Book 35 Fort Nachouac 50 Signature of Sieur de Freneuse 58 Signature of John Gyles 63 Plan of Old Medoctec Village 66 Medoctec Tablet 74 Bell of Old Medoctec Chapel 76 Signature of Jean Loyard 78 Paul Mascarene 88 Old Fort at Worden's 91 Woodman's Point—site of Fort Boishebert 104 Colonel Robert Monckton 125 Sketch Map of River St. John in 1758 129 Isle au Garce, or Emenenic 130 Inscription on Medoctec Stone 141 Plan—Aukpaque and Surroundings 146 Bruce's Plan of St. John Harbor 151 Signature of Peter Fisher 155 Plan of Maugerville 163 The Congregational Church at Maugerville 172 A Cottage of Today 185 Signatures 188 Ice-jam, 1902 197 Plan of Townships 212 Plan of Grants to Simonds & White 231 Old Hazen House and Grounds 242 Signature Joseph Mathurin Bourg 253 Fort Howe in 1781 278 Signature of Major G. Studholme 281 Fort Howe in 1818 282 St. John Harbor, showing Mast Dock 304



* * * * *



Transcriber's Note:

Author's archaic and variable spelling, hyphenation, and quoting practices are preserved.

Author's punctuation style is preserved.

Illustrations have been moved closer to their relevant paragraphs, but page numbers in the list of illustrations have not been changed.

Footnotes moved to below relevant paragraphs.

Passages in italics indicated by underscores.

Passages in bold indicated by equal signs.

Typographical problems have been changed and are listed below.

Transcriber's Changes:

Page 7: Was 'a lowed' (Bessabez, the sagamore of the Penobscot Indians, allowed the body of the dead chief to be taken home)

Page 8: Was 'o' (One of the islands in that vicinity the early English settlers afterwards called "Isle of Vines,")

Page 12: Was 'Baird' (Biard relates that a certain sagamore on hearing that the young King of France was unmarried,)

Page 14: Was 'therr' (This fact should be remembered to their credit by those who most abhor their bloodthirstiness and cruelty.)

Page 19: Was 'villiage' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his fortified village on Navy Island when Champlain invited him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)

Page 19: Was 'Cahmplain' (Chkoudun lived at "Menagoueche" in his fortified village on Navy Island when Champlain invited him to go with the Sieur de Poutrincourt)

Page 20: Was 'Baird' (was the scene of an exciting incident of which Biard has left us a picturesque description.)

Page 27: Was 'beseigers' (For three days Madame la Tour bravely repelled the besiegers and obliged them to retire beyond the reach of her guns.)

Page 36: as per errata note: Was 'bllier afterwards became the mission of' (The islands which the bishop mentions are the well known and beautiful islands below the mouth of the Keswick stream.)

Page 40: Was 'commissioned' (Villebon was favorably received and returned with a commission from the king to command in Acadia.)

Page 43: Was 'ingrediants' (At this time they presented the Indians with a bag or two of flour with some prunes as ingredients for a feast.)

Page 43: Added closing double quote ("July 10, 1696. M. Thury, missionary, having arrived with Taxous, chief of the Canibas and other savages from Pentagouet; brandy, 1 gallon; tobacco, 2 lbs.")

Page 48: Added closing double-quote (whereby they will be greatly strengthened and the reducing of them rendered more difficult.")

Page 49: Was 'the the' (Villebon assigned to Baptiste and Rene d'Amours the duty of heading the Indians and opposing the landing of the English.)

Page 51: Was 'opertion' (the English again got their guns into operation, but la Cote,)

Page 52: Was 'rendevous' (with ammunition and supplies and sent on to the rendezvous at Penobscot.)

Page 55: Was 'the the' (Mathieu's seigniory included all the land "between Gemisik and Nachouac,")

Page 63: Was 'Mademe (Some days after he took an affecting leave of Madame d'Amours and his master went down to)

Page 63: Was 'fourtunes' (The next year France and England were again at war and in the course of the conflict the fortunes of the d'Amours)

Page 71: Was 'in in' (However, early in the morning we took our loads of moose flesh)

Page 77: Was 'sterness' (His disposition had nothing of sternness, yet he was equally beloved)

Page 79: Added closing double quote (to induce Mr. Shirley to allow them to settle again in their villages, and to leave their missionaries undisturbed as they were before the war.")

Page 83: Removed closing double quote (we Incamped this Night at this afforsaid Indian Village Apog. (Aukpaque.)")

Page 83: Added closing double quote (or Bread, we Incamped this Night at this afforsaid Indian Village Apog. (Aukpaque.)")

Page 89: Was 'Mascaerne' (Annapolis early in 1744, which attack failed on account of the energy and bravery of Mascarene.)

Page 98: Added closing double quote ("It is desirable," he writes, "that the savages should unite in opposing the English)

Page 101: Was 'main-maist' (Vergor had a new main-mast cut and drawn from the woods by the crew of the St. Francis)

Page 101: Was 'illict' (St. Francis was confiscated for engaging in illicit commerce in the province of his Britannic Majesty.)

Page 102: Was 'warike' (she was engaged in furnishing warlike munitions to the Indian enemy)

Page 102: Was 'anticipatd' (The Marquis de la Jonquiere anticipated great advantages from the overland route of communication.)

Page 111: Was 'benfits' (It was claimed that many benefits would follow, chiefly that the lumbermen)

Page 115: Was 'removel' (about the removal of the Acadians from Chignecto and the River St. John.)

Page 124: Added closing double quote (and the Micmacs he would be able to form a camp of 600 or 700 men, and Drucour could frequently place the besiegers between two fires.")

Page 133: Was 'Menagoeche' (the English were engaged in rebuilding the old Fort at Menagoueche; the Indians of the River St. John had retired with the Rev. Father Germain,)

Page 141: original spelling: Guidry ... Guirdy ("At Menagoueck, the year of grace 1681, the 2 June, have baptized according to the forms of the Church, Jeanne Guidry, child of Claude Guirdy dit la Verdure and of Keskoua)

Page 144: Was 'arrranged' (Gerrish agreed to buy goods and sell them to on furs sold, and the prices to be so arranged that the Indians)

Page 144: Was 'skin skin' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2 "beavers"; bear skin, 1-1/3 "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1 "beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1 "beaver";)

Page 144: Was '1 1-3' (the same standard: Moose skin, 1-1/2 "beavers"; bear skin, 1-1/3 "beavers"; 3 sable skins, 1 "beaver"; 6 mink skins, 1 "beaver"; 10 ermine skins, 1 "beaver";)

Page 146: Was 'Goverment' (the vicinity of their village was early recognized by the Government of Nova Scotia)

Page 147: Was 'rendevous' (The island opposite Aukpaque, called Indian Island, was the place where the Indians of the river made their annual rendezvous.)

Page 148: Was 'river' (However, very shortly after Monckton's occupation of the St. John River Lawrence issued the first of his celebrated proclamations)

Page 165: Was 'and and' (Grog was at that time freely dispensed in the army and navy, and Mauger erected a distillery)

Page 165: Was 'inculding' (As the business was lucrative he soon accumulated much property in and around Halifax, including the well known Mauger's Beach)

Page 175: Added closing double quote (M. WILMOT. RICH'D BULKELEY, Secretary." })

Page 190: Was 'Phippin (land was first described by Judith Phippen, which proved to be the headland now called "Point Judith.")

Page 190: Was 'Parley' (the ancestors of many well known families in America, bearing the familiar names of Peabody, Perley, Beardsley)

Page 190: Was 'Ticonderga' (with his cousin Captain John Hazen in the campaign against Fort Ticonderoga.)

Page 198: Was 'ilustration' (See illustration on preceding page of a recent ice-jam at this place.)

Page 203: Was 'rom' (She made occasional voyages from St. John to St. Croix in the West Indies. )

Page 219: Was 'and and' ("consigned to Richard Barlow storekeeper at St. John's and passenger on board for the use of the St. John's society.")

Page 222: Was 'o' (The avidity manifested by the agent of the St. John's River Society in seeking favors at the hands of government would seems to countenance the idea)

Page 222: Added closing double-quote (to the express condition of the Grant will absolutely be declared forfeited.")

Page 224: Added closing double-quote (Proprietors, agent with whom you will please correspond on any occurrence regarding the settlement.")

Page 247: Was 'Bailey' (In the summer of 1767, Father Charles Francois Bailly came to the River St. John)

Page 255: Was 'here' (but up to this time there had been no opportunity for church-going.)

Page 255: Was 'pslams' (with the exception of a copy of Watt's psalms and hymns owned by James White.)

Page 261: Was 'rooom' (but alas for them the force of events left no room for neutrality.)

Page 265: Was 'and, and' (The people of Machias were particularly fond of plundering their neighbors, and that place was termed)

Page 267: Was 'commissiary' (The commissary general there was directed to deliver them one barrel of gunpowder)

Page 267: Was 'of of' (one barrel of gunpowder, 350 flints and 250 weight of lead from the colony's stores;)

Page 273: Was 'Aukaque' (John Allan and his party arrived at the Indian village of Aukpaque where forty or fifty Indians)

Page 279: Added closing double-quote (Capt. Benjamin Marston on board his vessel the "Brittania", which was then lying at anchor)

Page 280: Was 'Passamoquoddy' (He came to Passamaquoddy about 1770, settled there and was appointed a justice of the peace in 1774.)

Page 298: Was 'Perre' (We may therefore conclude that Pierre Thoma did not long survive his old friend and Patron Michael Francklin.)

Page 305: Was 'Franklin's' (Francklin's political influence at Halifax and the personal friendship of Sir Andrew Snape Hamond,)

Page 307: Was 'Franklin' (Col. Francklin procured at Halifax many articles needed for the mast cutters, such as chains, blocks and tackle, camp supplies, etc.)

Page 309: Was 'Frankcklin' (as we expected when Col. Francklin left this place.)

Page 311: Changed single to double closing-quote (he has raised the price of provision and men and Ox labour—oxen to 7s. 6d. pr. pair pr. day and men in proportion.")

Page 311: Was 'renumerative' (The masting business seems to have been remunerative, and was the means of putting in circulation a considerable amount of specie, which was greatly appreciated)

Page 315: Was 'jealously' (This election helped to intensify the ill-will and jealousy already existing between the "old" and "new" inhabitants.)

Page 320: Moved onto new line ("County of Sunbury:—Be it Remembered that on the Seventh Day of July, 1774, Nathaniel Barker of Maugerville in the County of)

Page 324: Was 'the the' (Item, to my daughter Heprabeth I give three hundred dollars to be paid by my two eldest sons in household goods on the day of her marriage.)

Page 326: Was 'Gearge' ((Witnesses.) Daniel Palmer, Fran's Peabody, Sam'l Whitney, Richard Estey, George Hayward, David Palmer, Edw'd Coy.")

Page 326: Was 'caol' (Joseph Garrison is said to have been the first of the settlers to engage in mining coal at Grand Lake.)

Page 327: Was 'vacciantion' (Inoculation, it may be observed, was regarded as the best preventative of small-pox before vaccination was introduced by Dr. Jenner.)

Page 333: Was 'Baubiers' ("At the entrance of a small river called Baubier's River or narrow Piece [Nerepis] the land a considerable distance back is good upland but no Interval.)

Page 338: Added comma (One son, George Frederick Street, was a judge of the supreme court, another, John Ambrose Street, was attorney general of the province and leader of the government)

Page 346: Was 'Bostford' (The agents chosen were Messrs. Amos Botsford, Samuel Cummings and Frederick Hauser.)

Page 348: Was 'Bridgwater' ("Ann," Capt. Clark; "Bridgewater," Capt. Adnet; "Favorite," Capt. Ellis;)

Page 358: Was 'Bridgwater' (The Bridgewater, one of the Spring fleet, came again in June, and made a third voyage in October.)

Page 365: Was 'glimse' (We get a glimpse of the distress and perplexity of the men of the loyal regiments in one of Edward Winslow's letters to Ward Chipman.)

Page 369: Was 'perserverance' (their courage, their perseverance, their clear prevision of the immense importance of race unity.)

Page 370: Was 'severly' (And still we say—all honor to the brave hearts that sacrificed so much and suffered so severely for the preservation)

Index: Unclear in original (Acadians, encouraged to leave N. S. Peninsula, 96, 101; settled on River St. John, 107, 114, 117, 120, 122, 133, 145, 234, 248, 249, 255, 309;)

Index: Was 'Zephamiah' (Briggs, Zephaniah, 171.)

Index: Was 'Dierville' (Diereville, 40, 54.)

THE END