"If the ladies can put up with such entertainment, and submit to partake of it on plates once tin, but now iron, not become so by the labor of hard scouring, I shall be happy to see them."

We may be sure that the ladies found their dinner a pleasant one, and that the writer of the note was neither a stiff nor unsocial host. A much more charming letter is one to Nellie Custis, on the occasion of her first ball. It is too long for quotation, but it is a model of affectionate wisdom tinged with a gentle humor, and designed to guide a young girl just beginning the world of society.

Here, however, is another extract from a letter to Madame de Lafayette, of rather more serious purport, but in the same strain, and full of a simple and, as we should call it, an old-fashioned grace. He was replying to an invitation to visit France, which he felt obliged to decline. After giving his reasons, he said: "This, my dear Marchioness (indulge the freedom), is not the case with you. You have youth (and, if you should incline to leave your children, you can leave them with all the advantages of education), and must have a curiosity to see the country, young, rude, and uncultivated as it is, for the liberties of which your husband has fought, bled, and acquired much glory, where everybody admires, everybody loves him. Come, then, let me entreat you, and call my cottage your home; for your own doors do not open to you with more readiness than mine would. You will see the plain manner in which we live, and meet with rustic civility; and you shall taste the simplicity of rural life. It will diversify the scene, and may give you a higher relish for the gayeties of the court when you return to Versailles."

There is also apparent in many of his letters a vein of worldly wisdom, shrewd but kindly, too gentle to be called cynical, and yet touched with the humor which reads and appreciates the foibles of humanity. Of an officer who grumbled at disappointments during the war he wrote: "General McIntosh is only experiencing upon a small scale what I have had an ample share of upon a large one; and must, as I have been obliged to do in a variety of instances, yield to necessity; that is, to use a vulgar phrase, 'shape his coat according to his cloth,' or in other words, if he cannot do as he wishes, he must do what he can." The philosophy is homely and common enough, but the manner in which the reproof was administered shows kindly tact, one of the most difficult of arts. Here is another passage, touching on something outside the range of war and politics. He was writing to Lund Washington in regard to Mrs. Washington's daughter-in-law, Mrs. Custis, who was contemplating a second marriage. "For my own part," he said, "I never did, nor do I believe I ever shall, give advice to a woman who is setting out on a matrimonial voyage: first, because I never could advise one to marry without her own consent; and secondly, because I know it is to no purpose to advise her to refrain when she has obtained it. A woman very rarely asks an opinion or requires advice on such an occasion till her resolution is formed; and then it is with the hope and expectation of obtaining a sanction, not that she means to be governed by your disapprobation, that she applies. In a word, the plain English of the application may be summed up in these words: 'I wish you to think as I do; but if unhappily you differ from me in opinion, my heart, I must confess, is fixed, and I have gone too far now to retract.'"

In the same spirit, but this time with a lurking smile at himself, did he write to the secretary of Congress for his commission: "If my commission is not necessary for the files of Congress, I should be glad to have it deposited among my own papers. It may serve my grandchildren, some fifty or a hundred years hence, for a theme to ruminate upon, if they should be contemplatively disposed."

He knew human nature well, and had a smile for its little weaknesses when they came to his mind. It was this same human sympathy which made him also love amusements of all sorts; but he was as little their slave as their enemy. No man ever carried great burdens with a higher or more serious spirit, but his cares never made him forbidding, nor rendered him impatient of the pleasure of others. He liked to amuse himself, and knew the value of a change of thought and scene, and he was always ready, when duty permitted, for a chat. He liked to take a comfortable seat and have his talk out, and he had the talent so rare in great men of being a good and appreciative listener. We hear of him playing cards at Tappan during the war, and he was always fond of a game in the evening, realizing the force of Talleyrand's remark to the despiser of cards: "Quelle triste vieillesse vous vous preparez." In 1779 it is recorded that at a party he danced for three hours with Mrs. Greene without sitting down or resting, which speaks well for the health and spirits both of the lady and the gentleman. Even after Yorktown, he was ready to walk a minuet at a ball, and to the end he liked to see young people dance, as he had danced himself in his youth. As has been seen from his treatment of Bernard, he liked the theatre and the actors, and when he was in Philadelphia he was a constant attendant at the play, as he had been ever since he went to see "George Barnwell" in the Barbadoes. His love of horses stayed with him to the last. He not only rode and drove and trained horses,[1] but he enjoyed the sport of the race-course. He was probably aware, like the Shah of Persia who declined to go to the Derby, that one horse could run faster than another, but nevertheless he liked to see them run, and we hear of him, after he had reached the presidency, acting as judge at a race, and seeing his own colt Magnolia beaten, which he no doubt considered the next best thing to winning.

[Footnote 1: The Marquis de Chastelleux speaks of the perfect training of Washington's saddle horses, and says the general broke them himself. He adds "He (the general) is an excellent and bold horseman, leaping the highest fences and going extremely quick, without standing upon his stirrups, bearing on the bridle or letting his horse run wild; circumstances which our young men look upon as so essential a part of English horsemanship, that they would rather break a leg or an arm than renounce them."]

He had, indeed, in all ways a thoroughly well-balanced mind and temper. In great affairs he knew how to spare himself the details to which others could attend as well as he, and yet he was in no wise a despiser of small things. Before the Revolution, there was a warm discussion in the Truro parish as to the proper site for the Pohick Church. Washington and George Mason led respectively the opposing forces, and each confidently asserted that the site he preferred was the most convenient for the largest number of parishioners. Finally, after much debate and no conclusion, Washington appeared at a vestry meeting with a collection of statistics. He had measured the distance from each proposed site to the house of each parishioner, and found, as he declared, that his site was nearer to more people than the other. It is needless to add that he carried his point, and that the spot he desired for the church was the one chosen.

The fact was that, if he confided a task of any sort to another, he let it go on without meddling; but if he undertook anything himself, he did it with the utmost thoroughness, and there is much success in this capacity to take pains even in small things. He managed his plantations entirely himself when he was at home, and did it well. He knew the qualities of each field, and the rotation of its crops. No improvement in agriculture and no ingenious invention escaped his attention, although he was not to be carried away by mere novelty, which had such a fascination for his ex-secretary at Monticello. Every resource of his estate was turned to good use, and his flour and tobacco commanded absolute confidence with his brand upon them. He followed in the same painstaking way all his business affairs, and his accounts, all in his own hand, are wonderfully minute and accurate. He was very exact in all business as well as very shrewd at a bargain, and the tradition is that his neighbors considered the general a formidable man in a horse-trade, that most difficult of transactions. Parkinson mentions that everything purchased or brought to the house was weighed, measured, or counted, generally in the presence of the master himself. Some of his letters to Lear, his private secretary, show that he looked after his china and servants, the packing and removal of his furniture with great minuteness. To some persons this appears evidence of a petty mind in a great man, but to those who reflect a little more deeply it will occur that this accuracy and care in trifles were the same qualities which kept the American army together, and enabled their owner to arrive on time and in full preparation at Yorktown and Trenton. The worst that can be said is that from his love of perfection and completeness he may in this respect have wasted time and strength, but his untiring industry and his capacity for work were so great that he accomplished so far as we can see all this drudgery without ever neglecting in the least more important duties. It was a satisfaction to him to do it; for he was methodical and exact to the last degree, and he was never happy unless he held everything in which he was concerned easily within his grasp.

He had the same attention to details in external things, and he wished everything about him to be of the best, if not "express'd in fancy." He had the handsomest carriages and the finest horses always in his stables. It was necessary that the furniture of his house should be as good as could be procured, and he was most particular in regard to it. When he was preparing as President to move to Philadelphia, he made the most searching inquiries as to horses, stables, servants, schools for young Custis, and everything affecting the household. He sent at the same time most minute directions to his agents as to the furniture of his house, touching upon everything, down to the color of the curtains and the form of his wine-coolers. He had a like feeling in regard to dress. His fancy for handsome and appropriate dress in his youth has already been alluded to, but he never ceased to take an interest in it; and in a letter to McHenry, written in the last year of his life, he discusses with great care the details of the uniform to be prescribed for himself as commander-in-chief of the new army. It would be a mistake, of course, to infer that he was a dandy, or that he gave to dress and furniture the importance set upon them by shallow minds. He simply valued them rightly, and enjoyed the good things of this world. He had the best possible taste and the keenest sense of what was appropriate, and it was this good taste and sense of fitness which saved him from blundering in trifles, as much as his ability and his sense of humor preserved him from error in the conduct of great affairs.

The value of all this to the country he served cannot be too often reiterated, for ridicule was a real danger to the Revolutionary cause when it started. The raw levies, headed by volunteer officers from the shop, the plough, the work-bench, or the trading vessel, despite their patriotism and the nobility of their cause, could easily have been made subjects of derision, a perilous enemy to all new undertakings. Men prefer to be shot at, if they are taken seriously, rather than to be laughed at and made objects of contempt. The same principle holds true of a revolution seeking the sympathy of a hostile world. When Washington drew his sword beneath the Cambridge elm and put himself at the head of the American army, effective ridicule became impossible, for the dignity of the cause was seen in that of its leader. The British generals soon found that they not only had a dangerous enemy to encounter, but that they were dealing with a man whose pride in his country and whose own sense of self-respect reduced any assumption of personal superiority on their part to speedy contempt. In the same way he brought dignity to the new government of the Constitution when he was placed at its head. The confederation had excited the just contempt of the world, and Washington as President, by the force of his own character and reputation, gave the United States at once the respect not only of the American people, but of those of Europe as well. Men felt instinctively that no government over which he presided could ever fall into feebleness or disrepute.

In addition to the effect on the popular mind of his character and services was that of his personal presence. If contemporary testimony can be believed, few men have ever lived who had the power to impress those who looked upon them so profoundly as Washington. He was richly endowed by nature in all physical attributes. Well over six feet high,[1] large, powerfully built, and of uncommon muscular strength, he had the force that always comes from great physical power. He had a fine head, a strong face, with blue eyes set wide apart in deep orbits, and beneath, a square jaw and firm-set mouth which told of a relentless will. Houdon the sculptor, no bad judge, said he had no conception of the majesty and grandeur of Washington's form and features until he studied him as a subject for a statue. Pages might be filled with extracts from the descriptions of Washington given by French officers, by all sorts of strangers, and by his own countrymen, but they all repeat the same story. Every one who met him told of the commanding presence, and noble person, the ineffable dignity, and the calm, simple, and stately manners. No man ever left Washington's presence without a feeling of reverence and respect amounting almost to awe.

[Footnote 1: Lear in his memoranda published recently in full in McClure's Magazine for February, 1898, states that Washington measured after death six feet three and one half inches in height, a foot and nine inches across the shoulders, two feet across the elbows; evidently a spare man with muscular arms, which we know to have been also of unusual length.]

I will quote only a single one of the numerous descriptions of Washington, and I select it because, although it is the least favorable of the many I have seen, and is written in homely phrase, it displays the most evident and entire sincerity. The extract is from a letter written by David Ackerson of Alexandria, Va., in 1811, in answer to an inquiry by his son. Mr. Ackerson commanded a company in the Revolutionary war.

"Washington was not," he wrote, "what ladies would call a pretty man, but in military costume a heroic figure, such as would impress the memory ever afterward."

The writer had a good view of Washington three days before the crossing of the Delaware.

"Washington," he says, "had a large thick nose, and it was very red that day, giving me the impression that he was not so moderate in the use of liquors as he was supposed to be. I found afterward that this was a peculiarity. His nose was apt to turn scarlet in a cold wind. He was standing near a small camp-fire, evidently lost in thought and making no effort to keep warm. He seemed six feet and a half in height, was as erect as an Indian, and did not for a moment relax from a military attitude. Washington's exact height was six feet two inches in his boots. He was then a little lame from striking his knee against a tree. His eye was so gray that it looked almost white, and he had a troubled look on his colorless face. He had a piece of woolen tied around his throat and was quite hoarse. Perhaps the throat trouble from which he finally died had its origin about then. Washington's boots were enormous. They were number 13. His ordinary walking-shoes were number 11. His hands were large in proportion, and he could not buy a glove to fit him and had to have his gloves made to order. His mouth was his strong feature, the lips being always tightly compressed. That day they were compressed so tightly as to be painful to look at. At that time he weighed two hundred pounds, and there was no surplus flesh about him. He was tremendously muscled, and the fame of his great strength was everywhere. His large tent when wrapped up with the poles was so heavy that it required two men to place it in the camp-wagon. Washington would lift it with one hand and throw it in the wagon as easily as if it were a pair of saddle-bags. He could hold a musket with one hand and shoot with precision as easily as other men did with a horse-pistol. His lungs were his weak point, and his voice was never strong. He was at that time in the prime of life. His hair was a chestnut brown, his cheeks were prominent, and his head was not large in contrast to every other part of his body, which seemed large and bony at all points. His finger-joints and wrists were so large as to be genuine curiosities. As to his habits at that period I found out much that might be interesting. He was an enormous eater, but was content with bread and meat, if he had plenty of it. But hunger seemed to put him in a rage. It was his custom to take a drink of rum or whiskey on awakening in the morning. Of course all this was changed when he grew old. I saw him at Alexandria a year before he died. His hair was very gray, and his form was slightly bent. His chest was very thin. He had false teeth, which did not fit and pushed his under lip outward."[1]

[Footnote 1: This letter, recently printed, is in the collection of Dr. Toner, at Washington. It contains some obvious errors, as in regard to the color of the eyes, but it is nevertheless very interesting and valuable.]

This description is certainly not a flattering one, and all other accounts as well as the best portraits prove that Washington was a much handsomer man than this letter would indicate. Yet the writer, despite his freedom from all illusions and his readiness to state frankly all defects, was profoundly impressed by Washington's appearance as he watched him meditating by the camp-fire at the crisis of the country's fate, and herein lies the principal interest of his description.

This personal impressiveness, however, affected every one upon all occasions.

Mr. Rush, for instance, saw Washington go on one occasion to open Congress. He drove to the hall in a handsome carriage of his own, with his servants dressed in white liveries. When he had alighted he stopped on the step, and pausing faced round to wait for his secretary. The vast crowd looked at him in dead silence, and then, when he turned away, broke into wild cheering. At his second inauguration he was dressed in deep mourning for the death of his nephew. He took the oath of office in the Senate Chamber, and Major Forman, who was present, wrote in his diary: "Every eye was on him. When he said, 'I, George Washington,' my blood seemed to run cold and every one seemed to start." At the inauguration of Adams, another eye-witness wrote that Washington, dressed in black velvet, with a military hat and black cockade, was the central figure in the scene, and when he left the chamber the crowds followed him, cheering and shouting to the door of his own house.

There must have been something very impressive about a man who, with no pretensions to the art of the orator and with no touch of the charlatan, could so move and affect vast bodies of men by his presence alone. But the people, with the keen eye of affection, looked beyond the mere outward nobility of form. They saw the soldier who had given them victory, the great statesman who had led them out of confusion and faction to order and good government. Party newspapers might rave, but the instinct of the people was never at fault. They loved, trusted and well-nigh worshiped Washington living, and they have honored and reverenced him with an unchanging fidelity since his death, nearly a century ago.

But little more remains to be said. Washington had his faults, for he was human; but they are not easy to point out, so perfect was his mastery of himself. He was intensely reserved and very silent, and these are the qualities which gave him the reputation in history of being distant and unsympathetic. In truth, he had not only warm affections and a generous heart, but there was a strong vein of sentiment in his composition. At the same time he was in no wise romantic, and the ruling element in his make-up was prose, good solid prose, and not poetry. He did not have the poetical and imaginative quality so strongly developed in Lincoln. Yet he was not devoid of imagination, although it was here that he was lacking, if anywhere. He saw facts, knew them, mastered and used them, and never gave much play to fancy; but as his business in life was with men and facts, this deficiency, if it was one, was of little moment. He was also a man of the strongest passions in every way, but he dominated them; they never ruled him. Vigorous animal passions were inevitable, of course, in a man of such a physical make-up as his. How far he gave way to them in his youth no one knows, but the scandals which many persons now desire to have printed, ostensibly for the sake of truth, are, so far as I have been able to learn, with one or two dubious exceptions, of entirely modern parentage. I have run many of them to earth; nearly all are destitute of contemporary authority, and they may be relegated to the dust-heaps.[1] If he gave way to these propensities in his youth, the only conclusion that I have been able to come to is that he mastered them when he reached man's estate.

[Footnote 1: The charge in the pamphlet purporting to give an account of the trial of the New York conspirators in 1776 is of such doubtful origin and character that it hardly merits consideration, and the only other allusion is in the well-known intercepted letter of Harrison, which is of doubtful authenticity in certain passages, open to suspicion from having been intercepted and published by the enemy and quite likely to have been at best merely a coarse jest of a character very common at that period and entirely in keeping with the notorious habits of life and speech peculiar to the writer. (See Life of John Adams, iii. 35.)]

He had, too, a fierce temper, and although he gradually subdued it, he would sometimes lose control of himself and burst out into a tempest of rage. When he did so he would use strong and even violent language, as he did at Kip's Landing and at Monmouth. Well-intentioned persons in their desire to make him a faultless being have argued at great length that Washington never swore, and but for their argument the matter would never have attracted much attention. He was anything but a profane man, but the evidence is beyond question that if deeply angered he would use a hearty English oath; and not seldom the action accompanied the word, as when he rode among the fleeing soldiers at Kip's Landing, striking them with his sword, and almost beside himself at their cowardice. Judge Marshall used to tell also of an occasion when Washington sent out an officer to cross a river and bring back some information about the enemy, on which the action of the morrow would depend. The officer was gone some time, came back, and found the general impatiently pacing his tent. On being asked what he had learned, he replied that the night was dark and stormy, the river full of ice, and that he had not been able to cross. Washington glared at him a moment, seized a large leaden inkstand from the table, hurled it at the offender's head, and said with a fierce oath, "Be off, and send me a man!" The officer went, crossed the river, and brought back the information.

But although he would now and then give way to these tremendous bursts of anger, Washington was never unjust. As he said to one officer, "I never judge the propriety of actions by after events;" and in that sound philosophy is found the secret not only of much of his own success, but of the devotion of his officers and men. He might be angry with them, but he was never unfair. In truth, he was too generous to be unjust or even over-severe to any one, and there is not a line in all his writings which even suggests that he ever envied any man. So long as the work in hand was done, he cared not who had the glory, and he was perfectly magnanimous and perfectly at ease about his own reputation. He never showed the slightest anxiety to write his own memoirs, and he was not in the least alarmed when it was proposed to publish the memoirs of other people, like General Charles Lee, which would probably reflect upon him.

He had the same confidence in the judgment of posterity that he had in the future beyond the grave. He regarded death with entire calmness and even indifference not only when it came to him, but when in previous years it had threatened him. He loved life and tasted of it deeply, but the courage which never forsook him made him ready to face the inevitable at any moment with an unruffled spirit. In this he was helped by his religious faith, which was as simple as it was profound. He had been brought up in the Protestant Episcopal Church, and to that church he always adhered; for its splendid liturgy and stately forms appealed to him and satisfied him. He loved it too as the church of his home and his childhood. Yet he was as far as possible from being sectarian, and there is not a word of his which shows anything but the most entire liberality and toleration. He made no parade of his religion, for in this as in other things he was perfectly simple and sincere. He was tortured by no doubts or questionings, but believed always in an overruling Providence and in a merciful God, to whom he knelt and prayed in the day of darkness or in the hour of triumph with a supreme and childlike confidence.

* * * * *

As I bring these volumes to a close I am conscious that they speak, so far as they speak at all, in a tone of almost unbroken praise of the great man they attempt to portray. If this be so, it is because I could come to no other conclusions. For many years I have studied minutely the career of Washington, and with every step the greatness of the man has grown upon me, for analysis has failed to discover the act of his life which, under the conditions of the time, I could unhesitatingly pronounce to have been an error. Such has been my experience, and although my deductions may be wrong, they at least have been carefully and slowly made. I see in Washington a great soldier who fought a trying war to a successful end impossible without him; a great statesman who did more than all other men to lay the foundations of a republic which has endured in prosperity for more than a century. I find in him a marvelous judgment which was never at fault, a penetrating vision which beheld the future of America when it was dim to other eyes, a great intellectual force, a will of iron, an unyielding grasp of facts, and an unequaled strength of patriotic purpose. I see in him too a pure and high-minded gentleman of dauntless courage and stainless honor, simple and stately of manner, kind and generous of heart. Such he was in truth. The historian and the biographer may fail to do him justice, but the instinct of mankind will not fail. The real hero needs not books to give him worshipers. George Washington will always hold the love and reverence of men because they see embodied in him the noblest possibilities of humanity.



INDEX for Volumes I & II

ACKERSON, DAVID, describes Washington's personal appearance, ii. 386-388.

Adams, Abigail, on Washington's appearance in 1775, i. 137.

Adams, John, moves appointment of Washington as commander-in-chief, i. 134; on political necessity for his appointment, 135; and objections to it, 135; statement as to Washington's difficulties, 163; over-sanguine as to American prospects, 171; finds fault with Washington, 214, 215; one of few national statesmen, 252; on Washington's opinion of titles, ii. 52; advocates ceremony, 54; returns to United States, 137; attacked by Jefferson as a monarchist, 226; praised by Democrats as superior to Washington, 251; his administration upheld by Washington, 259; advised by Washington, 260; his inauguration, 276; sends special mission to France, 284; urges Washington to take command of provisional army, 285; wishes to make Knox senior to Hamilton, 286; censured by Washington, gives way, 287; lack of sympathy with Washington, 287; his nomination of Murray disapproved by Washington, 292, 293; letter of Washington to, on immigration, 326.

Adams, J.Q., on weights and measures, ii. 81.

Adams, Samuel, not sympathized with by Washington in working for independence, i. 131; his inability to sympathize with Washington, 204; an enemy of Constitution, ii. 71; a genuine American, 309.

Alcudia, Duke de, interviews with Pinckney, ii. 166.

Alexander, Philip, hunts with Washington, i. 115.

Alien and Sedition Laws, approved by Washington and Federalists, ii. 290, 297.

Ames, Fisher, speech on behalf of administration in Jay treaty affair, ii. 210.

Andre, Major, meets Arnold, i. 282; announces capture to Arnold, 284; confesses, 284; condemned and executed, 287; justice of the sentence, 287, 288; Washington's opinion of, 288, ii. 357.

Armstrong, John, Major, writes Newburg address, i. 335.

Army of the Revolution, at Boston, adopted by Congress, i. 134; its organization and character, 136-143; sectional jealousies in, at New York, 162; goes to pieces after defeat, 167, 175, 176; condition in winter of 1777, 186; difficulties between officers, 189; with foreign officers, 190-192; improvement as shown by condition after Brandywine and Germantown, 200, 201; hard winter at Valley Forge, 228; maintained alive only by Washington, 227, 228, 232; improved morale at Monmouth, 239; mutinies for lack of pay, 258; suffers during 1779, 270; bad condition in 1780, 279; again mutinies for pay, 291, 292, 295; conduct of troops, 292, 293; jealousy of people towards, 332; badly treated by States and by Congress, 333; grows mutinous, 334; adopts Newburg addresses, 335, 336; ready for a military dictatorship, 338, 340; farewell of Washington to, 345.

Arnold, Benedict, sent by Washington to attack Quebec, i. 144; sent against Burgoyne, 210; plans treason, 281; shows loyalist letter to Washington, 282; meets Andre, 282; receives news of Andre's capture, 284; escapes, 284, 285; previous benefits from Washington, 286; Washington's opinion of, 288; ravages Virginia, 303; sent back to New York, 303; one of the few men who deceived Washington, ii. 336.

Arnold, Mrs., entertains Washington at time of her husband's treachery, i. 284, 285.

Articles of Confederation, their inadequacy early seen by Washington, i. 297, 298; ii. 17.

Asgill, Capt., selected for retaliation for murder of Huddy, i. 328; efforts for his release, 329; release ordered by Congress, 330.

BACHE, B.F., publishes Jay treaty in "Aurora," ii. 185; joins in attack on Washington, 238, 244; rejoices over his retirement, 256.

Baker,——, works out a pedigree for Washington, i. 31.

Ball, Joseph, advises against sending Washington to sea, i. 49, 50.

Barbadoes, Washington's description of, i. 64.

Beckley, John, accuses Washington of embezzling, ii. 245.

Bernard, John, his conversation with Washington referred to, i. 58, 107; describes encounter with Washington, ii. 281-283; his description of Washington's conversation, 343-348.

Blackwell, Rev. Dr., calls on Washington with Dr. Logan, ii. 264.

Blair, John, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 73.

Bland, Mary, "Lowland Beauty," admired by Washington, i. 95, 96.

Blount, Governor, pacifies Cherokees, ii. 94.

Boston, visit of Washington to, i. 97, 99; political troubles in, 120; British measures against condemned by Virginia, 122, 123; appeals to colonies, 124; protests against Jay treaty, ii. 186; answered by Washington, 190.

Botetourt, Lord, Governor of Virginia, quarrels with Assembly, i. 121; manages to calm dissension, 122; on friendly terms with Washington, 122.

Braddock, General Edward, arrives in Virginia, i. 82; invites Washington to serve on his staff, 82; respects him, 83; his character and unfitness for his position, 83; despises provincials, 83; accepts Washington's advice as to dividing force, 84; rebukes Washington for warning against ambush, 85; insists on fighting by rule, 85; defeated and mortally wounded, 85; death and burial, 87.

Bradford, William, succeeds Randolph, ii. 246.

Brandywine, battle of, i. 196-198.

Bunker Hill, question of Washington regarding battle of, i. 136.

Burgoyne, General John, junction of Howe with, feared by Washington, i. 194, 195, 205, 206; significance of his defeat, 202; danger of his invasion foreseen by Washington, 203-206; captures Ticonderoga, 207; outnumbered and defeated, 210; surrenders, 211.

Burke, Edmund, understands significance of Washington's leadership, i. 202; unsettled by French Revolution, ii. 294.

CABOT, GEORGE, entertains Lafayette's son, ii. 366.

Cadwalader, General, fails to cross Delaware to help Washington, i. 180; duel with Conway, 226.

Calvert, Eleanor, misgivings of Washington over her marriage to John Custis, i. 111.

Camden, battle of, i. 281.

Canada, captured by Wolfe, i. 94; expedition of Montgomery against, 143, 144; project of Conway cabal against, 222; 253; project of Lafayette to attack, 254; plan considered dangerous by Washington, 254, 255; not undertaken by France, 256.

Carleton, Sir Guy, informs Washington of address of Commons for peace, i. 324; suspected by Washington, 325; remonstrates against retaliation by Washington for murder of Huddy, 328; disavows Lippencott, 328; fears plunder of New York city, 345; urges Indians to attack the United States, ii. 102, 175.

Carlisle, Earl of, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Carlyle, Thomas, sneers at Washington, i. 4, 14; calls him "a bloodless Cromwell," i. 69, ii. 332; fails to understand his reticence, i. 70; despises him for not seizing power, 341.

Carmichael, William, minister at Madrid, ii. 165; on commission regarding the Mississippi, 166.

Carrington, Paul, letter of Washington to, ii. 208; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Cary, Mary, early love affair of Washington with, i. 96.

Chamberlayne, Major, entertains Washington at Williams' Ferry, i. 101.

Charleston, siege and capture of, i. 273, 274, 276.

Chastellux, Marquis de, Washington's friendship for and letter to, ii. 351; on Washington's training of horses, 380.

Cherokees, beaten by Sevier, ii. 89; pacified by Blount, 94,101.

Chester, Colonel, researches on Washington pedigree, i. 31.

Chickasaws, desert from St. Clair, ii. 96.

China, honors Washington, i. 6.

Choctaws, peaceable in 1788, ii. 89.

Cincinnati, Society of the, Washington's connection with, ii. 4.

Clarke, Governor, thinks Washington is invading popular rights, i. 215.

Cleaveland, Rev.——, complimented by Washington, ii. 359.

Clinton, George, appealed to by Washington to attack Burgoyne, i. 210; journey with Washington to Ticonderoga, 343; enters New York city, 345; letter of Washington to, ii. 1; meets Washington on journey to inauguration, 45; opponent of the Constitution, 71; orders seizure of French privateers, 153.

Clinton, Sir Henry, fails to help Burgoyne, i. 210; replaces Howe at Philadelphia, his character, 232; tries to cut off Lafayette, 233; leaves Philadelphia, 234; defeats Lee at Monmouth, 236; retreats to New York, 238; withdraws from Newport, 248; makes a raid, 265; fortifies Stony Point, 268; his aimless warfare, 269, 270; after capturing Charleston returns to New York, 276; tries to save Andre, 287; alarmed at attacks on New York, 306; jealous of Cornwallis, refuses to send reinforcements, 308; deceived by Washington, 311; sends Graves to relieve Cornwallis, 312.

Congress, Continental, Washington's journey to, i. 128; its character and ability, 129; its state papers, 129; adjourns, 132; in second session, resolves to petition the king, 133; adopts Massachusetts army and makes Washington commander, 134; reasons for his choice, 135; adheres to short-term enlistments, 149; influenced to declare independence by Washington, 160; hampers Washington in campaign of New York, 167; letters of Washington to, 170, 179, 212, 225, 229, 266, 278, 295, 321, 323, 333; takes steps to make army permanent, 171; its over-confidence, 171; insists on holding Forts Washington and Lee, 174; dissatisfied with Washington's inactivity, 187; criticises his proclamation requiring oath of allegiance, 189; makes unwise appointments of officers, 189; especially of foreigners, 190-192; 248, 249; applauds Washington's efforts at Germantown, 200; deposes Schuyler and St. Clair, 208; appoints Gates, 210; irritation against Washington, 212-215; falls under guidance of Conway cabal, 221, 222; discovers incompetence of cabal, 223; meddles with prisoners and officers, 231; rejects English peace offers, 233; makes alliance with France, 241; suppresses protests of officers against D'Estaing, 244; decline in its character, 257; becomes feeble, 258; improvement urged by Washington, 259, 266; appoints Gates to command in South, 268; loses interest in war, 278; asks Washington to name general for the South, 295; considers reduction of army, 313; elated by Yorktown, 323; its unfair treatment of army, 333, 335; driven from Philadelphia by Pennsylvania troops, 340; passes half-pay act, 342; receives commission of Washington, 347-349; disbands army, ii. 6; indifferent to Western expansion, 15; continues to decline, 22; merit of its Indian policy, 88.

Congress, Federal, establishes departments, ii. 64; opened by Washington, 78, 79; ceremonial abolished by Jefferson, 79; recommendations made to by Washington, 81-83; acts upon them, 81-83; creates commission to treat with Creeks, 90; increases army, 94, 99; fails to solve financial problems, 106; debates Hamilton's report on credit, 107, 108; establishes national bank, 109; establishes protective revenue duties, 113; imposes an excise tax, 123; prepares for retaliation on Great Britain, 176; Senate ratifies Jay treaty conditionally, 184; House demands papers, 207; debates over its right to concur in treaty, 208-210; refuses to adjourn on Washington's birthday, 247; prepares for war with France, 285; passes Alien and Sedition Laws, 296.

Constitution, Federal, necessity of, foreseen by Washington, ii. 17-18, 23, 24; the Annapolis Convention, 23-29; the Federal Convention, 30-36; Washington's attitude in, 31,34; his influence, 36; campaign for ratification, 38-41.

Contrecoeur, Captain, leader of French and Indians in Virginia, i. 75.

"Conway cabal," elements of in Congress, i. 214, 215; in the army, 215; organized by Conway, 217; discovered by Washington, 220; gets control of Board of War, 221; tries to make Washington resign, 222, 224; fails to invade Canada or provide supplies, 222, 223; harassed by Washington's letters, 223,226; breaks down, 226.

Conway, Moncure D., his life of Randolph, ii. 65, note, 196; his defense of Randolph in Fauchet letter affair, 196; on Washington's motives, 200; on his unfair treatment of Randolph, 201, 202.

Conway, Thomas, demand for higher rank refused by Washington, i. 216; plots against him, 217; his letter discovered by Washington, 221; made inspector-general, 221, 222; complains to Congress of his reception at camp, 225; resigns, has duel with Cadwalader, 226; apologizes to Washington and leaves country, 226.

Cooke, Governor, remonstrated with by Washington for raising state troops, i. 186.

Cornwallis, Lord, pursues Washington in New Jersey, i. 175; repulsed at Assunpink, 181; outgeneraled by Washington, 182; surprises Sullivan at Brandywine, 197; defeats Lee at Monmouth, 236; pursues Greene in vain, 302; wins battle of Guilford Court House, 302; retreats into Virginia, 302; joins British troops in Virginia, 303; his dangerous position, 304; urged by Clinton to return troops to New York, 306; plunders Virginia, 307; defeats Lafayette and Wayne, 307; wishes to retreat South, 307; ordered by ministry to stay on the Chesapeake, 307; abandoned by Clinton, 308; establishes himself at Yorktown, 308; withdraws into town, 315; besieged, 316, 317; surrenders, 317; outgeneraled by Washington, 319, 320.

Cowpens, battle of, i. 301.

Craik, Dr., attends Washington in last illness, ii. 300-302; Washington's friendship with, 363.

Creeks, their relations with Spaniards, ii. 89, 90; quarrel with Georgia, 90; agree to treaty with United States, 91; stirred up by Spain, 101.

Curwen, Samuel, on Washington's appearance, i. 137.

Cushing, Caleb, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 72.

Custis, Daniel Parke, first husband of Martha Washington, i. 101.

Custis, G.W.P., tells mythical story of Washington and the colt, i. 45; Washington's care for, ii. 369.

Custis, John, Washington's tenderness toward, i. 111; care for his education and marriage, 111; hunts with Washington, 141; death of, 322.

Custis, Nellie, marriage with Washington's nephew, ii. 281, 369; letter of Washington to, 377.

DAGWORTHY, CAPTAIN, claims to outrank Washington in Virginia army, i. 91, 97.

Dallas, Alexander, protests to Genet against sailing of Little Sarah, ii. 155.

Dalton, Senator, entertains Washington at Newburyport, ii. 359.

Deane, Silas, promises commissions to foreign military adventurers, i. 190.

De Barras, jealous of De Grasse, decides not to aid him, i. 310; persuaded to do so by Washington and Rochambeau, 311; reaches Chesapeake, 312.

De Grasse, Comte, announces intention of coming to Washington, i. 305; warned by Washington not to come to New York, 305; sails to Chesapeake, 306; asked to meet Washington there, 308; reaches Chesapeake, 312; repulses British fleet, 312; wishes to return to West Indies, 315; persuaded to remain by Washington, 315; refuses to join Washington in attack on Charleston, 322; returns to West Indies, 322.

De Guichen,——, commander of French fleet in West Indies, i. 280; appealed to for aid by Washington, 281; returns home, 282.

Delancey, Oliver, escapes American attack, i. 306.

Democratic party, its formation as a French party, ii. 225; furnished with catch-words by Jefferson, 226; with a newspaper organ, 227; not ready to oppose Washington for president in 1792, 235; organized against treasury measure, 236; stimulated by French Revolution, 238; supports Genet, 237; begins to attack Washington, 238; his opinion of it, 239, 240, 258, 261, 267, 268; forms clubs on French model, 241; Washington's opinion of, 242, 243; continues to abuse him, 244, 245, 250, 252; exults at his retirement, 256; prints slanders, 257.

Demont, William, betrays plans of Fort Washington to Howe, i. 175.

D'Estaing, Admiral, reaches America, i. 242; welcomed by Washington, 243; fails to cut off Howe and goes to Newport, 243; after battle with Howe goes to Boston, 244; letter of Washington to, 246; sails to West Indies, 246; second letter of Washington to, 247; attacks Savannah, 248; withdraws, 248.

De Rochambeau, Comte, arrives at Newport, i. 277; ordered to await second division of army, 278; refuses to attack New York, 280; wishes a conference with Washington, 282; meets him at Hartford, 282; disapproves attacking Florida, 301; joins Washington before New York, 306; persuades De Barras to join De Grasse, 311; accompanies Washington to Yorktown, 314.

Dickinson, John, commands scouts at Monmouth, i. 326.

Digby, Admiral, bitter comments of Washington on, i. 325.

Dinwiddie, Governor, remonstrates against French encroachments, i. 66; sends Washington on mission to French, 66; quarrels with the Virginia Assembly, 71; letter of Washington to, 73; wishes Washington to attack French, 79; tries to quiet discussions between regular and provincial troops, 80; military schemes condemned by Washington, 91; prevents his getting a royal commission, 93.

Diplomatic History: refusal by Washington of special privileges to French minister, ii. 59-61; slow growth of idea of non-intervention, 132, 133; difficulties owing to French Revolution, 134; to English retention of frontier posts, 135; attitude of Spain, 135; relations with Barbary States, 136; mission of Gouverneur Morris to sound English feeling, 137; assertion by Washington of non-intervention policy toward Europe, 145, 146; issue of neutrality proclamation, 147, 148; its importance, 148; mission of Genet, 148-162; guarded attitude of Washington toward emigres, 151; excesses of Genet, 151; neutrality enforced, 153, 154; the Little Sarah episode, 154-157; recall of Genet demanded, 158; futile missions of Carmichael and Short to Spain, 165, 166; successful treaty of Thomas Pinckney, 166-168; question as to binding nature of French treaty of commerce, 169-171; irritating relations with England, 173-176; Jay's mission, 177-184; the questions at issue, 180, 181; terms of the treaty agreed upon, 182; good and bad points, 183; ratified by Senate, 184; signing delayed by renewal of provision order, 185; war with England prevented by signing, 205; difficulties with France over Morris and Monroe, 211-214; doings of Monroe, 212, 213; United States compromised by him, 213, 214; Monroe replaced by Pinckney, 214; review of Washington's foreign policy, 216-219; mission of Pinckney, Marshall, and Gerry to France, 284; the X.Y.Z. affair, 285.

Donop, Count, drives Griffin out of New Jersey, i. 180; killed at Fort Mercer, 217.

Dorchester, Lord. See Carleton.

Duane, James, letters of Washington to, i. 294, 329.

Dumas, Comte, describes enthusiasm of people for Washington, i. 288.

Dunbar, Colonel, connection with Braddock's expedition, i. 84, 87.

Dunmore, Lord, arrives in Virginia as governor, i. 122; on friendly terms with Washington, 122, 123; dissolves assembly, 123.

Duplaine, French consul, exequatur of revoked, ii. 159.

EDEN, WILLIAM, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Edwards, Jonathan, a typical New England American, ii. 309.

Emerson, Rev. Dr., describes Washington's reforms in army before Boston, i. 140.

Emigres, Washington's treatment of, ii. 151, 253.

England, honors Washington, i. 20; arrogant behavior toward colonists, 80, 81, 82, 148; its policy towards Boston condemned by Virginia, 119, 121, 123, 126; by Washington, 124, 125,126; sends incompetent officers to America, 155, 201, 202, 233; stupidity of its operations, 203, 205, 206, 265; sincerity of its desire for peace doubted by Washington, 324, 325; arrogant conduct of toward the United States after peace, ii. 24, 25; stirs up the Six Nations and Northwestern Indians, 92, 94, 101; folly of her policy, 102; sends Hammond as minister, 169; its opportunity to win United States as ally against France, 171, 172; adopts contrary policy of opposition, 172, 173; adopts "provision order," 174; incites Indians against United States, 175; indignation of America against, 176; receives Jay well, but refuses to yield points at issue, 180; insists on monopoly of West India trade, 180; and on impressment, 181; later history of, 181; renews provision order, 185; danger of war with, 193; avoided by Jay treaty, 205; Washington said to sympathize with England, 252; his real hostility toward, 254; Washington's opinion of liberty in, 344.

Ewing, General James, fails to help Washington at Trenton, i. 180.

FAIRFAX, BRYAN, hunts with Washington, i. 115; remonstrates with Washington against violence of patriots, 124; Washington's replies to, 124, 126, 127; letter of Washington to in Revolution, ii. 366.

Fairfax, George, married to Miss Cary, i. 55; accompanies Washington on surveying expedition, 58; letter of Washington to, 133.

Fairfax, Mrs.——, letter of Washington to, ii. 367.

Fairfax, Thomas, Lord, his career in England, i. 55; comes to his Virginia estates, 55; his character, 55; his friendship for Washington, 56; sends him to survey estates, 56; plans a manor across the Blue Ridge, 59; secures for Washington position as public surveyor, 60; probably influential in securing his appointment as envoy to French, 66; hunts with Washington, 115; his death remembered by Washington, ii. 366.

Fairlie, Major, amuses Washington, ii. 374.

Farewell Address, ii. 248, 249.

Fauchet, M.,——, letter of, incriminating Randolph, ii. 195,196, 202.

Fauntleroy, Betsy, love affair of Washington with, i. 97.

Fauquier, Francis, Governor, at Washington's wedding, i. 101.

Federal courts, suggested by Washington, i. 150.

"Federalist," circulated by Washington, ii. 40.

Federalist party, begun by Hamilton's controversy with Jefferson, ii. 230; supports Washington for reelection, 235; organized in support of financial measures, 236; Washington looked upon by Democrats as its head, 244, 247; only its members trusted by Washington, 246, 247, 259, 260, 261; becomes a British party, 255; Washington considers himself a member of, 269-274; the only American party until 1800, 273; strengthened by X, Y, Z affair, 285; dissensions in, over army appointments, 286-290; its horror at French Revolution, 294, 295; attempts of Washington to heal divisions in, 298.

Fenno's newspaper, used by Hamilton against the "National Gazette," ii. 230.

Finances of the Revolution, effect of paper money on war, i. 258, 262; difficulties in paying troops, 258; labors of Robert Morris, 259, 264, 312; connection of Washington with, 263; continued collapse, 280, 290, 312.

Financial History, bad condition in 1789, ii. 105; decay of credit, paper, and revenue, 106; futile propositions, 106; Hamilton's report on credit, 107; debate over assumption of state debt, 107; bargain between Hamilton and Jefferson, 108; establishment of bank, 109; other measures adopted, 112; protection in the first Congress, 112-115; the excise tax imposed, 123; opposition to, 123-127; "Whiskey Rebellion," 127-128.

Fishbourn, Benjamin, nomination rejected by Senate, ii. 63.

Fontanes, M. de, delivers funeral oration on Washington, i. 1.

Forbes, General, renews attack on French in Ohio, i. 93.

Forman, Major, describes impressiveness of Washington, ii. 389.

Fox, Charles James, understands significance of Washington's leadership, i. 202.

France, pays honors to Washington, i. I, 6; war with England, see French and Indian war; takes possession of Ohio, 65; considers Jumonville assassinated by Washington, 74; importance of alliance with foreseen by Washington, 191; impressed by battle of Germantown, 200; makes treaty of alliance with United States, 241; sends D'Estaing, 243; declines to attack Canada, 256; sends army and fleet, 274, 277; relations of French to Washington, 318, 319; absolute necessity of their naval aid, 318, 319; Revolution in, applauded by America, ii. 138, 139, 142; real character understood by Washington and others, 139-142, 295; debate over in America, 142; question of relations with United States, 143, 144; warned by Washington, 144, 145; neutrality toward declared, 147; tries to drive United States into alliance, 149; terms of the treaty with, 169; latter held to be no longer binding, 169-171; abrogates it, 171; demands recall of Morris, 211; mission of Monroe to, 211-214; makes vague promises, 212, 213; Washington's fairness toward, 253; tries to bully or corrupt American ministers, 284; the X, Y, Z affair, 285; war with not expected by Washington, 291; danger of concession to, 292, 293; progress of Revolution in, 294.

Franklin, Benjamin, gets wagons for Braddock's expedition, i. 84; remark on Howe in Philadelphia, 219; national, like Washington, 252, ii. 8; despairs of success of Constitutional Convention, 35; his unquestioned Americanism, 309; respect of Washington for, 344, 346, 364.

Frederick II., the Great, his opinion of Trenton campaign, i. 183; of Monmouth campaign, 239.

French and Indian war, i. 64-94; inevitable conflict, 65; efforts to negotiate, 66, 67; hostilities begun, 72; the Jumonville affair, 74; defeat of Washington, 76; Braddock's campaign, 82-88; ravages in Virginia, 90; carried to a favorable conclusion by Pitt, 93, 94.

Freneau, Philip, brought to Philadelphia and given clerkship by Jefferson, ii. 227; attacks Adams, Hamilton, and Washington in "National Gazette," 227; makes conflicting statements as to Jefferson's share in the paper, 227, 228; the first to attack Washington, 238.

Fry, Colonel, commands a Virginia regiment against French and Indians, i. 71; dies, leaving Washington in command, 75.

GAGE, GENERAL THOMAS, conduct at Boston condemned by Washington, i. 126; his treatment of prisoners protested against by Washington, 145; sends an arrogant reply, 147; second letter of Washington to, 147, 156.

Gallatin, Albert, connection with Whiskey Rebellion, ii. 129.

Gates, Horatio, visits Mt. Vernon, his character, i. 132; refuses to cooperate with Washington at Trenton, 180; his appointment as commander against Burgoyne urged, 208; chosen by Congress, 209; his part in defeating Burgoyne, 210; neglects to inform Washington, 211; loses his head and wishes to supplant Washington, 215; forced to send troops South, 216, 217; his attitude discovered by Washington, 221; makes feeble efforts at opposition, 221, 223; correspondence with Washington, 221, 223, 226; becomes head of board of war, 221; quarrels with Wilkinson, 223; sent to his command, 226; fears attack of British on Boston, 265; sent by Congress to command in South, 268; defeated at Camden, 281, 294; loses support of Congress, 294.

Genet, Edmond Charles, arrives as French minister, ii. 148; his character, 149; violates neutrality, 151; his journey to Philadelphia, 151; reception by Washington, 152; complains of it, 153; makes demands upon State Department, 153; protests at seizure of privateers, 153; insists on sailing of Little Sarah, 155; succeeds in getting vessel away, 157; his recall demanded, 158; reproaches Jefferson, 158; remains in America, 158; threatens to appeal from Washington to Massachusetts, 159; demands denial from Washington of Jay's statements, 159; loses popular support, 160; tries to raise a force to invade Southwest, 161; prevented by state and federal authorities, 162; his arrival the signal for divisions of parties, 237; hurts Democratic party by his excesses, 241; suggests clubs, 241.

George IV., Washington's opinion of, ii. 346.

Georgia, quarrels with Creeks, asks aid of United States, ii. 90; becomes dissatisfied with treaty, 91; disregards treaties of the United States, 103.

Gerard, M., notifies Washington of return of D'Estaing, i. 246.

Germantown, battle of, i. 199.

Gerry, Elbridge, on special mission to France, ii. 284; disliked by Washington, 292.

Giles, W.B., attacks Washington in Congress, ii. 251, 252.

Gist, Christopher, accompanies Washington on his mission to French, i. 66; wishes to shoot French Indians, 68.

Gordon,——, letter of Washington to, i. 227.

Graves, Admiral, sent to relieve Cornwallis, i. 312; defeated by De Grasse, 312.

Grayson, William, hunts with Washington, i. 115; letter to, ii. 22.

Green Springs, battle of, i. 307.

Greene, General Nathanael, commands at Long Island, ill with fever, i. 164; wishes forts on Hudson held, 174; late in attacking at Germantown, 199; conducts retreat, 200; succeeds Mifflin as quartermaster-general, 232; selected by Washington to command in South, 268; commands army at New York in absence of Washington, 282; appointed to command Southern army, 295; retreats from Cornwallis, 302; fights battle of Guilford Court House, 302; clears Southern States of enemy, 302; strong position, 304; reinforced by Washington, 322; letter to, 325; his military capacity early recognized by Washington, ii. 334; amuses Washington, 374.

Greene, Mrs.——, dances three hours with Washington, ii. 380.

Grenville, Lord, denies that ministry has incited Indians against United States, ii. 175; receives Jay, 180; declines to grant United States trade with West Indies, 181.

Griffin, David, commissioner to treat with Creeks, ii. 90.

Griffin,——, fails to help Washington at Trenton, i. 180.

Grymes, Lucy, the "Lowland Beauty," love affair of Washington with, i. 95; marries Henry Lee, 96.

HALDIMAND, SIR FREDERICK, leads Indians against colonists, i. 325.

Hale, Nathan, compared with Andre, i. 288.

Half-King, kept to English alliance by Washington, i. 68; his criticism of Washington's first campaign, 76.

Hamilton, Alexander, forces Gates to send back troops to Washington, i. 216, 217; remark on councils of war before Monmouth, 234; informs Washington of Arnold's treason, 284; sent to intercept Arnold, 285; writes letters on government and finance, 298; leads attack at Yorktown, i. 316; requests release of Asgill, 329; aids Washington in Congress, 333; only man beside Washington and Franklin to realize American future, ii. 7; letters of Washington to on necessity of a strong government, 17, 18; writes letters to Duane and Morris, 19; speech in Federal Convention and departure, 35; counseled by Washington, 39; consulted by Washington as to etiquette, 54; made secretary of treasury, 66; his character, 67; his report on the mint, 81; on the public credit, 107; upheld by Washington, 107, 108; his arrangement with Jefferson, 108; argument on the bank, 110; his success largely due to Washington, 112; his report on manufactures, 112, 114, 116; advocates an excise, 122; fails to realize its unpopularity, 123; accompanies expedition to suppress Whiskey Rebellion, 128; comprehends French Revolution, 139; frames questions to cabinet on neutrality, 147; urges decisive measures against Genet, 154; argues against United States being bound by French treaty, 169; selected for English mission, but withdraws, 177; not likely to have done better than Jay, 183; mobbed in defending Jay treaty, 187; writes Camillus letters in favor of Jay treaty, 206; intrigued against by Monroe, 212; causes for his breach with Jefferson, 224; his aristocratic tendencies, 225; attacked by Jefferson and his friends, 228, 229; disposes of the charges, 229; retorts in newspapers with effect, 230; ceases at Washington's request, 230, 234; resigns from the cabinet, 234; desires Washington's reelection, 235; selected by Washing, ton as senior general, 286; appeals to Washington against Adams's reversal of rank, 286; fails to soothe Knox's anger, 288; report on army organization, 290; letter of Washington to, condemning Adams's French mission, 293; fears anarchy from Democratic success, 295; approves Alien and Sedition Acts, 296; his scheme of a military academy approved by Washington, 299; Washington's affection for, 317, 362; his ability early recognized by Washington, 334, 335; aids Washington in literary points, 340; takes care of Lafayette's son, 366.

Hammond, George, protests against violations of neutrality, ii. 151; his arrival as British minister, 169; his offensive tone, 173; does not disavow Lord Dorchester's speech to Indians, 176; gives Fauchet letters to Wolcott, 195; intrigues with American public men, 200.

Hampden, John, compared with Washington, ii. 312, 313.

Hancock, John, disappointed at Washington's receiving command of army, i. 135; his character, ii. 74; refuses to call first on Washington as President, 75; apologizes and calls, 75, 76.

Hardin, Colonel, twice surprised and defeated by Indians, ii. 93.

Harmar, Colonel, invades Indian country, ii. 92; attacks the Miamis, 93; sends out unsuccessful expeditions and retreats, 93; court-martialed and resigns, 93.

Harrison, Benjamin, letters of Washington to, i. 259, 261; ii. 10.

Hartley, Mrs.——, admired by Washington, i. 95.

Heard, Sir Isaac, Garter King at Arms, makes out a pedigree for Washington, i. 30, 31.

Heath, General, checks Howe at Frog's Point, i. 173; left in command at New York, 311.

Henry, Patrick, his resolutions supported by Washington, i. 119; accompanies him to Philadelphia, 128; his tribute to Washington's influence, 130; ready for war, 132; letters of Conway cabal to against Washington, 222; letter of Washington to, 225; appealed to by Washington on behalf of Constitution, ii. 38; an opponent of the Constitution, 71; urged by Washington to oppose Virginia resolutions, 266-268, 293; a genuine American, 309; offered secretaryship of state, 324; friendship of Washington for, 362.

Hertburn, Sir William de, ancestor of Washington family, i. 31, 33.

Hessians, in Revolution, i. 194.

Hickey, Thomas, hanged for plotting to murder Washington, i. 160.

Hobby,——, a sexton, Washington's earliest teacher, i. 48.

Hopkinson, Francis, letter of Washington to, ii. 3.

Houdon, J.A., sculptor, on Washington's appearance, ii. 386.

Howe, Lord, arrives at New York with power to negotiate and pardon, i. 161; refuses to give Washington his title, 161; tries to negotiate with Congress, 167; escapes D'Estaing at Delaware, 244; attacks D'Estaing off Newport, 244.

Howe, Sir William, has controversy with Washington over treatment of prisoners, i. 148; checked at Frog's Point, 173; attacks cautiously at Chatterton Hill, 173; retreats and attacks forts on Hudson, 174; takes Fort Washington, 175; goes into winter quarters in New York, 177, 186; suspected of purpose to meet Burgoyne, 194, 195; baffled in advance across New Jersey by Washington, 194; goes by sea, 195; arrives at Head of Elk, 196; defeats Washington at Brandywine, 197; camps at Germantown, 199; withdraws after Germantown into Philadelphia, 201; folly of his failure to meet Burgoyne, 205, 206; offers battle in vain to Washington, 218; replaced by Clinton, 232; tries to cut off Lafayette, 233.

Huddy, Captain, captured by English, hanged by Tories, i. 327.

Humphreys, Colonel, letters of Washington to, ii. 13, 339; at opening of Congress, 78; commissioner to treat with Creeks, 90; anecdote of, 375.

Huntington, Lady, asks Washington's aid in Christianizing Indians, ii. 4.

IMPRESSMENT, right of, maintained by England, ii. 181.

Independence, not wished, but foreseen, by Washington, i. 131, 156; declared by Congress, possibly through Washington's influence, 160.

Indians, wars with in Virginia, i. 37, 38; in French and Indian war, 67,68; desert English, 76; in Braddock's defeat, 85, 86, 88; restless before Revolution, 122; in War of Revolution, 266, 270; punished by Sullivan, 269; policy toward, early suggested by Washington, 344; recommendations relative to in Washington's address to Congress, ii. 82; the "Indian problem" under Washington's administration, 83-105; erroneous popular ideas of, 84, 85; real character and military ability, 85-87; understood by Washington, 87, 88; a real danger in 1788, 88; situation in the Northwest, 89; difficulties with Cherokees and Creeks, 89, 90; influence of Spanish intrigue, 90; successful treaty with Creeks, 90, 91; wisdom of this policy, 92; warfare in the Northwest, 92; defeats of Harmar and Hardin, 93; causes for the failure, 93, 94; intrigues of England, 92, 94, 175, 178; expedition and defeat of St. Clair, 95-97; results, 99; expedition of Wayne, 100, 102; his victory, 103; success of Washington's policy toward, 104, 105.

Iredell, James, appointed to Supreme Court, ii. 73.

JACKSON, MAJOR, accompanies Washington to opening of Congress, ii. 78.

Jameson, Colonel, forwards Andrews letter to Arnold, i. 284; receives orders from Washington, 285.

Jay, John, on opposition in Congress, to Washington, i. 222; consulted by Washington as to etiquette, ii. 54; appointed chief justice, 72; publishes card against Genet, 159; appointed on special mission to England, 177; his character, 177; instructions from Washington, 179; his reception in England, 180; difficulties in negotiating, 181; concludes treaty, 182; burnt in effigy while absent, 186; execrated after news of treaty, 187; hampered by Monroe in France, 213.

Jay treaty, ii. 180-184; opposition to and debate over signing, 184-201; reasons of Washington for signing, 205.

Jefferson, Thomas, his flight from Cornwallis, i. 307; discusses with Washington needs of government, ii. 9; adopts French democratic phraseology, 27; contrast with Washington, 27, 28, 69; criticises Washington's manners, 56; made secretary of state, 68; his previous relations with Washington, 68; his character, 69; supposed to be a friend of the Constitution, 72; his objections to President's opening Congress, 79; on weights and measures, 81; letter of Washington to on assumption of state debts, 107; makes bargain with Hamilton, 108; opposes a bank, 110; asked to prepare neutrality instructions, 146; upholds Genet, 153; argues against him publicly, supports him privately, 154; notified of French privateer Little Sarah, 155; allows it to sail, 155; retires to country and is censured by Washington, 156; assures Washington that vessel will wait his decision, 156; his un-American attitude, 157; wishes to make terms of note demanding Genet's recall mild, 158; argues that United States is bound by French treaty, 170, 171; begs Madison to answer Hamilton's "Camillus" letters, 206; his attitude upon first entering cabinet, 223; causes for his breach with Hamilton, 224; jealousy, incompatibility of temper, 224; his democratic opinions, 225; skill in creating party catch-words, 225; prints "Rights of Man" with note against Adams, 226; attacks him further in letter to Washington, 226; brings Freneau to Philadelphia and gives him an office, 227; denies any connection with Freneau's newspaper, 227; his real responsibility, 228; his purpose to undermine Hamilton, 228; causes his friends to attack him, 229; writes a letter to Washington attacking Hamilton's treasury measures, 229; fails to produce any effect, 230; winces under Hamilton's counter attacks, 230; reiterates charges and asserts devotion to Constitution, 231; continues attacks and resigns, 234; wishes reelection of Washington, 235; his charge of British sympathies resented by Washington, 252; plain letter of Washington to, 259; Washington's opinion of, 259; suggests Logan's mission to France, 262, 265; takes oath as vice-president, 276; regarded as a Jacobin by Federalists, 294; jealous of Washington, 306; accuses him of senility, 307; a genuine American, 309.

Johnson, William, Tory leader in New York, i. 143.

Johnstone, Governor, peace commissioner, i. 233.

Jumonville, De, French leader, declared to have been assassinated by Washington, i. 74,79; really a scout and spy, 75.

KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS, condemned by Washington, ii. 266-268.

King, Clarence, his opinion that Washington was not American, ii. 308.

King, Rufus, publishes card exposing Genet, ii. 159.

King's Bridge, fight at, i. 170.

Kip's Landing, fight at, i. 168.

Kirkland, Rev. Samuel, negotiates with Six Nations, ii. 101.

Knox, Henry, brings artillery to Boston from Ticonderoga, i. 152; accompanies Washington to meet De Rochambeau, 283; at West Point, 285; sent by Washington to confer with governors of States, 295; urged by Washington to establish Western posts, ii. 7; letters of Washington to, 30, 39; made secretary of war, 65; his character, 65; a Federalist, 71; deals with Creeks, 91; urges decisive measure against Genet, 154, 155; letters of Washington to, 260; selected by Washington as third major-general, 286; given first place by Adams, 286; angry at Hamilton's higher rank, 288; refuses the office, 289; his offer to serve on Washington's staff refused, 289; Washington's affection for, 317, 362.

LAFAYETTE, Madame de, aided by Washington, ii. 366; letter of Washington to, 377.

Lafayette, Marquis de, Washington's regard for, i. 192; his opinion of Continental troops, 196; sent on fruitless journey to the lakes by cabal, 222, 253; encouraged by Washington, 225; narrowly escapes being cut off by Clinton, 233; appointed to attack British rear, 235; superseded by Lee, 235; urges Washington to come, 235; letter of Washington to, regarding quarrel between D'Estaing and Sullivan, 245; regard of Washington for, 249; desires to conquer Canada, 254; his plan not supported in France, 256; works to get a French army sent, 264; brings news of French army and fleet, 274; tries to get De Rochambeau to attack New York, 280; accompanies Washington to meet De Rochambeau, 283; told by Washington of Arnold's treachery, 285; on court to try Andre, 287; opinion of Continental soldiers, 293; harasses Cornwallis, 307; defeated at Green Springs, 307; watches Cornwallis at Yorktown, 308; reinforced by De Grasse, 312; persuades him to remain, 315; sends Washington French wolf-hounds, ii. 2; letters of Washington to, 23, 26, 118, 144, 165, 222, 261; his son not received by Washington, 253; later taken care of, 277, 281, 366; his worth, early seen by Washington, 334; Washington's affection for, 365; sends key of Bastile to Mt. Vernon, 365; helped by Washington, 365,366.

Laurens, Henry, letter of Conway cabal to, making attack on Washington, i. 222; letters of Washington to, 254, 288; sent to Paris to get loans, 299.

Lauzun, Duc de, repulses Tarleton at Yorktown, i. 317.

Lear, Tobias, Washington's secretary, ii. 263; his account of Washington's last illness, 299-303, 385; letters to, 361, 382.

Lee, Arthur, example of Virginia gentleman educated abroad, i. 23.

Lee, Charles, visits Mt. Vernon, his character, i. 132; accompanies Washington to Boston, 136; aids Washington in organizing army, 140; disobeys orders and is captured, 175; objects to attacking Clinton, 234; first refuses, then claims command of van, 235; disobeys orders and retreats, 236; rebuked by Washington, 236, 237; court martial of and dismissal from army, 237; his witty remark on taking oath of allegiance, ii. 375.

Lee, Henry, marries Lucy Grymes, Washington's "Lowland Beauty," i. 96.

Lee, Henry, son of Lucy Grymes, Washington's "Lowland Beauty," i. 96; ii. 362; captures Paulus Hook, i. 269; letters of Washington to, ii. 23, 26, 149, 235, 239, 242, 252; considered for command against Indians, 100; commands troops to suppress Whiskey Rebellion, 127; Washington's affection for, 362.

Lee, Richard Henry, unfriendly to Washington, i. 214; letter of Washington to, ii. 160.

Lewis, Lawrence, at opening of Congress, ii. 78; takes social duties at Mt. Vernon, 280.

Liancourt, Duc de, refused reception by Washington, ii. 253.

Lincoln, Abraham, compared with Washington, i. 349; ii. 308-313.

Lincoln, Benjamin, sent by Washington against Burgoyne, i. 210; fails to understand Washington's policy and tries to hold Charleston, 273, 274; captured, 276; commissioner to treat with Creeks, ii. 90.

Lippencott, Captain, orders hanging of Huddy, i. 327; acquitted by English court martial, 328.

Little Sarah, the affair of, 155-157.

Livingston, Chancellor, administers oath at Washington's inauguration, ii. 46.

Livingston, Edward, moves call for papers relating to Jay treaty, ii. 207.

Logan, Dr. George, goes on volunteer mission to France, ii. 262; ridiculed by Federalists, publishes defense, 263; calls upon Washington, 263; mercilessly snubbed, 263-265.

Long Island, battle of, i. 164,165.

London, Lord, disappoints Washington by his inefficiency, i. 91.

Lovell, James, follows the Adamses in opposing Washington, i. 214; wishes to supplant him by Gates, 215; writes hostile letters, 222.

MACKENZIE, CAPTAIN, letter of Washington to, i. 130.

Madison, James, begins to desire a stronger government, ii. 19, 29; letters of Washington to, 30, 39, 53; chosen for French mission, but does not go, 211.

Magaw, Colonel, betrayed at Fort Washington, i. 175.

"Magnolia," Washington's pet colt, beaten in a race, i. 99, 113; ii. 381.

Marshall, John, Chief Justice, on special commission to France, ii. 284; tells anecdote of Washington's anger at cowardice, 392.

Maryland, the Washington family in, i.36.

Mason, George, discusses political outlook with Washington, i. 119; letter of Washington to, 263; an opponent of the Constitution, ii. 71; friendship of Washington for, 362; debates with Washington the site of Pohick Church, 381.

Mason, S.T., communicates Jay treaty to Bache, ii. 185.

Massey, Rev. Lee, rector of Pohick Church, i. 44.

Mathews, George, letter of Washington to, i. 294.

Matthews, Edward, makes raids in Virginia, i. 269.

Mawhood, General, defeated at Princeton, i. 182.

McGillivray, Alexander, chief of the Creeks, ii. 90; his journey to New York and interview with Washington, 91.

McHenry, James, at West Point, i. 284; letters to, 325, ii. 22, 278, 287, 384; becomes secretary of war, 246; advised by Washington not to appoint Democrats, 260, 261.

McKean, Thomas, given letters to Dr. Logan, ii. 265.

McMaster, John B., calls Washington "an unknown man," i. 7, ii. 304; calls him cold, 332, 352; and avaricious in small ways, 352.

Meade, Colonel Richard, Washington's opinion of, ii. 335.

Mercer, Hugh, killed at Princeton, i. 182.

Merlin,——, president of Directory, interview with Dr. Logan, ii. 265.

Mifflin, Thomas, wishes to supplant Washington by Gates, i. 216; member of board of war, 221; put under Washington's orders, 226; replies to Washington's surrender of commission, 349; meets Washington on journey to inauguration, ii. 44; notified of the Little Sarah, French privateer, 154; orders its seizure, 155.

Militia, abandon Continental army, i. 167; cowardice of, 168; despised by Washington, 169; leave army again, 175; assist in defeat of Burgoyne, 211.

Mischianza, i. 232.

Monmouth, battle of, i. 235-239.

Monroe, James, appointed minister to France, ii. 211; his character, 212; intrigues against Hamilton, 212; effusively received in Paris, 212; acts foolishly, 213; tries to interfere with Jay, 213; upheld, then condemned and recalled by Washington, 213, 214; writes a vindication, 215; Washington's opinion of him, 215, 216; his selection one of Washington's few mistakes, 334.

Montgomery, General Richard, sent by Washington to invade Canada, i. 143.

Morgan, Daniel, sent against Burgoyne by Washington, i. 208; at Saratoga, 210; wins battle of Cowpens, joins Greene, 301.

Morris, Gouverneur, letters of Washington to, i. 248, 263; efforts towards financial reform, 264; quotes speech of Washington at Federal convention in his eulogy, ii. 31; discussion as to his value as an authority, 32, note; goes to England on unofficial mission, 137; balked by English insolence, 137; comprehends French Revolution, 139; letters of Washington to, on the Revolution, 140,142,145; recall demanded by France, 211; letter of Washington to, 217,240, 254; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Morris, Robert, letter of Washington to, i. 187; helps Washington to pay troops, 259; efforts towards financial reform, 264; difficulty in helping Washington in 1781, 309, 312; considered for secretary of treasury, ii. 66; his bank policy approved by Washington, 110; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Moustier, demands private access to Washington, ii. 59; refused, 59, 60.

Murray, Vans, minister in Holland, interview with Dr. Logan, ii. 264; nominated for French mission by Adams, 292; written to by Washington, 292.

Muse, Adjutant, trains Washington in tactics and art of war, i. 65.

NAPOLEON, orders public mourning for Washington's death, i. 1.

Nelson, General, letter of Washington to, i. 257.

Newburgh, addresses, ii. 335.

New England, character of people, i. 138; attitude toward Washington, 138, 139; troops disliked by Washington, 152; later praised by him, 152, 317, 344; threatened by Burgoyne's invasion, 204; its delegates in Congress demand appointment of Gates, 208; and oppose Washington, 214; welcomes Washington on tour as President, ii. 74; more democratic than other colonies before Revolution, 315; disliked by Washington for this reason, 316.

Newenham, Sir Edward, letter of Washington to on American foreign policy, ii. 133.

New York, Washington's first visit to, i. 99, 100; defense of, in Revolution, 159-169; abandoned by Washington, 169; Howe establishes himself in, 177; reoccupied by Clinton, 264; Washington's journey to, ii. 44; inauguration in, 46; rioting in, against Jay treaty, 187.

Nicholas, John, letter of Washington to, ii. 259.

Nicola, Col., urges Washington to establish a despotism, i. 337.

Noailles, Vicomte de, French emigre, referred to State Department, ii. 151, 253.

O'FLINN, CAPTAIN, Washington's friendship with, ii. 318.

Organization of the national government, absence of materials to work with, ii. 51; debate over title of President, 52; over his communications with Senate, 53; over presidential etiquette, 53-56; appointment of officials to cabinet offices established by Congress, 64-71; appointment of supreme court judges, 72.

Orme,——, letter of Washington to, i. 84.

PAINE, THOMAS, his "Rights of Man" reprinted by Jefferson, ii. 226.

Parkinson, Richard, says Washington was harsh to slaves, i. 105; contradicts statement elsewhere, 106; tells stories of Washington's pecuniary exactness, ii. 353, 354, 382; his character, 355; his high opinion of Washington, 356.

Parton, James, considers Washington as good but commonplace, ii. 330, 374.

Peachey, Captain, letter of Washington to, i. 92.

Pendleton, Edmund, Virginia delegate to Continental Congress, i. 128.

Pennsylvania, refuses to fight the French, i. 72,83; fails to help Washington, 225; remonstrates against his going into winter quarters, 229; condemned by Washington, 229; compromises with mutineers, 292.

Philipse, Mary, brief love-affair of Washington with, i. 99, 100.

Phillips, General, commands British troops in Virginia, i. 303; death of, 303.

Pickering, Colonel, quiets Six Nations, ii. 94.

Pickering, Timothy, letter of Washington to, on French Revolution, ii. 140; on failure of Spanish negotiations, 166; recalls Washington to Philadelphia to receive Fauchet letter, 195; succeeds Randolph, 246; letters of Washington to, on party government, 247; appeals to Washington against Adams's reversal of Hamilton's rank, 286; letters of Washington to, 292, 324; criticises Washington as a commonplace person, 307.

Pinckney, Charles C., letter of Washington to, ii. 90; appointed to succeed Monroe as minister to France, 214; refused reception, 284; sent on special commission, 284; named by Washington as general, 286; accepts without complaint of Hamilton's higher rank, 290; Washington's friendship with, 363.

Pinckney, Thomas, sent on special mission to Spain, ii. 166; unsuccessful at first, 166; succeeds in making a good treaty, 167; credit of his exploit, 168; letter of Washington to, 325.

Pitt, William, his conduct of French war, i. 93, 94.

Princeton, battle of, i. 181-3.

Privateers, sent out by Washington, i. 150.

"Protection" favored in the first Congress, ii. 113-115; arguments of Hamilton for, 114, 115; of Washington, 116-122.

Provincialism, of Americans, i. 193; with regard to foreign officers, 193, 234, 250-252; with regard to foreign politics, ii. 131, 132, 163, 237, 255.

Putnam, Israel, escapes with difficulty from New York, i. 169; fails to help Washington at Trenton, 180; warned to defend the Hudson, 195; tells Washington of Burgoyne's surrender, 211; rebuked by Washington, 217; amuses Washington, ii. 374.

RAHL, COLONEL, defeated and killed at Trenton, i. 181.

Randolph, Edmund, letter of Washington to, ii. 30, 39; relations with Washington, 64; appointed attorney-general, 64; his character, 64, 65; a friend of the Constitution, 71; opposes a bank, 110; letter of Washington to, on protective bounties, 118; drafts neutrality proclamation, 147; vacillates with regard to Genet, 154; argues that United States is bound by French alliance, 170; succeeds Jefferson as secretary of state, 184; directed to prepare a remonstrance against English "provision order," 185; opposed to Jay treaty, 188; letter of Washington to, on conditional ratification, 189, 191, 192, 194; guilty, apparently, from Fauchet letter, of corrupt practices, 196; his position not a cause for Washington's signing treaty, 196-200; receives Fauchet letter, resigns, 201; his personal honesty, 201; his discreditable carelessness, 202; fairly treated by Washington, 203, 204; his complaints against Washington, 203; letter of Washington to, concerning Monroe, 213; at first a Federalist, 246.

Randolph, John, on early disappearance of Virginia colonial society, i. 15.

Rawdon, Lord, commands British forces in South, too distant to help Cornwallis, i. 304.

Reed, Joseph, letters of Washington to, i. 151, 260.

Revolution, War of, foreseen by Washington, i. 120, 122; Lexington and Concord, 133; Bunker Hill, 136; siege of Boston, 137-154; organization of army, 139-142; operations in New York, 143; invasion of Canada, 143, 144; question as to treatment of prisoners, 145-148; causes of British defeat, 154, 155; campaign near New York, 161-177; causes for attempted defense of Brooklyn, 163, 164; battle of Long Island, 164-165; escape of Americans, 166; affair at Kip's Bay, 168; at King's Bridge, 170; at Frog's Point, 173; battle of White Plains, 173; at Chatterton Hill, 174; capture of Forts Washington and Lee, 174, 175; pursuit of Washington into New Jersey, 175-177; retirement of Howe to New York, 177; battle of Trenton, 180, 181; campaign of Princeton, 181-183; its brilliancy, 183; Philadelphia campaign, 194-202; British march across New Jersey prevented by Washington, 194; sea voyage to Delaware, 195; battle of the Brandywine, 196-198; causes for defeat, 198; defeat of Wayne, 198; Philadelphia taken by Howe, 199; battle of Germantown, 199; its significance, 200, 201; Burgoyne's invasion, 203-211; Washington's preparations for, 204-206; Howe's error in neglecting to cooperate, 205; capture of Ticonderoga, 207; battles of Bennington, Oriskany, Fort Schuyler, 210; battle of Saratoga, 211; British repulse at Fort Mercer, 217; destruction of the forts, 217; fruitless skirmishing before Philadelphia, 218; Valley Forge, 228-232; evacuation of Philadelphia, 234; battle of Monmouth, 235-239; its effect, 239; cruise and failure of D'Estaing at Newport, 243, 244; failure of D'Estaing at Savannah, 247, 248; storming of Stony Point, 268, 269; Tory raids near New York, 269; standstill in 1780, 272; siege and capture of Charleston, 273, 274, 276; operations of French and Americans near Newport, 277, 278; battle of Camden, 281; treason of Arnold, 281-289; battle of Cowpens, 301; retreat of Greene before Cornwallis, 302; battle of Guilford Court House, 302; successful operations of Greene, 302, 303; Southern campaign planned by Washington, 304-311; feints against Clinton, 306; operations of Cornwallis and Lafayette in Virginia, 307; naval supremacy secured by Washington, 310, 311; battle of De Grasse and Graves off Chesapeake, 312; transport of American army to Virginia, 311-313; siege and capture of Yorktown, 315-318; masterly character of campaign, 318-320; petty operations before New York, 326; treaty of peace, 342.

Rives, on Washington's doubts of constitutionality of Bank, ii. 110.

Robinson, Beverly, speaker of Virginia House of Burgesses, his compliment to Washington, i. 102.

Robinson, Colonel, loyalist, i. 282.

Rumsey, James, the inventor, asks Washington's consideration of his steamboat, ii. 4.

Rush, Benjamin, describes Washington's impressiveness, ii. 389.

Rutledge, John, letter of Washington to, i. 281; nomination rejected by Senate, ii. 63; nominated to Supreme Court, 73.

ST. CLAIR, Arthur, removed after loss of Ticonderoga, i. 208; appointed to command against Indians, ii. 94; receives instructions and begins expedition, 95; defeated, 96; his character, 99; fair treatment by Washington, 99; popular execration of, 105.

St. Pierre, M. de, French governor in Ohio, i. 67.

St. Simon, Count, reinforces Lafayette, i. 312.

Sandwich, Lord, calls all Yankees cowards, i. 155.

Saratoga, anecdote concerning, i. 202.

Savage, Edward, characteristics of his portrait of Washington, i. 13.

Savannah, siege of, i. 247.

Scammel, Colonel, amuses Washington, ii. 374.

Schuyler, Philip, accompanies Washington to Boston, i. 136; appointed military head in New York, 136; directed by Washington how to meet Burgoyne, 204; fails to carry out directions, 207; removed, 208; value of his preparations, 209.

Scott, Charles, commands expedition against Indians, ii. 95.

Sea-power, its necessity seen by Washington, i. 283, 303, 304, 306, 310, 318, 319.

Sectional feeling, deplored by Washington, ii. 222.

Sharpe, Governor, offers Washington a company, i. 80; Washington's reply to, 81.

Shays's Rebellion, comments of Washington and Jefferson upon, ii. 26, 27.

Sherman, Roger, makes sarcastic remark about Wilkinson, i. 220.

Shirley, Governor William, adjusts matter of Washington's rank, i. 91, 97.

Short, William, minister to Holland, on commission regarding opening of Mississippi, ii. 166.

Six Nations, make satisfactory treaties, ii. 88; stirred up by English, 94; but pacified, 94, 101.

Slavery, in Virginia, i. 20; its evil effects, 104; Washington's attitude toward slaves, 105; his condemnation of the system, 106, 107; gradual emancipation favored, 107, 108.

Smith, Colonel, letter of Washington to, ii. 340.

Spain, instigates Indians to hostilities, ii. 89, 94, 101; blocks Mississippi, 135; makes treaty with Pinckney opening Mississippi, 167, 168; angered at Jay treaty, 210.

Sparks, Jared, his alterations of Washington's letters, ii. 337, 338.

Spotswood, Alexander, asks Washington's opinion of Alien and Sedition Acts, ii. 297.

Stamp Act, Washington's opinion of, i. 119, 120.

Stark, General, leads attack at Trenton, i. 181.

States, in the Revolutionary war, appeals of Washington to, i. 142, 186, 204, 259, 277, 295, 306, 323, 324, 326, 344; issue paper money, 258; grow tired of the war, 290; alarmed by mutinies, 294; try to appease soldiers, 295, 296; their selfishness condemned by Washington, 333; ii. 21, 23; thwart Indian policy of Congress, 88.

Stephen, Adam, late in attacking at Germantown, i. 199.

Steuben, Baron, Washington's appreciation of, i. 192, 249; drills the army at Valley Forge, 232; annoys Washington by wishing higher command, 249; sent on mission to demand surrender of Western posts, 343; his worth recognized by Washington, ii. 334.

Stirling, Lord, defeated and captured at Long Island, i. 165.

Stockton, Mrs., letter of Washington to, ii. 349.

Stone, General, tells stories of Washington's closeness, ii. 353, 354.

Stuart, David, letters of Washington to, ii. 107, 221, 222, 258.

Stuart, Gilbert, his portrait of Washington contrasted with Savage's, i. 13.

Sullivan, John, General, surprised at Long Island, i. 165; attacks at Trenton, 180; surprised and crushed at Brandywine, 197, 198; unites with D'Estaing to attack Newport, 243; angry at D'Estaing's desertion, 244; soothed by Washington, 244; sent against Indians, 266, 269.

Supreme Court, appointed by Washington, ii. 72.

TAFT,——, kindness of Washington toward, ii. 367.

Talleyrand, eulogistic report to Napoleon on death of Washington, i. 1, note; remark on Hamilton, ii. 139; refused reception by Washington, 253.

Tarleton, Sir Banastre, tries to escape at Yorktown, i. 317.

Thatcher, Dr., on Washington's appearance when taking command of army, i. 137.

Thomson, Charles, complimented by Washington on retiring from secretary-ship of Continental Congress, ii. 350.

Tories, hated by Washington, i. 156; his reasons, 157; active in New York, 158; suppressed by Washington, 159; in Philadelphia, impressed by Continental army, 196; make raids on frontier, 266; strong in Southern States, 267; raids under Tryon, 269.

Trent, Captain, his incompetence in dealing with Indians and French, i. 72.

Trenton, campaign of, i. 180-183.

Trumbull, Governor, letter of Washington to, refusing to stand for a third term, ii. 269-271; other letters, 298.

Trumbull, John, on New England army before Boston, i. 139.

Trumbull, Jonathan, his message on better government praised by Washington, ii. 21; letters to, 42; Washington's friendship for, 363.

Tryon, Governor, Tory leader in New York, i. 143; his intrigues stopped by Washington, 158, 159; conspires to murder Washington, 160; makes raids in Connecticut, 269.

VALLEY FORGE, Continental Army at, i. 228-232.

Van Braam, Jacob, friend of Lawrence Washington, trains George in fencing, i. 65; accompanies him on mission to French, 66.

Vergennes, requests release of Asgill, i. 329, 330; letter of Washington to, 330; proposes to submit disposition of a subsidy to Washington, 332.

Virginia, society in, before the Revolution, i. 15-29; its entire change since then, 15, 16; population, distribution, and numbers, 17, 18; absence of towns, 18; and town life, 19; trade and travel in, 19; social classes, 20-24; slaves and poor whites, 20; clergy, 21; planters and their estates, 22; their life, 22; education, 23; habits of governing, 24; luxury and extravagance, 25; apparent wealth, 26; agreeableness of life, 27; aristocratic ideals, 28; vigor of stock, 29; unwilling to fight French, 71; quarrels with Dinwiddie, 71; thanks Washington after his French campaign, 79; terrified at Braddock's defeat, 88; gives Washington command, 89; fails to support him, 89, 90, 93; bad economic conditions in, 104,105; local government in, 117; condemns Stamp Act, 119; adopts non-importation, 121; condemns Boston Port Bill, 123; asks opinion of counties, 124; chooses delegates to a congress, 127; prepares for war, 132; British campaign in, 307, 315-318; ratifies Constitution, ii. 40; evil effect of free trade upon, 116, 117; nullification resolutions, 266; strength of its aristocracy, 315.

WADE, COLONEL, in command at West Point after Arnold's flight, i. 285.

Walker, Benjamin, letter of Washington to, ii. 257.

Warren, James, letters of Washington to, i. 262, ii. 118.

Washington, ancestry, i. 30-40; early genealogical researches concerning, 30-32; pedigree finally established, 32; origin of family, 33; various members during middle ages, 34; on royalist side in English civil war, 34, 36; character of family, 35; emigration to Virginia, 35, 36; career of Washingtons in Maryland, 37; in Virginia history, 38; their estates, 39.

Washington, Augustine, father of George Washington, birth, i. 35; death, 39; character, 39; his estate, 41; ridiculous part played by in Weems's anecdotes, 44, 47.

Washington, Augustine, half brother of George Washington, keeps him after his father's death, i. 48.

Washington, Bushrod, refused appointment as attorney by Washington, ii. 62; educated by him, 370.

Washington, George, honors to his memory in France, i. 1; in England, 2; grief in America, 3, 4; general admission of his greatness, 4; its significance, 5, 6; tributes from England, 6; from other countries, 6, 7; yet an "unknown" man, 7; minuteness of knowledge concerning, 8; has become subject of myths, 9; development of the Weems myth about, 10, 11; necessity of a new treatment of, 12; significant difference of real and ideal portraits of, 13; his silence regarding himself, 14; underlying traits, 14.

Early Life. Ancestry, 30-41; birth, 39; origin of Weems's anecdotes about, 41-44; their absurdity and evil results, 45-48; early schooling, 48; plan to send him to sea, 49, 50; studies to be a surveyor, 51; his rules of behavior, 52; his family connections with Fairfaxes, 54, 55; his friendship with Lord Fairfax, 56; surveys Fairfax's estate, 57, 58, 59; made public surveyor, 60; his life at the time, 60, 61; influenced by Fairfax's cultivation, 62; goes to West Indies with his brother, 62; has the small-pox, 63; observations on the voyage, 63, 64; returns to Virginia, 64; becomes guardian of his brother's daughter, 64.

Service against the French and Indians. Receives military training, 65; a military appointment, 66; goes on expedition to treat with French, 66; meets Indians, 67; deals with French, 67; dangers of journey, 68; his impersonal account, 69, 70; appointed to command force against French, 71, 72; his anger at neglect of Virginia Assembly, 73; attacks and defeats force of Jumonville, 74; called murderer by the French, 74; surrounded by French at Great Meadows, 76; surrenders, 76; recklessness of his expedition, 77, 78; effect of experience upon, 79; gains a European notoriety, 79; thanked by Virginia, 79; protests against Dinwiddie's organization of soldiers, 80; refuses to serve when ranked by British officers, 81; accepts position on Braddock's staff, 82; his treatment there, 82; advises Braddock, 84; rebuked for warning against surprise, 85; his bravery in the battle, 86; conducts retreat, 86, 87; effect of experience on him, 87; declines to solicit command of Virginia troops, 88; accepts it when offered, 88; his difficulties with Assembly, 89; and with troops, 90; settles question of rank, 91; writes freely in criticism of government, 91, 92; retires for rest to Mt. Vernon, 93; offers services to General Forbes, 93; irritated at slowness of English, 93, 94; his love affairs, 95, 96; journey to Boston, 97-101; at festivities in New York and Philadelphia, 99; meets Martha Custis, 101; his wedding, 101, 102; elected to House of Burgesses, 102; confused at being thanked by Assembly, 102; his local position, 103; tries to farm his estate, 104; his management of slaves, 105, 106, 108, 109; cares for interests of old soldiers, 109; rebukes a coward, 110; cares for education of stepson, 111; his furnishing of house, 112; hunting habits, 113-115; punishes a poacher, 116; participates in colonial and local government, 117; enters into society, 117, 118.

Congressional delegate from Virginia. His influence in Assembly, 119; discusses Stamp Act with Mason, 119; foresees result to be independence, 119; rejoices at its repeal, but notes Declaratory Act, 120; ready to use force to defend colonial rights, 120; presents non-importation resolutions to Burgesses, 121; abstains from English products, 121; notes ominous movements among Indians, 122; on good terms with royal governors, 122, 123; observes fast on account of Boston Port Bill, 123; has controversy with Bryan Fairfax over Parliamentary policy, 124, 125, 126; presides at Fairfax County meeting, 126; declares himself ready for action, 126; at convention of counties, offers to march to relief of Boston, 127; elected to Continental Congress, 127; his journey, 128; silent in Congress, 129; writes to a British officer that independence is not desired, but war is certain, 130, 131; returns to Virginia, 132; aids in military preparations, 132; his opinion after Concord, 133; at second Continental Congress, wears uniform, 134; made commander-in-chief, 134; his modesty and courage in accepting position, 134, 135; political motives for his choice, 135; his popularity, 136; his journey to Boston, 136, 137; receives news of Bunker Hill, 136; is received by Massachusetts Provincial Assembly, 137.