Although heat and humidity influence all kinds of vegetation, yet heat seems to exert a less, and humidity a greater, influence on fungi than on other plants. It is chiefly during the cool moist autumnal weather that the fleshy fungi flourish most vigorously in our own country, and we observe their number to increase with the humidity of the season. Rain falls copiously in the United States, and this is one of the most fruitful countries known for the fleshy fungi. Hence it is a reasonable deduction that moisture is a condition favourable to the development of these plants. The Myxogastres, according to Dr. Henry Carter, are exceedingly abundant—in individuals, at least, if not in species—in Bombay, and this would lead to the conclusion that the members of this group are influenced as much by heat as humidity in their development, borne out by the more plentiful appearance of the species in this country in the warmer weather of summer.

In the essay to which we have alluded, Fries only attempts the recognition of two zones in his estimate of the distribution of fungi, and these are the temperate and tropical. The frigid zone produces no peculiar types, and is poor in the number of species, whilst no essential distinction can be drawn between the tropical and sub-tropical with our present limited information. Even these two zones must not be accepted too rigidly, since tropical forms will in some instances, and under favourable conditions, extend far upwards into the temperate zone.

"In any region whatever," writes Fries, "it is necessary, in the first instance, to draw a distinction between its open naked plains and its wooded tracts. In the level open country there is a more rapid evaporation of the moisture by the conjoined action of the sun and wind; whence it happens that such a region is more bare of fungi than one that is mountainous or covered by woods. On the other hand, plains possess several species peculiar to themselves; as, for example, Agaricus pediades, certain Tricholomata, and, above all, the family Coprini, of which they may be regarded as the special habitat. The species of this family augment in number, in any given country, in proportion to the extent and degree of its cultivation; for instance, they grow more luxuriantly in the province of Scania, in Sweden—a district farther distinguished above all others by its cultivation and fertility. In well-wooded countries moisture is retained a much longer time, and, as a result, the production of fungi is incomparably greater; and it is here desirable to make a distinction between the fungi growing in forests of resinous-wooded trees (Coniferae) and those which inhabit woods of other trees, for these two descriptions of forests may be rightly regarded, as to their fungaceous growths, as two different regions. Beneath the shade of Coniferae, fungi are earlier in their appearance; so much so, that it often happens they have attained their full development when their congeners in forests of non-resinous trees have scarcely commenced their growth. In woods of the latter sort, the fallen leaves, collected in thick layers, act as an obstacle to the soaking of moisture into the earth, and thereby retard the vegetation of fungi; on the other hand, such woods retain moisture longer. These conditions afford to several large and remarkable species the necessary time for development. The beech is characteristic of our own region, but, further north this tree gives place to the birch. Coniferous woods are, moreover, divisible into two regions—that of the pines and that of the firs. The latter is richer in species than the former, because, as is well known, fir-trees flourish in more fertile and moister soils. Whether, with respect to the South of Europe, other subdivisions into regions are required, we know not; still less are we able to decide on the like question in reference to the countries beyond Europe."[C]

In very cold countries the higher fungi are rare, whilst in tropical countries they are most common at elevations which secure a temperate climate. In Java, Junghuhn found them most prolific at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,000 feet; and in India, Dr. Hooker remarked that they were most abundant at an elevation of 7,000 to 8,000 feet above the sea level.

For the higher fungi we must be indebted to the summary made by Fries, to which we have little to add.

The genus Agaricus occupies the first place, and surpasses, in the number of species, all the other generic groups known. It appears, from our present knowledge, that the Agarici have their geographic centre in the temperate zone, and especially in the colder portion of that zone. It is a curious circumstance that all the extra-European species of this genus Agaricus may be referred to various European subgenera.

In tropical countries it appears that the Agarici occupy only a secondary position in relation to other genera of fungi, such as Polyporus, Lenzites, etc. North America, on the other hand, is richer in species of Agaricus than Europe; for whilst the majority of typical forms are common to both continents, America further possesses many species peculiar to itself. In the temperate zone, so close is the analogy prevailing between the various countries in respect to the Agaricini, that from Sweden to Italy, and as well in England as North America, the same species are to be found. Of 500 Agaricini met with in St. Petersburg, there are only two or three which have not been discovered in Sweden; and again, of fifty species known in Greenland, there is not one that is not common in Sweden. The same remarks hold good in reference to the Agaricini of Siberia, Kamtschatka, the Ukraine, etc. The countries bordering upon the Mediterranean possess, however, several peculiar types; and Eastern and Western Europe present certain dissimilarities in their Agaric inhabitants. Several species, for example, of Armillaria and Tricholoma, which have been found in Russia, have been met with in Sweden only in Upland, that is, in the most eastern province; all the species which belong to the so-called abiegno-rupestres and pineto-montanae regions of Sweden are wanting in England; and it is only in Scotland that the species of northern mountainous and pine-bearing regions are met with—a circumstance explicable from the similarity in physical features between Sweden and the northern portions of Great Britain.

The species of Coprinus appear to find suitable habitats in every quarter of the globe.

The Cortinariae predominate in the north; they abound in Northern latitudes, especially on wooded hills; but the plains offer also some peculiar species which flourish during the rainy days of August and September. In less cold countries they are more scarce or entirely absent. The species of the genus Hygrophorus would at first seem to have a similar geographical distribution to those of the last group; but this is really not the case, for the same Hygrophori are to be found in nearly every country of Europe, and even the hottest countries (and those under the equator) are not destitute of representatives of this wide-spread genus.

The Lactarii, which are so abundant in the forests of Europe and North America, appear to grow more and more scarce towards both the south and north. The same may be stated in regard to Russula.

The genus Marasmius is dispersed throughout the globe, and everywhere presents numerous species. In inter-tropical countries they are still more abundant, and exhibit peculiarities in growth which probably might justify their collection into a distinct group.

The genera Lentinus and Lenzites are found in every region of the world; their principal centre, however, is in hot countries, where they attain a splendid development. On the contrary, towards the north they rapidly decrease in number.

The Polypori constitute a group which, unlike that of the Agarics, especially belongs to hot countries. The Boleti constitute the only exception to this rule, since they select the temperate and frigid zones for their special abode, and some of them at times find their way to the higher regions of the Alps. No one can describe the luxuriance of the torrid zone in Polypori and Trametes, genera of Hymenomycetes, which flourish beneath the shade of the virgin forests, where perpetual moisture and heat promote their vegetation and give rise to an infinite variety of forms. But though the genus Polyporus, which rivals Agaricus in the number of its species, inhabits, in preference, warm climates at large, it nevertheless exhibits species peculiar to each country. This arises from the circumstance that the Polypori, for the most part, live upon trees, and are dependent on this or that particular tree for a suitable habitat; and the tropical flora being prolific in trees of all kinds, a multitude of the most varied forms of these fungi is a necessary consequence. Hexagona, Favolus, and Laschia are common in inter-tropical countries, but they are either entirely absent or extremely rare in temperate climes.

When the majority of the species of a genus are of a fleshy consistence, it may generally be concluded that that genus belongs to a Northern region, even if it should have some representatives in lands which enjoy more sunshine. Thus the Hydna are the principal ornaments of Northern forests, where they attain so luxuriant a growth and beauty that every other country must yield the palm to Sweden in respect to them. In an allied genus, that of Irpex, the texture assumes a coriaceous consistence, and we find its species to be more especially inhabitants of warm climates.

Most of the genera of Auricularini are cosmopolitan, and the same is true of some species of Stereum, of Corticium, etc., which are met with in countries of the most different geographical position. In tropical countries, these genera of fungi assume the most curious and luxuriant forms. The single and not considerable genus Cyphella appears to be pretty uniformly distributed over the globe. The Clavariaei are equally universal in their diffusion, although more plentiful in the north; however, the genus Pterula possesses several exotic forms, though in Europe it has but two representative species. That beautiful genus of Hymenomycetes, Sparassis, occupies a similar place next the Clavariaei, and is peculiarly a production of the temperate zone and of the coniferous region.

The fungi which constitute the family of Tremellini prevail in Europe, Asia, and North America, and exhibit no marked differences amongst themselves, notwithstanding the distances of the several countries apart. It must, however, be stated that the Hirneolae for the most part inhabit the tropics.

We come now to the Gasteromycetes—an interesting family, which exhibits several ramifications or particular series of developments. The most perfect Gasteromycetes almost exclusively belong to the warmer division of the temperate, and to the tropical zone, where their vegetation is the most luxuriant. Of late the catalogue of these fungi has been greatly enriched by the addition of numerous genera and species, proper to hot countries, previously unknown. Not uncommonly, the exotic floras differ from ours, not merely in respect of the species, but also of the genera of Gasteromycetes. It must, besides, be observed that this family is rich in well-defined genera, though very poor in distinct specific forms. Among the genera found in Europe, many are cosmopolitan.

The Phalloidei present themselves in the torrid zone under the most varied form and colouring, and comprise many genera rich in species. In Europe their number is very restricted. As we advance northward they decrease rapidly, so that the central districts of Sweden possess only a single species, the Phallus impudicus, and even this solitary representative of the family is very scarce. In Scania, the most southern province of Sweden, there is likewise but one genus and one species belonging to it, viz., the Mutinus caninus. Among other members of the Phalloidei, may be further mentioned the Lysurus of China, the Aseroee of Van Diemen's Land, and the Clathrus, one species of which, C. cancellatus, has a very wide geographical range; for instance, it is found in the south of Europe, in Germany, and in America; it occurs also in the south of England and the Isle of Wight; whereas the other species of this genus have a very limited distribution.

The Tuberacei[D] are remarkable amongst the fungi in being all of them more or less hypogeous. They are natives of warm countries, and are distributed into numerous genera and species. The Tuberacei constitute in Northern latitudes a group of fungi very poor in specific forms. The few species of the Hymenogastres belonging to Sweden, with the exception of Hyperrhiza variegata and one example of the genus Octaviana, are confined to the southern provinces. The greater part of this group, like the Lycoperdacei, are met with in the temperate zone. Most examples of the genus Lycoperdon are cosmopolitan.

The Nidulariacei and the Trichodermacei appear to be scattered over the globe in a uniform manner, although their species are not everywhere similar. The same statement applies to the Myxogastres, which are common in Lapland, and appear to have their central point of distribution in the countries within the temperate zone. At the same time, they are not wanting in tropical regions, notwithstanding that the intensity of heat, by drying up the mucilage which serves as the medium for the development of their spores, is opposed to their development.[E]

Of the Coniomycetes, the parasitic species, as the Caeomacei, the Pucciniei, and the Ustilagines, accompany their foster-plants into almost all regions where they are found; so that smut, rust, and mildew are as common on wheat and barley in the Himalayas and in New Zealand as in Europe and America. Ravenelia and Cronartium only occur in the warmer parts of the temperate zone, whilst Sartvellia is confined to Surinam. Species of Podisoma and Roestelia are as common in the United States as in Europe, and the latter appears also at the Cape and Ceylon. Wherever species of Sphaeria occur there the Sphaeronemei are found, but they do not appear, according to our present knowledge, to be so plentiful in tropical as in temperate countries. The Torulacei and its allies are widely diffused, and probably occur to a considerable extent in tropical countries.

Hyphomycetes are widely diffused; some species are peculiarly cosmopolitan, and all seem to be less influenced by climatic conditions than the more fleshy fungi. The Sepedoniei are represented by at least one species wherever Boletus is found. The Mucedines occur everywhere in temperate and tropical regions, Penicillium and Aspergillus flourishing as much in the latter as in the former. Botrytis and Peronospora are almost as widely diffused and as destructive in warmer as in temperate countries, and although from difficulty in preservation the moulds are seldom represented to any extent in collections, yet indications of their presence constantly occur in connection with other forms, to such an extent as to warrant the conclusion that they are far from uncommon. The Dematiei are probably equally as widely diffused. Species of Helminthosporium, Cladosporium, and Macrosporium seem to be as common in tropical as temperate climes. The distribution of these fungi is imperfectly known, except in Europe and North America, but their occurrence in Ceylon, Cuba, India, and Australasia indicated a cosmopolitan range. Cladosporium herbarum would seem to occur everywhere. The Stilbacei and Isariacei are not less widely diffused, although as yet apparently limited in species. Isaria occurs on insects in Brazil as in North America, and species of Stilbum and Isaria are by no means rare in Ceylon.

The Physomycetes have representatives in the tropics, species of Mucor occurring in Cuba, Brazil, and the southern states of North America, with the same and allied genera in Ceylon. Antennaria and Pisomyxa seem to reach their highest development in hot countries.

The Ascomycetes are represented everywhere, and although certain groups are more tropical than others, they are represented in all collections. The fleshy forms are most prolific in temperate countries, and only a few species of Peziza affect the tropics, yet in elevated districts of hot countries, such as the Himalayas of India, Peziza, Morchella, and Geoglossum are found. Two or three species of Morchella are found in Kashmir, and at least one or two in Java, where they are used as food. The genus Cyttaria is confined to the southern parts of South America and Tasmania. The United States equal if they do not exceed European states in the number of species of the Discomycetes. The Phacidiacei are not confined to temperate regions, but are more rare elsewhere. Cordierites and Acroseyphus (?) are tropical genera, the former extending upwards far into the temperate zone, as Hysterium and Rhytisma descend into the tropics. Amongst the Sphaeriacei, Xylaria and Hypoxylon are well represented in the tropics, such species as Xylaria hypoxylon and Xylaria corniformis being widely diffused. In West Africa an American species of Hypoxylon is amongst the very few specimens that have ever reached us from the Congo, whilst H. concentricum and Ustulina vulgaris seem to be almost cosmopolitan. Torrubia and Nectria extend into the tropics, but are more plentiful in temperate and sub-tropical countries. Dothidea is well represented in the tropics, whilst of the species of Sphaeria proper, only the more prominent have probably been secured by collectors; hence the Superficiales section is better represented than the Obtectae, and the tropical representatives of foliicolous species are but few. Asterina, Micropeltis, and Pemphidium are more sub-tropical than temperate forms. The Perisporiacei are represented almost everywhere; although species of Erysiphe are confined to temperate regions, the genus Meliola occupies its place in warmer climes. Finally, the Tuberacei, which are subterranean in their habits, are limited in distribution, being confined to the temperate zone, never extending far into the cold, and but poorly represented out of Europe. One species of Mylitta occurs in Australia, another in China, and another in the Neilgherries of India; the genus Paurocotylis is found in New Zealand and Ceylon. It is said that a species of Tuber is found in Himalayan regions, but in the United States, as well as in Northern Europe, the Tuberacei are rare.

The imperfect condition of our information concerning very many countries, even of those partially explored, must render any estimate or comparison of the floras of those countries most fragmentary and imperfect. Recently, the mycology of our own islands has been more closely investigated, and the result of many years' application on the part of a few individuals has appeared in a record of some 2,809 species,[F] to which subsequent additions have been made, to an extent of probably not much less than 200 species,[G] which would bring the total to about 3,000 species. The result is that no material difference exists between our flora and that of Northern France, Belgium, and Scandinavia, except that in the latter there are a larger number of Hymenomycetal forms. The latest estimates of the flora of Scandinavia are contained in the works of the illustrious Fries,[H] but these are not sufficiently recent, except so far as regards the Hymenomycetes, for comparison of numbers with British species.

The flora of Belgium has its most recent exponent in the posthumous work of Jean Kickx; but the 1,370 species enumerated by him can hardly be supposed to represent the whole of the fungi of Belgium, for in such case it would be less than half the number found in the British Islands, although the majority of genera and species are the same.[I]

For the North of France no one could have furnished a more complete list, especially of the microscopic forms, than M. Desmazieres, but we are left to rely solely upon his papers in "Annales des Sc. Nat." and his published specimens, which, though by no means representative of the fleshy fungi, are doubtless tolerably exhaustive of the minute species. From what we know of French Hymenomycetes, their number and variety appear to be much below those of Great Britain.[J]

The mycologic flora of Switzerland has been very well investigated, although requiring revision. Less attention having been given to the minute forms, and more to the Hymenomycetes than in France and Belgium, may in part account for the larger proportion of the latter in the Swiss flora.[K]

In Spain and Portugal scarce anything has been done; the small collection made by Welwitsch can in no way be supposed to represent the Peninsula.

The fungi of Italy[L] include some species peculiar to the Peninsula. The Tuberacei are well represented, and although the Hymenomycetes do not equal in number those of Britain or Scandinavia, a good proportion is maintained.

Bavaria and Austria (including Hungary, and the Tyrol) are being more thoroughly investigated than hitherto, but the works of Schaeffer, Tratinnick, Corda, and Krombholz have made us acquainted with the general features of their mycology,[M] to which more recent lists and catalogues have contributed.[N] The publication of dried specimens has of late years greatly facilitated acquaintance with the fungi of different countries in Europe, and those issued by Baron Thuemen from Austria do not differ materially from those of Northern Germany, although Dr. Rehm has made us acquainted with some new and interesting forms from Bavaria.[O]

Russia is to a large extent unknown, except in its northern borders.[P] Karsten has investigated the fungi of Finland,[Q] and added considerably to the number of Discomycetes, for which the climate seems to be favourable; but, as a whole, it may be concluded that Western and Northern Europe are much better explored than the Eastern and South-Eastern, to which we might add the South, if Italy be excepted.

We have only to add, for Europe, that different portions of the German empire have been well worked, from the period of Wallroth to the present.[R] Recently, the valley of the Rhine has been exhaustively examined by Fuckel;[S] but both Germany and France suffered checks during the late war which made their mark on the records of science not so speedily to be effaced. Denmark, with its splendid Flora Danica still in progress, more than a century after its commencement,[T] has a mycologic flora very like to that of Scandinavia, which is as well known.

If we pass from Europe to North America, we find there a mycologic flora greatly resembling that of Europe, and although Canada and the extreme North is little known, some parts of the United States have been investigated. Schweinitz[U] first made known to any extent the riches of this country, especially Carolina, and in this state the late Dr. Curtis and H. W. Ravenel continued their labours. With the exception of Lea's collections in Cincinnati, Wright's in Texas, and some contributions from Ohio, Alabama, Massachusetts, and New York, a great portion of this vast country is mycologically unknown. It is remarkably rich in fleshy fungi, not only in Agaricini, but also in Discomycetes, containing a large number of European forms, mostly European genera, with many species at present peculiar to itself. Tropical forms extend upwards into the Southern States.

The islands of the West Indies have been more or less examined, but none so thoroughly as Cuba, at first by Ramon de la Sagra, and afterwards by Wright.[V] The three principal genera of Hymenomycetes represented are Agaricus, Marasmius, and Polyporus, represented severally by 82, 51, and 120 species, amounting to more than half the entire number. Of the 490 species, about 57 per cent. are peculiar to the island; 13 per cent. are widely dispersed species; 12 per cent. are common to the island and Central America, together with the warmer parts of South America and Mexico; 3 per cent. are common to it with the United States, especially the Southern; while 13 per cent. are European species, including, however, 13 which may be considered as cosmopolitan. Some common tropical species do not occur, and, on the whole, the general character seems sub-tropical rather than tropical. Many of the species are decidedly those of temperate regions, or at least nearly allied. Perhaps the most interesting species are those which occur in the genera Craterellus and Laschia, the latter genus, especially, yielding several new forms. The fact that the climate is, on the whole, more temperate than that of some other islands in the same latitudes, would lead us to expect the presence of a comparatively large number of European species, or those which are found in the more northern United States, or British North America, and may account for the fact that so small a proportion of species should be identical with those from neighbouring islands.

In Central America only a few small collections have been made, which indicate a sub-tropical region.

From the northern parts of South America, M. Leprieur collected in French Guiana.[W] Southwards of this, Spruce collected in the countries bordering on the River Amazon, and Gardner in Brazil,[X] Gaudichaud in Chili and Peru,[Y] Gay in Chili,[Z] Blanchet in Bahia,[a] Weddell in Brazil,[b] and Auguste de Saint Hiliare[c] in the same country. Small collections have also been made in the extreme south. All these collections contain coriaceous species of Polyporus, Favolus, and allied genera, with Auricularini, together with such Ascomycetes as Xylaria, and such forms of Peziza as P. tricholoma, P. Hindsii, and P. macrotis. As yet we cannot form an estimate of the extent or variety of the South American flora, which has furnished the interesting genus Cyttaria, and may yet supply forms unrecognized elsewhere.

The island of Juan Fernandez furnished to M. Bertero a good representative collection,[d] which is remarkable as containing more than one-half its number of European species, and the rest possessing rather the character of those of a temperate than a sub-tropical region.

Australasia has been partly explored, and the results embodied in the Floras of Dr. Hooker and subsequent communications. In a note to an enumeration of 235 species in 1872, the writer observes that "many of them are either identical with European species, or so nearly allied that with dried specimens only, unaccompanied by notes or drawings, it is impossible to separate them; others are species which are almost universally found in tropical or sub-tropical countries, while a few only are peculiar to Australia, or are undescribed species, mostly of a tropical type. The collections on the whole can scarcely be said to be of any great interest, except so far as geographical distribution is concerned, as the aberrant forms are few."[e]

The fungi collected by the Antarctic Expedition in Auckland and Campbell's Islands, and in Fuegia and the Falklands,[f] were few and of but little interest, including such cosmopolitan forms as Sphaeria herbarum and Cladosporium herbarum, Hirneola auricula-judae, Polyporus versicolor, Eurotium herbariorum, etc.

In New Zealand a large proportion have been found, and these may be taken to represent the general character of the fungi of the islands, which is of the type usually found in temperate regions.[g]

The fungi of Asia are so little known that no satisfactory conclusions can be drawn from our present incomplete knowledge. In India, the collections made by Dr. Hooker in his progress to the Sikkim Himalayas,[h] a few species obtained by M. Perottet in Pondicherry, and small collections from the Neilgherries,[i] are almost all that have been recorded. From these it may be concluded that elevations such as approximate a temperate climate are the most productive, and here European and North American genera, with closely allied species, have the preponderance. The number of Agaricini, for instance, is large, and amongst the twenty-eight subgenera into which the genus Agaricus is divided, eight only are unrepresented. Casual specimens received from other parts of India afford evidence that here is a vast field unexplored, the forests and mountain slopes of which would doubtless afford an immense number of new and interesting forms.

Of the Indian Archipelago, Java has been most explored, both by Junghuhn[j] and Zollinger.[k] The former records 117 species in 40 genera, Nees von Esenbeck and Blume 11 species in 3 genera, and Zollinger and Moritzi 31 species in 20 genera, making a total of 159 species, of which 47 belong to Polyporus. Leveille added 87 species, making a total of 246 species. The fungi of Sumatra, Borneo, and other islands are partly the same and partly allied, but of a similar tropical character.

The fungi of the island of Ceylon, collected by Gardner, Thwaites, and Koenig, were numerous. The Agarics comprise 302 species, closely resembling those of our own country.[l] It is singular that every one of the subgenera of Fries is represented, though the number of species in one or two is greatly predominant. Lepiota and Psalliota alone comprise one-third of the species, while Pholiota offers only a single obscure species. The enumeration recently published of the succeeding families contains many species of interest.

In Africa, the best explored country is Algeria, although unfortunately the flora was never completed.[m] The correspondence between the fungi of Algeria and European countries is very striking, and the impression is not removed by the presence of a few sub-tropical forms. It is probable that were the fungi of Spain known the resemblance would be more complete.

From the Cape of Good Hope and Natal collections have been made by Zeyher,[n] Drege, and others, and from these we are enabled to form a tolerable estimate of the mycologic flora. Of the Hymenomycetes, the greater part belong to Agaricus: there are but four or five Polypori in Zeyher's collection, one of which is protean. The Gasteromycetes are interesting, belonging to many genera, and presenting two, Scoleciocarpus and Phellorinia, which were founded upon specimens in this collection. Batarrea, Tulostoma, and Mycenastrum are represented by European species. There are also two species of Lycoperdon, and one of Podaxon. Besides these, there is the curious Secotium Gueinzii. The genus Geaster does not appear in the collection, nor Scleroderma. Altogether the Cape flora is a peculiar one, and can scarcely be compared with any other.

At the most, only scattered and isolated specimens have been recorded from Senegal, from Egypt, or from other parts of Africa, so that, with the above exceptions, the continent may be regarded as unknown.

From this imperfect summary it will be seen that no general scheme of geographical distribution of fungi can as yet be attempted, and the most we can hope to do is to compare collection with collection, and what we know of one country with what we know of another, and note differences and agreements, so as to estimate the probable character of the fungi of other countries of which we are still in ignorance. It is well sometimes that we should attempt a task like the present, since we then learn how much there is to be known, and how much good work lies waiting to be done by the capable and willing hands that may hereafter undertake it.

[A] Mr. E. P. Fries, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 1861, xv. p. 10.

[B] Berkeley and Broome, "Enumeration of the Fungi of Ceylon," in "Journ. Linn. Soc." xiv. Nos. 73, 74, 1873.

[C] Fries, "On the Geographical Distribution of Fungi," in "Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist." ser. iii. vol. ix. p. 279.

[D] The Hypogaei are evidently intended here by Fries.

[E] Fries, "On the Geographical Distribution of Fungi" in "Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist." ser. 3, vol. ix. p. 285.

[F] Cooke's "Handbook of British Fungi," 2 vols. 1871.

[G] "Grevillea," vols. i. and ii. London, 1872-1874.

[H] Fries, "Summa Vegetabilium Scandinaviae" (1846), and "Monographia Hymenomycetum Sueciae" (1863); "Epicrisis Hymenomycetum Europ." (1874).

[I] "Flore cryptogamique des Flanders" (1867).

[J] "Aine Plantes Cryptogames-cellulaires du Department de Saone et Loire" (1863); Bulliard, "Hist. des Champignons de la France" (1791); De Candolle, "Flore Francaise" (1815); Duby, "Botanicon Gallicum" (1828-1830); Paulet, "Iconographie des Champignons" (1855); Godron, "Catalogue des Plantes Cellulaires du Department de la Meurthe" (1845); Crouan, "Florule du Finistere" (1867); De Seynes, "Essai d'une Flore Mycologique de la Region de Montpellier et du Gard" (1863).

[K] Secretan, "Mycographie Suisse" (1833); Trog, "Verzeichniss Schweizerischer Schwaemme" (1844).

[L] Passerini, "Funghi Parmensi," in "Giorn. Bot. Italiano" (1872-73); Venturi, "Miceti dell' Agro Bresciano" (1845); Viviani, "Funghi d'Italia" (1834); Vittadini, "Funghi Mangerecci d'Italia" (1835).

[M] Schaeffer, "Fungorum qui in Bavaria," &c. (1762-1774); Tratinnick, "Fungi Austriaci" (1804-1806 and 1809-30); Corda, "Icones Fungorum" (Prague, 1837-1842); Krombholz, "Abbildungen der Schwaemme" (1831-1849).

[N] Reichardt, "Flora von Iglau;" Niessl, "Cryptogamenflora Nieder-Oesterreichs" (1857, 1859); Schulzer, "Schwaemme Ungarns, Slavoniens," &c.

[O] Rehm, "Ascomyceten," fasc. i.-iv.

[P] Weinmann, "Hymeno-et Gasteromycetes," in "Imp. Ross" (1836); Weinmann, "Enumeratio Stirpium, in Agro Petropolitano" (1837).

[Q] Karsten, "Fungi in insulis Spetsbergen collectio" (1872); Karsten, "Monographia Pezizarum fennicarum" (1869); Karsten, "Symbolae ad Mycologiam fennicam" (1870).

[R] Rabenhorst, "Deutschlands Kryptogamen Flora" (1844); Wallroth, "Flora Germanica" (1833); Sturm, "Deutschlands Flora, iii. die Pilze" (1837, &c.).

[S] Fuckel, "Symbolae mycologicae" (1869).

[T] "Flora Danica" (1766-1873); Holmskjold, "Beata ruris otia Fungis Danicis impensa" (1799); Schumacher, "Enumeratio plantarum Sellandiae" (1801).

[U] Schweinitz, "Synopsis Fungorum," in "America Boreali," &c. (1834). Lea, "Catalogue of Plants of Cincinnati" (1849); Curtis, "Catalogue of the Plants of North Carolina" (1867); Berkeley, "North American Fungi," in "Grevillea," vols. i.-iii.; Peck, in "Reports of New York Museum Nat. Hist."

[V] Berkeley and Curtis, "Fungi Cubensis," in "Journ. Linn. Soc." (1868); Ramon de la Sagra, "Hist. Phys. de l'Isle de Cuba, Cryptogames, par Montagne" (1841); Montagne, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." February, 1842.

[W] Montagne, "Cryptogamia Guyanensis," "Ann. Sci. Nat." 4^me ser. iii.

[X] Berkeley, in "Hooker's Journal of Botany" for 1843, &c.

[Y] Montagne, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 2^me ser. vol. ii. p. 73 (1834).

[Z] Gay, "Hist. fisica y politica de Chile" (1845).

[a] Berkeley and Montagne, "Ann. des Sci. Nat." xi. (April, 1849).

[b] Montagne, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 4^me ser. v. No. 6.

[c] Montagne, in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." (July, 1839).

[d] Montagne, "Prodromus Florae Fernandesianae," in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." (June, 1835).

[e] Berkeley, "On Australian Fungi," in "Journ. Linn. Society," vol. xiii. (May, 1872).

[f] Hooker's "Cryptogamia Antarctica," pp. 57 and 141.

[g] Hooker's "New Zealand Flora."

[h] Berkeley, "Sikkim Himalayan Fungi," in Hooker's "Journal of Botany" (1850), p. 42, &c.

[i] Montagne, "Cryptogamae Neilgherrensis," in "Ann. des Sci. Nat." 2^me ser. xviii. p. 21 (1842).

[j] Junghuhn, "Premissa in Floram Crypt. Javae."

[k] Zollinger, "Fungi Archipalegi Malaijo Neerlandici novi."

[l] Berkeley and Broome, "Fungi of Ceylon," in "Journ. Linn. Soc." for May, 1871.

[m] "Flore d'Algerie, Cryptogames" (1846, &c.).

[n] Berkeley, in Hooker's "Journal of Botany," vol. ii. (1843), p. 408.



XIV.

COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION.

The multitudinous forms which fungi assume, the differences of substance, and variability in size, render a somewhat detailed account of the modes adopted for their collection and preservation necessary. The habitats of the various groups have already been indicated, so that there need be no difficulty in selecting the most suitable spots, and as to the period of the year, this will be determined by the class of objects sought. Although it may be said that no time, except when the ground is covered with snow, is entirely barren of fungi, yet there are periods more prolific than others.[A] Fleshy fungi, such as the Hymenomycetes, are most common from September until the frosts set in, whereas many microscopic species may be found in early spring, and increase in number until the autumn.

The collector may be provided with an ordinary collecting box, but for the Agarics an open shallow basket is preferable. A great number of the woody kinds may be carried in the coat-pocket, and foliicolous species placed between the leaves of a pocket-book. It is a good plan to be provided with a quantity of soft bibulous paper, in which specimens can be wrapped when collected, and this will materially assist in their preservation when transferred to box or basket. A large clasp-knife, a small pocket-saw, and a pocket-lens will complete the outfit for ordinary occasions. In order to preserve the fleshy fungi for the herbarium, there is but one method, which has often been described. The Agaric, or other similar fungus, is cut perpendicularly from the pileus downwards through the stem. A second cut in the same direction removes a thin slice, which represents a section of the fungus; this may be laid on blotting paper, or plant-drying paper, and put under slight pressure to dry. From one-half of the fungus the pileus is removed, and with a sharp knife the gills and fleshy portion of the pileus are cut away. In the same manner the inner flesh of the half stem is also cleared. When dried, the half of the pileus is placed in its natural position on the top of the half stem, and thus a portrait of the growing fungus is secured, whilst the section shows the arrangement of the hymenium and the character of the stem. The other half of the pileus may be placed, gills downward, on a piece of black paper, and allowed to rest there during the night. In the morning the spores will have been thrown down upon the paper, which may be placed with the other portions. When dry, the section, profile, and spore paper may be mounted together on a piece of stiff paper, and the name, locality, and date inscribed below, with any additional particulars. It is advisable here to caution the collector never to omit writing down these particulars at once when the preparations are made, and to place them together, between the folds of the drying paper, in order to prevent the possibility of a mistake. Some small species may be dried whole or only cut down the centre, but the spores should never be forgotten. When dried, either before or after mounting, the specimens should be poisoned, in order to preserve them from the attacks of insects. The best medium for this purpose is carbolic acid, laid on with a small hog-hair brush. Whatever substance is used, it must not be forgotten by the manipulator that he is dealing with poison, and must exercise caution. If the specimens are afterwards found to be insufficiently poisoned, or that minute insects are present in the herbarium, fresh poisoning will be necessary. Some think that benzine or spirits of camphor is sufficient, but as either is volatile, it is not to be trusted as a permanent preservative. Mr. English, of Epping, by an ingenious method of his own, preserves a great number of the fleshy species in their natural position, and although valueless for an herbarium, they are not only very ornamental, but useful, if space can be devoted to them.

Leaf parasites, whether on living or dead leaves, may be dried in the usual way for drying plants, between folds of bibulous paper under pressure. It may be sometimes necessary with dead leaves to throw them in water, in order that they may be flattened without breaking, and then dry them in the same manner as green leaves. All species produced on a hard matrix, as wood, bark, etc., should have as much as possible of the matrix pared away, so that the specimens may lie flat in the herbarium. This is often facilitated in corticolous species by removing the bark and drying it under pressure.

The dusty Gasteromycetes are troublesome, especially the minute species, and if mounted openly on paper are soon spoiled. A good plan is to provide small square or round cardboard boxes, of not more than a quarter of an inch in depth, and to glue the specimen to the bottom at once, allowing it to dry in that position before replacing the cover. The same method should be adopted for many of the moulds, such as Polyactis, etc., which, under any circumstances, are difficult to preserve.

In collecting moulds, we have found it an excellent plan to go out provided with small wooden boxes, corked at top and bottom, such as entomologists use, and some common pins. When a delicate mould is collected on a decayed Agaric, or any other matrix, after clearing away with a penknife all unnecessary portions of the matrix, the specimen may be pinned down to the cork in one of these boxes. Another method, and one advisable also for the Myxogastres, is to carry two or three pill-boxes, in which, after being wrapped in tissue paper, the specimen may be placed.

A great difficulty is often experienced with microscopic fungi, such, for instance, as the Sphaeriacei, in the necessity, whenever a new examination is required, to soak the specimen for some hours, and then transfer the fruit to a slide, before it can be compared with any newly-found specimen that has to be identified. To avoid this, mounted specimens ready for the microscope are an acquisition, and may be secured in the following manner. After the fungus has been soaked in water, where that is necessary, and the hymenium extracted on the point of a penknife, let it be transferred to the centre of a clean glass slide. A drop of glycerine is let fall upon this nucleus, then the covering glass placed over it. A slight pressure will flatten the object and expel all the superfluous glycerine around the edges of the covering glass. A spring clip holds the cover in position, whilst a camel-hair pencil is used to remove the glycerine which may have been expelled. This done, the edges of the cover may be fixed to the slide by painting round with gum-dammar dissolved in benzole. In from twelve to twenty-four hours the spring clip may be removed, and the mount placed in the cabinet. Glycerine is, perhaps, the best medium for mounting the majority of these objects, and when dammar and benzole are used for fixing, there is no difficulty experienced, as is the case with Canada balsam, if the superfluous glycerine is not wholly washed away. Specimens of Puccinia mounted in this way when fresh gathered, and before any shrivelling had taken place, are as plump and natural in our cabinet as they were when collected six or seven years ago.

Moulds are always troublesome to preserve in a herbarium in a state sufficiently perfect for reference after a few years. We have found it an excellent method to provide some thin plates of mica, the thinner the better, of a uniform size, say two inches square, or even less. Between two of these plates of mica enclose a fragment of the mould, taking care not to move one plate over the other after the mould is placed. Fix the plates by a clip, whilst strips of paper are gummed or pasted over the edges of the mica plates so as to hold them together. When dry, the clip may be removed, and the name written on the paper. These mounts may be put each in a small envelope, and fastened down in the herbarium. Whenever an examination is required, the object, being already dry-mounted, may at once be placed under the microscope. In this manner the mode of attachment of the spores can be seen, but if mounted in fluid they are at once detached; and if the moulds are only preserved in boxes, in the course of a short time nearly every spore will have fallen from its support.

Two or three accessories to a good herbarium may be named. For fleshy fungi, especially Agarics, faithfully coloured drawings, side by side with the dried specimens, will compensate for loss or change of colour which most species undergo in the process of drying. For minute species, camera lucida drawings of the spores, together with their measurements, will add greatly to the practical value of a collection. In mounting specimens, whether on leaves, bark, or wood, it will be of advantage to have one specimen glued down to the paper so as to be seen at once, and a duplicate loose in a small envelope beside it, so that the latter may at any time be removed and examined under the microscope.

In arranging specimens for the herbarium, a diversity of taste and opinion exists as to the best size for the herbarium paper. It is generally admitted that a small size is preferable to the large one usually employed for phanerogamous plants. Probably the size of foolscap is the most convenient, each sheet being confined to a single species. In public herbaria, the advantage of a uniform size for all plants supersedes all other advantages, but in a private herbarium, consisting entirely of fungi, the smaller size is better.

The microscopic examination of minute species is an absolute necessity to ensure accurate identification. Little special remark is called for here, since the methods adopted for other objects will be available. Specimens which have become dry may be placed in water previous to examination, a process which will be found essential in such genera as Peziza, Sphaeria, etc. For moulds, which must be examined as opaque objects, if all their beauties and peculiarities are to be made out, a half-inch objective is recommended, with the nozzle bevelled as much to a point as possible, so that no light be obstructed.[B]

In examining the sporidia of minute Pezizae and some others, the aid of some reagent will be found necessary. When the sporidia are very delicate and hyaline, the septa cannot readily be seen if present; to aid in the examination, a drop of tincture of iodine will be of considerable advantage. In many cases sporidia, which are very indistinct in glycerine, are much more distinct when the fluid is water.

The following hints to travellers, as regards the collection of fungi, drawn up some years since by the Rev. M. J. Berkeley, have been widely circulated, and may be usefully inserted here, though at the risk of repetition:—

"It is frequently complained that in collections of exotic plants, no tribe is so much neglected as that of fungi; this arises partly from the supposed difficulty of preserving good specimens, partly from their being less generally studied than other vegetable productions. As, however, in no department of botany, there is a greater probability of meeting with new forms, and the difficulties, though confessedly great in one or two genera, are far less than is often imagined, the following hints are respectfully submitted to such collectors as may desire to neglect no part of the vegetable kingdom.

"The greater proportion, especially of tropical fungi, are dried, simply by light pressure, with as much ease as phoenogamous plants; indeed, a single change of the paper in which they are placed is generally sufficient, and many, if wrapped up in soft paper when gathered, and submitted to light pressure, require no further attention. Such as are of a tough leathery nature, if the paper be changed a few hours after the specimens have been laid in, preserve all their characters admirably; and if in the course of a few weeks there is an opportunity of washing them with a solution of turpentine and corrosive sublimate, submitting them again to pressure for a few hours merely to prevent their shrinking, there will be no fear of their suffering from the attacks of insects.

"Many of the mushroom tribe are so soft and watery that it is very difficult to make good specimens without a degree of labour which is quite out of the question with travellers. By changing, however, the papers in which they are dried two or three times the first day, if practicable, useful specimens may be prepared, especially if a few notes be made as to colour, etc. The more important notes are as to the colour of the stem and pileus, together with any peculiarities of the surface, e.g., whether it be dry, viscid, downy, scaly, etc., and whether the flesh of the pileus be thin or otherwise; as to the stem, whether hollow or solid; as to the gills, whether they are attached to the stem or free; and especially what is their colour and that of the spores. It is not in general expedient to preserve specimens in spirits, except others are dried by pressure, or copious notes be made; except, indeed, in some fungi of a gelatinous nature, which can scarcely be dried at all by pressure.

"The large woody fungi, the puff-balls, and a great number of those which grow on wood, etc., are best preserved, after ascertaining that they are dry and free from larvae, by simply wrapping them in paper or placing them in chip-boxes, taking care that they are so closely packed as not to rub. As in other tribes of plants, it is very requisite to have specimens in different stages of growth, and notes as to precise habitats are always interesting.

"The attention of the traveller can scarcely be directed to any more interesting branch, or one more likely to produce novelty, than the puff-ball tribe; and he is particularly requested to collect these in every stage of growth, especially in the earliest, and, if possible, to preserve some of the younger specimens in spirits. One or two species are produced on ant-hills, the knowledge of the early state of which is very desirable.

"The fungi which grow on leaves in tropical climates are scarcely less abundant than in our own country, though belonging to a different type. Many of these must constantly come under the eye of the collector of phoenogams, and would be most acceptable to the mycologist. But the attention of the collector should also be directed to the lichen-like fungi, which are so abundant in some countries on fallen sticks. Hundreds of species of the utmost interest would reward active research, and they are amongst the easiest to dry; indeed, in tropical countries, the greater proportion of the species are easy to preserve, but they will not strike the eye which is not on the watch for them. The number of fleshy species is but few, and far less likely to furnish novelty."

* * * * *

In conclusion, we may urge upon all those who have followed us thus far to adopt this branch of botany as their speciality. Hitherto it has been very much neglected, and a wide field is open for investigation and research. The life-history of the majority of species has still to be read, and the prospects of new discoveries for the industrious and persevering student are great. All who have as yet devoted themselves with assiduity have been in this manner rewarded. The objects are easily obtainable, and there is a constantly increasing infatuation in the study. Where so much is unknown, not a few difficulties have to be encountered, and here the race is not to the swift so much as to the untiring. May our efforts to supply this introduction to the study receive their most welcome reward in an accession to the number of the students and investigators of the nature, uses, and influences of fungi.

[A] The genus Chionyphe occurs on granaries under snow, as well as in that formidable disease, the Madura fungus-foot. (See Carter's "Mycetoma.")

[B] Bubbles of air are often very tiresome in the examination of moulds. A little alcohol will remove them.



INDEX.

AEcidiacci, structure of, 41. AEcidium and Puccinia, 199. germination, 141. Agaricini, habitats of, 233. structure of, 17. Agaric of the olive, 108. Agarics, growth of, 138. Algo-lichen hypothesis, 10. Alveolate spores, 130. Amadou, 103. American floras, 281. fungi, 281. Antheridia, presumed, 171. Appearance of new forms, 248. Arrangement of families, 80. Asci and sporidia, 131. in Agarics (?), 23. their dehiscence, 59. Ascobolei, structure of, 56. Ascomycetes, classification of, 75. distribution of, 277. habitats of, 241. structure of, 55. Aspergillus glaucus, 187. Atmosphere, spores in, 214.

Barberry cluster-cups, 201. Barren cysts of Lecythea, 37. Basidiospores, 120. Beech morels, 101. Beefsteak fungus, 96. Berberry and mildew, 199. Boletus, esculent species, 95. Books on structure, 63. Bulgaria, its dualism, 198. Bunt and smut, 225. spores, germination of, 150.

Caeomacei, structure of, 36. Camp measles and fever, 213. Caudate sporidia, 134. Champignon, fairy-ring, 94. Change of colour, 114. Chantarelle, the, 93. Cholera fungi, 213. Ciliated stylospores, 124-6. Classification of Ascomycetes, 75. Coniomycetes, 69. fungi, 64. Gasteromycetes, 66. Hymenomycetes, 65. Hyphomycetes, 73. Physomycetes, 74. tabular view, 80. Collecting fungi, 287. Colour and its variation, 117. Conditions of growth, 269. Conidia of Erysiphei, 62. Mucor, 53. Peziza, 46. Sphaeriae, 192. Coniomycetes, classification of, 69. Coniomycetes, habitats of, 38. Conjugating cells, 165. Conjugation in Peronospora, 171. Peziza, 175. Copulation in Discomycetes, 173. fungi, 163. Corn, mildew, and rust, 224. Cortinarius, species of, 91. Cotton plant diseases, 228. Cultivation of fungi, 253. Sclerotia, 261. truffles, 258. Currant twig fungus, 193. Cystidia, 21.

Dacrymyces, germination of, 140. De Bary, on conditions of study, 183. Decay rapid, 9. Dehiscence of asci, 58. Dimorphism in moulds, 187. of Mucor, 53. Disappearance of species, 268. Discomycetes, 56. Dissemination of spores, 119. Distribution, geographical, 266. Dried fungi, esculent, 87, 94. Drying of fungi, 289. Dry rot, 223. Dualism in Melanconis, 197. Podisoma, 203. Polyactes, 45. Uredines, 185.

Edible fungi in America, 88. Ergotized grass, 217. Erysiphe, conjugation, 176. Erysiphei, polymorphism, 191. Esculent fungi, 82. European floras, 279. Examination of fungi, 289. Exotic floras, 280-5.

False truffles, 98. Fairy-ring champignon, 94. Families and orders, table of, 80. Fenestrate sporidia, 135. Fetid fungi, 116. Fistulina hepatica, 96. Floras of Europe, &c., 279. Fly Agaric, 210. Food, fungi as, 81. Forestry and its foes, 229. Fungi collecting abroad, 292. in disease, 215. mines, 111. of America, 281. Asia, 284. parasitic on animals, 246. each other, 244. true plants, 5.

Garden pests, 230. Gasteromycetes, classification of, 66. Geographical distribution, 266. Germinating pseudospores, 144. Germination of fungi, 137. Mucor, 157, 164. Podisoma, 147. Gonosphere, in Peronospora, 171. Growth of Agarics, 138.

Habitats of fungi, 233. Helicoid spores, 129. Herbarium for fungi, 291. Hints for travellers, 292. Hollyhock disease, 230. House-fly fungus, 219. Hydnum gelatinosum, 24. Hymenium of fungi, 18. Hymenomycetes, classification of, 65. Hyphomycetes, classification of, 73. habitats of, 240. structure of, 42. Hypogaei, structure of, 29.

Influences of fungi, 209. Influence on lower animals, 217. man, 209. Influence on vegetation, 222. of woods, 271. Injurious moulds, 230, 240. Insect, parasites on, 7, 218. fungi, 7, 218, 246. Isaria and Torrubia, 205.

Ketchup, or catchup, 89.

Lactescent fungi, 115. Lichen-gonidia question, 10. Lichens and fungi, 9. Little man's bread, 102. Luminous Agarics, 105. wood, 113.

Meadow mushroom, 83. Medicinal fungi, 102. Melanconiei, structure of, 35. Microscopical mounting, 290. Mildew in corn, 199. Milky fungi, 92. juice, 115. Morels, 99, 159. germination of, 159. Mould cultivation, 263. Moulds, and dimorphism, 187. structure of, 43. to preserve, 290. Mucedines, habitats of, 240. structure of, 44. Mucor, dualism of, 205. growth of, 157. structure of, 50. Mushroom, analysis of, 19. caves of Paris, 255. cultivation, 254. spawn, 256. the edible, 83. Myxogastres, habitats of, 237. structure of, 31.

Nature of fungi, 1. New forms, appearance of, 248. Nidulariacei, structure of, 34.

Oak truffles, 260. Odours of fungi, 116. Oidium and Erysiphe, 191. Oocysts in Erysiphe, 176. Oogonia, 136, 169. of Saprolegniae, 169. Orders and families, table of, 80. Oyster mushroom, 86.

Paper moulds, 248. Paraphyses and asci, 49. Parasites on plants, 238. Perisporiacei, structure of, 62. Peronospora, growth of, 152. Pests of forest trees, 229. the garden, 230. Peziza, conidia of, 46. Fuckeliana, 48. Pezizae, their habitats, 242. Phalloidei, structure of, 28. Phenomena of fungi, 105. Phosphorescence, 105. Physomycetes, classification of, 74. habitats of, 241. structure of, 50. Podaxinei, structure of, 29. Podisoma, and its allies, 40, 72. and Roestelia, 203. germination of, 147. Poisonous fungi, 209. Polymorphism, 182. Polymorphy in Erysiphe, 191. Polyporei, structure of, 23. Polyporus, edible species, 96. Potato disease, 225. mould, germination, 155. Preservation of fungi, 288. Pseudospores, 126. Puccinia and AEcidium, 199. Puccinia, germination of, 145. Pucciniaei, structure of, 38. Puff-balls, edible, 98. Puff-balls, structure of, 29. spores, 123. Pycnidia, 62, 180. and spermatia, 62.

Roestelia and Podisoma, 203. Red rust and cattle food, 217. Reproduction, sexual, 163. Rhizomorphae, 111. Russula, edible species of, 93.

St. George's mushroom, 85. Saprolegnei, conjugation of, 168. Sclerotia, 47, 261. cultivation, 261. Scolecite in Peziza, &c., 173. Septate stylospores, 124. Sexual reproduction, 163. Silkworm disease, 220. Skin diseases and fungi, 212. Slides for the microscope, 290. Spawn of fungi, 256. Special cultivation, 264. Species determinate, 5. Spermatia, 128, 179. of Roestelia, 42. in Tremella, 26. Spermogonia, 178. Sphaeria, sporidia of, 133. Sphaeriacei, structure of, 61. Sphaeriae, polymorphy, 192. Sphaeronemei, structure of, 35. Spiral threads, 32. Spontaneous generation, 3. Sporangia, 51, 129. of Mucor, 51. Spores in chaplets, 143. of Agaricini, 121. Gasteromycetes, 122. truffles, 130. stellate and crested, 36. their dissemination, 119. Sporidia, germination of, 160. of Ascomycetes, 130. Sporidiifera, structure of, 50 Sporifera and Sporidiifera, 64. Star-spored fungus, 125. Structure of fungi, 17. Agaricini, 17. books written upon, 63. of AEcidiacei, 41. Ascomycetes, 55. Caeomacei, 36. Hyphomycetes, 42. Hypogaei, 29. Melanconiei, 35. Mucedines, 44. Mucor, 50. Myxogastres, 31. Nidulariacei, 34. Perisporiacei, 62. Phalloidei, 28. Physomycetes, 50. Podaxinei, 29. Polyporei, 23. Pucciniaei, 38. Sphaeriacei, 61. Sphaeronemei, 35. Torulacei, 36. Tremellini, 25. Trichogastres, 29. truffles, 55. Ustilaginei, 40. Study of development, 183. Stylospores, 123. Subterranean puff-balls, 29. Summer and winter spores, 37. Supposed animal nature, 2.

Table of classification, 80. Thecaspores, 13 Torrubia and Isaria, 205. Torulacei, structure of, 36. Travellers, hints for, 292. Tremella, germination of, 139. Tremellini, structure of, 24. Trichogastres, habitats of, 237. structure of, 29. Trichospores, 128. Tropical fungi, 272. Truffle cultivation, 258. Truffles, 55, 101, 258. structure of, 55. Tuberacei, structure of, 55. Tubercularia and Nectria, 194.

Uredines, germination of, 143. polymorphy of, 186. structure of, 37. Uses of fungi, 82. Ustilaginei, structure of, 40. germination of, 149.

"Vegetable wasp," 218. Vegetative and reproductive system, 7. Viennese fungi, 84. Vine and hop disease, 227.

White rust germination, 151. Winter and summer spores, 37.

Zones of distribution, 270. Zoospores of Cystopus, 38. white rust, 151. Zygospores of Mucor, 158, 164.



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Dr. W. B. CARPENTER, LL. D., F.R.S., The Physical Geography of the Sea.

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W. LAUDER LINDSAY, M.D., F.R.S.E., Mind in the Lower Animals.

Sir JOHN LUBBOCK, Bart, F.R.S., The Antiquity of Man.

Prof. W. T. THISELTON DYER, B.A., B. Sc., Form and Habit in Flowering Plants.

Mr. J. N. LOCKYER, F.R.S., Spectrum Analysis.

Prof. MICHAEL FOSTER, M.D., Protoplasm and the Cell Theory.

Prof. W. STANLEY JEVONS, Money: and the Mechanism of Exchange.

H. CHARLTON BASTIAN, M.D., F.R.S., The Brain as an Organ of Mind.

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Prof. RUDOLPH VIRCHOW (Berlin University), Morbid Physiological Action.

Prof. CLAUDE BERNARD, Physical and Metaphysical Phenomena of life.

Prof. H. SAINTE-CLAIRE DEVILLE, An Introduction to General Chemistry.

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Prof. LACAZE-DUTHIERS, Zoology since Cuvier.

Prof. BERTHELOT, Chemical Synthesis.

Prof. J. ROSENTHAL, General Physiology of Muscles and Nerves.

Prof. JAMES D. DANA, M.A., LL. D., On Cephalization; or, Head-Characters in the Gradation and Progress of Life.

Prof. S. W. JOHNSON, M.A., On the Nutrition of Plants.

Prof. AUSTIN FLINT, Jr., M.D., The Nervous System and its Relation to the Bodily Functions.

Prof. W. D. WHITNEY, Modern Linguistic Science.

Prof. C. A. YOUNG, Ph. D. (of Dartmouth College), The Sun.

Prof. BERNSTEIN (University of Halle), Physiology of the Senses.

Prof. FERDINAND COHN (Breslau University), Thallophytes (Algaee, Lichens, Fungi).

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Prof. LEUCKART (University of Leipsic), Outlines of Animal Organization.

Prof. LIEBREICH (University of Berlin), Outlines of Toxicology.

Prof. KUNDT (University of Strasburg), On Sound.

Prof. REES (University of Erlangen), On Parasitic Plants.

Prof. STEINTHAL (University of Berlin), Outlines of the Science of Language.

E. ALGLAVE (Professor of Constitutional and Administrative Law at Douai, and of Political Economy at Lille), The Primitive Elements of Political Constitutions.

P. LORAIN (Professor of Medicine, Paris), Modern Epidemics.

Prof. SCHUeTZENBERGER (Director of the Chemical Laboratory at the Sorbonne), On Fermentations.

Mons. DEBRAY, Precious Metals.



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1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Illustrated Price, $1.50.

"In the volume now published, Professor Tyndall has presented a noble illustration of the acuteness and subtlety of his intellectual powers, the scope and insight of his scientific vision, his singular command of the appropriate language of exposition, and the peculiar vivacity and grace with which he unfolds the results of intricate scientific research."—N. Y. Tribune.

"The 'Forms of Water,' by Professor Tyndall, is an interesting and instructive little volume, admirably printed and illustrated. Prepared expressly for this series, it is in some measure a guarantee of the excellence of the volumes that will follow, and an indication that the publishers will spare no pains to include in the series the freshest investigations of the best scientific minds."—Boston Journal.

"This series is admirably commenced by this little volume from the pen of Prof. Tyndall. A perfect master of his subject, he presents in a style easy and attractive his methods of investigation, and the results obtained, and gives to the reader a clear conception of all the wondrous transformations to which water is subjected."—Churchman.

II.

Bagehot's Physics and Politics.

1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.50.

"If the 'International Scientific Series' proceeds as it has begun, it will more than fulfil the promise given to the reading public in its prospectus. The first volume, by Professor Tyndall, was a model of lucid and attractive scientific exposition; and now we have a second, by Mr. Walter Bagehot, which is not only very lucid and charming, but also original and suggestive in the highest degree. Nowhere since the publication of Sir Henry Maine's 'Ancient Law,' have we seen so many fruitful thoughts suggested in the course of a couple of hundred pages.... To do justice to Mr. Bagehot's fertile book, would require a long article. With the best of intentions, we are conscious of having given but a sorry account of it in these brief paragraphs. But we hope we have said enough to commend it to the attention of the thoughtful reader."—Prof. JOHN FISKE, in the Atlantic Monthly.

"Mr. Bagehot's style is clear and vigorous. We refrain from giving a fuller account of these suggestive essays, only because we are sure that our readers will find it worth their while to peruse the book for themselves; and we sincerely hope that the forthcoming parts of the 'International Scientific Series' will be as interesting."—Athenaeum.

"Mr. Bagehot discusses an immense variety of topics connected with the progress of societies and nations, and the development of their distinctive peculiarities; and his book shows an abundance of ingenious and original thought."—ALFRED RUSSELL WALLACE, in Nature.

III.

Foods.

By Dr. EDWARD SMITH.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth Illustrated. Price, $1.75.

In making up THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES, Dr Edward Smith was selected as the ablest man in England to treat the important subject of Foods. His services were secured for the undertaking, and the little treatise he has produced shows that the choice of a writer on this subject was most fortunate, as the book is unquestionably the clearest and best-digested compend of the Science of Foods that has appeared in our language.

"The book contains a series of diagrams, displaying the effects of sleep and meals on pulsation and respiration, and of various kinds of food on respiration, which, as the results of Dr Smith's own experiments, possess a very high value. We have not far to go in this work for occasions of favorable criticism; they occur throughout, but are perhaps most apparent in those parts of the subject with which Dr. Smith's name is especially linked."—London Examiner.

"The union of scientific and popular treatment in the composition of this work will afford an attraction to many readers who would have been indifferent to purely theoretical details.... Still his work abounds in information, much of which is of great value, and a part of which could not easily be obtained from other sources. Its interest is decidedly enhanced for students who demand both clearness and exactness of statement, by the profusion of well executed woodcuts, diagrams, and tables, which accompany the volume.... The suggestions of the author on the use of tea and coffee, and of the various forms of alcohol, although perhaps not strictly of a novel character, are highly instructive, and form an interesting portion of the volume."—N. Y. Tribune.

IV.

Body and Mind.

THE THEORIES OF THEIR RELATION.

By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL.D.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth Price, $1.50.

PROFESSOR BAIN is the author of two well-known standard works upon the Science of Mind—"The Senses and the Intellect," and "The Emotions and the Will." He is one of the highest living authorities in the school which holds that there can be no sound or valid psychology unless the mind and the body are studied, as they exist, together.

"It contains a forcible statement of the connection between mind and body, studying their subtile interworkings by the light of the most recent physiological investigations. The summary in Chapter V., of the investigations of Dr. Lionel Beale of the embodiment of the intellectual functions in the cerebral system, will be found the freshest and most interesting part of his book. Prof. Bain's own theory of the connection between the mental and the bodily part in man is stated by himself to be as follows: There is 'one substance, with two sets of properties, two sides, the physical and the mental—a double-faced unity.' While, in the strongest manner, asserting the union of mind with brain, he yet denies 'the association of union in place,' but asserts the union of close succession in time,' holding that 'the same being is, by alternate fits, under extended and under unextended consciousness.'"—Christian Register.

V.

The Study of Sociology.

By HERBERT SPENCER.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth Price, $1.50.

"The philosopher whose distinguished name gives weight and influence to this volume, has given in its pages some of the finest specimens of reasoning in all its forms and departments. There is a fascination in his array of facts, incidents, and opinions, which draws on the reader to ascertain his conclusions. The coolness and calmness of his treatment of acknowledged difficulties and grave objections to his theories win for him a close attention and sustained effort, on the part of the reader, to comprehend, follow, grasp, and appropriate his principles. This book, independently of its bearing upon sociology, is valuable as lucidly showing what those essential characteristics are which entitle any arrangement and connection of facts and deductions to be called a science."—Episcopalian.

"This work compels admiration by the evidence which it gives of immense research, study, and observation, and is, withal, written in a popular and very pleasing style. It is a fascinating work, as well as one of deep practical thought."—Bost. Post.

"Herbert Spencer is unquestionably the foremost living thinker in the psychological and sociological fields, and this volume is an important contribution to the science of which it treats.... It will prove more popular than any of its author's other creations, for it is more plainly addressed to the people and has a more practical and less speculative cast. It will require thought, but it is well worth thinking about."—Albany Evening Journal.

VI.

The New Chemistry.

By JOSIAH P. COOKE, Jr.,

Erving Professor of Chemistry and Mineralogy in Harvard University.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth Price, $2.00.

"The book of Prof. Cooke is a model of the modern popular science work. It has just the due proportion of fact, philosophy, and true romance, to make it a fascinating companion, either for the voyage or the study."—Daily Graphic.

"This admirable monograph, by the distinguished Erving Professor of Chemistry in Harvard University, is the first American contribution to 'The International Scientific Series,' and a more attractive piece of work in the way of popular exposition upon a difficult subject has not appeared in a long time. It not only well sustains the character of the volumes with which it is associated, but its reproduction in European countries will be an honor to American science."—New York Tribune.

"All the chemists in the country will enjoy its perusal, and many will seize upon it as a thing longed for. For, to those advanced students who have kept well abreast of the chemical tide, it offers a calm philosophy. To those others, youngest of the class, who have emerged from the schools since new methods have prevailed, it presents a generalization, drawing to its use all the data, the relations of which the newly-fledged fact-seeker may but dimly perceive without its aid.... To the old chemists, Prof. Cooke's treatise is like a message from beyond the mountain. They have heard of changes in the science; the clash of the battle of old and new theories has stirred them from afar. The tidings, too, had come that the old had given way; and little more than this they knew.... Prof. Cooke's 'New Chemistry' must do wide service in bringing to close sight the little known and the longed for.... As a philosophy it is elementary, but, as a book of science, ordinary readers will find it sufficiently advanced."—Utica Morning Herald.

VII.

The Conservation of Energy.

By BALFOUR STEWART, LL. D., F.R.S.

With an Appendix treating of the Vital and Mental Applications of the Doctrine.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

"The author has succeeded in presenting the facts in a clear and satisfactory manner, using simple language and copious illustration in the presentation of facts and principles, confining himself, however, to the physical aspect of the subject. In the Appendix the operation of the principles in the spheres of life and mind is supplied by the essays of Professors Le Conte and Bain."—Ohio Farmer.

"Prof Stewart is one of the best known teachers in Owens College in Manchester.

"The volume of THE INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC SERIES now before us is an excellent illustration of the true method of teaching, and will well compare with Prof. Tyndall's charming little book in the same series on 'Forms of Water,' with illustrations enough to make clear, but not to conceal his thoughts, in a style simple and brief."—Christian Register, Boston.

"The writer has wonderful ability to compress much information into a few words. It is a rich treat to read such a book as this, when there is so much beauty and force combined with such simplicity."—Eastern Press.

VIII.

Animal Locomotion;

Or, WALKING, SWIMMING, AND FLYING.

With a Dissertation on Aeronautics.

By J. BELL PETTIGREW, M.D., F.R.S., F.R.S.E., F.R.C.P.E.

1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.75.

"This work is more than a contribution to the stock of entertaining knowledge, though, if it only pleased, that would be sufficient excuse for its publication. But Dr. Pettigrew has given his time to these investigations with the ultimate purpose of solving the difficult problem of Aeronautics. To this he devotes the last fifty pages of his book. Dr. Pettigrew is confident that man will yet conquer the domain of the air."—N. Y. Journal of Commerce.

"Most persons claim to know how to walk, but few could explain the mechanical principles involved in this most ordinary transaction, and will be surprised that the movements of bipeds and quadrupeds, the darting and rushing motion of fish, and the erratic flight of the denizens of the air, are not only analogous, but can be reduced to similar formula. The work is profusely illustrated, and, without reference to the theory it is designed to expound, will be regarded as a valuable addition to natural history."—Omaha Republic.

IX.

Responsibility in Mental Disease.

By HENRY MAUDSLEY, M.D.,

Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians; Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in University College, London.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.50.

"Having lectured in a medical college on Mental Disease, this book has been a feast to us. It handles a great subject in a masterly manner, and, in our judgment, the positions taken by the author are correct and well sustained."—Pastor and People.

"The author is at home in his subject, and presents his views in an almost singularly clear and satisfactory manner.... The volume is a valuable contribution to one of the most difficult, and at the same time one of the most important subjects of investigation at the present day."—N. Y. Observer.

"It is a work profound and searching, and abounds in wisdom."—Pittsburg Commercial.

"Handles the important topic with masterly power, and its suggestions are practical and of great value."—Providence Press.

X.

The Science of Law.

By SHELDON AMOS, M.A.,

Professor of Jurisprudence in University College, London; author of "A Systematic View of the Science of Jurisprudence," "An English Code, its Difficulties and the Modes of overcoming them," etc., etc.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75.

"The valuable series of 'International Scientific' works, prepared by eminent specialists, with the intention of popularizing information in their several branches of knowledge, has received a good accession in this compact and thoughtful volume. It is a difficult task to give the outlines of a complete theory of law in a portable volume, which he who runs may read, and probably Professor Amos himself would be the last to claim that he has perfectly succeeded in doing this. But he has certainly done much to clear the science of law from the technical obscurities which darken it to minds which have had no legal training, and to make clear to his 'lay' readers in how true and high a sense it can assert its right to be considered a science, and not a mere practice."—The Christian Register.

"The works of Bentham and Austin are abstruse and philosophical, and Maine's require hard study and a certain amount of special training. The writers also pursue different lines of investigation, and can only be regarded as comprehensive in the departments they confined themselves to. It was left to Amos to gather up the result and present the science in its fullness. The unquestionable merits of this, his last book, are, that it contains a complete treatment of a subject which has hitherto been handled by specialists, and it opens up that subject to every inquiring mind.... To do justice to 'The Science of Law' would require a longer review than we have space for. We have read no more interesting and instructive book for some time. Its themes concern every one who renders obedience to laws, and who would have those laws the best possible. The tide of legal reform which set in fifty years ago has to sweep yet higher if the flaws in our jurisprudence are to be removed. The process of change cannot be better guided than by a well-informed public mind, and Prof. Amos has done great service in materially helping to promote this end."—Buffalo Courier.

XI.

Animal Mechanism,

A Treatise on Terrestrial and Aerial Locomotion.

By E. J. MAREY,

Professor at the College of France, and Member of the Academy of Medicine.

With 117 Illustrations, drawn and engraved under the direction of the author.

1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75

"We hope that, in the short glance which we have taken of some of the most important points discussed in the work before us, we have succeeded in interesting our readers sufficiently in its contents to make them curious to learn more of its subject-matter. We cordially recommend it to their attention.

"The author of the present work, it is well known, stands at the head of those physiologists who have investigated the mechanism of animal dynamics—indeed, we may almost say that he has made the subject his own. By the originality of his conceptions, the ingenuity of his constructions, the skill of his analysis, and the perseverance of his investigations, he has surpassed all others in the power of unveiling the complex and intricate movements of animated beings."—Popular Science Monthly.

XII.

History of the Conflict between Religion and Science.

By JOHN WILLIAM DRAPER, M.D., LL. D.,

Author of "The Intellectual Development of Europe."

1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.75.

"This little 'History' would have been a valuable contribution to literature at any time, and is, in fact, an admirable text-book upon a subject that is at present engrossing the attention of a large number of the most serious-minded people, and it is no small compliment to the sagacity of its distinguished author that he has so well gauged the requirements of the times, and so adequately met them by the preparation of this volume. It remains to be added that, while the writer has flinched from no responsibility in his statements, and has written with entire fidelity to the demands of truth and justice, there is not a word in his book that can give offense to candid and fair-minded readers."—N. Y. Evening Post.

"The key-note to this volume is found in the antagonism between the progressive tendencies of the human mind and the pretensions of ecclesiastical authority, as developed in the history of modern science. No previous writer has treated the subject from this point of view, and the present monograph will be found to possess no less originality of conception than vigor of reasoning and wealth of erudition.... The method of Dr. Draper, in his treatment of the various questions that come up for discussion, is marked by singular impartiality as well as consummate ability. Throughout his work he maintains the position of an historian, not of an advocate. His tone is tranquil and serene, as becomes the search after truth, with no trace of the impassioned ardor of controversy. He endeavors so far to identify himself with the contending parties as to gain a clear comprehension of their motives, but, at the same time, he submits their actions to the tests of a cool and impartial examination."—N. Y. Tribune.

D. APPLETON & CO., PUBLISHERS, 549 & 551 Broadway, N. Y.



RECENT PUBLICATIONS.—SCIENTIFIC.

THE PRINCIPLES OF MENTAL PHYSIOLOGY. With their Applications to the Training and Discipline of the Mind, and the Study of its Morbid Conditions. By W. B. CARPENTER, F.R.S., etc. Illustrated. 12mo. 737 pages. Price, $3.00.

"The work is probably the ablest exposition of the subject which has been given to the world, and goes far to establish a new system of Mental Philosophy, upon a much broader and more substantial basis than it has heretofore stood."—St. Louis Democrat.

"Let us add that nothing we have said, or in any limited space could say, would give an adequate conception of the valuable and curious collection of facts bearing on morbid mental conditions, the learned physiological exposition, and the treasure-house of useful hints for mental training, which make this large and yet very amusing, as well as instructive book, an encyclopaedia of well-classified and often very startling psychological experiences."—London Spectator.

THE EXPANSE OF HEAVEN. A Series of Essays on the Wonders of the Firmament. By R. A. PROCTOR, B.A.

"A very charming work; cannot fail to lift the reader's mind up 'through Nature's work to Nature's God.'"—London Standard.

"Prof. R. A. Proctor is one of the very few rhetorical scientists who have the art of making science popular without making it or themselves contemptible. It will be hard to find anywhere else so much skill in effective expression, combined with so much genuine astronomical learning, as is to be seen in his new volume."—Christian Union.

PHYSIOLOGY FOR PRACTICAL USE. By various Writers. Edited by JAMES HINTON. With 50 Illustrations. 1 vol., 12mo. Price, $2.25.

"This book is one of rare value, and will prove useful to a large class in the community. Its chief recommendation is in its applying the laws of the science of physiology to cases of the deranged or diseased operations of the organs or processes of the human system. It is as thoroughly practical as is a book of formulas of medicine, and the style in which the information is given is so entirely devoid of the mystification of technical or scientific terms that the most simple can easily comprehend it."—Boston Gazette.

"Of all the works upon health of a popular character which we have met with for some time, and we are glad to think that this most important branch of knowledge is becoming more enlarged every day, the work before us appears to be the simplest, the soundest, and the best."—Chicago Inter-Ocean.

THE GREAT ICE AGE, and its Relations to the Antiquity of Man. By JAMES GEIKIE, F.R.S. E. With Maps, Charts, and numerous Illustrations. 1 vol., thick 12mo. Price, $2.50.

"'The Great Ice Age' is a work of extraordinary interest and value. The subject is peculiarly attractive in the immensity of its scope, and exercises a fascination over the imagination so absorbing that it can scarcely find expression in words. It has all the charms of wonder-tales, and excites scientific and unscientific minds alike."—Boston Gazette.

"Every step in the process is traced with admirable perspicuity and fullness by Mr. Geikie."—London Saturday Review.

"'The Great Ice Age,' by James Geikie, is a book that unites the popular and abstruse elements of scientific research to a remarkable degree. The author recounts a story that is more romantic than nine novels out of ten, and we have read the book from first to last with unflagging interest."—Boston Commercial Bulletin.

ADDRESS DELIVERED BEFORE THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION, assembled at Belfast. By JOHN TYNDALL, F.R.S., President. Revised, with additions, by the author, since the delivery. 12mo. 120 pages. Paper. Price, 50 cents.

This edition of this now famous address is the only one authorized by the author, and contains additions and corrections not in the newspaper reports.

THE PHYSIOLOGY OF MAN. Designed to represent the Existing State of Physiological Science as applied to the Functions of the Human Body. By AUSTIN FLINT, Jr., M.D. Complete in Five Volumes, octavo, of about 500 pages each, with 105 Illustrations. Cloth, $22.00; sheep, $27.00. Each volume sold separately. Price, cloth, $4.50; sheep, $5.50. The fifth and last volume has just been issued.

The above is by far the most complete work on human physiology in the English language. It treats of the functions of the human body from a practical point of view, and is enriched by many original experiments and observations by the author. Considerable space is given to physiological anatomy, particularly the structure of glandular organs, the digestive system, nervous system, blood-vessels, organs of special sense, and organs of generation. It not only considers the various functions of the body, from an experimental stand-point, but is peculiarly rich in citations of the literature of physiology. It is therefore invaluable as a work of reference for those who wish to study the subject of physiology exhaustively. As a complete treatise on a subject of such interest, it should be in the libraries of literary and scientific men, as well as in the hands of practitioners and students of medicine. Illustrations are introduced wherever they are necessary for the elucidation of the text.

RECENT PUBLICATIONS.

THE NATIVE RACES OF THE PACIFIC STATES.

By HERBERT H. BANCROFT. To be completed in 5 vols. Vol. 1. now ready. Containing Wild Tribes: their Manners and Customs. 1 vol., 8vo. Cloth, $6; sheep, $7.

"We can only say that if the remaining volumes are executed in the same spirit of candid and careful investigation, the same untiring industry, and intelligent good sense, which mark the volume before us, Mr Bancroft's 'Native Races of the Pacific States' will form, as regards aboriginal America, an encyclopaedia of knowledge not only unequaled but unapproached. A literary enterprise more deserving of a generous sympathy and support has never been undertaken on this side of the Atlantic."—FRANCIS PARKMAN, in the North American Review.

"The industry, sound judgment, and the excellent literary style displayed in this work, cannot be too highly praised."—Boston Post.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF CULTURE.

By JOHN S. HITTELL. 1 vol., 12mo. Price, $1.50.

"He writes in a popular style for popular use. He takes ground which has never been fully occupied before, although the general subject has been treated more or less distinctly by several writers.... Mr. Hittell's method is compact, embracing a wide field in a few words, often presenting a mere hint, when a fuller treatment is craved by the reader; but, although his book cannot be commended as a model of literary art, it may be consulted to great advantage by every lover of free thought and novel suggestions."—N. Y. Tribune.

THE HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT BETWEEN RELIGION AND SCIENCE.

By JOHN W. DRAPER, M.D., author of "The Intellectual Development of Europe." 1 vol., 12mo. Cloth. Price, $1.75.

"The conflict of which he treats has been a mighty tragedy of humanity that has dragged nations into its vortex and involved the fate of empires. The work, though small, is full of instruction regarding the rise of the great ideas of science and philosophy; and he describes in an impressive manner and with dramatic effect the way religious authority has employed the secular power to obstruct the progress of knowledge and crush out the spirit of investigation. While there is not in his book a word of disrespect for things sacred, he writes with a directness of speech, and a vividness of characterization and an unflinching fidelity to the facts, which show him to be in thorough earnest with his work. The 'History of the Conflict between Religion and Science' is a fitting sequel to the 'History of the Intellectual Development of Europe,' and will add to its author's already high reputation as a philosophic historian."—N. Y. Tribune.

THEOLOGY IN THE ENGLISH POETS.

COWPER, COLERIDGE, WORDSWORTH, and BURNS. By Rev. STOPFORD BROOKE. 1 vol., 12mo. Price, $2.

"Apart from its literary merits, the book may be said to possess an independent value, as tending to familiarize a certain section of the English public with more enlightened views of theology."—London Athenaeum.

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By the use of this work, business communications of whatever nature may be telegraphed with secrecy and economy.

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A New Magazine for Students and Cultivated Readers.

THE

POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY,

CONDUCTED BY

Professor E. L. YOUMANS.

The growing importance of scientific knowledge to all classes of the community calls for more efficient means of diffusing it. THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY has been started to promote this object, and supplies a want met by no other periodical in the United States.

It contains instructive and attractive articles, and abstracts of articles, original, selected, and illustrated, from the leading scientific men of different countries, giving the latest interpretations of natural phenomena, explaining the applications of science to the practical arts, and to the operations of domestic life.

It is designed to give especial prominence to those branches of science which help to a better understanding of the nature of man; to present the claims of scientific education; and the bearings of science upon questions of society and government. How the various subjects of current opinion are affected by the advance of scientific inquiry will also be considered.

In its literary character, this periodical aims to be popular, without being superficial, and appeals to the intelligent reading-classes of the community. It seeks to procure authentic statements from men who know their subjects, and who will address the non-scientific public for purposes of exposition and explanation.

It will have contributions from HERBERT SPENCER, Professor HUXLEY, Professor TYNDALL, Mr. DARWIN, and other writers identified with speculative thought and scientific investigation.

THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY is published in a large octavo, handsomely printed on clear type. Terms, Five Dollars per annum, or Fifty Cents per copy.

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"Just the publication needed at the present day."—Montreal Gazette.

"It is, beyond comparison, the best attempt at journalism of the kind ever made in this country."—Home Journal.