The members of the board of lady commissioners were: Mrs. L.S. Thorne; Miss Kate Daffan, Ennis; Mrs. B.F. Hammett, El Paso; Mrs. O.T. Holt, Houston; Mrs. W.R. Roberts, Brownwood; Mrs. Fannie Foote Emerson, McKinney; Mrs. J.B. Wells, Brownsville; Mrs. W.F. Beers, Galveston; Mrs. C.L. Potters, Gainesville; Mrs. E.P. Turner, Dallas; Mrs. William Cameron, Waco; Mrs. William Christian, Houston; Mrs. W.F. Gill, Paris; Mrs. W.E. Green, Tyler; Mrs. J.F. Wolters, Lagrange; Mrs. F. Hufsmith, Palestine; Mrs. I.H. Evans, Austin; Mrs. J.C. Lea, Dallas; Mrs. W.F. Robertson, Austin; Mrs. Bacon Saunders, Fort Worth; Mrs. T.V. Sessions, Nacogdoches.

The Texas commission installed and successfully maintained exhibits in the palaces of Fine Arts, Education, Transportation, Mines and Metallurgy, Forestry, Agriculture, and Horticulture. The cost of the installation was as follows:

Fine Arts ................. $1,225.50 Education ................. 948.00 Transportation ............ 459.30 Mines and Metallurgy ...... 10,577.85 Forestry .................. 4,477.05 Agriculture ............... 6,899.87 Horticulture .............. 6,099.14

The contract price for the Texas Building, which occupied one of the most admirable sites on the exposition grounds, was $45,562. Expenditures in furnishings and in ornamenting the grounds were $12,000.

The Texas Building contained exhibits of a character intended to demonstrate the kinds of homes in which Texas people live, the kinds of schools in which their children are educated, and the churches in which they conduct their worship. These demonstrations were the conception and work of the Texas Federation of Women Clubs.

The work which the Texas commission did for Texas in forcing a recognition of the rights of breeders of pure-bred cattle below the Federal quarantine line, and the rights of breeders and raisers of beef cattle, on the attention of the exposition management was noticeable. The original ruling of the Live-Stock Department of the exposition was to the effect that pure-bred cattle from below the Federal quarantine line should not be allowed to participate in the live-stock show at the exposition, and that none but halter-broke cattle should be exhibited in any event. The effect of this ruling, the commission claimed, was, first, to shut out from participation the breeders of pure cattle from below the quarantine line, and, second, to prevent a demonstration that should show what the immense cattle ranges of the Northwest and Southwest are capable of producing.

When the supplementary appropriation of $4,600,000 was under consideration by Congress, the commission, through its general manager, Louis J. Wortham, who acted also as the official representative of the Texas Cattle Raisers' Association, succeeded in having a provision added to the bill permitting an exhibition of pure-bred cattle from below the quarantine line under such restrictions as the Secretary of Agriculture might deem advisable, and, further, permitting the exhibition of range cattle in carload lots.

As a result of this action, the exposition provided for an exhibit of cattle from below the quarantine line and of range cattle in carload lots in November, and set aside $19,000 in prizes to be divided among exhibitors.

UTAH.

By a legislative enactment the State of Utah, on the 12th day of March, 1903, appropriated the sum of $50,000 for the participation of Utah at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Subsequently about $10,000 additional was received from the legislature for the expenses of the State at the exposition. The act making the appropriation appointed Governor Heber M. Wells, of Salt Lake City, as chairman of the State commission. The governor appointed as his assistants Hon. H.L. Shurtliff, Ogden; Hon. Willis Johnson, Salt Lake City; and the board elected S.T. Whitaker, of Salt Lake City, as director-general and John T. Cannon as secretary.

The Utah State Building was erected from designs of Director-General Whitaker, and was a replica of a residence of the State of Utah. Mrs. Inez Thomas was appointed hostess of the State building.

The State had exhibits in the Mines and Metallurgy Building, Educational Palace, and the Agricultural Pavilion. It received 3 grand prizes, 140 gold medals, as well as several minor awards.

UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT INDIAN EXHIBIT.

The United States Government Indian exhibit was opened June 1, and was visited by hundreds of thousands of persons, who pronounced it one of the most interesting and instructive exhibits at the World's Fair.

Authority to establish and conduct the Indian exhibit at the exposition was granted in the following letter from the Secretary of the Interior to Mr. Samuel M. McCowan, superintendent of the Chilocco Indian School in Oklahoma:

Sir: In connection with the Department letter of May 22 last, detailing you for duty as superintendent of the Indian exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and on the recommendation of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, you are hereby detailed to erect the required building, perfect the details of the transfer of Indian families and pupils from their homes and schools to St. Louis, install and conduct the exhibit and supply the Indians with necessary food, shelter, and medical attendance.

You are hereby authorized to disburse the funds appropriated by act of Congress approved June 28, 1902 (32 Stats., p. 445), so far as expenditures are required by your duties in connection with the exhibit.

You are hereby also authorized to pay your actual necessary traveling expenses incurred in connection with the exhibit, including transportation and sleeping-car fare, payable out of $40,000 appropriation.

The exhibit occupied a reservation of about 10 acres in the northwest corner of the fair grounds, and its location at the extreme end of the anthropological exhibit typified the advancement of a primitive people toward civilization. Around the border of the reservation were arranged in a semicircle the native dwellings of the "blanket" or uncivilized Indians, as follows: Beginning at the western end of the semicircle, a Kickapoo bark house; the Maricopa-Pima group in two kees, one tent and summer houses; Arapaho group, one stockaded tepee; Geronimo, the great Apache medicine man, one (decorated) tepee; Pawnee group, ceremonial earth lodge or residence temple; Wichita group, grass lodge, summer house, and one tepee; Pueblo group, two tents and two summer sheds; Pomo group, one tent; Apache group, two tepees. These habitations were erected by the Indians themselves.

The Indians were grouped as follows: Six Pima, Arizona; 5 Maricopa, Arizona; 23 Arapaho, 35 Cheyenne, 50 Pawnee, 35 Wichita, 5 Comanche, 9 San Carlos Apache, 20 Osage, all from Oklahoma; 29 Pueblo and 23 Navaho, New Mexico; 35 Sioux, Rosebud, S. Dak.; 2 Pomos, California; 8 Jicarilla Apache; 25 Chippewa, Minnesota; a total of 310.

The school building was a two-story structure of the old Mission style of architecture, standing at the rear of the reservation and extending the width of it. A hall ran the length of the building on either side of which were the booths containing the exhibits. The idea was to show the contrast between the civilized and uncivilized Indians, and to this end the booths on the west side of the hall were occupied by the old Indians working at their crude, primitive trades, and those of the east side by the new Indians (pupils of the various Indian schools) pursuing the up-to-date methods taught them by the white man.

The exhibits were as follows: On the west side, beginning at the south end of the building, Chilocco School exhibit, showing work in agriculture and stock husbandry, methods of instruction and results; Pueblo, San Juan, N. Mex., expert potters and weavers with needle loom, primitive millers, and bakers of wafer bread; Pomo, California, makers of fine baskets, mats, stone tools, and musical instruments; Pima, Arizona, makers of coiled baskets and pottery; Maricopa, Arizona, makers of fancy pottery and basket workers; Navaho, Arizona, famous blanket weavers, workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Sioux, South Dakota, decorative artists with porcupine quills, beads of buckskin, manufacturers of bows and arrows, and the calinite pipes, axes, and hammers; Apache, Arizona, expert weavers of blankets and makers of pottery; Apache, New Mexico, makers of coiled basketry of a peculiar type; Navaho, Sante Fe, N. Mex., Indian School, modern blanket weavers; Navaho, reservation, N. Mex., workers in silver, shell, and turquois; Pueblo, New Mexico, makers of pottery, blanket weavers and silversmiths.

On the east side, beginning at the south end of the building; Chilocco class in domestic science, model dining room, furnishings made by the pupils of the Chilocco School, Chilocco, Okla. This class gave daily demonstrations in cooking and serving food, Miss Peters in charge. Laundry class from the Chilocco School, under the charge of Miss Peters. Class in printing the Indian School Journal, printed daily by a class of students from the Chilocco School, E.K. Miller in charge. Painting, blacksmithing, and wheelwrighting classes from Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kans., K.C. Kaufman in charge. Manual training, Haskell Institute, C.F. Fitzgerald in charge. Domestic art class, students from Haskell Institute, Miss Taylor in charge. Harness-making class from Genoa, Nebr., School, J. McCallum in charge.

The halls were decorated with the work of the Indian pupils in penmanship, literary composition, arithmetic, sewing, lace work, bead work, and basketry. Every school in the service was represented in this display, except Carlisle, Phoenix, and Riverside. The exhibit was remarkable for its beauty and extent. In the model dining room the tables, dishes, napkins, rug, floor, chairs, wall paper, and general furnishings were all manufactured by pupils of the Chilocco School.

In the rear-center of the building was the assembly hall, where were held the daily classes, under the direction of Miss Harrison, and the musical and literary programmes, under the direction of Miss Crawford. There were in attendance at the school during the exhibit 150 boys and girls.

The following daily programme was observed:

Reveille ................................................ 6.00 Flag salute ............................................. 6.45 Breakfast ............................................... 7.00 Band concert ................................... 9.30 to 11.30 Industrial work ................................ 9.00 to 11.30 Literary class work ............................ 9.00 to 11.00 Literary musical programme .................... 11.00 to 11.30 Dinner ................................................. 12.00 Band concert .................................... 1.00 to 3.30 Industrial work ................................. 1.00 to 4.00 Literary class work ............................. 1.00 to 3.00 Literary musical programme ...................... 4.00 to 5.00 Old Indian sports and ceremonies (on plaza in front of school building) ..................... 5.00 to 6.00 Flag salute and dress parade ........................... 6.00 Supper ................................................. 6.20 Taps ................................................... 10.00

The band concerts, under the direction of Mr. Lem Wiley, were always well attended and heartily applauded. The feature that attracted more attention, probably, than any other was the musical-literary programme. At these entertainments the hall was always crowded, and the audience never failed to be interested. The following programme, chosen at random, will give an idea of the character of the exhibitions:

1. Prelude ———————————————————- Orchestra.

2. Vocal solo ————————————————- Dolly, Dolly. Mary Leeds, Pueblo.

3. Scarf drill ——————————————— Kindergartners.

4. Recitation ———————————————— My Tambourine. Ida Prophet, Seneca.

5. Vocal Solo —————————————- Hearts and Flowers. Oscar Norton, Houp.

6. Oration ————————————— The Old and New Indian. Richard Lewis, Pima.

7. Vocal solo —————————————————— My Desire. Bertha Johnson, Pottawatomi.

8. Recitation ————————————— Flag of the Rainbow. Esther Parker, Comanche.

9. Recitation ——————————————- The Pawned Bible. Stella Hall, Cherokee.

10. Vocal solo ———————- When the Birds go North Again. James Arquette, Puyallup.

11. Recitation ——————- Why he Stole the Parson's Sheep. Iva Miller, Shawnee.

12. Pole drill ———————————————- Sixteen Girls.

13. Instrumental solo ——————————————- Selected. Gertrude Brewer, Puyallup.

The dress parade in the evening was another feature that drew large crowds, and was thoroughly enjoyed by the spectators.

The average daily attendance was about 30,000. On some days it ran as high as 50,000.

Praise of the exhibit has been universal. Distinguished men of nearly every nationality and profession have eulogized it in the highest terms. It is believed that the Government, by bringing this exhibit to St. Louis, has given a strong impetus to the work of the Indian Service. The people of the country have seen the progress made by the Indian in the Government schools, and will no longer refuse to give the work their substantial support. It has been said that the true value of the Government Indian exhibit can not be estimated until the years have revealed its fruits.

VERMONT.

The Vermont Building, 50 by 100 feet, was a reproduction of what is claimed to be the second most interesting historic structure in the United States—the old Constitution House at Windsor, where in 1777 the constitution of the State was formulated, a constitution of intense interest from the fact that it was the first in all history to prohibit slavery.

As this State building was a reproduction of a famous old tavern, it was peculiarly appropriate that it should maintain a dining room, and here between one and two thousand people were daily entertained.

The minutes of the constitutional convention were for many years supposed to have been lost, but were quite recently discovered in the Congressional Library at Washington, and were elaborately reproduced in facsimile by Senator Proctor.

Thanksgiving Day was the Vermont and Hew Hampshire day at the exposition.

The State commission was composed of the following:

Governor Charles J. Bell, ex officio chairman; W. Seward Webb, president; Arthur C. Jackson, vice-president and executive commissioner; Frederick G. Fleetwood, second vice-president; J.C. Enright, secretary and counsel; F.W. Stanyan, treasurer; Miss Mary Evarts.

The legislature having failed to make an appropriation, Mr. Jackson, a native of Waitsfield, personally raised all the money required for the construction and maintenance of the State building.

Among the elaborate displays were those of private exhibitors in the Machinery Building, marble in the Mines Building, and the granite exhibit in the same building.

VIRGINIA.

During the winter session of 1902 the Virginia legislature by enactment provided $50,000 for an industrial exhibit at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, with the condition that no portion of the sum should be used for a State building. The act provided for three commissioners and five assistant commissioners, one of whom was named principal assistant, with duties of superintendent and treasurer. The State commissioner of agriculture was named as one of the commissioners, and the appointment of two was left to the governor, with power vested in the commission to appoint the assistant commissioners. Governor Montague appointed Col. A. M. Bowman, of Salem, Va., and J.L. Patton, of Newport News, Va., as commissioners. This commission, in February, 1903, elected Hon. G.W. Koiner, president, and appointed Hon. George E. Murrell, of Fontella, Va., superintendent, treasurer, and secretary; Hon. W.W. Baker, alternate and second assistant, and later appointed O.W. Stone, Martinsville, Va., B.C. Banks, Bland, Va., Lyman Babcock, of Bay Shore, Va., and J.C. Mercer, of Williamsburg, to complete the executive force. Mr. Murrell immediately took charge of the work and assisted by J.C. Mercer as his secretary and stenographer, with the aid of Mr. Baker, planned the scope and took steps toward the collection of exhibits. Later, as the force was strengthened, Mr. Stone was given charge of tobacco and peanuts, Mr. Banks of minerals and timber, and Mr. Babcock of fish and game.

Exhibits were planned in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, fish and game, mines, and education, and were executed as follows:

In agriculture, exhibits of corn on the stalk, in the ear, and shelled, to the extent of 1,000 bushels; grain in sheaf and threshed; peanuts shelled and unshelled, to the extent of 5,000 pounds; wine, pickles, vegetables, cowpeas, transparencies illustrating agricultural scenes, cotton in bales, etc., tobacco in leaf and manufactured products. A pavilion erected in the Agricultural Building was of Moorish architecture, consisting of one central and eight subsidiary pavilions, connected with corn festoons. Corn, tobacco, peanuts, and sheaf grain entered into the decorations on a blue ground, the effect being harmonious. It was accorded the honor of obtaining one of the four grand prizes awarded in State agricultural exhibits. Tobacco was also used as a special exhibit, and was featured by an Indian maiden standing on a pedestal 23 feet high and holding in her outstretched hand a bundle of tobacco. A miniature log cabin advertised a special brand of tobacco. The horticultural exhibit consisted of an open, three-towered elliptical pavilion and a horn of plenty, apparently pouring apples on a pyramid of natural fruit below. This was made primarily an apple exhibit, more than 800 barrels being used for the purpose. Peaches, melons, pears, cranberries, and other fruits were shown in season.

The forestry, fish, and game exhibit was displayed by the use of sectional disks and boards in the rough, dressed, and polished, and by specimens of fish in natural skins and papier-mache, illustrating the leading food fish of Virginia waters. Mounted animals and a very complete collection of mounted water fowls and game birds were displayed. There was also one of the largest collections of oyster models ever made, illustrating by means of composition replicas in the natural shell of all the leading types of the Virginia oyster.

Transparencies 28 by 30 were used to illustrate forest scenes, while in manufactured goods an interesting display was made. The exhibit booth consisted of a rear facade with brown color scheme, relieved by ornamentation in shells, fish scales, and forest products, the whole forming an immense picture of Hampton Roads executed in colors.

The installation for the mines and metallurgy exhibit was mediaeval in architecture. A castellated gateway, veneered with copper ores, gypsum, and slate was flanked by a balustrade of slate surmounted by onyx balls. In the gateway appeared a coal exhibit, representing King Coal seated on a throne and guarded on either side by gnomes. The windows in the rear were screened with transparencies 28 by 34, illustrating scenery of the State, while the floor space was occupied by pyramids of various ores. The panels of the wall space were framed in coke, in which were displayed, in colors, pictures of the upper works of the mines. Between these panels were arranged upright cases containing ores of gold, silver, lead, iron, asbestos, kaolin, mica, clays, zinc, manganese, talc, etc., while exhibits of marble, rough and sculptured, together with cubes of building stones and mineral waters were displayed. The general color scheme was that of copper and iron pyrites. In these four exhibits Virginia occupied a little less than 10,000 square feet of floor, and her exhibits, both by award and public opinion, were adjudged to be among the best. An award was won by every entry made. During the spring of 1903 the Virginia assembly appropriated $10,000 to be expended by the Commission in the erection of a State building. This sum was augmented by private subscriptions of nearly an equal amount, and an exact replica of Monticello, the home of Jefferson, was erected. In this building, outside of the manual exhibit made in the Education and Social Economy Building, by the Blind, Deaf and Dumb Institute of Stanton, all of Virginia's educational exhibit was displayed It consisted of an exhibit valued at over $10,000, made by the University of Virginia. A comprehensive exhibit was made by the Randolph Macon system, and exhibits were made by Roanoke College Hollins Institute, and a number of other schools. The building, in addition to its social offerings, provided an interesting historical study through its furnishings of articles owned by Jefferson, and was classed among the most satisfactory State buildings of the fair.

WASHINGTON.

In March, 1903, Governor McBride, pursuant to the act of the legislature, appointed the following-named gentlemen members of the Washington State commission for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition:

A.L. Black, Bellingham; Edward C. Cheasty, Seattle; Thomas Harrington, Buckley; M.E. Hay, Wilbur; G.L. Lindsley, Ridgefield; G.W.R. Peaslee, Clarkston; R.P. Thomas, Anacortes; W.W. Tolman, Spokane.

At the first meeting of the commission, held in Tacoma April 2, 1903, A.L. Black was elected president of the commission; G.W.R. Peaslee, secretary; and Elmer E. Johnston, of Everett, executive commissioner.

The type of structure selected for the Washington State Building at the St. Louis World's Fair was an unique and attractive one, designed primarily to demonstrate the quality, character, and exceeding dimensions of the State's forestry product. It consisted of eight pieces of fir timber 24 inches square and 110 feet long, placed on end at the points of an octagon 90 feet in diameter at the base, five stories in height, the eight timbers surmounted by an observatory carrying a flag pole 60 feet in length. All the material entering into the construction of the State Building was shipped from the State of Washington, and was donated to the State by the Northwest Lumber Manufacturers' Association. The market value of said material in Washington would be, in round numbers, $8,000. The freight on the material from Washington to St. Louis and the construction of the building amounted to $18,823.10. The unique design and unusual construction features of this building constituted it at the start one of the features of the exposition construction.

It was photographed by many thousand visitors, illustrated in railroad guides as one of the attractions, featured by papers and magazines everywhere, and will probably be distinctly remembered longer by a greater number of people than any other building on the exposition grounds. As a practical exhibit of the State's lumber products it was a tremendous success, and together with its exhibit contents, representing a composite collection of the State's natural products and resources, was a colossal advertisement and demonstration of the State's natural wealth.

In addition to the State appropriation, heretofore mentioned, and the donation of lumber material above referred to, various counties in the State expended a total of $15,000 in the maintenance of individual exhibits.

The State of Washington installed and maintained throughout the period, in the various classified exhibit palaces, comprehensive exhibits of its mines, forestry, fisheries, game, horticulture, agriculture, education, climate, and scenery, and in addition, and supplemental thereto, maintained a composite showing of all these resources in its State building:

Horticulture: One thousand boxes of the best apples grown in the State in 1903 were carried over in St. Louis in cold storage. On May 1 the exhibit was opened with the 500 jars of miscellaneous fruits preserved for this exhibit; on May 15 we began the showing of fresh fruits, which showing was continued with all varieties and ample quantities (both in Horticultural Hall and in our State building) throughout the season, consuming four carloads of this material received by freight, and 150 boxes miscellaneous fruits in season expressed. Awards—Grand prize, for "collective exhibit of fruits." Gold medals, Yakima County, Chelan County, W.L. Wright, Geo. H. Farwell; silver medals, Chelan County Horticulture Association, Chelan County Fair Association, Clarkston Fruit Growers' Association, Orondo Fruit Farm, Yakima Horticulture Association, Washington Irrigation Company (Sunnyside), Wrightville Farm, to 38 individual exhibitors; bronze medals, to 27 individual exhibitors.

Forestry: A comprehensive collection of commercial woods, large dimensions, rough, and a good variety of finish shown in our various booths, counters, tables, etc.; also, a sample collection of all our native woods, rough and finished, exceeding in quantity (exclusive of the exhibit features of our State building) the exhibit shown by any State.

This exhibit was entered as "collection of commercial woods of best quality and largest dimensions; and the greatest educational exhibit of forestry shown at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, in that it teaches the youth and uninformed adult more of the characteristics and extent of the wonderful forests of the Northwest, and conveys to the residents of the treeless areas of the North-Central States a better knowledge of the quality and duration of their future lumber supply than does any other forestry exhibit shown on the occasion."

Awarded grand prize on "commercial woods." Collaborators—H. McCormick Lumber Company, the Larson Lumber Company, Grays Harbor Commercial Company, Pat McCoy Logging Company, St. Paul and Tacoma Lumber Company, Clarke-Nickerson Lumber Company, the Northwestern Lumber Company, the Northwestern Woodenware Company, Panel and Folding Box Company (Hoquiam), E.K. Lambert (Elma), and the American Portable House Company.

Agriculture: In this department our space in Agriculture Hall and the lower floor of our State building was crowded with an exhibit of all cereals in straw and seed, forage grasses, vegetables, hops, wool, dairy products, etc.

Awarded grand prize on "collection of cereals, forage grasses, and miscellaneous vegetables;" grand prize on "best one-farm exhibit;" gold medals on various county exhibits, seven in number; gold medals on various mill products, five in number; gold medal on dairy exhibit, by Hazelwood Company; gold medal on hops, wool, and flax; gold medal on beet sugar.

Fisheries: Washington's exhibit in this department included every native leading variety of food fish and game fish, exceeding in numbers and quantity the showing of any other State. The installation was also the most practical undertaken here, considering the water and temperature, as all live exhibits were failures, and the collective exhibit was awarded first prize.

Game: In this department was shown a comprehensive specimen collection, in whole mounts, of the fur-bearing animals, animals of prey, game animals, and game birds indigenous to the section; one carload. Awarded silver medal.

Mines: In this department was shown the most complete collection of the State's minerals that has ever been made. Entered as "a collection of ores, gold, silver, copper; minerals, fossil collection, coal and coke; building materials, iron, lead, antimony arsenic; roadmaking and cement materials, clay and clay products, limestone and lime, soils, mineral waters, illustrations." Awarded gold medal on "collective exhibit of ores and minerals;" silver medals to various counties and individual exhibits.

Climate and scenery: Over 400 paintings and photographs were shown in the State building. Not in competitive exhibit.

Education: Photographic enlargements of all the State's normal schools colleges, and city school buildings; also shown in the State building.

Literature: The "State Book" issued by the commission has been distributed at the rate of 500 per day throughout the period; in addition to which individual literature has been furnished by Seattle, Spokane, Yakima, Everett, Walla Walla, Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, Clarkston, Waitsburg, Tacoma, Bellingham, Wenatchee, Olympia, Great Northern Railway, Northern Pacific Railway Company, Chelan, Pullman, to the total number of 800,000 pieces.

The total expenses on account of participation in the Exposition were $69,135.47, leaving a balance unexpended of $8,245.

WISCONSIN.

The board of managers for the State of Wisconsin was appointed under an act of the State legislature, and an appropriation of $104,000 was also made for exploiting the State's resources, its educational advantages, and for providing a State building. Of this amount $100,000 was for general exploitation and the State building, and the $4,000 was for use exclusively in showing the work of the State University, which ranks among the leading educational institutions of the United States.

The appropriation was apportioned by the board of managers as follows:

Agriculture ............................ $5,000 Dairying ............................... 6,000 Horticulture ........................... 5,000 Agricultural College ................... 1,500 Mines .................................. 5,000 Education .............................. 6,000 State building ......................... 15,000 Furnishings and maintaining ............ 10,000 Forestry ............................... 5,000 Live stock ............................. 10,000 Special university appropriation ....... 4,000

The results obtained from the exploitation are shown in the large number of grand prizes, gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the State. The State building received a gold medal. The Wisconsin building was erected at a cost of only $14,750.

The Wisconsin State Building was located on Commonwealth avenue on the brow of the hill above the United States bird exhibit. The building was original in conception. The design of the building was what is known as the "English cottage." It was a departure from the ordinary semiclassic style of architecture prevalent in the exposition buildings. It gave the impression that it was designed for the spot on which it was located, and it fitted in the slope of the hillside and between the giant forest trees as if it were a part of nature's plan. The structure with its plastered walls and red gable roofs, amid the green foliage, was a welcome relief from the general massive architecture of the surrounding buildings.

The building proper was 30 feet from the street. The semicourt was flanked on the north and south by long and wide verandas and a veranda extended across the front of the cottage. The semicourt was a profusion of flowers and shrubbery. The keynote of the building was rest and comfort. The decorative and color schemes were restful and quiet and harmonious. The wainscoting and the grand staircase were finished in Flemish oak, and the furniture was the "mission style," which harmonized with the woodwork. Indian blankets in rich dull reds and blues hung from the railing of the wall, which emphasized the "mission" effect.

The second floor was devoted to the sleeping apartments of the hostess and the board of managers and the governor's suite. The furnishings were of mahogany. In the basement were the dining room, kitchen, and storerooms.

The personnel of the board of managers of the State of Wisconsin was as follows:

W.D. Hoard, president; A.J. Lindemann, vice-president; Grant Thomas, secretary; S.A. Cook, treasurer; W.H. Flett, William A. Scott, Mrs. Lucy E. Morris, Mrs. Theodora Youmans; Mrs. Emma I. Walsh, hostess.

In the Palace of Education and Social Economy a comprehensive display of the highly organized school system of the State of Wisconsin was arranged; in the Palace of Agriculture a fine collection of the agricultural and dairy products of the State, also the exhibit of the Agricultural College; in the Palace of Horticulture a superb display of the fruit; in the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy an interesting exhibit of the mineral wealth; in the Palace of Forestry, Fish, and Game a display of the commercial woods, and throughout the fall prize-winning herds of cattle, sheep, horses, and other live stock were on show at the live stock display grounds. The educational exhibit in the Palace of Education was illustrative of the progress of Wisconsin's schools. The exhibit embraced the kindergarten, graded schools, high schools, manual training schools, optional study of the German language, public library, the public museum in its connection with the schools, school for the deaf, agricultural school, and barracks or portable schoolhouses for use in the crowded districts of the city. The three free schools of agriculture and domestic economy, located at Madison in connection with the State University, and at Menominee, and Wassau were especially noteworthy. The two latter are distinctly training schools in agriculture and domestic economy, and are the only schools of their kind in the United States.

The public schools of Milwaukee made a separate display. The furnishings of the entire exhibit, except the cabinets, were made by the pupils of the high school manual training department.

A unique feature of modern school work was illustrated by the application of the graphophone in the instruction of the children, and illustrations of the results obtained. Unique among the records were those on which had been impressed the voices and declamations of children who have been taught to speak at the public school for the deaf.

The Milwaukee public school exhibit embraced the entire school system, from the enrollment of the student in the kindergarten to the graduation by the high school, the salaries of the teachers, and the financial statement of the school board.

One booth was devoted to the work of the benevolent institutions and the United States School for Indians.

The exhibit of the State University was in the Palace of Social Economy. It was mainly composed of photographs of the university buildings, grounds, equipment, and of classes at work.

Wisconsin made its best record in the display in the Agricultural Palace, which was made up of agricultural products of the State and of butter and cheese exhibits. The space that was allotted to Wisconsin was utilized to the best possible advantage. Every grain grown in the Badger State was exhibited in the stalk or sheaf and in the threshed state. There were also, from time to time, fresh exhibits of seasonable vegetables.

The display in the Horticultural Palace was comprehensive enough to include about all of the fruits produced in the State. Eighty-nine varieties of Wisconsin apples were shown. There were shown 18 kinds of Wisconsin grown strawberries; 5 varieties of crab apples; 47 kinds of plums; 4 kinds of pears; 5 kinds of gooseberries, and 4 kinds of cranberries.

Wisconsin's fame as a cranberry-producing State was brought to the attention of the visitors by a miniature representation of a Wisconsin cranberry bog.

Under the head of "mining interest," there were included all of the various distinctive mining industries and the granite and other stone productions of the State, and its clay development. All of this was included in the State's display in the Mines and Metallurgy Building. A clever representation of a cross section of a lead and zinc mine was interesting.

In the center of this exhibit was a pyramid of red hematite iron ore from the famous Menominee, Baraboo, and Gogebic districts.

In the display of metals, Wisconsin showed zinc, lead, iron, copper, and graphite. The last was new in the State, and promised great results.

The display of granite and building stones was of interest, and a polished shaft of Montello granite was greatly admired.

The display included samples of various clays for which the State is famous, together with examples of the wares made from them.

In the Forestry, Fish, and Game Building, Wisconsin made a comprehensive display of its commercially important woods. There were 14 kinds of timber suitable for commercial purposes, together with the furnishings of the display, which were also of Wisconsin wood. Of the woods the more important were white and red and curly birch.

There were, in 4 large cases, lifelike specimens of the taxidermist's art. Prominently displayed was the Wisconsin badger, and other cases contained bear, deer, and porcupines in characteristic attitudes.

The live stock exhibits of the State were very successful, although handicapped by a small appropriation.

The entries consisted of horses—Percherons, Clydesdales, hackneys, and English coach animals. In cattle there were Guernseys, Shorthorns, and Jerseys. In sheep, Shropshires, Bembouillets, and Cotswolds. In swine, Tamworths, Berkshires, and Poland Chinas. Poultry, of all breeds, and pigeons were also displayed.

WYOMING.

By act of the seventh legislature of the State of Wyoming in 1903, provision was made for the appointment by the governor of a commission of seven members to secure a collection of the resources and products of this State and to properly display and care for the same at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, at St. Louis in 1904, celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from the Government of France.

The same act appropriated $25,000 from the general revenues of the said State of Wyoming, to be used in the purpose aforesaid.

In pursuance of such act of the Wyoming legislature, Governor DeForest Richards appointed the following commission:

Clarence B. Richardson, commissioner in chief; Robert H. Homer, Bryant B. Brooks, Willis George Emerson, George E. Pexton, Charles A. Badgette, William C. Deming.

Whereas the law provided that the said commission should meet at the State capital and organize within fifteen days of the date of appointment, a meeting was held upon the 20th day of March, 1903. The following were elected:

Robert H. Homer, president; Bryant B. Brooks, vice-president; William C. Deming, secretary.

In pursuance of the instructions of the commission, the commissioner in chief and the secretary proceeded to St. Louis about the middle of March, 1904, and installed Wyoming's exhibit in the Mines and Agricultural departments, along general lines approved by the commission. The exposition was formally opened on the 30th day of April, 1904, and Wyoming was one of the comparatively few States to have its exhibit practically complete upon the opening day.

Almost from the opening day of the exposition a surprisingly large number of people from Wyoming visited the fair, and the expressions of approval of the showing made by this State were highly encouraging to the commission. It was shown by registration at the Wyoming headquarters and at the various hotels that one person in every fifty in Wyoming saw the World's Fair.

In the Palace of Mines and Metallurgy, Wyoming's exhibits were very favorably located on two of the most prominent aisles of the building and occupied a floor space of 2,700 square feet. In addition to this, a wall space of 2,100 square feet was utilized for a display of Wyoming pictures, plats, maps, and drawings. The exhibit in this building was quite extensive and weighed about 250,000 pounds, it being the purpose of the commission to show all native products in commercial quantities.

The oil exhibit, which Dr. F. Salathe kindly volunteered to prepare, consisted of over 200 varieties of every grade of lubricating and illuminating oil in this State, and was one of the most complete exhibits of the kind shown at St. Louis.

Whenever it was practicable, the commission endeavored not only to show the crude material, but some article of utility manufactured from it. In carrying out this idea, the iron exhibit comprised 32,000 pounds of the crude ore, and around it were grouped nails, spikes, bolts, steel rails, barbed wire, and pig iron manufactured from the ore.

To illustrate the utility of our onyx and marble displays, a large pyramid of the different varieties of onyx, weighing about 40,000 pounds, was shown; also a beautiful mantel and fireplace manufactured from this material.

The mines exhibit was comprised of 156 varieties of mineral—a larger number than was shown by any other State—and over 3,000 classified exhibits. Being one of the most complete in extent and variety shown in the Mines Building, the State received a gold medal on the general collective exhibit.

Great quantities of copper ore and copper products from the famous Encampment district made up a large part of the State's display. One of the exhibiting companies showed the mineral in all its stages and processes of manufacture, from the crude ore to the finished product.

Wyoming also exhibited one piece of natural soda, weighing 5,000 pounds, taken from a natural soda lake near Laramie, in Albany County, while the exhibit of refined sodas was on a par with that exhibited from any other State. In bituminous and lignite coals, both in quality and quantity, Wyoming's exhibit was one of the most prominent found at the fair. Cubes of coal weighing as much as 10,000 pounds each, from which huge pyramids were formed, towered high above their surroundings and immediately caught the eye of every passer-by. These coal exhibits came chiefly from the great mines at Cumberland, Rock Springs, and Kemmerer, and were taken from veins 30 feet in thickness.

Onyx in both its native and finished state was shown in large quantities. A pyramid of gray onyx and beautiful mantels and polished slabs from fields in northern Laramie County were a revelation to all who saw them.

Gold ore and refined gold from the famous South Pass district were on exhibition, demonstrating that Wyoming may in the course of time rival her southern neighbor, Colorado, as a gold-producing State.

Marble and building stones were shown in great variety, both in their native and finished states. Moss agates, lithograph stones, asbestos, bentonite, gypsum, glass from native sand, and soda added to Wyoming's collection, which in variety was as great as any exhibit in the Mines Department. All told, there were 156 varieties of minerals, aggregating more than 3,000 classified exhibits. The exhibit was reenforced by beautiful color photographs of Wyoming scenes and resources, which occupied a wall space in the Mines Building of 2,100 square feet.

The commission was especially indebted to State Geologist H.C. Beeler for his valuable assistance and advice in connection with this work.

As the State's appropriation was so limited, the commission decided to show all the agricultural, horticultural, educational, and forestry and game exhibits in the Palace of Agriculture. In this building Wyoming occupied a floor space of 2,100 square feet and a wall space of 1,400 square feet.

The agricultural display was prepared and installed under the direction of Prof. B.C. Buffum, assisted by Mr. Elias Nelson, and consisted of over 1,400 classified exhibits. The showing of grains was particularly remarkable, and by actual competitive tests it was demonstrated that Wyoming grown wheat weighed 66 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest wheat from elsewhere was that of the Argentine Republic, which weighed 64 1/2 pounds per bushel. Wyoming oats weighed 48 pounds per bushel, and the heaviest oats from elsewhere were those from New Zealand, which weighed 46 1/2, and those from Idaho, weighing 46 pounds. Wyoming hulless barley weighed 56 pounds, while the standard is 48 pounds per bushel.

On all these products, as well as Wyoming grown alfalfa, Wyoming was awarded grand prizes.

The exhibit of Wyoming forestry products, which was prepared under the direction of Mr. John H. Gordon, showed a number of trees from 5 to 7 feet in diameter, and a variety of over 40 woods found in the State. Owing to the great expense and disadvantage under which such a collection must necessarily be made, it was impossible to reach every section of the State and secure samples of the different woods, but this was done wherever it was found to be possible, and an effort was made to secure samples of all the woods of the State.

A beautiful table manufactured by Mr. Gordon, made of over 35 varieties of these woods, was a work of art and attracted more attention and favorable comment than anyone thing shown in the exhibit.

The exhibit of Wyoming grown fruits from Fremont county, as well as the fruits grown in Laramie County, were especially praiseworthy.

The educational exhibit, which was prepared and collected under the direction of the superintendent of public instruction, T.T.T. Tynan, consisted largely in showing pictures of school buildings of the State and the school work of many of the pupils. Although only a small sum was available for this purpose, the exhibit was quite complete and made a very creditable showing.

The commission printed and distributed over 500,000 pamphlets giving information on the resources of Wyoming, and this was supplemented by a large amount of literature which was received for distribution from other sources.

Wyoming exhibitors received 125 awards in the two departments of Mines and Agriculture, where the Wyoming exhibits were shown, and the grand prizes awarded Wyoming grown grains were the results of actual tests by weight for the excellent quantity and size of the grain. Credit must be given Prof. B.C. Buffum, of the State University, for his thorough work in the preparation of these exhibits.

The Wyoming Commission closed up its affairs February 1, 1905, showing that its entire expenditures for all purposes was only $20,000, or about four-fifths of the appropriation.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION HOSTESS' ASSOCIATION.

In obedience to the call of Mrs. Parks Fisher, hostess of the Maryland Building, the hostesses of the various State and Territorial buildings of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition assembled at the Maryland Building on the morning of June 16, 1904, for the purpose of forming an organization, the object being mutual improvement and the bringing into closer social relationship the members thereof.

Preliminaries were discussed and the meeting adjourned to assemble on June 30 at the Alaska Building, on which occasion the organization was perfected and the following officers were elected:

President, Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; vice-presidents, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska, Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut, Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi, Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico, Miss Esther Wehrung, Oregon; recording secretary, Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; assistant recording secretary, Mrs. G.L. Hall, New Jersey; corresponding secretary, Mrs. W.N. Strother, Virginia; assistant corresponding secretary, Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; treasurer, Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; press representative, Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska.

Many pleasant social functions took place under the auspices of this popular organization, and its business and social meetings were characterized by the greatest harmony. The organization is a permanent one and is to be represented at all future expositions. Its officers are to be elected annually, the next election to be held at the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition in Portland, Oreg.

The full list of membership is as follows:

Mrs. Parks Fisher, Maryland; Mrs. Mary E. Hart, Alaska; Miss Jessie Drais, Arizona; Miss Elizabeth Cage, Arkansas; Mrs. Frank Wiggins, California; Mrs. J.A. Filcher, California; Mrs. Josiah Hughes, Colorado; Mrs. C.C. Monson, Connecticut; Mrs. John W. Hughes, Georgia; Miss Anne Sonna, Idaho; Mrs. Floyd Walton, Mississippi; Mrs. Belle Hall Small, Missouri; Mrs. Emma D. Nuckols, Missouri; Mrs. Addie McDowell, Montana; Mrs. H.E. Freudenthal, Nevada; Mrs. G.L. Wall, New Jersey; Mrs. Sallie Douglas, New Mexico; Mrs. Dore Lyon, New York; Mrs. E.B. Marchant, Oklahoma; Miss Ethel Wehrung, Oregon.



APPENDIX 5.



REPORT OF BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS TO THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION.

AUTHORIZED BY ACT OF CONGRESS MARCH 3, 1901.

* * * * *

NEW YORK, N.Y., June, 1905.

I have the honor to transmit herewith the report of the Board of Lady Managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, which was appointed by you as provided for by the act of Congress dated March 3, 1901.

Very respectfully, MARY MARGARETTA MANNING, President of the Board of Lady Managers Louisiana Purchase Exposition. The LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION COMMISSION.



Historical Data.[1]

[Footnote 1: Compilation.]

The territory originally known as Louisiana was taken possession of by the explorer La Salle in 1682, in the name of Louis XIV, and the first colony was founded by the French at Biloxi in 1699. The vast domain was transferred to Spain, by secret treaty, in 1763, and remained in the possession of that country until 1800, when the King of Spain, during the assistance of Napoleon in the erection of the Kingdom of Etruria for his son-in-law, the Duke of Parma, ceded the Louisiana Territory to France in return for that aid. It was part of Bonaparte's policy and earliest ambition to restore to France all her lost possessions, and by the significant treaty of San Ildefonso, signed by Manual Godoy, the Spanish minister of state (known as the "Prince of Peace"), and Marshal Berthier, minister of France at Madrid, all that vast and vaguely defined territory known as Louisiana, which France had originally transferred to Spain, was reconveyed to France.

Up to the end of the revolution the possession of the Louisiana Territory by one foreign power or another had not touched Americans closely, but now conditions changed. When rumors of the last treaty finally reached the United States, the planters in the Mississippi Valley became alarmed. The laws and customs regulations of the Spaniards at New Orleans were arbitrary, and their business methods antiquated, complicated, and irksome to the colonists, and there had already been friction between them, the Spaniards being aided by Indians hostile to the frontiersmen. The right of deposit was essential to the pioneers who journeyed down the river in their flat-bottom homemade boats; they required a place to store their goods at New Orleans while waiting the arrival of trading vessels. In the early nineties the Spanish authorities closed navigation and refused the right of way to the ocean, but in 1795 a treaty was signed which gave the right of deposit, with certain minor limitations, for three years, and the way to a market was kept open for that period, and thereafter until 1802; that year the Spaniards again withdrew the privilege, and therein lay a potent motive for the acquisition of at least the mouth of the Mississippi River, and, although the immediate demand of these early American settlers was simply an open seaport and waterway to the sea, the Louisiana Purchase was the direct outcome of our strained relations with Spain.

A resolution was offered in Congress authorizing the President to call out 50,000 militia and take possession of New Orleans, but the United States sought security, and a substitute resolution was adopted appropriating $2,000,000 for the purchase of the Floridas and New Orleans, the Floridas being at first the entire cession contemplated, even without the island of New Orleans. The chancellor, Robert R. Livingston, had been appointed as our minister to France at a time when the affairs of that country were in a somewhat precarious condition. Napoleon, then only 34 years old, was dictator, surrounded by enemies. President Jefferson wrote Livingston to make the best terms he could with Napoleon, either for the mouth of the river, site for a city, or place for deposit. He at no time spoke of acquiring the whole tract. Livingston, with great tact and judgment, kept the matter before Napoleon, realizing not only the importance of the small tract originally involved, but the incalculable advantage that would be derived by the United States could the accession of the whole territory be accomplished. He was, therefore, greatly surprised by a question from Talleyrand, in which he was asked "What we would give for the whole tract?" This was followed by a proposition from Napoleon's representative, Marbois, the state treasurer, in which he offered to sell all the Louisiana Territory to the United States for 100,000,000 francs ($20,000,000), with a provision that the United States should pay the claims of American citizens against France for depredations by French privateers, which amounted to 20,000,000 francs ($4,000,000). This offer Livingston declined, and Marbois asked him to name a price. Livingston, after a polite and politic disavowal of any anxiety to seek a larger expansion of territory, cautiously remarked, "We would be ready to purchase, provided the sum was reduced to reasonable limits," but refused to make an offer, postponing the matter until the arrival of Monroe, who, he was informed by the United States Government, had been appointed minister with special powers to negotiate this purchase of New Orleans.

Talleyrand told Livingston that if they gave New Orleans, the rest would be of little value, and Marbois dropped his price to 80,000,000 francs ($16,000,000) and the claims, and later said if we would name 60,000,000 francs and take upon us the American claims to the amount of 20,000,000 more, he would submit the offer to Bonaparte. Our minister declared that sum was greatly beyond our means, and wished Bonaparte reminded that the whole region was liable to become the property of England. The minister of the public treasury admitted the weight of this possibility, but said: "Try if you can not come up to my mark. Consider the extent of the country, the exclusive navigation of the river, and the importance of having no neighbors to disrupt you, no war to dread."

The American minister was not long in deciding to accept Napoleon's proposition to acquire the whole territory, but still waited to conclude negotiations until the arrival in Paris of Monroe.

The great treaty was, in its essential elements, the work of three days. On April 11 Talleyrand asked Livingston "whether he wished to have the whole of Louisiana?" On April 12 Monroe arrived, but was too ill to attend a conference. Livingston again saw Talleyrand, and on April 13 two conferences took place between Marbois and Livingston, lasting several hours and ending at midnight, in which both negotiators agreed upon a treaty of transfer and acquisition, leaving open the amount to be paid. Upon this point they did not widely differ. Livingston's memorable midnight dispatch, dated Paris, April 13, 1803, and finished at 3 o'clock in the morning, gives the authentic official history of the Louisiana purchase treaty. The Livingston letters tell that the decision to sell Louisiana was reached on Sunday, April 10, after Napoleon had had a prolonged conference with Talleyrand, Marbois, and others. The idea of selling originated in the active brain of Napoleon. It was opposed by Talleyrand, Berthier, and others, but Napoleon contemplated war with England, and needed funds. The Louisiana Purchase tract was so far away and would require so much money and so many men to protect it, that, in his estimation, it was probably better to dispose of it at a good price rather than hold, and he feared, in the event of war, which was imminent, he would lose the colony of Louisiana within sixty days after he took possession. The treaty of Amiens was at an end; Austria was threatening; a British fleet was in the West Indies; he was disgusted at the disastrous campaign in Santo Domingo, angry with Spain, and desired to be free for new campaigns in Europe. The First Consul, impressed by our minister's social rank in his own country, no less than by his merciless logic and solid understanding, had given his promise that debts due for the spoliation of our commerce should be paid. This promise, of which he was again reminded, could only be kept by realizing on sale of public lands, as he had no other resource. Small wonder that he wished to be rid of the whole irritating subject of Louisiana.

Monroe, on his arrival in Paris, found that the negotiations for the purchase were already far advanced by Minister Livingston. Owing to the illness of the special envoy, he was not presented to the First Consul until May 1, and hence, as a negotiator, had nothing officially to do with the treaty, which was virtually negotiated April 13, and finally concluded April 30. On that day the treaty was signed in the presence of Napoleon by Marbois and the two American representatives, and when the negotiations were completed Napoleon made the following prophecy: "This accession of territory strengthens forever the power of the United States. I have given England a rival."

The agreement, in the form of a treaty, reached Washington July 14 for ratification. Congress was called in special session October 17; the treaty was confirmed by the Senate after two days of discussion; a resolution was passed, to take effect immediately, but only after much opposition. Many persons were strongly opposed to the purchase, condemned the acquisition of a wilderness, and expressed their belief that the territory was not worth the price to be paid, and that its control would be difficult and unprofitable.

The exact cost ultimately agreed upon was 64,000,000 francs in the form of United States 6 per cent bonds, representing a capital of $11,250,000. In addition to this, the American Government agreed to assume and pay the obligations of France to American citizens for French attacks upon American shipping. These were estimated at 20,000,000 francs, or $3,750,000, making the total payment $15,000,000. The tract comprised 554,000,000 acres. Napoleon sold the territory for 2 cents an acre, or 10 acres for one franc. When the negotiations were pending, Marbois expressed to Napoleon the difficulty of reaching a definite conclusion as to boundary. When Talleyrand was questioned as to boundaries, he returned evasive answers, and said he did not know, and when pressed to be more explicit, said: "You must take it as we received it." "But what did you mean to take?" asked Livingston. "I do not know," replied Talleyrand. "Then you mean that we shall construe it our own way?" said Livingston again, to which Talleyrand made final reply: "I can give you no direction. You have made a noble bargain for yourselves, and I suppose you will make the most of it."

When we consider that Jefferson at one time was willing to give $2,000,000 for New Orleans alone, we can marvel that so vast an empire as the whole province should come to us for the price paid. We can afford to overlook any defects in the treaty details and forever hold in gratitude the illustrious men who, by their diplomatic skill, their earnestness of purpose, and well-directed efforts, achieved one of the greatest triumphs in the world's history. It well justified the assertion of Minister Livingston as he placed his name to the treaty of cession, and rising and shaking hands with Monroe and Marbois, said: "We have lived long; but this is the noblest work of our lives."

The Louisiana Purchase Exposition was held to commemorate this most important event in the history of America—the purchase from France of the vast Louisiana Territory—an event second only in importance to the signing of the Declaration of Independence, which constituted the first great advance of the United States toward national expansion, and at the same time insured to them the control forever of the greatest natural waterway on earth, the Mississippi River.

The Missouri Historical Society was the first organization to take formal steps toward the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the acquisition of this territory. In acknowledgment of the public sentiment expressed, Governor Stevens, of Missouri, called a convention of delegates to be appointed by the respective governors of the twelve States and two Territories that had been created in the Louisiana Purchase. Ninety-three delegates attended the meeting on January 10, 1899, and unanimously voted that an international exposition should be held in St. Louis as a means of giving expression, by practical demonstration, to the universal appreciation of what had been accomplished within this vast region during the century.

An executive committee was appointed, of which Hon. David R. Francis, of St. Louis, was made chairman. The aid of the United States Government was sought, and, after preliminary work on the part of the members of the committee in raising the $10,000,000, which Congress had made a condition should be secured before rendering material assistance, a bill was passed March 3, 1901, appropriating $5,000,000 toward "celebrating the one hundredth anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase Territory by the United States by holding an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea in the city of St. Louis, in the State of Missouri."

This enormous tract of land that for a century had been steadily contributing to the material advancement of the world was now to show that it was ready and able to assume its full share not only in practical life and progress but in the deeper phases of science and art, and to demonstrate the nature of its resources by participation in the greatest universal exposition ever held. By this exposition it was not only above all else to illustrate the marvelous development of the territory whose acquisition it was meant to celebrate, but it was likewise "to provide for a comparative display of the products, natural and artificial, of the nations of the world, to be arranged in classified groups, the exhibits of each nation in every class to be set down by the side of those of all other nations, thereby better to insure comparison and an intelligent verdict as to merit by the direct and practical contrast thus secured." It was to demonstrate the feasible combination of the artistic with the useful, the beautiful with the enduring, the graceful with the strong.

The three most significant dates historically connected with the acquisition of the magnificent domain known as Louisiana are April 30, 1803, when the great treaty was signed; October 19, when the treaty was ratified in the Senate of the United States by a vote of 24 to 7; and December 20, of the same year, when our Government received formal possession at New Orleans from the French prefect, Laussat. The council chamber of the Cabildo (which building was so ably reproduced at the exposition) and the balcony adjacent were the scene of the formal retrocession of Louisiana from Spain to France, and also of the event so much more momentous to us—the ceremony in which France delivered Louisiana into the keeping of the United States.

On August 20, 1901, by a proclamation of the President, "in the name of the Government and of the people of the United States, all the nations of the earth" were invited "to take part in the commemoration of the purchase of the Louisiana Territory, an event of great interest to the United States and of abiding effect on their development, by appointing representatives and sending such exhibits to the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as would most fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries, and their progress in civilization." This invitation was sent through the Department of State of the United States to the chief magistrates of all civilized governments, from nearly all of whom official acceptances were received in reply.

It has become a matter of history that ground was broken for the site of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition December 20, 1901, that day being the anniversary of the one on which the jurisdiction over the Louisiana Territory passed from France to the United States in 1803. The dedication exercises were held on the afternoon of April, 30, 1903, and were designed to commemorate not only the one hundredth anniversary of the signing of the treaty by Livingston, Monroe, and Marbois, transferring the territory from France to the United States, but also to dedicate in a formal manner the grounds and palaces of the exposition then rapidly advancing toward completion, though not to be opened before the following spring.

The exercises were participated in by representatives from nearly all civilized nations, and the presence on April 30, 1903, of the President of the United States, ex-President Cleveland, the Joint Committee of Congress, the ambassadors and ministers of twenty-six foreign governments, the governors and representatives of more than forty States and Territories, conferred upon it the official indorsement of the nations of the world, and added the weight and dignity which the sanction of governments alone could give.

When the treaty of cession was concluded in 1803 President Jefferson represented less than 6,000,000 people and there were but 50,000 white settlers in the Louisiana Territory. President Roosevelt in 1903 represented 80,000,000 people, the Purchase contained 15,000,000 inhabitants, and the 865,000 square miles which it comprised had been geographically divided into twelve States and two Territories. It was an area greater in extent and in natural resources than that of the original thirteen States, and constituted the largest real estate transfer ever known in the history of nations.

The price of $15,000,000 paid for it was considered exorbitant by those who were opposed to the purchase in 1803, yet the possibilities of the country, then so vague and ill-defined, so amply justified the prophetic faith of its advocates that a century later many millions of dollars in excess of the purchase money were spent in commemorating the transfer of a tract of land without which the present greatness of the United States would not have been possible. The present value of the agricultural products alone of the area for one year are a hundred times, and the taxable wealth more than four hundred times, the purchase money.

The board of lady managers was created pursuant to a clause in section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901, empowering the National Commission[A] of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition as follows:

[Footnote A: The creation of the National Commission of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition was authorized by act of Congress, March 3, 1901, and the members were appointed by President McKinley. According to section 12 of an act approved June 28, 1902, the Commission will cease officially to exist on the first day of July, 1905, at which time, also, will expire the term of appointment of the members of the board of lady managers.]

And said Commission is hereby authorized to appoint a board of lady managers, of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by said Commission, subject, however, to the approval of said company. Said board of lady managers may, in the discretion of said Commission and corporation, appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by female labor.

The following is the complete list and order of appointment of the members of the board of lady managers made by the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Commission, acting under the authority conferred by the aforesaid section 6 of the act of Congress of March 3, 1901:

Name. Date By whom. appointed. Miss Helen M. Gould Oct. 16, 1901 Hon. P.D. Scott. Mrs. John A. McCall Oct. 18, 1901 Hon. M.H. Glynn. Mrs. John M. Holcombe do Hon. F.A. Betts. Miss Anna L. Dawes do Do. Mrs. William E. Andrews do Hon. J.M. Thurston. Mrs. Helen Boyce-Hunsicker do Do. Mrs. James L. Blair do Hon. John M. Allen. Mrs. Fannie L. Porter do Hon. P.D. Scott. Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger do Do. Mrs. Richard W. Knott Nov. 19, 1901 Hon. William Lindsay. Mrs. Washington A. Roebling do Do. Mrs. M.H. de Young do Hon. Thomas H. Carter. Mrs. Belle L. Everest do Hon. John F. Miller. Mrs. Marcus P. Daly Nov. 20, 1901 Hon. Thomas H. Carter. Mrs. William H. Coleman Nov. 21, 1901 Hon. John F. Miller. Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter do Do. Mrs. Lewis D. Frost do Hon. John M. Thurston. Mrs. Finis P. Ernest Nov. 22, 1901 Hon. George W. McBride. Mrs. James B. Montgomery Jan. 22, 1902 Do. Mrs. John Miller Horton Sept. 30, 1902 Hon. M.H. Glynn. Mrs. Daniel Manning Oct. 2, 1902 Do. Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff do Do. Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan do Hon. Thomas H. Carter. Mrs. Annie McLean Moores Oct. 3, 1902 Hon. John M. Allen. Miss Lavinia H. Egan Nov. 29, 1902 Do.

OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE BOARD OF LADY MANAGERS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION

Mrs. Daniel Manning, president, Albany, N.Y.; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first vice-president, Springfield, Ohio; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president, Denver, Colo.; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president, Hoboken, N.J.; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth vice-president, Pittsfield, Mass.; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president, Atchison, Kans.; Mrs. M.H. de Young, sixth vice-president, San Francisco, Cal.; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh vice-president, Atlanta, Ga.; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer, Indianapolis, Ind.; Miss Helen M. Gould, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. Richard W. Knott, Louisville, Ky.; Mrs. John M. Holcombe, Hartford, Conn.; Mrs. Frederick M. Hanger, Little Rock, Ark.; Mrs. James Edmund Sullivan, Providence, R.I.; Mrs. Margaret P. Daly, Anaconda, Mont.; Mrs. Mary Phelps Montgomery, Portland, Oreg.; Mrs. Carl von Mayhoff, New York, N.Y.; Mrs. John Miller Horton, Buffalo, N.Y.; Mrs. Lewis D. Frost, Winona, Minn.; Mrs. W.E. Andrews, Washington, D.C.; Mrs. Annie McLean Moores, Mount Pleasant, Tex.; Miss Lavinia H. Egan, Shreveport, La. Miss Julia T.E. McBlair, Washington, D.C., hostess of the building of the board of lady managers.

Standing committees.—Executive: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Miss Egan, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman, Mrs. Buchwalter, Mrs. Moores, Miss Dawes, Mrs. Knott, Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould. Entertainment: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Everest, Mrs. Sullivan, Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. de Young, Mrs. Horton, Mrs. von Mayhoff, Mrs. Hunsicker. Foreign Relations: Miss Dawes, chairman; Mrs. Knott, Miss Gould, Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. von Mayhoff, Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Moores. Congresses: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Mrs. Andrews. Press: Mrs. Knott, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Egan, Mrs. Moores. Woman's Work: Mrs. Montgomery, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Daly, Miss Gould, Mrs. Buchwalter, Miss Dawes, Mrs. de Young. Legislative: Mrs. Buchwalter, chairman; Mrs. Montgomery, Mrs. Coleman. Awards: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Knott, Miss Egan, Mrs. Porter, Mrs. Hunsicker. Auditing Committee: Mrs. Andrews, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Mrs. Montgomery.

Special committees.—Hall of Philanthropy: Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman. Creche: Miss Helen M. Gould, chairman; Mrs. Everest, Mrs. Andrews, Mrs. Sullivan. House: Mrs. Ernest, chairman; resident members of board and members of rotating committee on duty. Model Playground: Mrs. Holcombe, chairman; Mrs. Hanger, Miss Gould. Editing Minutes: Mrs. Hanger, chairman; Mrs. Ernest, Miss Dawes. House Furnishing: Mrs. Daniel Manning, chairman; Mrs. Holcombe, Mrs. Montgomery.

INTRODUCTION

As it was designed that the St. Louis Exposition should afford an opportunity of demonstrating to other nations the progress that the United States had made in every branch of manufacture, agriculture, and art, the enormous field that existed from which to draw the great variety of material warranted the assumption that a wonderful display would be made. The sponsorship of our Government, and its invitation to other nations to participate, vested in the citizens of the United States, not only as a nation but as individuals, the responsibility of acceptably placing before the eyes of the world the achievements and advancement not only of their own but of all civilized and semicivilized nations.

The importance of the event rendered it a fitting occasion for women again to exhibit to the world the record of their increasing development and progress. At the Centennial in Philadelphia the women's commission brought together the exhibits shown in the Woman's Department, raised funds necessary to build the Woman's Pavilion, suggested the Department of Public Comfort, and originated and carried to completion other useful and practical ideas. The board of lady managers at the World's Columbian Exposition achieved a most wonderful success; at the Cotton Centennial in New Orleans the women from each State and Territory did excellent work, as did those at Atlanta, Nashville, Omaha, and Buffalo. All this had thoroughly prepared the public mind for the cooperation of women in further exposition work.

The board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, was, therefore, created as an official organization, acting under the authority given it by the Government. Its most important duty—that of appointing woman jurors—was prescribed by Congress, and all others were secondary to it. The members realized the responsibility which rested upon them and the necessity of making such a record that at the close of the exposition they again might show that women's attainments and achievements were a factor of sufficient importance to warrant their participation in an exhibition of such magnitude; they must continue to prove by practical demonstration that the rapid advancement and increased usefulness of women, made possible by the educational and other advantages that had been accorded them, rendered their work worthy of the examination and attention of the world.

Preparatory to accepting any responsibilities that might be required of them in order to represent woman's work officially, a formal request was made by the members of the board of lady managers to the National Commission, to define the full scope of their appointment and the duties to be assigned to the board, careful inquiry being made as to what special and important work they would be expected to perform.

Pursuant to this request, an informal meeting of the eighteen members who had been appointed in the fall of 1901, was called by the National Commission, in the city of New York, for December 5 of that year. Hon. Thomas H. Carter, president of the National Commission, in an address on that occasion, outlined their duties to a limited extent, and stated that a meeting would be called in March, 1902, for the purpose of perfecting their organization and determining the nature of their work. This meeting was not called, as had been contemplated, however, and it was not until September 30, 1902, that the members of the board were again assembled, pursuant to a call of the Commission, the meeting place being in the city of St. Louis.

After formal organization of the board of lady managers they were again addressed by Hon. Thomas H. Carter, who said, in part, as follows:

The act of Congress left the number of lady managers optional with the National Commissioners.

Before the exercise of the discretion allowed by Congress numerous persons suggested a great variety of ways whereby the ladies of the country, and the world, if you please, might with force and propriety participate in this coming exposition. The agency or organized clubs was for a time suggested as a proper method by which the assistance of womankind might be interjected into this great work, but many difficulties appeared in an effort to crystallize that thought in the proper shape.

Owing to the confusion existing during the sessions of Congress, the necessity as well as the desirability of allowing the National Commission to appoint a board of lady managers became from day to day more apparent, and, therefore, in pursuance of that authority it was determined, with the consent and approval of the local committee under whose auspices the exposition was given, to appoint a board consisting of twenty-one persons; and of the twenty-one nineteen members have now been appointed. * * * It will rest with you ladies, and the two additional members hereafter to be appointed, whether or not you wish to increase the size of your board. * * *

After or about the time of the New York meeting the National Commission, acting under the authority of the law, prescribed certain general limitations or rules within which this board of lady managers would continue to exercise their functions. These rules were, I think, made very general, and were submitted to the local company for approval, as the statute requires. The company has suggested certain amendments, which are not of great importance and do not at this time limit your deliberations to any considerable extent. * * * The rule upon which your authority will rest reads: "The board of lady managers, appointed as authorized by section 6 of the act of Congress, shall have authority to exercise general supervisory control over such features of the exposition as may be specially devoted to woman's work." That rule is practically without any limitation whatever. It places under your control and supervision the work for the exhibits, whether appearing in the manner of artistic, industrial, or other tangible production, or whether appearing in the manner of woman's engagement in any part or portion of the exposition work. I think it will rest with you that girls under a certain age should not be permitted to be employed in the exhibits, or in any manner made a part of the coming exposition. * * * You will find in this rule the amplest authority with reference to any subject-matter over which you seek to exercise jurisdiction, composed in whole or in part by woman's work. That is all the limitation you will find. That rule the company has approved without amendment, and in approving it * * * I believe that it is clearly the earnest desire of the company to secure and at all times approve of your cordial cooperation.

In the matter of executing the duties before you, it will be found necessary, I believe, at this meeting, after the election of your officers, to secure such quarters as may, in your opinion, be necessary for the convenient transaction of the business committed to your charge. It will likewise be necessary for you to begin to consider the scope of woman's work in connection with the exposition, and likewise form proper rules and regulations for the government of your officers and the direction of the general task that you have before you. It is needless to suggest that future success will, as you know, to a considerable extent, be dependent upon the thought and consideration given to your rules to start with. One feature of the rules heretofore commented upon to some extent, and perhaps both by the Commission and the company, has been subject to criticism. That is the limitation upon the incurring expense. It has been suggested that the board of lady managers at Chicago, which consisted of over one hundred persons, spent $150,000 or thereabout. They were limited, I think, and spent the limit. Your expenses are not limited, except by a rule adopted by prudence, and applicable to all bodies having money to expend from the United States Government. The purpose of this rule, let me say to you, ladies, was to preserve ordinary system in the transaction of the business that must be dispatched very rapidly, and must be dispatched under a system.

The observations I have here made seem to about cover, for the present, at least, the matters that will come up before you for consideration:

First. The scope of your work, unlimited by this Commission, save in the particulars prescribed in the law, to that which is in whole or in part made up of woman's work.

Second. After determining the scope, the field within which you will act, and the rules that govern your officers, you will be called upon to determine other questions from time to time—the matter of investment, the matter of a special building, which shall be the ladies' home, and other questions such as may seem to you to be meet and proper.

I am quite sure that throughout this space of time—two or three years—during which we are working together, you will find it quite easy to get along with this Commission. * * * Let me make this suggestion here, and one based upon an experience this Commission has had: You will find, as far as our observation has been extended, that you have here in the city of St. Louis and the surrounding country a body of earnest people, charged with a mighty work—the disbursement of the largest sum of money ever collected on the globe for an exposition of any kind—larger than Chicago, Buffalo, and Charleston combined—and the one overwhelming, all-absorbing thought uppermost in the mind is to make this exposition a success, commensurate with the mighty means placed at the disposal of the company, the Commission, and the board. The weather will be hot and difficulties will come, tempers will become disturbed, and patience sorely tried, but throughout it all bear in mind that the man who is somewhat irritating has simply too much vim and enthusiasm for the moment.

President Francis, the general counsel, the treasurer, are all devoting practically their entire time and attention to this work, and the things already accomplished indicate that their efforts have been well directed and their work well performed. It is for you to say, you to determine in a general way, and upon your good judgment and earnest efforts will largely depend the extent to which women in this country and of the world at large are to participate, directly or indirectly, in making this exposition the most beneficent for women that has or can be made in any age or ages.

At the close of Senator Carter's remarks President Francis, of the Exposition Company, said:

I have only come to say, ladies, that if we can be of any assistance to you we shall be more than glad to render that assistance. If you have any suggestions to make us, we shall be pleased to receive them and consider them by prejudging them in your favor. I do not know what your plans are, but I wish to say that if you desire permanent quarters, we will be very glad to provide them in the Administration Building. That might be a little inconvenient, perhaps, but we have all of our own offices there, and have all the accommodations one can require. I do not know if you propose to have a permanent secretary and establish headquarters here or not. I take it for granted that you are familiar with the provisions of the law. Of course, you know that the board is nominated by the National Commission, of which Senator Carter is president. All of the nominations that have been made by the National Commission have been confirmed. I believe the membership of your board is limited to twenty-one. I have heard of the organization of that body. I wish to say, that we think we have made adequate, if not liberal, provision for the expense of the board in this way: We have decided to tender you ladies, subject, of course, to your amendment, after first acknowledging your generosity, we have decided to say to you that we will allow you 5 cents per mile mileage from your homes to St. Louis, and 5 cents per mile back to your homes, or to your New York meetings, and in addition to that $6 per day for subsistence during the time you are in attendance at such meetings. If you do not think that sufficient, we are open to suggestions from you.

During your stay in cities where meetings will be held you are allowed $6 per day subsistence, whether you choose to expend that or not; if you do not think $6 per day sufficient, make a suggestion accordingly.

In regard to your duties, the law prescribed those. I suppose the report which was made by the Commission to the local company and approved by the local company, has been forwarded to the board. You know that you have the right to appoint one member to every jury of awards that passes upon work wholly or partly made by women. I do not know what provision the law makes, if any, for your duties, but this exposition, comprehensive as its scope may be, can not be a success without the hearty cooperation of the ladies, and that is what we wish.

I do not know what plans you have about a Woman's Building. I wish to say that any suggestions you have to make us we will take under serious consideration. A great deal has been said about permanent structures. We have no objections to permanent structures, we rather court them, provided always some means are furnished for the maintenance of those buildings after the exposition is over. There is another condition that must be observed, and that is in regard to the permission of the city for these buildings to remain. You, of course, understand that the exposition proper does not own any of the ground within the site. We have 1,200 acres, which is much larger than any exposition ever held, about 688 acres being the property of the city. About 112 acres of the site is the property of the Washington University, for which we pay it a specific rental; that makes a total of 780 acres. In addition to that we have 410 acres which we have leased from private owners. That property must be returned to them free of all incumbrances. Therefore, if a permanent structure be contemplated it must be erected on city property.

Ladies, I will be very glad to answer any questions you may desire to ask in connection with the exposition, and, as I said, any suggestions of yours I shall submit to our local company, executive committee, and board of directors, and Senator Carter will submit the same, I have no doubt, to the National Commission.

At a meeting of the Commission held the same day (September 30) the resignation of Mrs. John A. McCall from the board of lady managers was read and accepted by the Commission.

The statements of Senator Carter, as well as those of President Francis, stimulated the interest of the members of the board; they comprehended anew that it involved not only a heavy responsibility, but constituted a national trust to represent the women who to-day stand upon the advanced but firm ground secured by the steady and persistent efforts of other women in their long struggle to obtain intellectual advantages and recognition.

By reason of the sacrifices and endurance of those pioneers, every opportunity is now afforded to women not only to acquire any trade or profession, but also to practice it without hindrance; in many cases the same money value is placed upon their labor as upon that of men for similar work, and no longer is the line of demarcation rigidly drawn between the woman of leisure and the self-supporting woman. It, therefore, devolved upon the members of the board of lady managers to advance, to the best of their ability, the conditions under which women might continue to maintain their social, intellectual, and financial independence.

At this first formal meeting of the board of lady managers held in St. Louis the president and board of directors of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company tendered to the members a most delightful evening reception at the Southern Hotel. This was the first official entertainment given to the board of lady managers.

On Wednesday, October 1, 1902, the election of the following officers was effected:

Mrs. James L. Blair, president; Mrs. Edward L. Buchwalter, first vice-president; Mrs. Finis P. Ernest, second vice-president; Mrs. Helen Boice-Hunsicker, third vice-president; Miss Anna L. Dawes, fourth vice-president; Mrs. Belle L. Everest, fifth vice-president; Mrs. M.H. de Young, sixth vice-president; Mrs. Fannie L. Porter, seventh vice-president; Mrs. Frederick Hanger, secretary; Mrs. William H. Coleman, treasurer.

Miss Helen M. Gould then offered the following resolution:

Resolved, That it is the earnest desire of the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition that there be no indecent dances or improper exhibits in the Midway during the exposition, and that the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company be urged to use the utmost care in awarding the concessions for shows, in order that there may be no objectionable features.

The motion was carried unanimously, and its observance by the local company was largely instrumental in lowering to a minimum the number of objectionable features on the "Pike."

In a joint conference of the National Commission and President Francis the latter consented that the Commission should make the number of lady managers 24 instead of 21, and on October 2, 1902, the following resolution was offered by the first vice-president, Mr. Glynn, and adopted by the Commission:

Resolved, That the board of lady managers of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition shall consist of 24 persons, including those heretofore appointed, together with Mrs. Daniel Manning, of Washington, D.C.; Mrs. A.I. von Mayhoff, of Monticello, Va.; and Mrs. Josephine Sullivan, of Providence, R.I.; also the two additional members to be nominated by Mr. Allen.

Be it further resolved, That the appointments thus made now fixes the membership of the board at 24, and that no vacancy which may hereafter occur, on any account whatever, shall be filled until the board is reduced below 21 members, and that at no time shall any vacancy be filled hereafter so as to increase the board above 21.

After the election of officers, appointment of committees on woman's work, rules and regulations, hall of philanthropy, and the transaction of other routine work, the board of lady managers adjourned to meet in New York, November 17, 1902.

In response to a request from the board of lady managers for permanent headquarters for their accommodation during the exposition period, to be afterwards used as a hall of philanthropy, President Francis, on November 5, 1902, referred to the fact that the Missouri State Federation had instructed its delegates to the convention of the General Federation of Women's Clubs to be held at Los Angeles to recommend such a memorial of woman's work, but that the federation had failed to take action in the matter.

The Exposition Company afterwards offered to contribute $50,000 toward the erection of such a building if the board of lady managers would raise $150,000—$50,000 of which should be applied toward the building and $100,000 as a permanent endowment fund.

The meeting of the board of lady managers was called on November 17, 1902, pursuant to adjournment of the meeting of September 30, 1902, and at that time the hall of philanthropy was fully considered, and the above-mentioned proposition of the Exposition Company declined.

At the session held on the 19th of November a motion was made and carried that there should be an eighth vice-president, and Mrs. Daniel Manning was elected to fill that office.

President Carter, of the National Commission, was invited to be present at this meeting, and again emphasized his views in regard to the prerogatives of the members of the board in performance of the duties which might be assigned them. He also spoke as follows:

With the power comes the responsibility. This exposition, if the general tone of business continues, ought to be, in the matter of attendance and universal interest, a pronounced success. The matter of interesting the world, securing attendance, securing exhibits, attracting the attention of different classes of people, would insure success. The law of Congress is pretty thoroughly considered. It was pretty thoroughly debated in the House of Representatives particularly. No part of the law was more thoroughly considered than this part, which contemplated the interesting of the women of the world in the exposition about to be given.

Determine at the earliest day practicable what the view of this board is as to what part women are to take in the exposition. That subject can not be too promptly considered or decided upon. You are to plan the scope of women's work in this exposition. Give the representation of women's work in this exposition a national or international character. If of an international character, will this board undertake to select the people who are to go abroad to represent the women of this country in appealing to the women of other countries? * * * It is a matter of supreme consequence that the women of the country shall be represented in a manner that will be approved by themselves at least. * * * I think it rests with you to formulate plan and scope, and transmit that formulated plan and scope to this Commission, to be approved by the Commission and approved by the local company, as a part of the programme of this exposition. It was the intention when this board was appointed to get together a body of representative women from all over the United States, and that this body when assembled would become a directing force along general lines. In the matter of women's work there is no limit. You exercise "general supervisory control." I would say that, in pursuance of authority granted the board of lady managers, that this board adopt resolutions stating that no woman shall be appointed to represent the exposition by either the National Commission or the local company until the name of such representative shall have been submitted to and ratified by this board of lady managers. You will find in talking with this company a keen anxiety to quickly adopt any suggestions that will bring about success in any line. Claim whatever you think in the form of a rule, assert your right to approve or confirm if you please everyone appointed to push this woman's work anywhere. In regard to a building, say what you want; submit your plans to this Commission; place your wants in the form of a resolution to be approved by the Commission and the local company; the approval will carry with it the expense. We will regard any expenditure which you may make as "legitimate exposition work"—commissioners to go abroad, or whatever it may be.

There is a large amount of money available for this exposition. It has been handled with the utmost care, skill, and excessive prudence by the company, but that shows merely a good, sound economical management; however, there is ample means, means that will unquestionably apply to meet every want.

At the session on November 20 the committee named to prepare resolutions to be presented through the National Commission to the Exposition Company offered the following, which were adopted, and copies forwarded to the Commission and company:

First. The board of lady managers respectfully call the attention of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to the act approved March 3, 1901, under which act this board has the power to appoint one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as may have been produced in whole or in part by women. The board of lady managers decline to accept the amendment of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company to this act of Congress expressed in a resolution of the executive committee of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, as follows: "To nominate one member of all committees authorized to award prizes for such exhibits as shall have been produced in whole or in part by female labor."