But the much advertised Great Harry was not a mighty prototype of a world-wide-copied class of battleships like the modern Dreadnought. With her lavish decorations, her towering superstructures fore and aft, and her general aping of a floating castle, she was the wonder of all the landsmen in her own age, as she has been the delight of picturesque historians ever since. But she marked no advance in naval architecture, rather the reverse. She was the last great English ship of medieval times. Twenty-five years after the Field of the Cloth of Gold, Henry was commanding another English fleet, the first of modern times, and therefore one in which the out-of-date Great Harry had no proper place at all. She was absurdly top-hampered and over-gunned. And, for all her thousand tons, she must have bucketed about in the chops of the Channel with the same sort of hobby-horse, see-sawing pitch that bothered Captain Concas in 1893 when sailing an exact reproduction of Columbus's flagship, the Santa Maria, across the North Atlantic to the great World's Fair at Chicago.

In her own day the galleon was the 'great ship,' 'capital ship,' 'ship-of-the-line-of-battle,' or 'battleship' on which the main fight turned. But just as our modern fleets require three principal kinds of vessels—battleships, cruisers, and 'mosquito' craft—so did the fleets of Henry and Elizabeth. The galleon did the same work as the old three-decker of Nelson's time or the battleship of to-day. The 'pinnace' (quite different from more modern pinnaces) was the frigate or the cruiser. And, in Henry VIII's fleet of 1545, the 'row-barge' was the principal 'mosquito' craft, like the modern torpedo-boat, destroyer, or even submarine. Of course the correspondence is far from being complete in any class.

The English galleon gradually developed more sail and gun power as well as handiness in action. Broadside fire began. When used against the Armada, it had grown very powerful indeed. At that time the best guns, some of which are still in existence, were nearly as good as those at Trafalgar or aboard the smart American frigates that did so well in '1812.' When galleon broadsides were fired from more than a single deck, the lower ones took enemy craft between wind and water very nicely. In the English navy the portholes had been cut so as to let the guns be pointed with considerable freedom, up or down, right or left. The huge top-hampering 'castles' and other soldier-engineering works on deck were modified or got rid of, while more canvas was used and to much better purpose.

The pinnace showed the same sort of improvement during the same period—from Drake's birth under Henry VIII in 1545 to the zenith of his career as a sea-dog in 1588. This progenitor of the frigate and the cruiser was itself descended from the long-boat of the Norsemen and still used oars as occasion served. But the sea-dogs made it primarily a sailing vessel of anything up to a hundred tons and generally averaging over fifty. A smart pinnace, with its long, low, clean-run hull, if well handled under its Elizabethan fighting canvas of foresail and main topsail, could play round a Spanish galleasse or absurdly castled galleon like a lancer on a well-trained charger round a musketeer astraddle on a cart horse.[4] Henry's pinnaces still had lateen sails copied from Italian models. Elizabeth's had square sails prophetic of the frigate's. Henry's had one or a very few small guns. Elizabeth's had as many as sixteen, some of medium size, in a hundred-tonner.

[4: Fuller in his Worthies (1662) writes: 'Many were the wit-combats betwixt him [Shakespeare] and Ben Jonson, which two I beheld like a Spanish great galleon and an English man-of-war: Master Jonson (like the former) was built far higher in learning, solid but slow in his performances. Shakespeare, like the English man-of-war, lesser in bulk, but lighter in sailing, could turn with all tides, tack about, and take advantage of all winds by the quickness of his wit and invention.']

The 'mosquito' fleet of Henry's time was represented by 'row-barges' of his own invention. Now that the pinnace was growing in size and sail power, while shedding half its oars, some new small rowing craft was wanted, during that period of groping transition, to act as a tender or to do 'mosquito' work in action. The mere fact that Henry VIII placed no dependence on oars except for this smallest type shows how far he had got on the road towards the broadside-sailing-ship fleet. On the 16th of July, 1541, the Spanish Naval Attache (as we should call him now) reported to Charles V that Henry had begun 'to have new oared vessels built after his own design.' Four years later these same 'row-barges'—long, light, and very handy—hung round the sterns of the retreating Italian galleys in the French fleet to very good purpose, plying them with bow-chasers and the two broadside guns, till Strozzi, the Italian galley-admiral, turned back on them in fury, only to see them slip away in perfect order and with complete immunity.

By the time of the Armada the mosquito fleet had outgrown these little rowing craft and had become more oceanic. But names, types, and the evolution of one type from another, with the application of the same name to changed and changing types, all tend to confusion unless the subject is followed in such detail as is impossible here.

The fleets of Henry VIII and of Elizabeth did far more to improve both the theory and practice of naval gunnery than all the fleets in the world did from the death of Drake to the adoption of rifled ordnance within the memory of living men. Henry's textbook of artillery, republished in 1588, the year of the Armada, contains very practical diagrams for finding the range at sea by means of the gunner's half circle—yet we now think range-finding a very modern thing indeed. There are also full directions for making common and even something like shrapnel shells, 'star shells' to light up the enemy at night, armor-piercing arrows shot out of muskets, 'wild-fire' grenades, and many other ultra-modern devices.

Henry established Woolwich Dockyard, second to none both then and now, as well as Trinity House, which presently began to undertake the duties it still discharges by supervising all aids to navigation round the British Isles. The use of quadrants, telescopes, and maps on Mercator's projection all began in the reign of Elizabeth, as did many other inventions, adaptations, handy wrinkles, and vital changes in strategy and tactics. Taken together, these improvements may well make us of the twentieth century wonder whether we are so very much superior to the comrades of Henry, Elizabeth, Shakespeare, Bacon, Raleigh, and Drake.



BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE

A complete bibliography concerned with the first century of Anglo-American affairs (1496-1596) would more than fill the present volume. But really informatory books about the sea-dogs proper are very few indeed, while good books of any kind are none too common.

Taking this first century as a whole, the general reader cannot do better than look up the third volume of Justin Winsor's Narrative and Critical History of America (1884) and the first volume of Avery's History of the United States and its People (1904). Both give elaborate references to documents and books, but neither professes to be at all expert in naval or nautical matters, and a good deal has been written since.

THE CABOTS. Cabot literature is full of conjecture and controversy. G.P. Winship's Cabot Bibliography (1900) is a good guide to all but recent works. Nicholls' Remarkable Life of Sebastian Cabot (1869) shows more zeal than discretion. Harrisse's John Cabot and his son Sebastian (1896) arranges the documents in scholarly order but draws conclusions betraying a wonderful ignorance of the coast. On the whole, Dr. S.E. Dawson's very careful monographs in the Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (1894, 1896, 1897) are the happiest blend of scholarship and local knowledge. Neither the Cabots nor their crews appear to have written a word about their adventures and discoveries. Consequently the shifting threads of hearsay evidence soon became inextricably tangled. Biggar's Precursors of Cartier is an able and accurate work.

ELIZABETH. Turning to the patriot queen who had to steer England through so many storms and tortuous channels, we could find no better short guide to her political career than Beesley's volume about her in 'Twelve English Statesmen.' But the best all-round biography is Queen Elizabeth by Mandell Creighton, who also wrote an excellent epitome, called The Age of Elizabeth, for the 'Epochs of Modern History.' Shakespeare's England, published in 1916 by the Oxford University Press, is quite encyclopaedic in its range.

LIFE AFLOAT. The general evolution of wooden sailing craft may be traced out in Part I of Sir George Holmes's convenient little treatise on Ancient and Modern Ships. There is no nautical dictionary devoted to Elizabethan times. But a good deal can be picked up from the two handy modern glossaries of Dana and Admiral Smyth, the first being an American author, the second a British one. Smyth's Sailor's Word Book has no alternative title. But Dana's Seaman's Friend is known in England under the name of The Seaman's Manual. Technicalities change so much more slowly afloat than ashore that even the ultra-modern editions of Paasch's magnificent polyglot dictionary, From Keel to Truck, still contain many nautical terms which will help the reader out of some of his difficulties.

The life of the sea-dogs, gentlemen-adventurers, and merchant-adventurers should be studied in Hakluyt's collection of Principal Navigations, Voiages, Traffiques, and Discoveries; though many of his original authors were landsmen while a few were civilians as well. This Elizabethan Odyssey, the great prose epic of the English race, was first published in a single solemn folio the year after the Armada—1589. In the nineteenth century the Hakluyt Society reprinted and edited these Navigations and many similar works, though not without employing some editors who had no knowledge of the Navy or the sea. In 1893 E.J. Payne brought out a much handier edition of the Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen to America which gives the very parts of Hakluyt we want for our present purpose, and gives them with a running accompaniment of pithy introductions and apposite footnotes. Nearly all historians are both landsmen and civilians whose sins of omission and commission are generally at their worst in naval and nautical affairs. But James Anthony Froude, whatever his other faults may be, did know something of life afloat, and his English Seamen in the Sixteenth Century, despite its ultra-Protestant tone, is well worth reading.

HAWKINS. The Hawkins Voyages, published by the Hakluyt Society, give the best collection of original accounts. They deal with three generations of this famous family and are prefaced by a good introduction. A Sea-Dog of Devon, by R.A.J. Walling (1907) is the best recent biography of Sir John Hawkins.

DRAKE. Politics, policy, trade, and colonization were all dependent on sea power; and just as the English Navy was by far the most important factor in solving the momentous New-World problems of that awakening age, so Drake was by far the most important factor in the English Navy. The Worlde Encompassed by Sir Francis Drake and Sir Francis Drake his Voyage, 1595, are two of the volumes edited by the Hakluyt Society. But these contemporary accounts of his famous fights and voyages do not bring out the supreme significance of his influence as an admiral, more especially in connection with the Spanish Armada. It must always be a matter of keen, though unavailing, regret that Admiral Mahan, the great American expositor of sea power, began with the seventeenth, not the sixteenth, century. But what Mahan left undone was afterwards done to admiration by Julian Corbett, Lecturer in History to the (British) Naval War College, whose Drake and the Tudor Navy (1912) is absolutely indispensable to any one who wishes to understand how England won her footing in America despite all that Spain could do to stop her. Corbett's Drake (1890) in the 'English Men of Action' series is an excellent epitome. But the larger book is very much the better. Many illuminative documents on The Defeat of the Spanish Armada were edited in 1894 by Corbett's predecessor, Sir John Laughton. The only other work that need be consulted is the first volume of The Royal Navy: a History, edited by Sir William Laird Clowes (1897). This is not so good an authority as Corbett; but it contains many details which help to round the story out, besides a wealth of illustration.

RALEIGH. Gilbert, Cavendish, Raleigh, and the other gentlemen-adventurers, were soldiers, not sailors; and if they had gone afloat two centuries later they would have fought at the head of marines, not of blue-jackets; so their lives belong to a different kind of biography from that concerned with Hawkins, Frobisher. and Drake. Edwards's Life of Sir Walter Raleigh (1868) contains all the most interesting letters and is a competent work of its own kind. Oldys' edition of Raleigh's Works still holds the field though its eight volumes were published so long ago as 1829. Raleigh's Discovery of Guiana is the favorite for reprinting. The Hakluyt Society has produced an elaborate edition (1847) while a very cheap and handy one has been published in Cassell's National Library. W.G. Gosling's Life of Sir Humphry Gilbert (1911) is the best recent work of its kind.

The likeliest of all the Hakluyt Society's volumes, so far as its title is concerned, is one which has hardly any direct bearing on the subject of our book. Yet the reader who is disappointed by the text of Divers Voyages to America because it is not devoted to Elizabethan sea-dogs will be richly rewarded by the notes on pages 116-141. These quaint bits of information and advice were intended for quite another purpose, But their transcriber's faith in their wider applicability is fully justified. Here is the exact original heading under which they first appeared: Notes in Writing besides More Privie by Mouth that were given by a Gentleman, Anno 1580, to M. Arthure Pette and to M. Charles Jackman, sent by the Marchants of the Muscovie Companie for the discouerie of the northeast strayte, not all together vnfit for some other enterprises of discouerie hereafter to bee taken in hande.

See also in The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Ed. the articles on Henry VIII, Elizabeth, Drake, Raleigh, etc.



Index

Alva, Governor of the Spanish Netherlands, 98 et seq.

Amadas, in America (1584), 151, 210

America; an obstacle to the circumnavigation of the world, 11; as a reputed source of gold and silver, 65

Angel, The, ship, 86

Anton, Senor Juan de, 133

Antonio, Don, pretender to the throne of Portugal, 164; and the English at Lisbon, 194

Antwerp, 98, 99, 100

Armada, 145, 150, 153, 156, 164, 165, 172, 191, 214

Aviles, Don Pedro Menendez de, 86

Azores, 150, 169, 194

Baber, Sultan in the Moluccas, 141

Bacon, Francis, Lord, 62, 210

Balboa crosses Isthmus of Panama (1513), 19

Barlow, in America (1584), 151, 210

Baskerville, Sir Thomas, 224, 227 et seq.

Bazan, Don Alonzo de, 197, 200

Bible, authorized version of, 49, 216

'Bond of Association,' 152 Brazil, voyage of Hawkins to, 33-4

Bristol, Cabot settles in, 3

Burleigh, Lord, 87, 119, 144, 156, 162, 167, 206

Cabot, John, transfers allegiance from Genoa to Venice (1476), 1; Cabottaggio, 2; reaches Cape Breton (1497), 7; returns to Bristol, 7; receives a present of L10 from Henry VII, 8; disappears at sea (1498),8-9, 14; believes America the eastern limit of the Old World, 11; bibliography, 241

Cabot, Sebastian, second son of John, 9; takes command of expedition to America, 9; leaves men to explore Newfoundland, 9; coasts Greenland, 12; explores Atlantic Coast, 12; enters service of Ferdinand of Spain as Captain of the Sea,' 15; Charles V makes him 'Chief Pilot and Examiner of Pilots,' 15; determines longitude of Moluccas, 15; voyage to South America, 15; makes a map of the world, 15; leaves Spain for England(1548), 16; receives pension from Edward VI, 16; feasts at Gravesend with the Serchthrift, 16-17; Governor of Muscovy Company, 16, 31; sailing of the Serchthrift, 32; bibliography, 241

Cadiz, 165 et seq.

California, 137, 138, 212

Canaries, 157, 226

Cape Breton, Cabot reaches (1497), 7

Cape of Good Hope, Vasco da Gama sails around, 18

Cape St. Vincent, Drake plans to capture, 167

Caribs, 80, 158

Carleill, 154, 156, 157, 160

Cartagena, 88, 108 et seq., 156, 159

Cartier, Jacques, second voyage (1535), 12; discovers St. Lawrence, 71

Cathay, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11; Sir Hugh Willoughby tries to find Northeast passage to, 30

Cavendish, Thomas, 212

Cecil, Sir Robert, 206

Charles V of Spain, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22-25; his dominions, 23; feud with France, 23-24; hostile to England, 29; Spanish dominion, 71; father of Don John of Austria, 117

Chesapeake Bay, 220

Cockeram, Martin, 34

Coligny, Admiral, 207

Columbus, Christopher, citizen of Genoa, 1-2; visit to Iceland, 3; fame eclipses that of the Cabots, 13; reasons for his significance, 13; 400th anniversary of his discovery, 14; replica of the Santa Maria, 235

Complaynt of Scotland, The, 42

Cordial Advice, 40

Corunna, 178, 192

Cosa, Juan de la, makes first dated (1500) map of America, 14

Croatoan Island, 213 et seq.

Crowndale, Drake's birthplace, 95

Cumberland, Earl of, 197

Cuttyhunk Island, 216

Dare, Virginia, 215

Delight, The, ship, 209

De Soto, 19, 81

Doughty, Thomas, 116, 120, 123 et seq., 127

Dragon, The, ship, 101

Drake, Sir Francis, born the same year as modern sea-power (1545), 28; on the Minion, 92; Son of Edmund Drake, 95; boyhood, 96 et seq.; as lieutenant, on escort to wool-fleet, 100; marries Mary Newman, 100; sails on Nombre de Dios expedition, 101 et seq.; Drake and Nombre de Dios, 104; sees the Pacific, 110; attacks a Spanish treasure train, 111 et seq.; returns to England (1573), 114; goes to Ireland, 115; recalled for consultation, 118; audience with the Queen, 119; plans to raid the Pacific, 119; sails ostensibly for Egypt, 120; his Famous Voyage (1577), 121; has trouble with Doughty, 124; whom he puts to death, 125; winters in Patagonia, 125; overcomes disaffection of his men, 126; sails through Straits of Magellan, 128; enters Pacific, 128; takes the Grand Captain of the South, 129; scours the Pacific taking prizes, 130; at Lima, 130; pursues Spanish treasure ship, 131; captures Don Juan de Anton, 133; sails north, 137; considered a god by the Indians, 138 et seq.; arrives at Moluccas, 141; lays foundation of English diplomacy in Eastern seas, 142; Golden Hind aground, 142; uncertainty at home as to his fate, 144; arrives at Plymouth, 145; knighted by Elizabeth, 148; plans a raid on New Spain, 151; prepares for Indies voyage of 1585, 153; calls at Vigo, 155; plans a raid on New Spain, 156; captures Santiago and San Domingo, 157; takes Cartagena, 159; calls at Roanoke, 162; arrives at Plymouth, (1580), 162; expedition to Cadiz, 165; arrests Borough, 167; conquers Sagres Castle, 167; takes Spanish treasure ship, 169; defeats the Armada, 172-191; undertakes Lisbon expedition (1589), 192; his achievement, 201; in disfavor, 223; in unhappy combination with Hawkins, 224; West Indies voyage, 225; seizes La Hacha, Santa Marta, and Nombre de Dios, 227; his last days, 228; his death, 229; bibliography, 243-4

Drake, Edmund, 95

Drake, Jack, 121, 132

Drake's Bay, 138

East India Company, 63, 171, 215

Edward VI, 29, 50

Elizabeth, the England of, 48 et seq.; early life, 50; and Mary, 51; and Anne of Cleves, 51; ascends the throne, 52; difficulty of her position, 53; and finance, 55; her court, 68; her love of luxury, 68-69; commandeers Spanish gold, 99; deposed by Pope, 100; tortuous Spanish policy, 117; consults Drake, 119; receives Drake on his return, 146; banquets on the Golden Hind, 148; knights Drake, 148; Babington Plot again, 163; beheads Mary Queen of Scots, 165; the Armada, 176 et seq.; the Lisbon expedition, 192; dies, 216; bibliography, 242

Elizabeth, The, ship, 121

Essex, Earl of, 116, 118

Field of the Cloth of Gold, 234

Fleming, Captain, 179, 190

Fletcher, Chaplain, 125, 128, 143

Fletcher of Rye, discovers the art of tacking, 26; as a shipwright, 233

Florida, 81, 82, 162

Francis I, of France, maritime rival of Henry VIII, 22, 24, 71

Frobisher, Martin, 120, 154, 160, 220

Fuller, Thomas, author of The Worthies of England, 101, 237

Gamboa, Don Pedro Sarmiento de, 135

Genoa, the home of Cabot and Columbus, 2

George Noble, The, ship, 198

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 208-210

Gilbert, Raleigh, 219

God Save the King! 95

Golden Hind, The, ship, 121, 127, 129, 132 et seq., 136, 141, 142, 144, 145, 147, 154, 179

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, 217

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 216

Grand Captain of the South, The, ship, 129

Gravelines, battle at, 32, 190

Great Harry, The, ship, 234

Grenville, Sir Richard, 195 et seq., 220

Gresham, Sir Thomas, 60

Hakluyt's Voyages, 33

Hakluyt Society, 242 et seq.

Harriot, Thomas, 212

Harrison's description of England, 69-70

Hatton, Sir Christopher, 127, 146

Hawkins, Sir John, son of William Hawkins, 34; enters slave trade with New Spain (1562), 74; takes 300 slaves at Sierra Leona, 75; second expedition (1564), 75; issues sailing orders, 76; John Sparke's account, 77; at Teneriffe, 77; meets Peter de Ponte, 78; Arbol Santo tree, 78; takes many Sapies, 79; at Sambula, 79; island of the Cannibals, 80; makes for Florida, 80; finds French settlement, 82 et seq.; sells the Tiger, 85; sails north to Newfoundland, 85; arrives at Padstow, Cornwall (1565), 85; a favorite at court, 85; watched by Spain, 86; sets out on third voyage (1567), 86; begins the sea-dog fighting with Spain, 86; Drake joins the expedition, 86; disasters, 87; crosses from Africa to West Indies, 88; clashes with Spaniards at Rio de la Hacha, 88; at Cartagena, 89; at St. John de Ulua, 89; fight with the Spaniards, 90 et seq.; parted from Drake in a storm, 93; leaves part of his men ashore, 93; voyage ends in disaster, 94; strikes another blow at Spain (1595), 223; unhappily combined with Drake, 224; sails for New Spain 226; dies, 226; bibliography, 243

Hawkins, Sir Richard, grandson of William Hawkins, 35

Hawkins, William, story of, in Hakluyt Voyages, 33 et seq.; father of Sir John Hawkins, 34; grandfather of Sir Richard Hawkins, 35, and of the second William Hawkins, 35

Hawkins, William, the Second, grandson of William Hawkins, 35

Henry IV of France, 223

Henry VII, Cabot enters service of, 3; refuses to patronize Columbus, 4; gives patent to the Cabots, 4-6

Henry VIII, the monarch of the sea, 20; establishes a modern fleet and the office of the Admiralty, 21; a patron of sailors, 22; menaced by Scotland, France, and Spain, 25; defies the Pope, 25; defies Francis I, 26; birth of modern sea-power (1545), 28; and the voyage of Hawkins, 33-34; as a patron of the Navy, 232 et seq.

Henry Grace a Dieu, The, ship, 234

Honduras, 156, 228

Hore, his voyage to America, 33 et seq.

Hortop, Job, 94

Howard of Effingham, Lord, 31, 176, 189, 197

Hudson Strait, Sebastian Cabot misses, 12

India, Sebastian Cabot searches for passage to, 11

Ingram, David, 94

Inquisition, Spanish, 29, 73

Ireland, 147, 191

Jackman, 122

James I of England, 216, 218

Jefferys, Thomas, 66

Jesus, The, ship, see Jesus of Lubeck

Jesus of Lubeck, The, ship, 75, 76, 86, 89, 91 et seq.

Judith, The, ship, 86, 92 et seq., 98

Knollys, 154

La Dragontea, by Lope de Vega, 157

La Hacha, 156, 227

Lane, Ralph, 162, 196, 212

La Rochelle, 100

Laudonniere, Rene de, 82 et seq.

Leicester, Earl, of, 146, 164, 176

Lepanto, 117, 185

Lima, 130, 135, 144

Lines of Torres Vedras, 194

Lisbon, 144, 168, 192, 223 et seq.

Lloyd's, 59-61

London merchants, 144, 140, 171, 218

Lope de Vega, 157

Madrid, 86, 172

Magellan, Strait of, 120, 127, 128

Manoa, 221, 222

Map, Juan de la Cosa's earliest dated (1500) map of America, 14; of world by Sebastian Cabot (1544), 15; of America by Thomas Jefferys, 66

Marigold, The, ship, 121, 126, 128, 129

Martin, Don, 134, 153

Mary, Queen of Scots, 31, 50 et seq., 117, 121, 149, 152, 163, 164, 216

Matthew, The, ship, 7

Medina Sidonia, Duke of, 175

Mendoza, 119

Menendez, 115, 150

Middleton, Captain, 197

Minion, The, ship, 86, 91 et seq.

Monopoly, 58, 66

Moone, Tom, 129, 154, 161

Mosquito, Lopez de, 141

Mountains of Bright Stones, 86, 221, 222

Muscovy Company, 16, 31

Navigation, encouraged by Henry VIII, 21, 25, 27; art of tacking discovered, 26; birth of modern sea-power, 28; sea-songs, 37 et seq.; nautical terms, 42 et seq.; Pette and Jackman's advice to traders, 122-123 ftn.; Francisco de Zarate's account of Drake's Golden Hind, 136-137; appendix; note on Tudor shipping, 231-239; bibliography, 242

New Albion, 136, 140

Newfoundland fisheries, Bacon on, 62

New France, 72, 205

Nombre de Dios, 101 et seq., 12O, 135, 156, 227

Norreys, Sir John, 176, 193

Northwest Passage, 120, 137

Oxenham, John, 105, 109, 116, 144

Pacific Ocean, taken possession of by Balboa (1513), 18; Drake enters, 128 et seq.

Panama, 19, 103, 108, 120, 132, 135, 156, 227

Parma, 172 et seq., 189

Pascha, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 114

Pedro de Valdes, Don, 188

Pelican, The, ship, 121, 127

Philip of Spain, marries Queen Mary, 31; protests against Drake's actions, 87; plans to seize Scilly Isles, 115; soldiers sack Antwerp, 116; seizes Portugal, 144; prepares a fleet, 150; Paris plot with Mary, 150; seizes English merchant fleet, 152; duped by Hawkins, 153; his credit low, 163; resumes mobilization, 172; prepares the Armada, 174 et seq.

Philippines, Vasco da Gama reaches, 19; Drake sails to, 141

Pines, Isle of, 103

Plymouth, 96, 98, 114, 145, 162, 178-180, 217, 225

Plymouth Company, 218

Pole of Plimmouth, The, ship, 33

Ponte, Peter de, 78

Popham, George, 219

Porto Rico, 225, 226

Potosi, 28, 73, 95, 130

Primrose, The, ship, 152

Pring, Martin, 217

Puerto Bello. 229

Purchas, Samuel, 203

Ralegh, City of, in Virginia, 213

Raleigh, The, ship, 209

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 195, 205-222; bibliography, 244-245

Ranse, 103, 108

Revenge, The, ship, 188, 192-204

Ribaut, Jean, 82

Roanoke Island, 162, 210 et seq.

Sagres Castle, 167

St. Augustine, 86, 162

San Domingo, 156, 157, 161

San Felipe, The, ship, 197 et seq.

San Francisco, 137, 138

San Juan de Ulua, 89, 98, 99, 153

Santa Anna, The, ship, 212

Santa Cruz, 150, 172 et seq.

Santa Marta, 156, 227

Scilly Isles, 114, 115, 153

Serchthrift, The, ship, 16-17, 32

Shipping, note on Tudor, 231-239

Sidney, Sir Philip, 155, 164, 195

Slave Trade, 74 et seq.

Solomon, The, ship, 76

Somerset, 29-30, 53, 96

Southampton, Earl of, 217

Spain, rights of discovery, 6; Spanish Inquisition, 29, 73; breach with England, 72; Spanish gold in London, 73; Spaniards in Florida, 81-82; the 'Spanish Fury' of 1576, 116; Drake clips the wings of Spain, 149-171; Drake and the Spanish Armada, 172-191; Lisbon expedition, 192 et seq.; the last fight of the Revenge, 197 et seq.

Sparke, John, his account of Sir John Hawkins's Voyage to Florida, 77 et seq.

Spitfire, The, ship, 132

Squirrel, The, ship, 210

Swallow, The, ship, 86

Swan, The, ship, 101, 106, 109, 121, 129

Teneriffe, 77-78

Ternate, Island of, 141, 142

Tetu, Capt., 112 et seq.

Throgmorton, Elizabeth, 220

Tiger, The, ship, 60, 85, 154

Torres Vedras, Lines of, 194

Vasco da Gama finds sea route to India (1498), 18

Venice, importance in trade, 2; Cabot becomes a citizen of, 2

Venta Cruz, 111

Vera Cruz, 89

Verrazano, 71

Virginia, 62, 151. 196, 205, 210, 219

Walsingham, Sir Francis, 118, 146

West Indies, 84, 157, 201, 208, 219, 225 et seq.

Westward Ho! Kingsley's, 105

Weymouth, George, 218

White, John, 212 et seq.

William and John, The, ship, 86

William of Orange, 152, 207.

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, tries to find Northwest Passage, 30; dies in Lapland, 30

Woolwich, 153, 238

Worthies of England, The, by Thomas Fuller, 101, 237

Zarate, Don Francisco de, 136

THE END