 |
Of wylde Beastes fleshe.
I haue gone rounde about Chrystendome, and ouerthwarte Chrystendome, and a thousande or two and moore myles out of Chrystendome, Yet there is not so moche pleasure for Harte and Hynde, Bucke and Doe, and for Roo-Bucke and Doe, as is in Englande lande: and although the flesshe be dispraysed in physicke, I praye God to sende me parte of flesshe to eate, physicke notwithstanding ... all physicions (phyon suchons, orig.) sayth that Venson ... doth ingendre colorycke humours; and of trueth it doth so: Wherefore let them take the skynne, and let me haue the flesshe. Iam sure it is a Lordes dysshe, and I am sure it is good for an Englysheman, for it doth anymate hym to be as he is: whiche is stronge and hardy. But I do aduertyse euery ma{n}, for all my wordes, not to kyll and so to eate of it, excepte it be lawfully, for it is a meate for great men. And great men do not set so moche by the meate, as they doth by the pastyme of kyllynge ofit.
l. 393. Chine, the Back-bone of any Beast or Fish. R. Holme.
l. 397. Stock Dove, Columba oenas, Yarrell ii. 293.
Doues haue this propertie by themselues, to bill one another and kisse before they tread. Holland's Plinie, v.1, p.300.
l. 401. Osprey or Fishing Hawk (the Mullet Hawk of Christchurch Bay), Pandion Halitus, Y. i.30.
l. 401, 482. Teal, Anas crecca, Y. iii.282.
l. 402. Mallard or Wild Duck, Anas boschas, Y. iii.265.
l. 421, 542. Betowre. Bittern, the Common, Botaurus stellaris, Y. ii. 571. In the spring, and during the breeding season, the Bittern makes a loud booming or bellowing noise, whence, probably, the generic term Botaurus was selected for it; but when roused at other times, the bird makes a sharp, harsh cry on rising, not unlike that of a Wild Goose. Yarrell, ii. 573. The Bittern was formerly in some estimation as an article of food for the table; the flesh is said to resemble that of the Leveret in colour and taste, with some of the flavour of wild fowl. Sir Thomas Browne says that young Bitterns were considered a better dish than young Herons ... ii. 574. 'Hearon, Byttour, Shouelar. Being yong and fat, be lightlier digested then the Crane, & y^e Bittour sooner then the Hearon.' Sir T. Eliot, Castell of Health, fol.31.
l.422. Heron. Holland (Plinie, p. 301) gives—1. ACriell or dwarfe Heron; 2. Bittern; 3. Carion Heron, for Pliny's—1. Leucon; 2. Asterias; 3. Pellon.
l. 437. Martins are given in the Bill of Fare of Archbp. Nevill's Feast, A.D. 1466, 3rd Course. R. Holme, p.78.
l. 449. Cannell Bone. 'Susclavier. Vpon the kannell bone; whence Veine susclaviere. The second maine ascendant branch of the hollow veine.' Cot.
l. 457. Compare Rabbet Ronners 1 doz., 2 s., temp. Hen. VIII., a^o 33. H.Ord. p.223.
l. 492. Custard, open Pies, or without lids, filled with Eggs and Milk; called also Egg-Pie. R. Holme.
See the Recipes for 'Crustade Ryal,' 'Crustade' (with Chikonys y-smete or smal birdys), and 'Crustade gentyle' (with ground pork or veal), fol. 43, Harl. MS. 279. The Recipe for Crustade Ryal is, "Take and pike out e marow of bonys as hool as ou may. en take e bonys an see hem in Watere or at e broe be fat y-now. en take Almaundys & wayssche hem clene & bray hem, & temp{er} hem vppe w{i}t{h} e fat broe; an wyl e mylke be broun. en take pouder Canelle, Gyngere, & Suger, & caste er-on. en take Roysonys of coraunce & lay in e cofynne, & taylid Datys & kyt a-long. en take Eyroun a fewe y-straynid, & swenge among e Milke e [gh]olke. en take the botmon of e cofynne er e Marow schal stonde, & steke {er} gret an long gobettys {er}on vppe ry[gh]t. & lat bake a whyle. en pore in comade er-on halful, & lat bake, & whan yt a-rysith, it is ynow, en serue forth."
Sir F. Madden in his note on Frees pasties, in his Privy Purse Expenses of the Princess Mary, p.131, col. 1, says, "The different species of Confectionary then in vogue are enumerated by Taylor the Water Poet, in his Tract intitled 'The Great Eater, or part of the admirable teeth and stomack's exploits of Nicholas Wood,' &c., published about 1610. 'Let any thing come in the shape of fodder or eating-stuffe, it is wellcome, whether it be Sawsedge, or Custard, or Eg-pye, or Cheese-cake, or Flawne, or Foole, or Froyze,[*] or Tanzy, or Pancake, or Fritter, or Flap iacke,[**] or Posset, or Galleymawfrey, Mackeroone, Kickshaw, or Tantablin!'"
[Footnote *: Froize, or pancake, Fritilla, Frittur, rigulet. Baret. Omlet of Eggs is Eggs beaten together with Minced suet, and so fried in a Pan, about the quantity of an Egg together, on one side, not to be turned, and served with a sauce of Vinegar and Sugar. An Omlet or Froise. R. Holme.]
[Footnote **: Flapjack is "a fried cake made of butter, apples, &c." Jennings. It is not a pancake here, evidently. "Untill at last by the skill of the cooke, it is transform'd into the forme of a flapjack, which in our translation is cald a pancake." Taylor's Jack-a-lent, i.p.115, in Nares.]
l. 500, 706, 730. Pety Perueis. Perueis should be Perneis, as the Sloane MS. 1985 shows. Alter text accordingly. Under the head of bake Metis or Vyaunde Furne[gh], in Harl. MS. 279, fol. 40 b, we have No. xiiij Pety Pernollys. Take fayre Floure Cofyns. en take [gh]olkys of Eyroun & trye hem fro e whyte. & lat e [gh]olkys be al hole & no[gh]t to-broke. & ley .iij. or .iiij. [gh]olkys in a cofyn. and an take marow of bonys, to or .iij. gobettys, & cowche in e cofynn. en take pouder Gyngere, Sugre, Roysonys of corau{n}ce, & caste a-boue, & an kyuere in cofyn w{i}t{h} e same past. & bake hem & frye hem in fayre grece & s{erve} f{orth}.
xx Pety Peruaaunt. Take fayre Flowre, Sugre, Safroun, an Salt. & make {er}offe fayre past & fayre cofyng{is}. an take fayre y-tryid [gh]olkys Raw & Sugre an pouder Gyngere, & Raysonys of Coraunce, & myncyd Datys, but not to small. an caste al is on a fayre bolle, & melle al to-gederys, & put in in cofyn, & lat bake oer Frye in Freyssche grece. Harl. MS. 279.
l.501, 701. Powche. I suppose this to be poached-egg fritters; but it may be the other powche; 'Take the Powche and the Lyno{ur} [? liver] of haddok, codlyng, and hake.' Forme of Cury, p.47. Recipe94.
l. 501. Fritters are small Pancakes, having slices of Apples in the Batter. R. Holme. Frutters, Fruter Napkin, and Fruter Crispin, were dishes at Archbp. Nevill's Feast, 7 Edw. IV. 1467-8 A.D.
l. 503. Tansy Cake is made of grated Bread, Eggs, Cream, Nutmeg, Ginger, mixt together and Fried in a Pan with Butter, with green Wheat and Tansy stamped. R. Holme. 'To prevent being Bug-bitten. Put a sprig or two of tansey at the bed head, or as near the pillow as the smell may be agreeable.' T. Cosnett's Footman's Directory, p.292.
l.504, 511, &c. Leach, akind of Jelly made of Cream, Ising-glass, Sugar, and Almonds, with other compounds (the later meaning, 1787). R. Holme.
l. 517-18. Potages. All maner of liquyde thynges, as Potage, sewe and all other brothes doth replete a man that eteth them with ventosyte. Potage is not so moche vsed in all Chrystendome as it is vsed in Englande. Potage is made of the licour in the whiche flesshe is sod in, with puttynge to, chopped herbes, and Otmell and salte. A. Borde, Reg. fol. H.ii.
l.517, 731. Jelly, a kind of oily or fat liquor drawn from Calves or Neats feet boiled. R. Holme.
l. 519. Grewel is a kind of Broth made only of Water, Grotes brused and Currans; some add Mace, sweet Herbs, Butter and Eggs and Sugar: some call it Pottage Gruel. R. Holme.
l. 521. Cabages. 'Tis scarce a hundred years since we first had cabbages out of Holland; Sir Anthony Ashley, of Wiburg St Giles, in Dorsetshire, being, as I am told, the first who planted them in England. Jn. Evelyn, Acetaria, 11. They were introduced into Scotland by the soldiers of Cromwell's army. 1854. Notes and Queries, May 6, p.424, col.1.
l. 533. Powdered is contrasted with fresh in Household Ordinances: 'In beef daily or moton, fresh, or elles all poudred is more availe, 5d.' H. Ord. p.46. In Muffett (p.173) it means pickled, 'As Porpesses must be baked while they are new, so Tunny is never good till it have been long pouldred with salt, vinegar, coriander, and hot spices.' In p.154 it may be either salt or pickled; 'Horne-beaks are ever lean (as some think) because they are ever fighting; yet are they good and tender, whether they be eaten fresh or poudred.' Powdered, says Nicolas, meant sprinkled over, and "powdered beef" i.e. beef sprinkled with salt, is still in use. Privy Purse expenses of Elizabeth of Yorke, &c., p.254, col. 1. See note to l.378, 689, here.
l. 535-688. Chaudoun. MS. Harl. 1735, fol. 18, gives this Recipe. ' Chaudo{n} sauz of swannes. Tak y^e issu of y^e swannes, & wasch{e} hem wel, skoure y^e guttys w{i}t{h} salt, sethz al to-gidre. Tak of y^e fleysch{e}; hewe it smal, & y^e guttys w{i}t{h} alle. Tak bred, gynger{e} & galingale, Canel, grynd it & tempre it vp w{i}t{h} bred; colo{u}r it w{i}t{h} blood or{e} w{i}t{h} bre{n}t bred, seson it vp w{i}t{h} a lytyl vinegre; welle it al to-gyder{e}.' And see the Chaudou{n} potage of Pygys, fol. 19, or p.37.
l. 540. Crane, the Common, Crus cinerea, Y. ii. 530.
l. 540. Egret, or Great White Heron, Ardea alba Y. ii. 549. (Buff-coloured, Buff-backed, and Little Egret, are the varieties.)
l. 540. Hernshaw or Common Heron, Ardea cinerea. Y. ii. 537 (nine other varieties).
l. 541. Plover, the Great (Norfolk Plover and Stone Curlew), dicnemus crepitans, Y. ii. 465 (10 other varieties).
l. 541. Curlew the Common, Numenius arquata, Y. ii. 610 (there are other varieties).
l. 542. Bustard, the Great, Otis tarda, Y. ii. 428; the Little (rare here) ii. 452.
l.542. Shoveler (blue-winged, or Broad-Bill), Anas clypeata, Y. iii. 247. Snipe, the Common, Scolopax gallinago, Y. iii. 38 (11 other sorts).
l. 543. Woodcock, Scolopax rusticola, Y. iii.1.
l. 543. Lapwing or Peewit, Vanellus cristatus, ii. 515.
l. 543. The Martin, or House Martin, Hirundo urbica, Y. ii. 255; the Sand or Bank Martin, Hirundo riparia, ii. 261.
l. 544. Quail, the Common, Coturnix vulgaris, Y. ii. 413.
l. 546. On Fish wholesome or not, see Bullein, fol. lxxxiij., and on Meats, fol.82.
l. 548. Torrentille: Mr Skeat suggests '? Torrent-eel.' Though the spelling of Randle Holme's A Sandile or a Sandeele (Bk. II., p.333), and Aldrovandi's (p.252 h.) "De Sandilz Anglorum" may help this, yet, as Dr Gnther says, eels have nothing to do with torrents. Torrentille may be the Italian Tarentella: see note on Torrentyne, l.835 below.
l. 555. Ling. There shall be stryken of every Saltfische called a Lyng Fische vj Stroks after iij Strooks in a Side. Percy Household Book, p.135.
l. 558. Stockfish. Vocatur autem 'Stockfisch' trunco, cui hic piscis aridus tundendus imponitur. ariditate enim ita riget, ut nisi prmaceratus aqua, aut prtunsus, coqui non possit. Gesner, p.219. 'Ie te frotteray double carillon. I will beat thee like a stockfish, Iwill swinge thee while I may stand ouer thee.' Cotgrave. 'The tenne chapitule' of 'The Libelle of Englysch Polycye' is headed 'Of the coundius stokfysshe of Yselonde,' &c., &c., and begins
Of Yseland to wryte is lytille nede, Save of stockfische.
A. Borde, in his Introduction to Knowledge, under Islond, says,
And I was borne in Islond, as brute as a beest; Whan I ete candels ends I am at a feest; Talow and raw stockefysh I do loue to ete, In my countrey it is right good meate.
... In stede of bread they do eate stocfyshe, and they wyll eate rawe fyshe & fleshe; they be beastly creatures, vnmannered and vntaughte. The people be good fyshers; muche of theyr fishe they do barter with English men for mele, lases, a{n}d shoes & other pelfery. (See also under Denmarke.)
l. 559. Mackerel. See Muffett's comment on them, and the English and French ways of cooking them, p.157.
l. 569. Onions. Walnuts be hurtfull to the Memory, and so are Onyons, because they annoy the Eyes with dazeling dimnesse through a hoate vapour. T. Newton, Touchstone, ed. 1581, fol. 125b.
l.572. A Rochet or Rotbart is a red kind of Gurnard, and is so called in the South parts of England; and in the East parts it is called a Curre, and a Golden polle. R. Holme.
l.575. A Dace or a Blawling, or a Gresling, or a Zienfische, or Weyfisch; by all which the Germans call it, which in Latin is named Leucorinus. And the French Vengeron, which is English'd to me a Dace, or Dace-fish. R. Holme.
l.577. Refett. "I thought it clear that refett was roe, and I do not yet give it up. But see P.P., Refeccyon, where the editor gives 'refet of fisshe K., refet or fishe H., reuet P.,' from other manuscripts, and cites in a note Roquefort from Fr. reffait (refait) as meaning a fish, the rouget, &c., &c.The authority of Roquefort is not much, and he gives no citation. If, however, in K.H. and P. these forms are used instead of the spelling refeccyon, and defined refectio, refectura, it rather embarrasses the matter. Halliwell cites no authority for rivet, roe." G.P. Marsh. See note to l.839 here, p.108.
l. 580. Gobbin, or Gobbet, or Gubbins: Meat cut in large peeces, as large as an Egg. R. Holme.
l.584. A Thornbacke, soe called from the Sharp Crooked Pricks set on Studs, all down the middle of the Back. R. Holme.
l. 584. Hound Fysch. A Sow-Hound-Fish ... So it is called from its resemblance of a Dog, and its fatness like to a Swine: though most term it a Dog-Fish. It hath a small Head, great Eyes; wide Mouth, rough, sharp and thick skinned. R. Holme.
l.584, l. 830. Thorlepolle. Aldrovandi, describing the Balna vera Rondel[etii] says: Hec belua Anglis, (vt dixi) Hore vocatur, & alio nomine Horlepoole & VVirlepoole etiam, ni fallor, earu{m} nimiru{m} omnium significatione, qud impetuo suo & flatu vorticosas in mari tanquam palude procellas excitet. Oleum ex ea colligi aiunt. p.677. See Holland's Plinie on the Whales and Whirlepooles called Baln, which take up in length as much as foure acres or arpens of land, v.1, p.235, &c.
Thornback, Raja. Thornback, which Charles Chester merily and not unfitly calleth Neptune's beard, was extolled by Antiphanes in Athenus history for a dainty fish; indeed it is of a pleasant taste, but of a stronger smell than Skate, over-moist to nourish much, but not so much as to hinder lust, which it mightily encreaseth. Muffett, p.172.
l. 596. Verjuice is the juice of Crabs or sour Apples. R. Holme.
l. 622. Jole of Sturgion or Salmon is the two quarters of them, the head parts being at them. R. Holme.
l. 630. Lamprey pie. In the Hengrave Household Accounts is this entry "for presenting a lamprey pye vj d." "It{e}m. the xiiij day of January [1503] to a servant of the Pryour of Lanthony in reward for brynging of two bakyn laumpreys to the Quene v s. Nicolas's Elizabeth of York, p.89, and Glossary."
Under 'How several sorts of Fish are named, according to their Age or Growth,' p.324-5, R. Holme gives
An Eel, first a Fauser, then a Grigg, or Snigg, then a Scaffling, then a little Eel; when it is large, then an Eel, and when very large, aConger.
A Pike, first a Hurling pick, then a Pickerel, then a Pike, then a Luce or Lucie.
A Smelt or Sparling, first a Sprat, then a small Sparling, then a Sparling.
A Codd, first a Whiting, then a Codling, then a Codd.
A Lamprey, first a Lampron Grigg, then a Lampret, then a Lamprell, then a Lamprey.
A Lampron, first a Barle, than a Barling, then a Lamprell, and then a Lamprey or Lampron.
A Crevice, first a Spron Frey, then a Shrimp, then a Sprawn, and when it is large, then called a Crevice.
The curious Burlesques, pp. 81-2, 85-6, vol. 1 of Reliqui Antiqu, contain a great many names of fish.
l. 631. Pasty is paste rouled broad, and the Meat being laid in Order on it, it is turned over, and made up on three sides, with garnishes about. R. Holme.
l. 634, note. [Footnote 178 in this e-text] Galingale. Harman (ed. Strother, 1727) notices three varieties, Cyperus rotundus, round Galingal; Galanga major, Galingal; Galanga minor, lesser Galingal.
Gallinga, Lat. Galanga, says Bp Percy, is the root of a grassy-leaved plant brought from the East Indies, of an aromatic smell and hot biting bitterish Taste, anciently used among other Spices, but now almost laid aside. Lewis, Mat. Med. p.286. See Mr Way's note 4 in Pr. Parv. p.185.
'Galendyne is a sauce for any kind of roast Fowl, made of Grated Bread, beaten Cinnamon and Ginger, Sugar, Claret-wine, and Vinegar, made as thick as Grewell.' Randle Holme, Bk. III., chap. III., p.82, col. 2. See also Recipes in Markham's Houswife, the second p.70, and the first p.77.
l.657. A sewer, appositor ciborum. Appono, to sette vpon the table. Withals.
l. 686. See Randle Holme's 'relation of the Feast made by George Nevill, Arch-Bishop of York, at the time of his Consecration, or Installation, 7. Edw. IV. 1467-8,' and his other Bills of Fare, p.77-81, Book III. Chap. III.
l. 686. Mustard is a kind of sharp biting sauce, made of a small seed bruised and mixed with Vinegar. R. Holme.
l. 686. Dynere. Compare the King's dinner in The Squyr of Lowe Degree.
The Squyer
He toke a white yeard in his hande, Before the kynge than gane he stande, And sone he sat hym on his knee, And serued the kynge ryght royally With deynty meates that were dere, With Partryche, Pecocke, and Plouere, With byrdes in bread ybake, The Tele, the Ducke, and the Drake, The Cocke, the Corlewe, and the Crane, With Fesauntes fayre, theyr ware no wane, Both Storkes and Snytes ther were also, And venyson freshe of Bucke and Do, And other deynts many one, For to set afore the kynge anone. l.312-27, E. Popular Poetry, v. 2, p.36.
Several of the names of the dishes in Russell are used burlesquely in the Feest of the Turnament of Tottenham, E. Pop. P., v.3, pp. 94-6, "saduls sewys, mashefatts in mortrewys, mylstones in mawmary, iordans in iussall, chese-crustis in charlett," &c.
l. 688, Swan. "Cap. xxviij. The Swan{n}e is veri a fayr birde, w{i}t{h} whyte feders / & it hath a blacke skinne & flesshe / the mariner seeth hy{m} gladly / for whan he is mery, the mariner is without sorowe or dau{n}ger; & all his strengthe is in his wy{n}ges / and he is coleryke of complexio{n} / & whan they will engender, than they stryke wyth theyr nebbys toged{er}, and cast theyr neckes ouer eche other as yf thei wolden brace eche other; so come they togeder, but the male doth hurt {the} female; & as sone as he beknoweth that he hathe hurte her, tha{n} he departeth frome her co{m}pani in all the haste possible / and she pursueth after for to reuenge it / but {the} anger is sone past, & she wassheth her with her bylle in the water / and clenseth herselfe agayne." —L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe. Pt. II. sign. m.1.
l. 688, Feysaund. "Cap. xlvi. Fascian{us} is a wyld cocke or a fesa{n}t cocke that byde in the forestes, & it is a fayre byrde with goodly feders. but he hath no co{m}mbe as other cockes haue / and they be alway alone except whane they wylle be by the henne. and they that will take this bird / and in many places the byrders doth thus, they pay{n}te the figure of this fayre byrde in a cloth, & holdeth it before hym / & whan this birde seeth so fayr a figure of hym selfe / he goeth nother forward nor bacwarde / but he standeth still, staringe vpon his figure / & sodenly commeth another, and casteth a nette ouer his hede, and taketh hym. Thys byrde morneth sore in fowle weder, & hideth hym from the rayne vnder {the} busshes. Towarde {the} morninge and towardes night, than com{m}eth he out of the busshe, and is ofte{n}times so taken, & he putteth his hede in the grou{n}d, & he weneth that all his boddy is hyden / and his flessh is very light and good to disiest." —L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe. Pt. II. (m.4.)
l. 689. Vensoun bake, or Venison Pasty. Of the Hart and Hinde, Topsel says, "The flesh is tender, especially if the beast were libbed before his horns grew: yet is not the juice of that flesh very wholesome, and therefore Galen adviseth men to abstain as much from Harts flesh as from Asses, for it engendereth melancholy; yet it is better in Summer then in Winter. Simeon Sethi, speaking of the hot Countries, forbiddeth to eat them in Summer, because then they eat Serpents, and so are venemous; which falleth not out in colder Nations, and therefore assigneth them rather to be eaten in Winter time, because the concoctive powers are more stronger through plenty of inward heat; but withal admonisheth, that no man use to eat much of them, for it will breed Palsies and trembling in mans body, begetting grosse humors, which stop the Milt and Liver: and Auicen proveth, that by eating thereof men incur the quartane Ague; wherefore it is good to powder them with salt before the dressing, and then seasoned with Peper and other things, known to every ordinary Cook and woman, they make of them Pasties in most Nations," p.103, ed. 1658.
l.694. Blanchmanger, a made dish of Cream, Eggs, and Sugar, put into an open puff paste bottom, with a loose cover. Blamanger, is a Capon roast or boile, minced small, planched (sic) Almonds beaten to paste, Cream, Eggs, Grated Bread, Sugar and Spices boiled to a pap. R. Holme.
l. 694. Po = tage is strong Broth of Meat, with Herbs and Spices Boiled. Pottage is the Broth of Flesh or Fowl, with Herbs and Oatmeal boiled therein. R. Holme.
l.694, Vensoun; and l. 696, Heironsew.
But many men byn nowe so lekerous That they can not leve by store of howse, As brawne, bakyn, or powderd beef; Such lyvelod now ys no man leef, But venyson, wyldfowle or heronsewes, So newfanggell be these men of her thewes; Moche medlyd wyne all day men drynke; j haue wyste wyldfowle sum tyme stynke.
Piers of Fullham, ll. 171-8, p. 8, v.2, of Early Popular Poetry, ed. Hazlitt, 1866.
l. 695, Bustard. "Cap. xv. The Bistarda is a birde as great as an egle, of {th}e maner of an egle, and of suche colour, saue in {th}e winges & in the tayle it hath some white feders; he hath a crooked byll, & longe talants. and it is slowe of flight / & wha{n} he is on the grownde, than must he ryse .iij. or iiij. tymes or he can come to any fulle flight. he taketh his mete on the erth; for .v.or .vi. of them togeder be so bold that they festen on a shepe & tere hy{m} a-sonder / & so ete the flesshe of him / & this birde dothe ete also of dede bestes & stinkyn caryon, and it eteth also grasse & grene erbes / & it layth his eggis vpon the grou{n}de, & bredeth the{m} out the while that {th}e corne groweth on the felde." —L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, Lij back.
l. 695, Crane. "Cap. lix. The Crane is a great byrde / and whan they flye, they be a greate many of them to-gyder in ordre, and a-monge the{m} they chose a kynge the whiche they obey / whan the crane sleepth, than standeth he vpon one fote w{i}t{h} his hede vnder his winges / & ther is one {tha}t kepeth the wache w{i}t{h} his hede vpryght to-wardes {th}e ayre / & wha{n} they ete, tha{n} the kynge kepeth the wache fore them, and than the cranes ete w{i}t{h}out sorowe. Aristotiles sayth {tha}t aboue Egipt in farre lo{n}des come the cranes in the wi{n}ter / and there the fight w{i}t{h} the pygmeis as before is shewed in {th}e .c. & .xvi. chapter.[*]
[Footnote *: Pigmeis be men & women, & but one cubite longe, dwellinge in {th}e mountaynes of ynde they be full growen at their third yere, & at their seue{n} yere they be olde & they gader them in may a grete co{m}pany togeder, & arme them in theyr best maner and tha{n} go they to the water syde, & where-so-euer they fynde any cranes nestis they breake all the egges, & kyll all the yonges {tha}t they fynde and this they do because {th}e cranes do them many displeasures, & fight with them oftentymes, & do the{m} great scathe but these folke couer their houses w{i}t{h} the cranes feders & egshels. fol. h. ij. back.]
The Operacion.
Rasi. The flesshe of him is grosse, & not good to disiest / & it maketh mela{n}colious blode. The crane that is kille in somer shalbe hanged vp one daye / and in winter season .ij. dayes or it be eten, and than it is the more disiestious." —L.Andrewe, Noble Lyfe. Pt. II. (n. iij.)
l.695, peacock. "Paon revestu. A Peacocke flayed, parboyled, larded, and stucke thicke with Cloues; then roasted, with his feet wrapped vp to keepe them from scorching; then couered againe with his owne skinne as soone as he is cold, and so vnderpropped that, as aliue, hee seemes to stand on his legs: In this equipage a gallant, and daintie seruice." —1611, Cotgrave.
l. 695, Peacock. "Pauo / the pecocke is a very fayre byrde / and it hath a longe necke, and hath on his hede feders lyke a lytell crowne / he hathe a longe tayle the whyche he setteth on hye very rycheli, but whan he loketh on hys lothly fete, he lateth his tayle sinke. Be nyght, whan the Pecocke can nat see hymselfe, tha{n} he cryeth ernefully, and thynketh that he hath lost hys beautye / and with his crye he feareth all serpentes / in suche maners {tha}t they dare nat abyde in those places whereas they here hym crye / and whan the pecocke cly{m}meth hye, that is a token of rayne ... also the pecocke is envious & wylle nat knowe his yonges tyll that they haue {th}e crowne of feders vpon theyr hede, and that they begynne to lyken hym.... The flesshe of hy{m} will nat lightely rote nor stynke / and it is euyll flesshe to disiest, for it can nat lightely be rosted or soden ynough." —L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe (o. iv.), Cap. xci.
l. 696, Heironsew. Ardea is a byrde that fetcheth his mete in y^e water, & yet he byldeth vpo{n} the hyest trees that he can. This birde defendeth his yonges from y^e goshawke, castinge his dou{n}ge vpon him / & tha{n} the fedders of the goshawke rote of y^e dounge of ardea as far as it touchet[h]. Nob. Lyfe, L.ij.
l. 696, Partrich. "Cap. xcvi. Perdix is a byrde very wylye, & the cockes feght oftentymes for the he{n}nes. and these byrdes flye of no heght / and they put theyr hedes in the erthe, & they thinke {tha}t they tha{n} be well hyde{n}, for wha{n} she seeth nobody she thinketh {tha}t nobody seeth here. & she bredeth out other p{ar}triches egges / for wha{n} she hath lost her eges, tha{n} she steleth other egges & bredeth the{m} / & wha{n} they be hatched {tha}t they can go on the grou{n}de / than this da{m}me setteth the{m} out of {th}e nest / but whan they be a-brode, & here the wyse of theyr owne da{m}mes, inco{n}tinent they leue theyr da{m}me {tha}t brought the{m} up, & go to their owne natural da{m}me / & tha{n} she {tha}t brought the{m} vp hath lost her labour. The Operacion. The flesshe of a p{ar}triche is most holsomest of all wylde fowles, {the}brest & vppermoste parte of {th}e bodie is the swetest, & hathe the best sauoure / but {th}e hinder parte is nat so swete." L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, sign. p.i. & back.
l. 698, Lark. Alauda: the larke is a lytel birde, & w{i}t{h} euery man well beknowen through his songe / in {th}e somer {the}i begy{n}neth to singe in the dawning of {th}e day, geuynge knowlege to the people of {th}e cominge of the daye; and in fayre weder he reioyseth sore / but wha{n} it is rayne weder, than it singeth selden / he singeth nat sittinge on the grownde nouther / but whan he assendith vpwarde, he syngeth mereli / & in the descending it falleth to the grownde lyke a stone. The Operacion. The larkes flesshe hardeneth the beli, and the brothe of hym that he was soden in, slaketh the beli. L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, sign. L.iv. back, and L.i.
l.706, Snyte or Snipe. "Cap. lxxxiiij. Nepa is a byrde w{i}t{h} a longe byll / & he putteth his byll in {th}e erthe for to seke the worms in the grou{n}de / and they put their bylles in {th}e erthe sometyme so depe {tha}t they can nat gete it vp agayne / & tha{n} they scratche theyr billes out agayn w{i}t{h} theyr fete. This birde resteth betimes at nyght / and they be erly abrode on the morninge / & they haue swete flesshe to be eaten." L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe.
l. 706, Sparow. "Passer / The Sparowe is a lytell byrde / and wha{n} {th}e cucko fyndeth the sparowes nest / tha{n} he suppeth vp {th}e egges, & layeth newe egges hym self therin agayne / & the sparowe bredeth vp these yo{n}ge cuckoes tyl they can flee; tha{n} a great many of olde sparowes geder to-geder to thente{n}t {tha}t thei sholde holde vp the yo{n}ge sparowes that can nat flee / & theyr mete is wormes of {th}e erthe.... All sparowes flesshe is euyl / and their egges also. The flessh is very hote, and moueth to the operacion of lechery." L.Andrewe, Noble Lyfe (o. iv.), Cap. xci.
l. 713. Comfits are round, long or square pellets of Sugar made by the Art of a Confectioner. R. Holme.
l. 737, Eles. Trevisa in his Higden says of Britain 'e lond ys noble, copious, & ryche of noble welles, & of noble ryvers wi plente of fysch. ar ys gret plente of smal fysch & of eeles, so at cherles in som place feede sowes wi fysch.' Morris's Specimens, p.334.
Comyth ther not al day owt of hollond and flaundre Off fatte eles full many a showte, And good chepe, who that wayteth the tyddys abowte?
Piers of Fullham, ll. 71-3, Early Pop. Poetry, v.2, p.4 (and see ll. 7-10).
l. 747, 812. Minoes, so called either for their littleness, or (as Dr. Cajus imagined) because their fins be of so lively a red, as if they were died with the true Cinnabre-lake called Minium: They are less than Loches, feeding upon nothing, but licking one another ... they are a most delicate and light meat ... either fried or sodden. Muffett, p.183.
l. 758. Towse. Can this be a form of dough? G.P. Marsh.
l. 782. Sotiltees were made of sugar and wax. Lel. Coll. VI. p.31. Pegge.
l. 788-795, Sanguineus, Colericus, Fleumaticus, Malencolicus. Men were divided into these four classes, according to their humours. Laurens Andrewe says, in his Noble Lyfe, "And the bodij of man is made of many diuers sortes of ly{m}mes / as senewes / vaynes / fatte / flesshe & skynne. And also of the foure moistours / as sanguyne / flematyke / coleryke & melancoly." (fol. aiv. back) col. 2. In his Chapter "Howe that man co{m}meth into the house of dethe," he has drawings of these four types of man, on either side of King Death & the skeleton under him. Men die, he says in thre ways. 1. by one of the four elements of which they are made, overcoming the others; 2. by humidum radicale or 'naturall moystour' forsaking them; 3. by wounds; "& these thre maners of dethes be co{n}tained in the four co{m}plexcions of man / as in the sa{n}guyne / colerike / flematike / & mela{n}coly. The sanguyne wareth ofte{n}tymes so olde through gode gouernau{n}ce / that he must occopy spectacles, & liue longe or hu{m}midu{m} radicale departe frome him / but than he dyeth. The colerike co{m}meth oftentymes to[*] dethe be accide{n}tall maner through his hastines, for he is of nature hote & drye. The flematike co{m}meth often to dethe thorough great excesse of mete & drinke, or other great labours doinge / for his nature is colde and moyste, & can not well disiest. And mela{n}coly is heuy / full of care & heuynes / whereof he engendereth moche euyll blode that causeth great sekenes, which bringeth him vnto dethe. Thus go we al vnto the howse of dethe / the one thrugh ensuynge of his co{m}plexion / the other through the ordenances of almyghty god. The thirde through the planetis & signes of the firmame{n}t." fol. avi.
[Footnote *: orig. do.]
l. 799, Beef. Laurens Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, sign. C.i., Pt.i. says, "Of the oxce, ca. xiiij. The oxce is a co{m}panable beste, & amonge his co{m}pani he is very meke / & alwaye he seketh his felowe that was wont to go in the plowghe wyth hym / and whan he fyndeth nat his felow, than cryeth he wyth a lowde voyce, makyng gret mone / as it were one {tha}t wolde make a mourninge co{m}playnt. Abull lyueth .xv. yere, and a oxce .xx. yere. Isaac sayth that an oxce flessh is the dryest flesshe amonge all other / & his blode is nat holsome to be eten, for it wyll nat lightly disieste. & therfore it fedeth sore, & it maketh euyll hu{m}oures, & bredeth mela{n}coly / & they melancolicus that eat moche suche metes be like to suffer many diseases, as to gete an harde mylte / the febris quartayn / the dropcy / mangnies, lepry, &c."
l. 799, Mutton. Wether mutton was rightly held the best. See "The operacion" below. " Of the Ramme or weddr. Ca. iij. Ysydorus sayth that the ra{m}me or wedder is the lodysman of other shepe / and he is the male or man of the oye, and is stronger than the other shepe / & he is also called a wedder because of a worme that he hath in his hede / & whan that begi{n}neth for to stirre, than wyll he tucke and feght / and he fereth naturally the thonder, as other shepe dothe. For whan a shepe is with frute, hering the thonder, she casteth her frute, and bryngeth it dede to the worlde. and the wedder in the tyme that he bespryngeth the oye, than is it in the tyme of loue amonge the shepe / and the Ra{m}me or wedder wyl feght boldly for theyr wyues one with another....
The Operacion.
The flesshe of a yo{n}ge wether that is gelded is moch better than any other motton / for it is nat so moyste as other motton, and it is hoter, and whan it disgesteth well it maketh gode blode / but the flessh of an oled ra{m}me wyll nat lightely disgest, & that is very euyll." L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, Pt. I. sign. b. i. back.
l. 800, Chykon. On the cocke & hen L. Andrewe discourses as follows: "the Cocke is a noble byrde with a combe on his hed & vnder his iawes / he croweth in {th}e night heuely & light in {th}e morni{n}ge / & is fare herd w{i}t{h} the wi{n}de. The lyon is afrayd of the cocke / & specially of the whyte / the crowyng of the cocke is swete & profitable; he wakeneth {th}e sleper / he conforteth the sorowful / & reioyseth the wakers in tokenynge {tha}t the night is passed.... The flesshe of the coscke is groser tha{n} the flesshe of the he{n}ne or capon. Nota / the olde cockes flesshe is tenderer than the yonge. The capons flesshe is mightiest of all fowles & maketh gode blode. Auicea{n}na. The cokerels flesshe {tha}t neuer crewe is bett{er} than {th}e olde cockes flesshe: the stones be gode for the{m} that haue to light a disiestyon / the brothe of hym is gode for the payn in {th}e mawe {tha}t co{m}meth of wynde." Noble Lyfe, n.i. back. Of the hen, L.Andrewe says: "the he{n}ne is {th}e wyfe of the cocke / & ye shall lay odde egges vnder her for to hatche / ... The flesshe of the yonge he{n}ne or she haue layde / is better than of the olde he{n}ne / also the grese of the cheken is moche hoter than of the he{n}ne." Noble Lyfe, n.i. back.
l. 802, Goose. "The tame gese ... be heuy in fleinge, gredi at their mete, & diligent to theyr rest / & they crye the houres of y^e night, & therwith they fere y^e theues. In the hillis of alpis be gese as great, nere ha{n}de, as an ostriche: they be so heuy of body that they cannat flee, & so me take them with the hande.... The gose flessh is very grose of nature in disiestion." Noble Lyfe, L.i. back. Part ii. cap.10.
l. 803, Capon. "Gallinacius / the capon is a gelded cocke / & because {tha}t he is gelded he waxeth the soner fatte / & though he go with the hennes, he dothe nat defende them / nor he croweth nat." L. Andrewe, Noble Lyfe, fol. n.ij.
l. 804, Eggis. "the new lyde egges be better than the olde / the henne egges be better tha{n} ani other egges, whan thei be fresshe, & specialli whan thei be rere, tha{n} they make gode blode / but the egges that be harde rosted be of {th}e grose metis.
The Operacion.
All maners of egges waken a man to the worke of lecherie, & specialli sparowes egges. Auice{n}na: The ducke egges & suche like make grose humoures. The best of the egges is the yolke, & that causeth sperma / the white of the egge enclineth to be cole. whan an he{n}ne shall brede, take hede of those egges that be blont on bothe endes, & thei shal be he{n}ne chekens / & those that be longe & sharpe on bothe endes shall be cocke chekens." L. Andrewe. Noble Lyfe (oiij. back).
l.808, Lamb. Laurens Andrewe, Pt. i. says. Of the La{m}me. Cap. p{ri}mo. In the begi{n}nynge we haue the La{m}me, because he is the moste mekest beste leuinge, for it offe{n}deth nobody / and all that he hathe on him is gode / y^e flesshe for to eate, the skynne to make parcheme{n}t or ledder / the donge for to do{n}ge the felde / the clawes & hornes be medicinable / he dredeth the wolfe sore / & he knoweth his da{m}me best be her bleting, though she be amonge many shepe.
The Operacion.
The Lam{m}e that soucketh his dam{m}e hath his flesshe very slymie, & nat lowable / and it will nat be disgested, principally of them that haue cold stomakes. la{m}mes of a yere olde be better & lighter to disgest / & they make gode blode / and specyally they be gode for theym that be hote & drye of complexcyon & dwell in a hote & drye lande / la{m}mes flesshe is very gode for one that is hole & lusti, but for theim {tha}t be seke it is very euyll: though it lightely disgest and descende out of the man / yet it is euyll for other partes of the body, for it maketh slimy humours. sign. b.i.
l. 808, Cony. "The coney is a lytel beste dwellynge in an hole of the erthe / & thore as he vseth he encreaseth very moche, and therfore he is profitable for man, for he casteth oftentymes in the yere ... Ysaac sayth. That conys flesshe hath properli {th}e vertue to strengen {th}e mawe and to dissolue the bely / and it casseth moche vryne." The Noble Lyfe, sign. e.i.
l.811. Mead or Meath, a drink made of Ginger, Sugar, Honey and Spring water boiled together. R. Holme.
Metheglin, a drink made of all sorts of wholesome Herbs boiled and strained with Honey and Water, and set to work with Bearm, as Ale or Beer. R. Holme. Dan. miod.
l. 811. Braggot. This drinke is of a most hot nature, as being compos'd of Spices, and if it once scale the sconce, and enter within the circumclusion of the Perricranion, it doth much accelerate nature, by whose forcible atraction and operation, the drinker (by way of distribution) is easily enabled to afford blowcs to his brother. In Taylor. Drink & Welcome, 1637, A 3, back.
l. 812. Mussels (Mityli, Cham) were never in credit, but amongst the poorer sort, till lately the lilly-white Mussel was found out about Romers-wall, as we sail betwixt Flushing and Bergen-up-Zon, where indeed in the heat of Sommer they are commonly and much eaten without any offence to the head, liver, or stomach: yea my self (whom once twenty Mussels had almost poisoned at Cambridg, and who have seen sharp, filthy, and cruel diseases follow the eating of English Mussels) did fill my self with those Mussels of the Low Country, being never a whit distempered with my bold adventure. Muffett, p.159.
l. 824, Samon.
Also sumtyme where samons vsen for to haunte, Lampreys, luces, or pykkes plesaunte, wenyth the fyscher suche fysche to fynde. Piers of Fullham, ll. 11-13.
l. 835, 4 [Footnote 235 in this e-text] Torrentyne. The passage before that quoted from Aldrovandi, de Piscibus, p.585, in the note, is, "Trutta, siue ut Platina scribit Truta, siue Trotta Italicu{m} nome{n} est, Gallis, quibus Troutte vel potius Truette, vel ab Anglis quib{us} Trute, vel Trovvt appella{n}t, acceptum. Rhti qui Italica lingua corrupta vtuntur, Criues vocant, teste Gesnero." The special fish from the Tarentine gulf is the "Tarentella, Piscis genus. Tract. MS. de Pisc. cap. 26 ex Cod. reg. 6838. C.: Magnus thunnus, is scilicet qui a nostris Ton vocatur ... dicitur Italis Tarentella, a Tarentino, unde advehitur, sinu." Ducange, ed. 1846.
l. 845. Hake. Merlucius (or Gadus) vulgaris Y. ii. 258, 'the Seapike ... It is a coarse fish, not admitted to the tables of the wealthy; but large quantities are anuually preserved both by salting and drying, part of which is exported to Spain.' 'Fish, samon, hake, herynge' are some of the commoditees of Irelonde mentioned in the Libelle (A.D. 1436), p.186.
l.839, reffett. In the following extract refete has the Promptorium meaning:
eteth of the [full grown] fysche, and be not so lykerous, Let the yong leve that woll be so plenteous; ffor though the bottomles belyes be not ffyllyd with such refete, Yet the saver of sauze may make yt good mete. Piers of Fullham, ll. 80-3, E. Pop. P., v.2, p5.
l. 842. breme.
... y schall none pondes with pykes store, Breme, perche, ne with tenche none the more.—Ibid. ll. 51-2.
l. 843, flowndurs.
But now men on deyntees so hem delyte, To fede hem vpon the fysches lyte, As flowndres, perches, and such pykyng ware; Thes can no man gladly now-a-day spare To suffyr them wex vnto resonable age.—Ibid. ll. 74-8.
l. 867. Hose. For eight pair of hosen of cloth of divers colours, at xiij s. iiij d. the pair; and for four pair "of sokks of fustian" at iij d. the pair (p.118) ... for making and lyning of vj pair of hosen of puke lyned with cloth of the goodes of the saide Richard, for lynyng of every pair iij s. iiij d. xx s. Wardrobe Accounts of Edw. IV. (ed. Nicolas) p.120.
l. 879. Combing the head was specially enjoined by the doctors. See A.Borde, Vaughan, &c., below.
l. 915. Fustian. March, 1503, 'for v yerdes fustyan for a cote at vij d. the yerd ij s. xj d.' Nicolas's Elizabeth of York, p.105. See A.Borde, below. 'Coleyne threde, fustiane, and canvase' are among the 'commodites ... fro Pruse ibroughte into Flaundres,' according to the Libelle, p.171,
But tha Flemmyngis amonge these thinges dere In comen lowen beste bacon and bere: Thus arn thy hogges, and drynkye wele staunt; Fare wele Flemynge, hay, horys, hay, avaunt. (See n. p.131, below.)
A. Borde, in his Introduction, makes one of the Januayes (Genoese) say,
I make good treacle, and also fustian, With such thynges I crauft with many a pore man.
l. 941-5. See the extracts from Andrew Borde, W. Vaughan, &c., below.
l. 945. The Motte bredethe amonge clothes tyll that they have byten it a sonder / & it is a maniable worm, and yet it hydeth him in y^e clothe that it can scantly be sene / & it bredethe gladly in clothes that haue ben i{n} an euyll ayre, or in a rayn or myst, and so layde vp without hanging in the sonne or other swete ayre after.
The Operacyon.
The erbes that be bitter & well smelli{n}ge is good to be layde amo{n}ge suche clothes / as the baye leuis, cypres wode. The Noble Lyfe (i. 3.) Pt.i. Cap. c.xlij. sign. i.3.
l. 969. Catte. The mouse hounter or catte is an onclene beste, & a poyson ennemy to all myse / and whan she hath goten [one], she playeth therwith / but yet she eteth it / & y^e catte hath lo{n}ge here on her mouthe / and whan her heres be gone, than hathe she no boldnes / and she is gladli in a warme place / and she licketh her forefete & wassheth therwith her face. Laurens Andrewe, The Noble Lyfe (g. iv.), Part I. cap. c.i.
l. 970, dogge. Here is the first part of Laurens Andrewe's Chapter.
Of the dogge. ca. xxiiij.
The dogge is an onclenly beste / {tha}t eteth so moche that he vomyteth it out & eteth vp agayne / it is lightly angry, and byteth gladly strau{n}ge dogges / he barketh moche / he kn[oweth] his name well / he is hered [all over his b]ody, he loueth his mast[er, and is eselye] lerned to many games / & be night he kepeth the house. There be many hou{n}des {tha}t for the loue of theyr maister they wyll ro{n}ne in their owne dethe / & whan the dogge is seke / he seketh grasse or other erbes / & that he eteth, and heleth himselfe so / and there be many maner of dogges or hou{n}des to hawke & hunt, as grayhou{n}des / braches / spanyellis, or suche other, to hunt hert and hynde / & other bestes of chace & venery, &c.and suche be named ge{n}tyll hou{n}des. The bitche hath mylke .v.or vij. dayes or she litter her whelpes / and that milke is thicker tha{n} any other mylke excepte swynes mylke or hares mylke. fol. c.iv.
l. 970, Catte. L. Andrewe says
"Of the Catte. ca. xxv.
The catte is a beste {tha}t seeth sharpe, and she byteth sore / and scratcheth right perylously / & is principall ennemye to rattis & myce / & her colour is of nature graye / and the cause {tha}t they be other wyse colowred, that co{m}methe through chaunge of mete, as it is well marked by the house catte, for they be selden colored lyke the wylde catte. & their flesshe is bothe nesshe & soffte." Noble Lyfe, Part II. c.iv.
l. 983. Bathe. 'Bathing is harmful to them [who are splenitie] chiefly after meat, and copulation (following) on surfeit ... Let him also bathe himself in sweet water. Without, he is to be leeched and smeared with oil of roses, and with onlayings (or poultices made of) wine and grapes, and often must an onlay be wrought of butter, and of new wax, and of hyssop and of oil; mingle with goose grease or lard of swine, and with frankincense and mint; and when he bathes let him smear himself with oil; mingle (it) with saffron.' Leechdoms, v.2, p.245.
l. 987. Scabiosa, so named of old tyme, because it is giuen in drinke inwardly, or ointmentes outwardly, to heale scabbes, sores, corrupcion in the stomacke, yea, and is most frend emong all other herbes in the tyme of the Pestilence, to drinke the water with Mithridatum a mornynges ... the flowers is like a Blewe or white thrummed hatte, the stalk rough, the vpper leaues ragged, and the leaues next the grose rootes be plainer. Under whom often tymes, Frogges will shadowe theim selues, from the heate of the daie: hoppyng and plaiyng vnder these leaues, whiche to them is a pleasaunt Tente or pauillion, saieth Aristophanes, whiche maie a plade (=made a play), wherein Frogges made pastime. Bullein's Bulwarke, 1562, or, The booke of Simples, fol. xvj.b.
[Transcriber's Note: The following note was originally labeled "67/991" (page 67, line 991) and was printed between the notes for l. 280 and l. 300.]
l. 991. Rosemary is not mentioned among the herbs for the bath; though a poem in praise of the herb says:
Moche of this herbe to seeth thu take In water, and a bathe thow make; Hyt schal the make ly[gh]t and joly, And also lykyng and [gh]owuly.
MS. of C. W. Loscombe, Esq., in Reliqui Antiqu, i. 196.
l. 995. Bilgres. Can this be bugloss? Ifind this, as here, in juxtaposition with scabiose, in Bullein's Bulwarke of Defence, Book of Simples, fol xvj.b. G.P. Marsh.
l. 1004. For Selden's Chapter on Precedence, see his Titles of Honour, ch. xi. Rouge Dragon (Mr G. Adams) tells me that the order of precedence has varied from time to time, and that the one now in force differs in many points from Russell's.
l. 1040. Nurrieris. I find no such name in Selden's chap. ix., Of Women. Does the word mean 'foster-mothers or fathers,' from the Latin "Nutricarii, Matricularii, quibus enutriendi ac educandi infantes projectos cura incumbebat: Nourissiers. Vita S. Goaris cap. 10: Hcque consuetudo erat, ut quando aliquis homo de ipsis infantibus projectis misericordia vellet curam habere, ab illis, quos Nutricarios vocant, matriculariis S. Petri compararet, et illi Episcopo ipsum infantem prsentare deberent, et postea Episcopi auctoritas eumdem hominem de illo Nutricario confirmabat. Id clarius explicatur a Wandelberto in Vita ejusdem Sancti, cap. 20." Ducange, ed. 1845.
* * * * * * * * *
The following list of Names of Fish, from Yarrell, may be found convenient for reference.
Names of Fish from Yarrell's History of British Fish, 1841, 2nd ed.
English Names Latin Names. Yar., vol., page
Basse Perca labrax i 8 Bleak Luciscus, or i 419 Cyprinus alburnus Bream or Carp-Bream Abramis, or Cyprinus brama i 382 " the common Sea- Pagellus centrodontus i 123 Brill, or Pearl, Kite, Rhombus vulgaris, or BRETT, Bonnet-Fleuk Pleuronectes rhombus ii 231 Butt, Flook, or Flounder Pleuronectes flesus, or ii 303 Platessa flesus Common Cod, or Keeling Morrhua vulgaris, or ii 221 Gadus morrhua (Jenyns) Green Cod Merlangus virens (Cuvier) ii 256 Gadus virens (Linnus) Conger Conger vulgaris, or ii 402 Murna conger Dace, Dare, or Dait Leuciscus vulgaris, or i 404 Cyprinus leuciscus Dog Fish (the common), Spinax acanthias, or ii 524 The Picked Dog-Fish, Squalus acanthias or Bone Dog (Sussex), Hoe (Orkney) Small Spotted Dog Fish Scyllium canicula, or ii 487 or Morgay (Scotl.), Squalus canicula Robin Huss (Sussex Coast) Large Spotted Dog Fish, Scyllium stellaris ii 493 or Bounce (Scotl. & Devon) Black-mouthed Dog-Fish, Scyllium melanostomum ii 495 or Eyed Dog-Fish (Cornwall) The Smooth Hound or Squalus mustelus, ii 512 Shate-toothed Shark, or Mustelus lvis Ray-mouthed Dog (Cornwall) Dory, or Dore Zeus faber i 183 Sharp-nosed Eel Anguilla acutirostris, ii 381 or vulgaris Broad-nosed Eel Anguilla latirostris ii 396 Flounder, or Flook Platessa flesus ii 303 (Merret). Mayock, Fluke (Edinb.), Butt. Grayling Thymallus vulgaris, ii 136 or Salmo thymallus Gudgeon Gobio fluviatilis, i 371 or Cyprinus gobio Red Gurnard Trigla cuculus, or i 38-63 lineata Haddock Morrhua glefinus, ii 233 or Gadus glefinus Hake Merlucius vulgaris, ii 253 or Gadus merlucius Herring Clupea harengus ii 183 Holibut Hippoglossus vulgaris, ii 321 or Pleuronectes hippoglossus Hornfish, GARFISH, Belone vulgaris, or i 442 Sea-pike, Long Nose, &c. Esox belone Keeling. See Common Cod ii 221 Lampern, or River Petromyzon fluviatilis ii 604 Lamprey[*] Lamprey Petromyzon marinus ii 598 Ling Lota molva (Cuvier), ii 264 or Gadus molva (Linnus) Luce, or PIKE Esox lucius i 434 Lump-fish ii 365 Mackarel Scomber scombrus, i 137 or vulgaris Merling, or Whiting Merlangus vulgaris (Cuvier), ii 244 or Gadus merlangus (Linnus) Minnow Leuciscus, i 423 or Cyprinus phoxinus Mullet, grey, or Common Mugil capito, or cephalus i 234 Murna Murna Helena ii 406 Perch Perca fluviatilis i 1 Pike Esox lucius i 434 Plaice Platessa vulgaris ii 297 Roach Cyprinus rutilis i 399 Salmon Salmo Salar ii 1 Smelt. Spirling and Salmo Sperlanus, or ii 75 & 129 Sparling in Osmerus Sperlanus Scotland Sturgeon, the Common Acipenser Sturio ii 475 " the Broad-nosed Acipenser latirostris ii 479 Swordfish Xiphias gladius i 164 Tench Tinca vulgaris, or i 375 Cyprinus tinca Thornback Raia clavata ii 583 Trout, Common Salmo fario ii 85 Turbot, or Rawn Fleuk Rhombus maximus, or ii 324 and Bannock Fluck Pleuronectes maximus (Scotl.) Vendace or Vendis Coregonus Willughbii, or ii 146 (?Venprides, l. 820, Coregonus Marnula Russell) (Jenyns) Whiting, or Merling Merlangus vulgaris (Cuvier) ii 244 Gadus merlangus (Linnus)
[Footnote *: The Lamperns have been taken in the Thames at Teddington this autumn (1866) in extraordinary quantities.]
* * * * * * * * *
Errata (noted by transcriber):
Main text:
l. 1061 Alle the vndirIustice[gh] [text unchanged] l. 1166 e honour{e} and worshipp{e} [extra blank space at beginning of line]
Footnotes:
114: ... _H. Ord._ p. 462. [_"p." missing_] 162: ... _Sea Dog / Fish [_close quote missing_] 236: ... Cules a_Cod Fish_ argent [_text unchanged_] 263: ... AS. _dges eage_. [doeges eage] 265: ... _Hleomoce_ ['_Hleomoce_] 268: ... of Edw. IV.' [_close quote missing_]
Linenotes:
ll. 109ff. (Notes on wines): 5. Raspice. ["5." added by transcriber] ... mox tamen exolescente, p.31-2, &c." [close quote missing] 8. Bastard. ... sweetish quality." [close quote missing] l. 548: ... see note on Torrentyne, l.835 below [l. 828] l. 577: ... See note to l. 839 here, p. 108. [l. 840] l. 799: ... The oxce is ["The oxce] l. 915: (See n. p.131, below.) [Andrew Borde, "Sleep, Rising and Dress", footnote 5]
Table of fish names:
Venprides l. 820 [821]
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
[Transcriber's Note:
Andrewe on Fish, listed in the Contents as part of the linenotes to the Boke of Nurture, is a separate text.
Boldface initials are marked with a double + before the letter. Further details about the transcription are at the beginning of the Preface.]
Extracts about Fish from "The noble lyfe & natures of man, Of bestes / serpentys / fowles & fisshes y^t be moste knowen."
A very rare black-letter book, without date, and hitherto undescribed, except perhaps incorrectly by Ames (vol.1, p.412, and vol.3, p.1531), has been lent to me by Mr Algernon Swinburne. Its title is given above: "The noble lyfe and natures of man" is in large red letters, and the rest in smaller black ones, all surrounded by woodcuts of the wonderful animals, mermaids, serpents, birds, quadrupeds with men's and women's heads, astork with its neck tied in a knot, and other beasts "y^t be most knowen." The illustrations to each chapter are wonderfully quaint. The author of it says in his Prologus "In the name of ower sauiour criste Iesu, maker & redemour of al ma{n}kynd / ILawre{n}s A{n}drewe of {th}e towne of Calis haue translated for Joh{an}nes doesborrowe, booke prenter in the cite of Andwarpe, this p{re}sent volume deuyded in thre partes, which were neuer before in no maternall langage prentyd tyl now /" As it is doubtful whether another copy of the book is known, Iextract from the Third Part of this incomplete one such notices of the fish mentioned by Russell or Wynkyn de Worde, as it contains, with a few others for curiosity's sake:—
here after followeth of the natures of the fisshes of the See whiche be right profitable to be vndersta{n}de / Wherof I wyll wryte be {th}e helpe and grace of almighty god, to whose laude & prayse this mater ensueth.
CAP. PRIMO.
[Sidenote: Abremon, ? not Bream (see Cap. xiii; p.115 here)]
A Bremon[*] is a fruteful fisshe that hathe moche sede / but it is nat through mouynge of the he / but only of the owne proper nature / and than she rubbeth her belly upon the grou{n}de or sande / and is sharpe in handelinge / & salt of sauour / and this fisshe saueth her yonges in her bely whan it is tempestius weder / & when the weder is ouerpast, than she vomyteth them out agayne.
[Footnote *: abramis, a fish found in the sea and the Nile, perhaps the bream, Opp. Hal. i. 244. Liddell & Scott.]
Cap.ij.
[Sidenote: Eel (Russell, l.719). Is of no sex; is best roasted.]
+Anguilla / the Ele is lyke a serpe{n}t of fascyon, & may leue eight yere, & without water vi. dayes whan the wind is in the northe / in the wint{er} they wyll haue moche water, & that clere / amo{n}ge them is nouther male nor female / for they become fisshes of {th}e slyme of other fisshes / they must be flayne / they suffer a longe dethe / they be best rosted, but it is longe or they be ynouge / the droppi{n}ge of it is gode for paines in the eares.
Cap. iij.
[Sidenote: Herring (Russell, l.722). Is delicious when fresh, (Russell, l.748) or salted. Dies when it feels the air.]
+Alec, the heringe, is a Fisshe of the see / & very many be taken betweene bretayn & germaia / & also i{n} denmarke aboute a place named schonen / And he is best from thebegi{n}nynge of August to december / and when he is fresshe take{n} / he is a very delicious to be eten. And also wha{n} he hath ben salted he is a specyall fode vnto man / He can nat leue w{i}t{h}out wat{er}, for as sone as he feleth the ayre he is dede / & they be taken in gret hepis togeder / & specially where they se light, there wyll they be, than so they be taken with nettis / which commeth be the diuyne Prouydens of almighty God.
Cap. v.
[Sidenote: Whale? (Russell, l.582). Shipmen cast anchor on him, and make a fire on him. He swims away, and drowns them.]
A Spidochelo{n} / as Phisiolog{us} saith, it is a mo{n}strous thinge in the see, it is a gret whale fisshe, & hath an ouer-growe{n} rowgh ski{n}ne / & he is moste parte w{i}t{h} his bake on hye aboue the water in such maner that some shypmen {tha}t see him, wene that it is a lytell ylande / & whan they come be it, they cast their ankers upo{n} him / & go out of theyr shippes & make a fyre upon hym to dresse theyr metys / and as sone as he feleth the hete of the fyre / tha{n}ne he swy{m}meth fro the place, & drowneth them, & draweth the shippe to the grounde / And his proper nature is, whan he hath yonges, {tha}t he openeth his mouthe wyde open / & out of it fleeth a swete ayre / to {the} which the fisshes resorte, and tha{n} he eteth them.
[Sidenote: Goldenpoll?]
+Aauratais a fysshe in the see {tha}t hathe a hede shinynge lyke golde.
Cap. xi.
[Sidenote: Ahuna. When the Ahuna is in danger, he puts his head in his belly, and eats a bit of himself.]
+Ahuna is a mo{n}ster of the see very glorisshe, as Albert{us} saith / what it eteth it tourneth to greas in his body / it hathe no mawe but a bely / & that he filleth so full that he speweth it out agayne / & that can he do so lyghtely / for hehath no necke / whan he is in peryl of dethe be other fisshes / than he onfacyoneth himselfe as rou{n}de as a bowle, w{i}t{h}drawynge his hede into his bely / wha{n} he hathe then hounger / He dothe ete a parte of himselfe rather than {th}e other fisshes sholde ete him hole and all.
Cap. xiii.
[Sidenote: Borbotha.]
+Borbotha be fisshes very slepery, somewhat lyke an ele / haui{n}ge wyde mouthes & great hedes / it is a swete mete / and whan it is xij. yere olde, than it waxeth bigge of body.
[Sidenote: Butt, or Flounder (Russell, l.735, and note2).]
Nota / Botte that is a flounder of the fresshe water / & they swi{m}me on the flatte of their body, & they haue finnes rou{n}de about theyr body & w{i}t{h} a sothern wynde they waxe fatte /
[Sidenote: Bream (Russell, l.745, 578).]
& they have rede spottis. Bre{n}na is a breme, & it is a fisshe of the riuer / & whan he seeth the pyke that wyll take hym / than he sinketh to the botom of {th}e wat{er} & maketh it so trobelous that the pyke can nat se hym.
Cap. xiiii.
[Sidenote: Balena. (The woodcut is a big Merman. See note, p.123, here. ? Whale. Russell, l.582.) Are seen most in winter; breed in summer. In rough weather Balena puts her young in her mouth.]
+Balena is a great beste in the see, and bloweth moche water from him, as if it were a clowde / the shippes be in great dau{n}ger of him somtyme / & they be sene moste towardes winter / for in the somer they be hidden in swete brod places of the wat{er} where it casteth her yo{n}ges, & suffereth so grete payne {tha}t tha{n} he fleteth aboue the water as one desiringe helpe / his mouth is in the face, & therefore he casteth the more water / she bringeth her yonges forthe lyke other bestis on erthe, & it slepeth / in te{m}pestius weder she hydeth her yo{n}ges in her mouthe / and wha{n} it is past she voydeth them out agayne / & they growe x. yere.
Cap. xvi.
[Sidenote: Crevice (Sea and Fresh Water Crayfish). (Russell, l.602, l.618.) How they engender, and hybernate. How the Crayfish manages to eat Oysters.]
+Cancer the creuyce is a Fishe of {th}e see that is closed in a harde shelle, hauyng many fete and clawes / and euer it crepeth bacward / & the he hathe two py{n}nes on his bely, & {th}e she hathe none / whan he wyll engender, he cli{m}meth on her bake, and she turneth her syde towardes him, & so they fulfyll their workes. In maye they chaunge their cotes, & in wi{n}ter they hyde the{m} fiue monethes duringe / wha{n} the creues hath dro{n}ken milke it may leue lo{n}ge w{i}t{h}out wat{er}. when he is olde, he hathe ij. stones in his hed with rede spottes that haue great vertue / for if they be layde in drynke / they withdryue the payne frome the herte. thecreuyce eteth the Oysters, & geteth the{m} be policye / for whan the oyster gapeth, he throweth lytell stones in him, and so geteth his fishe out, for it bydeth than open.
The Operacion.
[Sidenote: Fresh-Water Crayfish is hard to digest.]
The Asshes of hym is gode to make white tethe / & to kepe the motes out of the clothes / it w{i}t{h}dryueth byles, & heleth mangynes. The creuyce of the fresshe water geueth gret fode, but it is an heuy mete to disieste.
Cap. xviij.
[Sidenote: Caucius.]
+Cauci{us} is a fisshe that will nat be taken w{i}t{h} no hokes / but
[Sidenote: Capitaius.]
eteth of {th}e bayte & goth his way quyte. Capitai{us} is a lytel fisshe w{i}t{h} a great hede / awyde rou{n}de mouthe / &
[Sidenote: Carp. Is difficult to net.]
it hydeth him vnder the stones. Nota. Carpera is a carpe, & it is a fysshe that hathe great scales / and the female hathe a great rowghe, & she can bringe forthe no yonges tyll she haue receyued mylke of her make / & that she receyueth at the mouth / and it is yll for to take / for whan it perceyueth that it shalbe taken w{i}t{h} the net, tha{n} it thrusteth the hede into the mudde of the water / and than the nette slyppeth ouer him whiche waye soeuer it come; & some holde them fast be the grounde, grasse / or erbis, & so saue themselfe.
Cap. xix.
[Sidenote: Whale. Likes Harmony. Gets harpooned, rubs the harpoon into himself, and slays himself.]
+Cetus is the greatest whale fisshe of all / his mouthe is so wyde that he bloweth vp the water as yf it were a clowde / wherw{i}t{h} he drowneth many shippes / but whan the maryners spye where he is / than thei acco{m}pany them a gret many of shyppes togeder about him with diuers i{n}strume{n}tis of musike, & they play with grete armonye / & the fische is very gladde of this armonye / & co{m}meth fletynge a-boue the watere to here the melody, & than they haue amonge them an instrument of yron, {th}e whiche they feste{n} in-to the harde ski{n}ne, & the weght of it synketh downwarde in to {th}e fat & grese / & sodenly w{i}t{h} that al {th}e instrumentes of musike be styll, and {th}e shyppes departe frome thens, & anone he sinketh to the grownde / & he feleth {tha}t the salt watere smarteth in {th}e wou{n}de, tha{n} he turneth his bely vpwaerd and rubbeth his wownde agay{n}st {th}e grou{n}d, & the more he rubbeth, the depere it entreth / & he rubbeth so longe {tha}t he sleeth hymself / and whan he is dede, than co{m}meth he vp agayne and sheweth him selfe dede / as he dyd before quicke / and than the shippes gader them togeder agayne, and take, & so lede hym to lo{n}de, & do theyr profyte with hym.
Cap. xxij.
[Sidenote: Conche, or Muscle.]
+Conche be abydynge in {th}e harde shellis: as {th}e mone growth or waneth, so be the conches or muscles fulle or nat full, but smale / & there be many sortes of conches or musclys / but {th}e best be they that haue the perlesin.
Cap. xxiij.
[Sidenote: Sea-snails.]
+Coochele / is a snayle dwelli{n}ge in the water & also on the lo{n}de / they go out of theyr howses / & they thruste out .ij. longe hornes wherwith they fele wether they go / for they se nat where they crepe.
Cap. xxiiij.
[Sidenote: Conger.]
+The Conger is a se fisshe facioned like an ele / but they be moche greter in qua{n}tyte / & whan it bloweth sore, than
[Sidenote: Polippus.]
waxe they fatte. Polippus is also a stronge fisshe {tha}t onwarse he wyl pull a man out of a shyp. yet {th}e conger is so stronge that he wyll tere polippu{m} asonder w{i}t{h} his teth, & in winter {th}e conger layth in {th}e depe cauernes or holes of the water. & he is nat taken but in somer. Esculapius sayth.
[Sidenote: Corets.]
Coretz is a fisshe that hydeth hym in the depe of {th}e water whan it rayneth / for yf he receiued any rayne, he sholde waxe blynde, and dye of it. Iorath sayth. The fisshes that be
[Sidenote: Sea-crevice.]
named se craues / wha{n}ne they haue yo{n}ges / they make suche noise {tha}t through theyr noyse they be fou{n}de and taken.
Cap. xxvij.
[Sidenote: Dolphin or Mermaid.]
+Delphin{us} is a mo{n}ster of the see, & it hath no voyce, but it singheth lyke a man / and towarde a tempest it playeth vpon the water. Some say whan they be taken that they wepe. The delphin hath none cares for to here / nor no nose for to smelle / yet it smelleth very well & sharpe. And it slepeth vpon the water very hartely, that thei be hard ronke a farre of / and thei leue C.xl. yere. & they here gladly play{n}ge on instrumentes, as lutes / harpes / tabours / and pypes. They loue their yonges very well, and they fede them lo{n}ge with the mylke of their pappes / & they haue many yonges, & amonge the{m} all be .ij. olde ones, that yf it fortuned one of {th}e yonges to dye, tha{n} these olde ones wyll burye them depe in the gorwnd [sic] of the see / because othere fisshes sholde nat ete thys dede delphyn; so well they loue theyr yonges. There was ones a kinge {tha}t had take{n} a delphin / whyche he caused to be bounde w{i}t{h} chaynes fast at a hauen where as the shippes come in at / & there was alway the pyteoust wepynge / and lamentynge, that the kinge coude nat for pyte / but let hym go agayne.
Cap. xxxi.
[Sidenote: Echeola, aMuscle.]
+Echeola is a muskle / in whose fysshe is a precious stone / & be night they flete to the water syde / and there they receyue the heuenly dewe, where throughe there groweth in the{m} a costly margaret or orient perle / & they flete a great many togeder / & he {tha}t knoweth {th}e water best / gothe before & ledeth the other / & whan he is taken, all the other scater a brode, and geteth them away.
Cap. xxxvi.
[Sidenote: Echinus.]
+Echyn{us} is a lytell fysshe of half a fote longe / & hath sharpe prykcles vnder his bely in stede of fete.
Cap. xxxvii.
[Sidenote: Esox.]
+Ezox is a very grete fisshe in that water danowe be the londe of hu{n}garye / he is of suche bygnes that a carte with .iiij. horses can nat cary hym awaye / and he hath nat many bones, but his hede is full / and he hath swete fisshe lyke a porke, and whan this fysshe is taken, tha{n}ne geue hym mylke to drynke, and ye may carye hym many a myle, and kepe hym longe quicke.
xxxviii.
[Sidenote: Phocas. Kills his wife and gets another.]
+Focas is a see bulle, & is very stro{n}ge & dangerous / and he feghteth euer with his wyf tyll she be dede / and whan he hath kylled her, than he casteth her out of his place, & seketh another, and leueth with her very well tyl he dye / or tyll his wyfe ouercome him and kylle hy{m} / he bydeth alway in one place / he and his yonges leue be suche as they can
[Sidenote: Halata. Takes her young out of her womb to look at 'em.]
gete. Halata is a beste that dothe on-naturall dedys / for wha{n} she feleth her yo{n}ges quycke, or stere in her body / tha{n} she draweth the{m} out & loketh vpon the{m} / yf she se they be to yo{n}ge, tha{n} she putteth the{m} in agayne, & lateth them grow tyll they be bygger.
Cap. xl.
[Sidenote: Sword-Fish.]
+Gladi{us} is a fisshe so named because he is mouthed after the fascyo{n} of a sworde poynt / and ther-fore often tymes he perseth {th}e shyppes thorough, & so causeth them to
[Sidenote: Gastarios.]
be drowned. Aristotiles. Gastarios is a fisshe lyke the scorpion / and is but lytell greter than a spyder / & it styngeth many fisshes w{i}t{h} her poyson so that they ca{n} nat endure nowhere / and he styngeth the dolphin on the hede {tha}t
[Sidenote: Glaucus.]
it entreth in-to {th}e brayne. Isidorus. Glaucus is a whyte fissh that is but selden sene except in darke rayne weder / and is nat in season but in the howndes dayes.
Cap. xli.
[Sidenote: Gudgeon.]
+Gobio is a smale longe fissh with a rou{n}de body / full of scales and litell blacke spottys / and some saye they leue of drou{n}de caryo{n} / & the fisshers say contrarye, {tha}t they leue in clere watere in sandye graueil / and it is a holsom
[Sidenote: Gravus.]
mete. Grauus is a fisshe that hath an iye aboue on hys hede, and therw{i}t{h} he loketh vp, and saueth hym from the{m} that wyll eat hym.
liii.
[Sidenote: Pike: eats venomous beasts; is begotten by a West Wind.]
+Lucius is a pike / a fisshe of {th}e riuer w{i}t{h} a wyde mouthe & sharpe teth: whan {th}e perche spieth him / he turneth his tayle towardes him / & than {th}e pike dare nat byte him because of his finnes, or he can nat swalowe him because he is so sharpe / he eteth venimo{us} bestes, as todes, frogges, & suche like; yet it is sayde {tha}t he is very holsom for seke peple. He eteth fisshes almost as moche as himselfe / wha{n} they be to bigge, tha{n} he byteth the{m} in ij. peces, & swaloweth the one halfe first, & tha{n} the other / he is engendered w{i}t{h} a westerne wynde.
Cap. lvii.
[Sidenote: Sea-Mouse Musculus is the cock of Balena.]
+Mus marin{us}, the see mouse, gothe out of the water, & there she laith her egges in a hole of the erthe, & couereth the eges, & goth her way & bydeth frome them xxx. dayes, and than commeth agayne and oncouereth them, & than there be yo{n}ges, and them she ledeth into {th}e water, & they be first al blynde. Muscul{us} is a fisshe {tha}t layth harde shellis, and of it the great monster balena receyueth her nature, & it is
[Sidenote: Sea-weazle.]
named to be the cocke of balena. Mustela is the see wesyll / she casteth her yonges lyke other bestes / & whan she hath cast them, yf she perceiue that they shall be fou{n}de, she swaloweth them agayne into her body, and than seketh a place wher as they may be surer without dau{n}ger / & than she speweth them out agayne.
Cap. lix.
[Sidenote: Lamprey. Must be boiled in wine.]
+Murena is a lo{n}ge fisshe w{i}t{h} a weke skinne lyke a serpent / & it conceyueth of the serpe{n}t vipera / it liueth longest in the tayle, for wha{n} that is cut of, it dyeth inco{n}tinent / it must be soden in gode wyne w{i}t{h} herbes & spices, or ellis it is very dau{n}gero{us} to be eten, for it hath many venymous humours, and it is euyll to disieste.
Cap. lxi.
[Sidenote: Mulus: has 2 beards.]
+Mulus is a see fysshe {tha}t is smale of body / & is only a mete for gentils: & there be many maners of these / but the best be those {tha}t haue ij. berdes vnd{er} the mouthe / & whan it is fayre weder, than they waxe fatte / whan he is dede than he is of many colours.
Cap. lxiiij.
[Sidenote: Nereids.]
+Nereydes be monsters of {th}e see, all rowghe of body / & whan any of them dyeth, tha{n} the other wepe. of this is spoke{n} in balena, the .xiiij. chapter.
[Sidenote: Orchun. Is Balene's deadly enemy.]
+Orchu{n} is a monster of {th}e se / whose lykenes can nat lightely be shewed / & he is mortal e{n}nemye to {th}e balene, & tereth asonder the bely of the balene / & the balene is so boystous {tha}t he can nat turne hym to defende him, and {tha}t costeth him his lyfe / for as sone as he feleth hi{m} selfe wou{n}ded, than he si{n}keth doune to the botom of the water agayne / & the Orchu{n} throweth at him w{i}t{h} stones / & thus balena endith his lyfe.
Cap. lxvi.
[Sidenote: Pearl-Oyster.]
+Ostre is an oyster that openeth his shell to receyue {th}e dewe & swete ayre. In {th}e oyster groweth naturall orient perles that oftentymes laye on the see stronde, & be but lytell regarded, as Isidorus saith.
Cap. lxvij.
[Sidenote: Pagrus.]
+Pagrus is a fisshe that hath so harde tethe {tha}t he byteth {th}e oyster shelles in peces, & eteth out the fisshe of the{m}.
[Sidenote: Sea-Peacock.]
Nota. Pauus maris is the Pecocke of the Se, & is lyke the pecocke of the londe, bothe his backe, necke, & hede / & the
[Sidenote: Percus.]
nether body is fisshe Nota. Percus is of diuers colours, & swift in ro{n}nynge in {th}e water, & hathe sharpe finnes, & is a
[Sidenote: Pecten: winks.]
holsome mete for seke people. Pecten is a fisshe that is in sandy grou{n}de, & wha{n} he is meued or stered, he wynketh.
Cap. lxx.
[Sidenote: Pinna. How he catches small fishes.]
+Pinna is a fisshe {tha}t layeth alwaye in the mudde, and hathe alway a lodisma{n}, & some name it a lytel hoge, & it hathe a rou{n}de body, & it is in a shell lyke a muscle; it layth in the mone as it were dede, gapyng open / and than the smale fisshes come into his shel, weni{n}g of him to take their repaste / but whan he feleth {tha}t his shell is almoste ful / than he closeth his mouthe, & taketh them & eteth them / & parteth
[Sidenote: Plaice.]
them amo{n}ge his felowes. The playce is well knowen fisshe, for he is brode & blake on the one syde, and whyte on the other.
Cap. lxvij.
[Sidenote: Polippus.]
+Polippus hath gret strength in his fete / what he therin cacheth, he holdeth it fast / he spri{n}geth somtyme vp to the shippes syde, & snacheth a ma{n} w{i}t{h} him to the grou{n}de of the see, & there eteth him / & that {tha}t he leueth, he casteth it out of his denne agayn / they be moche in the se about Venis / & he is taken in barellis where hartys hornes be layd in / for he is gladly be those hornes.
Cap. lxxvij.
[Sidenote: Rumbus.]
+Rumbus is a great fisshe stronge & bolde / but he is very slow in swi{m}mi{n}ge, therfor can he gete his mete but soberly w{i}t{h} swi{m}myng / therfor he layth him down in the grou{n}de or mudde, & hideth him there / and all the fisshes that he can ouercome / co{m}mynge forby him, he taketh and eteth them.
Cap. lxxviij.
[Sidenote: Rubus.]
+Rubus is a fisshe of the grekes se & of the sees of ytaly / they be rou{n}de lyke a ringe, & haue many rede spottes / & is full of sharpe finnes & pinnis / he is slow in swi{m}mynge because he is so brode / he gothe be the grou{n}de, & wayteth there his praye / & suche fisshes as he can gete he burieth in
[Sidenote: Ryache.]
the sandes, & it is a very swete fisshe. Ryache be fisshes that be rou{n}de / somtyme they be in length & brede two cubites / & it hath a long tayle / theron be sharpe pinnes / & it is slowe in swi{m}mynge.
Cap. lxxix.
[Sidenote: Salmon.]
+Salmo is a fysshe engendred in the swete water, & he waxeth longe & gret / & also he is heuy / & his colour nor sauour is nat gode tyll he haue ben in the salt wat{er} & proued it / thus draweth the samon to the water agaynst {th}e streme; he neuer seaseth tyll he haue ben i{n} the se and returned agayn to
[Textnote: [A ? fleshe.]]
his olde home, as Phisiologua saith / his fisshe[A] is rede, & he may nat liue in a swet sta{n}dinge water / he must be in a fresshe riuer that he may playe up and dou{n}e at his plesure.
[Sidenote: Salpa. Stockfish?]
+Salpa is a fowle fisshe and lytell set by / for it will neuer be ynough for no maner of dressinge tyll it haue ben beten with grete hamers & staues.
Cap. lxxij.
[Sidenote: Serra. Cuts through ships with his fins.]
+Serra is a fysshe with great tethe, and on his backe he hathe sharpe fynnes lyke the combe of a cocke / and iagged lyke a sawe wherew{i}t{h} thys monstrous fisshe cutteth a ship thorough, & whan he seeth a shippe co{m}mynge, than he setteth vp his fi{n}nes & thi{n}keth to sayl with the shippe as fast as it / but whan he seeth that he can nat co{n}tinue / tha{n} he latteth his finnes fall agayn & destroieth the shippe with
[Sidenote: Scylla.]
the people, and tha{n} eteth the dede bodyes. Nota. Scilla is a monster in the see betwene Italye & Sicill / it is great ennemye vnto ma{n}. It is faced & handed lyke a gentylwoman / but it hath a wyde mouthe & ferfull tethe / & it is belied like a beste, & tayled lyke a dolphin / it hereth gladly singinge. It is in the wat{er} so stronge that it can nat be ouercome / but on {th}e lond it is but weke.
Cap. lxxxiij.
[Sidenote: Siren. Siren is like an eagle below, sings sweet songs to mariners, and tears them to pieces.]
+Syrene, the mermayde is a dedely beste that bringeth a man gladly to dethe / frome the nauyll vp she is lyke a woman w{i}t{h} a dredfull face / along slymye here, agrete body, & is lyke the egle i{n} the nether parte / haui{n}ge fete and tale{n}tis to tear asonder suche as she geteth / her tayl is sealed like a fisshe / and she singeth a maner of swete song, and therwith deceyueth many a gode mariner / for wha{n} they here it, they fall on slepe co{m}monly / & than she co{m}meth, and draweth them out of the shippe, and tereth them asonder / they bere their yo{n}ges in their armes, & geue them souke of their papis whiche be very grete, ha{n}ginge at their brestis / but {th}e wyse maryners stoppe their eares whan they se her / for whan she playth on the wat{er}, all they be in fear, & than they cast out an empty to{n}ne to let her play w{i}t{h} it tyll they be past her / this is specifyed of the{m} {tha}t haue sene it. Ther be also in
[Sidenote: Sirens, serpents.]
some places of arabye, serp{n}tis named sirenes, that ronne faster than an horse, & haue wynges to flye.
[Cap. lxxxv.]
[Sidenote: Solaris.]
+Solaris is a fishe so named because it is gladly be the londes syde in the so{n}ne / he hathe a great hede, awyde mouth, & ablake skine, & slipper as an ele / it waxeth gret, & is gode
[Sidenote: Sole.]
to be eten. Solea is the sole, that is a swete fisshe and holsom for seke people.
Cap. lxxxvi.
[Sidenote: Solopendria.]
+Solope{n}dria is a fisshe / whan he hathe swalowed i{n} an angle, than he spueth out al his guttes till he be quyt of
[Sidenote: Sea-Scorpion.]
the hoke / and than he gadereth i{n} all his guttes agayne. The[A] Scorpion of the see is so named because wha{n} he is taken in any mannys handes he pricketh him w{i}t{h} his stinge of his tayle. Plini{us} saith that the dede creuyce that layeth on the drye sonde be the see syde, beco{m}meth scorpyons.
[Text note: [A orig. Tge]]
Cap. lxxxix.
[Sidenote: Sturgeon. Eats no food, has no mouth, grows fat on east wind. Has no bones in his body.]
+Sturio / the sturgio{n} is a gret fisshe in the ro{n}ninge waters / and he taketh no fode i{n} his body, but lyueth of {th}e styl and swete ayres therfore he hathe a small bely / w{i}t{h} a hede and no mouthe, but vnder his throte he hathe a hole {tha}t he closeth whan he wyll / he openeth it whan it is fayre weder / & with an east wynde he waxeth fat / and whan that the north winde bloweth, than falleth he to the grou{n}de / it is a fisshe of ix. fote longe whan he is ful growen / he hath whyte swete flesshe & yolow fatte / & he hathe no bone in all his body but only in his hede.
Cap. xcij.
[Sidenote: Tench.]
+Tecna is a tenche of the fresshe water, and is fedde in the mudde lyke {th}e ele / & is moche lyke of colours: it is a
[Sidenote: Tintinalus.]
swete fisshe, but it is euyll to disiest. Tintinalus is a fayre mery fisshe, & is swete of sauour, & well smellinge lyke the
[Sidenote: Torpedo.]
tyme, where of it bereth the name. +Torpido is a fisshe. but who-so handeleth hym shalbe lame & defe of ly{m}mes / that he shall fele no thyng / & it hathe a maner of Squitana {tha}t is spoke{n} of in {th}e lxxxiiii. chapter[1], and his nature.
Cap. xciij.
[Sidenote: Trout.]
[Textnotes: [A for Trutta] [B ? flesshe]]
... +Trncka[A] / the trowte is a fisshe of the ryuer, & hathe scales, & vpo{n} his body spottys of yelow and blodye coloure. & his fisshe[B] is rede frome {th}e monthe of July to the monthe of Noue{m}ber / and is moche sweter than {th}e fresshe samo{n}; and all the other part of the yere his fisshe[B] is whyte.
Cap. xcv.
[Sidenote: Testudo.]
+Testudo is a fysshe in a shelle / & is in {th}e se of Inde / & his shelle is very great & like a muskle / & be nyght they go out for theyr mete / & whan they haue eten theyr bely full / tha{n} they slepe swy{m}mi{n}g vpon the wat{er}. tha{n} ther come iij. fisshers botes / of {th}e wiche .iij. twayn take one of these muskles. Solinus sayth. {tha}t this muskle hathe his vppermest shell so brode that it may couere a howse / where many folke may hyde them vnder / And it gothe out the wat{er} vpon the londe / & there it layth an hondred egges as grete as gose eggis / and couer the{m} w{ith} erth / & oftentymes be night it gothe to the eggys & layeth vpo{n} the{m} w{i}t{h} her brest, & than become they yo{n}ges.
[This copy of Admiral Swinburne's Andrewe ends with the next column of this page, sign. v.i. back, with an illustration not headed, but which is that to Cap. xcvij.]
[Footnote 1: Squatin{us} is a fisshe in {th}e se, of fiue cubites longe: his tayle is a fote brode, & he hideth him in the slimy mudde of {th}e se, & marreth al other fisshes that come nigh him: it hath so sharpe a ski{n}ne that in som places they shaue wode with it, & bone also / on his ski{n}ne is blacke short here. The nature hathe made him so harde that he can nat almoste be persed with nouther yron nor stele.]
[Note to Balena, p.115. ar [in e se of Brytain] bu ofte ytake dolphyns & se-calves, & balenes, (gret fysch, as hyt were of whaales kinde) & dyvers manere schyl-fysch, among e whoche schyl-fysch bu moskles at habbe wiynne ham margey perles of al manere colour of hu[gh], of rody & red, of purpre & of blu[gh], & specialych & moost of whyte. Trevisa's Higden, in Morris's Specimens, p.334. For 'the cocke of Balena' see Musculus, p.119, above; and for its 'mortal ennemye,' Orchun, p.120.]
* * * * * * * * *
Erratum:
Cap. xl. [xv]
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
Contents of this Section [added by transcriber]
Wilyam Bulleyn on Boxyng and Neckeweede 124 Andrew Borde on Sleep, Rising, and Dress 128 William Vaughan's Fifteen Directions to preserve Health 133 The Dyet for every Day (from Sir John Harington's Schoole of Salerne) 138 On Rising, Diet, and Going to Bed (from the same) 140 Recipes (for Fritters, Jussell, and Mawmeny) 145 Recipes (for Hares and Conies in Civeye, and for Doucettes) 146
* * * * * * * * *
Wilyam Bulleyn on
Boxyng & Neckeweede.
(From The Booke of Compoundes, fol. lxviii.)
Sicknes.
Will boxyng doe any pleasure?
Health.
Yea forsothe, verie moche: As example, if you haue any [a]sausie loughte, or loitryng lubber within your house, that is either to busy of his hand or tongue: and can do nothing but plaie one of the partes of the .24. orders of knaues. [b]There is no pretier medicen for this, nor soner prepared, then boxyng is: iii. or .iiii. tymes well set on, aspan long on bothe the chekes. And although perhaps this will not alter his lubberly condicio{n}s, yet I assure you, it wil for a time chau{n}ge his knauishe complexio{n}, and helpe him of the grene sicknes: and euery man maie practise this, as occasion shall serue hym in his familie, to reforme them. Bulleins Bulwarke of Defence, 1562.
[Sidenote: [a] For saucy louts, [b] the best cure is Boxing.]
(From The booke of Simples, fol. xxvii. back.)
Marcellus.
There is an herbe whiche light fellowes merily will call [a] Gallowgrasse, Neckeweede, or the Tristrams knot, or Saynt Audres lace, or a bastarde brothers badge, with a difference on the left side, &c.you know my meaning.
Hillarius.
What, you speake of Hempe? mary, you t{e}rme it with manie pretie names. Ineuer heard the like termes giuen to any simple, as you giue to this; you cal it neckwede. A,well, Ipray you, woulde you know the propertie of this [b] Neckeweede in this kinde? beinge chaunged into such a lace, this is his vertue. Syr, if there be any yonkers troubled with idelnesse and loytryng, hauyng neither learnyng, nor willyng handes to labour: or that haue studied Phisicke so longe that [c] he or they can giue his Masters purse a Purgacion, or his Chist, shoppe, and Countinghouse, astrong vomit; yea, if he bee a very cunning practicioner in false accomptes, he may so suddenly and rashely minister, that he may smite his Father, his Maister, or his friende &c.into a sudden incurable consumption, that he or they shall neuer recouer it againe, but be vtterly vndone, and cast either into miserable pouertie, prisonment, bankeroute &c.If this come to passe, then the [1:Fol. xxviii.] best rewarde for this practicioner, is this Neckeweede: [d] if there be any swashbuckler, common theefe, ruffen, or murtherer past grace, y^e nexte remedie is this Lace or Corde. For them which neuer loued concored, peace nor honestie, this wil ende all the mischief; this is a purger, not of Melancholy, but a finall banisher of [e] all them that be not fit to liue in a common wealth, no more then Foxes amonge sheepe, or Thistles amonge good Corne, hurters of trew people. This Hempe, Isay, passeth the new Diat, bothe in force and antiquitee. [f] If yonge wantons, whose parentes haue left them fayre houses, goods and landes, whiche be visciously, idle, vnlearnedly, yea or rather beastly brought vp: [g] after the death of their saied parentes, their fruites wil spryng foorth which they haue learned in their wicked youthe: then bankets and brothels will approche, [h] the Harlots will be at hande, with dilightes and intisementes, the Baude will doe hir diligence, robbyng not onlie the pursses, but also the hartes of suche yongemen, whiche when they be trapped, can neuer skape, one amonge an hundredth, vntill Hempe breaketh the bande amonge these loytring louers. [i] The Dice whiche be bothe smalle and light, in respecte vnto the Coluering, or double Cannon shotte or Bollet, yet with small force and noyse can mine, break downe, and destroy, and caste away their one Maisters houses, faire feldes, pleasaunt Woddes, and al their money, yea frendes and al together, this can the Dice do. And moreouer, [k] can make of worshipfull borne Gentilmen, miserable beggars, or theefes, yet for the time "a-loft syrs, hoyghe childe and tourne thee, what should youth do els: [l] I-wisse, not liue like slaues or pesantes, but all golden, glorious, may with dame Venus, my hartes delight" say they. "What a sweete heauen is this: Haue at all, kockes woundes, bloud and nayles, caste the house out at the window, and let the Diuell pay the Malte man: aDogge hath but a day, agood mariage will recouer all together:" or els with a Barnards blowe, [m] lurkyng in some lane, wodde, or hill top, to get that with falshead in an hower, whiche with trueth, labour, & paine, hath bene gathered for perhappes .xx. yeares, to the vtter vndoyng of some honest familie. Here thou seest, gentle Marcellus, amiserable Tragedie of a wicked shamelesse life. Inede not bring forth the example of the Prodigall childe. Luke .xvi. Chapter, whiche at length came to grace: It is, I feare me, in vaine to talke of him, [n] whose ende was good; but a greate nomber of these flee from grace, and come to endes moste vngracious, finished only life by this [o] Hempe. Although sometime the innocente man dieth that way, through periurie for their one propper gooddes, as Naboth died for his owne Vineyarde, miserable in the eies of the worlde, but precious in the sight of God. This is one seruice whiche Hempe doeth. |
|
