But whether we consider Russell's Boke another's, or as in the main his own,—allowing that in parts he may have used previous pieces on the subjects he treats of, as he has used Stans Puer (or its original) in his Symple Condicions, l. 277-304,—if we ask what the Boke contains, the answer is, that it is a complete Manual for the Valet, Butler, Footman, Carver, Taster, Dinner-arranger, Hippocras-maker, Usher and Marshal of the Nobleman of the time when the work was written, the middle of the fifteenth century.—For I take the date of the composition of the work to be somewhat earlier than that of the MS. it is here printed from, and suppose Humphrey Duke of Gloucester, "imprisoned and murdered 1447," to have been still alive when his Marshal penned it.—Reading it, we see "The Good Duke" rise and dress[8], go to Chapel and meals, entertain at feasts in Hall, then undress and retire to rest; we hear how his head was combed with an ivory comb, his stomacher warmed, his petycote put on, his slippers brown as the waterleech got ready, his privy-seat prepared, and his urinal kept in waiting; how his bath was made, his table laid, his guests arranged, his viands carved, and his salt smoothed[9]; we are told how nearly all the birds that fly, the animals that walk the earth, the fish that swim in river and sea, are food for the pot: we hear of dishes strange to us[10], beaver's tail, osprey, brewe, venprides, whale, swordfish, seal, torrentyne, pety perveis or perneis, and gravell of beef[11]. Bills of fare for flesh and fish days are laid before us; admired Sotiltees or Devices are described; and he who cares to do so may fancy for himself the Duke and all his brilliant circle feasting in Hall, John Russell looking on, and taking care that all goes right.[12] Iam not going to try my hand at the sketch, as I do not write for men in the depths of that deducated Philistinism which lately made a literary man say to one of our members on his printing a book of the 15th century, "Is it possible that you care how those barbarians, our ancestors, lived?" If any one who takes up this tract, will not read it through, the loss is his; those who do work at it will gladly acknowledge their gain. That it is worthy of the attention of all to whose ears tidings of Early England come with welcome sound across the wide water of four hundred years, Iunhesitatingly assert. That it has interested me, let the time its notes have taken on this, afresh subject to me, testify. If any should object to the extent of them[13], or to any words in them that may offend his ear, let him excuse them for the sake of what he thinks rightly present. There are still many subjects and words insufficiently illustrated in the comments, and for the names venprides (l. 820); sprotis, (?sprats, as in Sloane 1315), and torrentille (l. 548); almond iardyne (l. 744); ginger colombyne, valadyne, and maydelyne (l. 132-3); leche dugard, &c., Ihave not been able to find meanings. Explanations and helps I shall gladly receive, in the hope that they may appear in another volume of like kind for which I trust soon to find more MSS. Of other MSS. of like kind I also ask for notice.

The reason for reprinting Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruynge, which I had not at first thought of, was because its identity of phrase and word with many parts of Russell,—a thing which came on me with a curious feeling of surprise as I turned over the leaves,—made it certain that de Worde either abstracted in prose Russell's MS., chopping off his lines' tails,—adding also bits here[14], leaving out others there,—or else that both writers copied a common original. The most cursory perusal will show this to be the case. It was not alone by happy chance that when Russell had said

O Fruture viant / Fruter sawge by good / bett{ur} is Frut{ur} powche; Appulle fruture / is good hoot / but e cold ye not towche

(l. 501-2)

Wynkyn de Worde delivered himself of

"Fruyter vaunte, fruyter say be good; better is fruyter pouche; apple fruyters ben good good hote / and all colde fruters, touche not,"

altering not's place to save the rhyme; or that when Russell had said of the Crane

The Crane is a fowle / that strong{e} is w{i}t{h} to far{e}; e whyng{es} ye areyse / full{e} large evy thar{e}; of hyr{e} trompe in e brest / loke {a}t ye beware

Wynkyn de Worde directed his Carver thus: "A crane, reyse the wynges fyrst, & beware of the trumpe in his brest." Let any one compare the second and third pages of Wynkyn de Worde's text with lines 48-137 of Russell, and he will make up his mind that the old printer was either one of the most barefaced plagiarists that ever lived, or that the same original was before him and Russell too. May Mr Davenport's hayloft, or some learned antiquarian, soon decide the alternative for us! The question was too interesting a "Curiosity of Literature" not to be laid before our Members, and therefore The Boke of Keruynge was reprinted—from the British Museum copy of the second edition of 1513—with added side-notes and stops, and the colophon as part of the title.

Then came the necessary comparison of Russell's Boke with the Boke of Curtasye, edited by Mr Halliwell from the Sloane MS. 1986 for the Percy Society. Contrasts had to be made with it, in parts, many times in a page; the tract was out of print and probably in few Members' hands; it needed a few corrections[15], and was worthy of a thousand times wider circulation than it had had; therefore a new edition from the MS. was added to this volume. Relying on Members reading it for themselves, Ihave not in the notes indicated all the points of coincidence and difference between this Boke and Russell's. It is of wider scope than Russell's, takes in the duties of outdoor officers and servants as well as indoor, and maybe those of a larger household; it has also a fyrst Boke on general manners, and a Second Book on what to learn at school, how to behave at church, &c., but it does not go into the great detail as to Meals and Dress which is the special value of Russell's Boke, nor is it associated with a writer who tells us something of himself, or a noble who in all our English Middle Age has so bright a name on which we can look back as "good Duke Humphrey." This personality adds an interest to work that anonymity and its writings of equal value can never have; so that we may be well content to let the Curtasye be used in illustration of the Nurture. The MS. of the Curtasye is about 1460 A.D., Mr Bond says. Ihave dated it wrongly on the half-title.

The Booke of Demeanor was "such a little one" that I was tempted to add it to mark the general introduction of handkerchiefs. Having printed it, arose the question, 'Where did it come from?' No Weste's Schoole of Vertue could I find in catalogues, or by inquiring of the Duke of Devonshire, Mr W.C. Hazlitt, at the Bodleian, &c. Seager's Schoole of Vertue was the only book that turned up, and this I accordingly reprinted, as Weste's Booke of Demeanor seemed to be little more than an abstract of the first four Chapters of Seager cut down and rewritten. We must remember that books of this kind, which we look on as sources of amusement, as more or less of a joke, were taken seriously by the people they were written for. That The Schoole of Vertue, for instance—whether Seager's or Weste's—was used as a regular school-book for boys, let Io. Brinsley witness. In his Grammar Schoole of 1612, pp. 17, 18, he enumerates the "Bookes to bee first learned of children":— 1.their Abcie, and Primer. 2.The Psalms in metre, 'because children wil learne that booke with most readinesse and delight through the running of the metre, as it is found by experience. 3.Then the Testament.' 4."If any require any other little booke meet to enter children; the Schoole of Vertue is one of the principall, and easiest for the first enterers, being full of precepts of ciuilitie, and such as children will soone learne and take a delight in, thorow the roundnesse of the metre, as was sayde before of the singing Psalmes: And after it the Schoole of good manners[16], called, the new Schoole of Vertue, leading the childe as by the hand, in the way of all good manners."

I make no apology for including reprints of these little-known books in an Early English Text. Qui s'excuse s'accuse; and if these Tracts do not justify to any reader their own appearance here, Ibelieve the fault is not theirs.

A poem on minding what you say, which Mr Aldis Wright has kindly sent me, some Maxims on Behaviour, &c., which all end in -ly, and Roger Ascham's Advice to his brother-in-law on entering a nobleman's service, follow, and then the Poems which suggested the Forewords on Education in Early England, and have been partly noticed in them, p. i-iv. Ihave only to say of the first, The Babees Boke, that I have not had time to search for its Latin original, or other copies of the text. Its specialty is its attributing so high birth to the Bele Babees whom it addresses, and its appeal to Lady Facetia to help its writer. Of the short alphabetic poems that follow,—The A B C of Aristotle,—copies occur elsewhere; and that in the Harleian Manuscript 1304, which has a different introduction, Ihope to print in the companion volume to this, already alluded to. Vrbanitatis, Iwas glad to find, because of the mention of the booke of urbanitie in Edward the Fourth's Liber Niger (p. ii. above), as we thus know what the Duke of Norfolk of "Flodden Field" was taught in his youth as to his demeanings, how mannerly he should eat and drink, and as to his communication and other forms of court. He was not to spit or snite before his Lord the King, or wipe his nose on the table-cloth. The next tracts, The Lytylle Chyldrenes Lytil Boke or Edyllys Be[17] (atitle made up from the text) and The Young Children's Book, are differing versions of one set of maxims, and are printed opposite one another for contrast sake. The Lytil Boke was printed from a later text, and with an interlinear French version, by Wynkyn de Worde in 'Here begynneth a lytell treatyse for to lerne Englisshe and Frensshe.' This will be printed by Mr Wheatley in his Collection of Early Treatises on Grammar for the Society, as the copy in the Grenville Library in the Brit. Mus. is the only one known. Other copies of this Lytil Boke are at Edinburgh, Cambridge, and Oxford. Of two of these Mr David Laing and Mr Henry Bradshaw have kindly given me collations, which are printed at the end of this Preface. Of the last Poem, Stans Puer ad Mensam, attributed to Lydgate— as nearly everything in the first half of the 15th century was— I have printed two copies, with collations from a third, the Jesus (Cambridge) MS. printed by Mr Halliwell in Reliqui Antiqu, v. 1, p. 156-8, and reprinted by Mr W.C. Hazlitt in his Early Popular Poetry, ii. 23-8. Mr Hazlitt notices 3 other copies, in Harl. MS. 4011, fol. 1, &c.; Lansdowne MS. 699; and Additional MS. 5467, which he collated for his text. There must be plenty more about the country, as in Ashmole MS. 61, fol. 16, back, in the Bodleian.[18] Of old printed editions Mr Hazlitt notes one "from the press of Caxton, but the only copy known is imperfect. It was printed two or three times by Wynkyn de Worde. Lowndes mentions two, 1518, 4to, and 1524, 4to; and in the public library at Cambridge there is said by Hartshorne (Book Rarities, 156) to be a third without date. It is also appended to the various impressions of the Boke of Nurture by Hugh Rhodes." This Boke has been reprinted for the Early English Text Society, and its Stans Puer is Rhodes's own expansion of one of the shorter English versions of the original Latin[19].

The woodcuts Messrs Virtue have allowed me to have copies of for a small royalty, and they will help the reader to realize parts of the text better than any verbal description. The cuts are not of course equal to the beautiful early illuminations they are taken from, but they are near enough for the present purpose. The dates of those from British Museum MSS. are given on the authority of trustworthy officers of the Manuscript Department. The dates of the non-Museum MSS. are copied from Mr Wright's text. The line of description under the cuts is also from Mr Wright's text, except in one instance where he had missed the fact of the cut representing the Marriage Feast at Cana of Galilee, with its six water-pots.

The MS. of Russell is on thick folio paper, is written in a close—and seemingly unprofessional—hand, fond of making elaborate capitals to the initials of its titles, and thus occasionally squeezing up into a corner the chief word of the title, because the T of The preceding has required so much room.[20] The MS. has been read through by a corrector with a red pen, pencil, or brush, who has underlined all the important words, touched up the capitals, and evidently believed in the text. Perhaps the corrector, if not writer, was Russell himself. Ihope it was, for the old man must have enjoyed emphasizing his precepts with those red scores; but then he would hardly have allowed a space to remain blank in line 204, and have left his Panter-pupil in doubt as to whether he should lay his "white payne" on the left or right of his knives. Every butler, drill-serjeant, and vestment-cleric, must feel the thing to be impossible. The corrector was not John Russell.

To all those gentlemen who have helped me in the explanations of words, &c.,—Mr Gillett, Dr Gnther, Mr Atkinson, Mr Skeat, Mr Cockayne, MrGibbs, Mr Way, the Hon. G.P. Marsh—and to MrE. Brock, the most careful copier of the MS., my best thanks are due, and are hereby tendered. Would that thanks of any of us now profiting by their labours could reach the ears of that prince of Dictionary-makers, Cotgrave, of Frater Galfridus, Palsgrave, Hexham, Philipps, and the rest of the lexicographers who enable us to understand the records of the past! Would too that an adequate expression of gratitude could reach the ears of the lost Nicolas, and of Sir Frederic Madden, for their carefully indexed Household Books,—to be contrasted with the unwieldy mass and clueless mazes of the Antiquaries' Household Ordinances, the two volumes of the Roxburghe Howard Household Books, and Percy's Northumberland Household Book[21]!—They will be spared the pains of the special place of torment reserved for editors who turn out their books without glossary or index. May that be their sufficient reward!

3, St George's Square, N.W.

16 Dec., 1866.

HUMPHREY, DUKE OF GLOUCESTER.

Mr C. H. Pearson has referred me to a most curious treatise on the state of Duke Humphrey's body and health in 1404 (that is, 1424, says Hearne), by Dr Gilbert Kymer, his physician, part of which (chapters 3 and 19, with other pieces) was printed by Hearne in the appendix to his Liber Niger, v. ii. p. 550 (ed. alt.), from a MS. then in Sir Hans Sloane's Collection, and now Sloane 4 in the British Museum. It begins at p. 127 or folio 63, and by way of giving the reader a notion of its contents, Iadd here a copy of the first page of theMS.

Incipit dietariu{m} de sanitatis custodia p{re}inclitissi{m}o p{r}incipi ac metuendissimo d{omi}no, d{omi}no humfrido, duci Gloucestrie, Alijsq{ue} p{re}claris titulis insignito, Sc{r}iptu{m} & co{m}pilatu{m}, p{er} ven{er}abile{m} doctore{m}, Magistru{m} Gilbertum Kymer, Medicinar{um} p{ro}fessorem, arciu{m} ac ph{ilosoph}ie Mag{ist}r{u}m & in legib{us} bacallariu{m} p{re}libati p{r}incipis phisicu{m}, Cui{us} dietarij[A] c{ol}l{e}cc{i}o{n}em (?) dilucidancia & effectu{m} viginti sex existu{n}t capit{u}la, q{u}or{um} {con}seque{n}t{er} hic ordo ponit{ur} Rubricar{um}[B].

[Textnotes: A: The letters are to me more like cl, or c{ol}l than anything else, but I am not sure what they are. B: The MS. runs on without breaks. [Transcriber's Note: Marker [A] is printed at the end of "dietarij", but must be intended for the following word.]]

Cap{itulu}m 1^m est ep{isto}la de laude sanitat{is} & vtilitate bone diete. Cap{itulu}m 2^m est de illis in quib{us} consistit dieta. Cap{itulu}m 3^m de toci{us} co[r]p{or}is & p{ar}ciu{m} disposi{ci}one. Cap{itulu}m 4^m est de Ayer{e} eligendo & corrigendo. Cap{itulu}m 5^m de q{ua}ntitate cibi & potus sumenda. Cap{itulu}m 6^m de ordine sumendi cibu{m} & potu{m}. Cap{itulu}m 7^m de temp{or}e sumendi cibu{m} & potu{m}. Cap{itulu}m 8^m de q{ua}ntitate cibi & potus sumendoru{m}. Cap{itulu}m 9^m de pane eligendo. Cap{itulu}m 10^m de gen{er}ib{us} potagior{um} sumendis. Cap{itulu}m 11^m de carnib{us} vtendis & vitandis. Cap{itulu}m 12^m de ouis sumendis. Cap{itulu}m 13^m de lacticinijs vtend{is}. Cap{itulu}m 14^m de piscib{us} vtendis & vitand{is}. Cap{itulu}m 15^m de fructib{us} sumendis. Cap{itulu}m 16^m de co{n}dime{n}t{is} & sp{eci}ebus vtendis. Cap{itulu}m 17^m de potu eligendo. Cap{itulu}m 18^m de regimi{n}e replec{i}o{n}is & inanic{i}onis. Cap{itulu}m 19^m de vsu coitus. Cap{itulu}m 20^m de excercic{io} & q{u}iete. Cap{itulu}m 21^m de sompni & vigilie regimi{n}e. Cap{itulu}m 22^m de vsu acc{ide}nciu{m} anime. Cap{itulu}m 23^m de bona {con}suetudi{n}e diete tenenda. Cap{itulu}m 24^m de medic{in}is vicissim vtendis. Cap{itulu}m 25^m de adu{er}sis nature infortunijs p{re}cauendis. Cap{itulu}m 26^m de deo semp{er} colendo vt sanitate{m} melius tueatur.

["Unpacked" text, omitting signs of abbreviations or ligatures:]

Incipit dietarium de sanitatis custodia preinclitissimo principi ac metuendissimo domino, domino humfrido, duci Gloucestrie, Alijsque preclaris titulis insignito, Scriptum & compilatum, per venerabilem doctorem, Magistrum Gilbertum Kymer, Medicinarum professorem, arcium ac philosophie Magistrum & in legibus bacallarium prelibati principis phisicum, Cuius dietarij colleccionem (?) dilucidancia & effectum viginti sex existunt capitula, quorum consequenter hic ordo ponitur Rubricarum.

Sharon Turner (Hist. of England, v. 498, note 35) says euphemistically of the part of this treatise printed by Hearne, that "it implies how much the Duke had injured himself by the want of self-government. It describes him in his 45th year, as having a rheumatic affection in his chest, with a daily morning cough. It mentions that his nerves had become debilitated by the vehemence of his laborious exercises, and from an immoderate frequency of pleasurable indulgences. It advises him to avoid north winds after a warm sun, sleep after dinner, exercise after society, frequent bathings, strong wine, much fruit, the flesh of swine, and the weakening gratification to which he was addicted. The last (chapter), 'De Deo semper colendo, ut sanitatem melius tueatur,' is worthy the recollection of us all." It is too late to print the MS. in the present volume, but in a future one it certainly ought to appear.

Of Duke Humphrey's character and proceedings after the Pope's bull had declared his first marriage void, Sharon Turner further says:

"Gloucester had found the rich dowry of Jacqueline wrenched from his grasp, and, from so much opposition, placed beyond his attaining, and he had become satiated with her person. One of her attendants, Eleanor Cobham, had affected his variable fancy; and tho' her character had not been spotless before, and she had surrendered her honour to his own importunities, yet he suddenly married her, exciting again the wonder of the world by his conduct, as in that proud day every nobleman felt that he was acting incongruously with the blood he had sprung from. His first wedlock was impolitic, and this unpopular; and both were hasty and self-willed, and destructive of all reputation for that dignified prudence, which his elevation to the regency of the most reflective and enlightened nation in Europe demanded for its example and its welfare. This injudicious conduct announced too much imperfection of intellect, not to give every advantage to his political rival the bishop of Winchester, his uncle, who was now struggling for the command of the royal mind, and for the predominance in the English government. He and the duke of Exeter were the illegitimate brothers of Henry the Fourth, and had been first intrusted with the king's education. The internal state of the country, as to its religious feelings and interest, contributed to increase the differences which now arose between the prelate and his nephew, who is described by a contemporary as sullying his cultivated understanding and good qualities, by an ungoverned and diseasing love of unbecoming pleasures. It is strange, that in so old a world of the same continuing system always repeating the same lesson, any one should be ignorant that the dissolute vices are the destroyers of personal health, comfort, character, and permanent influence."[24]

After narrating Duke Humphrey's death, Turner thus sums up his character:—

"The duke of Gloucester, amid failings that have been before alluded to, has acquired the pleasing epithet of The Good; and has been extolled for his promotion of the learned or deserving clergy. Fond of literature, and of literary conversation, he patronized men of talent and erudition. One is called, in a public record, his poet and orator; and Lydgate prefaces one of his voluminous works, with a panegyric upon him, written during the king's absence on his French coronation, which presents to us the qualities for which, while he was living, the poet found him remarkable, and thought fit to commend him."

These verses are in the Royal MS. 18 D 4, in the British Museum, and are here printed from the MS., not from Turner:—

[Fol. 4.] Eek in this lond—I dar afferme a thyng— Ther is a prince Ful myhty of puyssau{n}ce, A kynges sone, vncle to the kynge Henry the sexte which is now i{n} frau{n}ce, And is lieftenant, & hath the gouernau{n}ce Off our breteyne; thoruh was discrecion He hath conserued in this regiou{n}

Duryng his tyme off ful hih{e}[A] prudence Pes and quiete, and sustened riht{e}.[A] [Gh]it natwithstandyng his noble prouyde{n}ce He is in deede prouyd a good knyht, Eied as argus with reson and forsiht; Off hih{e} lectrure I dar eek off hym telle, And treuli deeme that he doth{e} excelle

In vndirstondyng all othir of his age, And hath gret Ioie with clerkis to co{m}mune; And no man is mor expert off language. Stable in studie alwei he doth contune, Settyng a side alle chau{n}ges[B] of fortune; And wher he loueth{e}, [gh]iff I schal nat tarie, With{e}oute cause ful loth{e} he is to varie.

Duc off Gloucestre men this prince calle; And natwithstandyng his staat & dignyte, His corage neuer doth appalle To studie in bookis off antiquite; Therin he hath{e} so gret felicite Vertuousli hym silff to ocupie, Off vicious slouth to haue the maistrie.[25]

And with his prudence & wit his manheed Trouthe to susteyne he fauour set a side; And hooli chirche meyntenyng in dede, That in this land no lollard dar abide. As verrai support, vpholdere, & eek guyde, Spareth non, but maketh{e} hym silff strong To punysshe alle tho that do the chirch{e} wrong.

Thus is he both manly & eek wise, Chose of god to be his owne knyht{e}; And off o thynge he hath a synguler[C] price, That heretik dar non comen in his siht{e}. In cristes feith{e} he stant so hol vpriht, Off hooli chirche defence and [c]hampion To chastise alle that do therto treson.

And to do plesance to oure lord ih{es}u He studieht[D] eu{er}e to haue intelligence. Reedinge off bookis bringth{e} in vertu,— Vices excludyng, slouthe & necligence,— Maketh{e} a prince to haue experience To know hym silff i{n} many sundry wise, Wher he trespaseth, his errour to chastise.

[Text Notes: A: These e-s represent the strokes through the h-s. B: MS. thau{n}ges. C: The l is rubbed. D: So in MS.]

After mentioning that the duke had considered the book of 'Boccasio, on the Fall of Princes,' he adds, 'and he gave me commandment, that I should, after my conning, this book translate him to do plesance.' MS. 18 D 4.—Sharon Turner's History of England, vol. vi. pp. 55—7.

P.S. When printing the 1513 edition of Wynkyn de Worde's Boke of Keruynge, Iwas not aware of the existence of a copy of the earlier edition in the Cambridge University Library. Seeing this copy afterwards named in Mr Hazlitt's new catalogue, Iasked a friend to compare the present reprint with the first edition, and the result follows.

NOTE ON THE 1508 EDITION OF

The Boke of Keruynge,

By The Rev. Walter Skeat, M.A.

The title-page of the older edition, of 1508, merely contains the words, "Here begynneth the boke of Keruynge;" and beneath them is—as in the second edition of 1513—a picture of two ladies and two gentlemen at dinner, with an attendant bringing a dish, two servants at a side table, and a jester. The colophon tells us that it was "Enprynted by wynkyn de worde at London in Flete strete at the sygne of the sonne. The yere of our lorde M.CCCCC.VIII;" beneath which is Wynkyn de Worde's device, as in the second edition.

The two editions resemble each other very closely, running page for page throughout, and every folio in the one begins at the same place as in the other. Thus the word "moche" is divided into mo-che in both editions, the "-che" beginning Fol. A. ii.b. Neither is altogether free from misprints, but these are not very numerous nor of much importance. It may be observed that marks of contraction are hardly ever used in the older edition, the word "y^e" being written "the" at length, and instead of "hged" we find "hanged." On the whole, the first edition would seem to be the more carefully printed, but the nature of the variations between them will be best understood by an exact collation of the first two folios (pp. 151-3 of the present edition), where the readings of the first edition are denoted by the letterA. The only variations are these:—

P. 151. lyft that swanne] lyfte that swanne A (a misprint). frusshe that chekyn] fruche that chekynA. thye all maner of small byrdes] A omitsof. fynne that cheuen] fyne that cheuenA. transsene that ele] trassene that eleA. Here hendeth, &c.] Here endeth, &c.A. Butler] Butteler A.

P. 152, l. 5. tre{n}choures] trenchoursA. l. 12. ha{n}ged] hanged A. l. 15. cannelles] canelles A. l. 18, 19. y^e] the (in both places)A. l. 20. seasous] seasons A. l. 23. after] After A. l. 27. good] goot A. l. 30. y^e] the A. l. 34. modo{n}] modon A. l. 36. sourayne] souerayne A.

P. 153. ye] the A (several times). l. 5. wyll] wyl A. l. 9. rede] reed A. reboyle] reboyle notA. l. 12. the reboyle] they reboyleA. l. 17. lessynge] lesynge A. l. 20. ca{m}polet] campolet A. l. 21. tyer] tyerre A. l. 22. ypocras] Ipocras A (and in the next line, and l.26). l. 24. gy{n}ger] gynger A. l. 27. ren] hange A. l. 29. your] youre A. In l. 33, A has paradico, as in the second edition.

It will be readily seen that these variations are chiefly in the spelling, and of a trivial character. The only ones of any importance are, on p. 151, lyste (which is a misprint) for lyft, and trassene for transsene (cp. Fr. transon, atruncheon, peece of, Cot.); on p. 152, goot for good is well worth notice (if any meaning can be assigned to goot), as the direction to beware of good strawberries is not obvious; on p. 153, we should note lesynge for lessynge, and hange for ren, the latter being an improvement, though ren makes sense, as basins hung by cords on a perch may, like curtains hung on a rod, be said to run on it. The word ren was probably caught up from the line above it in reprinting.

The following corrections are also worth making, and are made on the authority of the first edition:—

P. 155, l. 10, For treachour read trenchour. l. 23. For so read se. l. 24. For se' read se. P. 156, l. 1. ony] on A. l.7. For it read is. l. 15. y^e so] and soo A. (No doubt owing to confusion between & and y^e.) l. 16. your] you A. l. 29. For bo read be. P. 157, l. 20. For wich read with. P. 158, l. 3. For fumosytces read fumosytees. l. 7. For pygous read pynyons (whence it appears that the pinion-bones, not pigeon's-bones, are meant). l. 25. The word "reyfe" is quite plain.

P. 160, ll. 18, &c. There is some variation here; the first edition has, after the word souerayne, the following:—"laye trenchours before hym / yf he be a grete estate, lay fyue trenchours / & he be of a lower degre, foure trenchours / & of an other degre, thre trenchours," &c. This is better; the second edition is clearly wrong about five trenchers. This seems another error made in reprinting, the words lower degre being wrongly repeated.

P. 161, l. 6. It may be proper to note the first edition also has broche. P. 165, l. 8. For for y^e read for they. P. 165, l. 27. the[y]; in A they is printed in full. P. 166, l. 18. For raysyus read raysyns. P. 167, l. 21. For slytee read slytte. P. 169, ll. 10, 18. carpentes] carpettesA. l. 14. shall] shake A. l. 23. blanked] blanket A.

Nearly all the above corrections have already been made in the side-notes. Only two of them are of any importance, viz. the substitution of pynyons on p. 158, and the variation of reading on p.160; in the latter case perhaps neither edition seems quite right, though the first edition is quite intelligible.

In our Cambridge edition (see p. 170, l. 5) this line about the pope is carefully struck out, and the grim side-note put "lower down", with tags to show to what estate he and the cardinal and bishops ought to be degraded!

NOTE TO p. xxiv. l. 10, "OUR WOMEN," AND THEIR KNOWLEDGE OF LANGUAGES, p. xxv-vi.

[These pages can be found under the headnote "NEGLECT OF EDUCATION BY MOTHERS".]

The Ladies & Men of Queen Elizabeth's Court.

"I might here (if I would, or had sufficient disposition of matter conceiued of the same) make a large discourse of such honorable ports, of such graue councellors, and noble personages, as giue their dailie attendance vpon the quenes maiestie there. Icould in like sort set foorth a singular commendation of the vertuous beautie, or beautifull vertues of such ladies and gentlewomen as wait vpon hir person, betweene whose amiable countenances and costlinesse of attire, there semeth to be such a dailie conflict and contention, as that it is verie difficult for me to gesse, whether of the twaine shall beare awaie the preheminence. This further is not to be omitted, to the singular commendation of both sorts and sexes of our courtiers here in England, [a] that there are verie few of them, which haue not the vse and skill of sundrie speaches, beside an excellent veine of writing before time not regarded. Would to God the rest of their liues and conuersations were correspondent to these gifts! for as our common courtiers (for the most part) are the best lerned and indued with excellent gifts, so are manie of them the worst men when they come abroad, that anie man shall either heare or read of. Trulie it is a rare thing with vs now, to heare of a courtier which hath but his owne language. [b] And to saie how many gentlewomen and ladies there are, that beside sound knowledge of the Greke and Latine toongs, are thereto no lesse skilfull in the Spanish, Italian, and French, or in some one of them, it resteth not in me: sith I am persuaded, that as the noble men and gentlemen doo surmount in this behalfe, so these come verie little or nothing at all behind them for their parts; which industrie God continue, and accomplish that which otherwise is wanting!

[Sidenotes ([b] bracketed in original): [a] English courtiers the best learned & the worst liuers. b Ladies learned in languages.]]

"[a] Beside these things I could in like sort set downe the waies and meanes, wherby our ancient ladies of the court doo shun and auoid idlenesse, some of them exercising their fingers with the needle, other in caul-worke, diuerse in spinning of silke, some in continuall reading either of the holie scriptures, or histories of our owne or forren nations about vs, and diuerse in writing volumes of their owne, or translating of other mens into our English and Latine toong, [b] whilest the yoongest sort in the meane time applie their lutes, citharnes, prickesong, and all kind of musike, which they vse onelie for recreation sake, when they haue leisure, and are fre from attendance vpon the quenes maiestie, or such as they belong vnto. [c] How manie of the eldest sort also are skilfull in surgerie and distillation of waters, beside sundrie other artificiall practises perteining to the ornature and commendations of their bodies, I might (if I listed to deale further in this behalfe) easilie declare, but I passe ouer such maner of dealing, least I should seme to glauer, and currie fauour with some of them. Neuerthelesse this I will generallie saie of them all, that as [d] ech of them are cuning in somthing wherby they kepe themselues occupied in the court, so there is in maner none of them, but when they be at home, can helpe to supplie the ordinarie want of the kitchen with a number of delicat dishes of their owne deuising, [e] wherein the Portingall is their chefe counsellor, as some of them are most commonlie with the clearke of the kitchen, who vseth (by a tricke taken vp of late) [f] to giue in a brefe rehearsall of such and so manie dishes as are to come in at euerie course throughout the whole seruice in the dinner or supper while: which bill some doo call a [g] memoriall, other a billet, but some a fillet, bicause such are commonlie hanged on the file, and kept by the ladie or gentlewoman vnto some other purpose. But whither am I digressed?" —1577, W. HARRISON, in Holinshed's Chronicles, vol. I. p. 196, ed. 1586.

[Sidenotes (all bracketed in original): a Ancient ladies' employments.] b Young ladies' recreations.] c Old ladies' skill in surgery, &c.] d All are cunning [e] in cookery, helped by the Portuguese.] f Introduction of the Carte, [g] Memorial, Billet or Fillet.]]

[Footnote 1: This MS. contains a copy of "The Rewle of the Moone," fol. 49-67, which I hope to edit for the Society.]

[Footnote 2: The next treatise to Russell in this MS. is "The booke off the gou{er}naunce off Kyngis and Pryncis," or Liber Aristotiles ad Alexandrum Magnum, abook of Lydgate's that we ought to print from the best MS. of it. At fol. 74 b. is a heading,—

Here dyed this translatour and noble poette Lidgate and the yong follower gan his prolog on this wys.]

[Footnote 3: One can fancy that a cook like Wolsey's (described by Cavendish, vol. i. p. 34), "a Master Cook who went daily in damask satin, or velvet, with a chain of gold about his neck" (amark of nobility in earlier days), would be not leef but loth to obey an usher and marshal.]

[Footnote 4: Warton, ii. 264-8, ed. 1840. For further details about the Duke see the Appendix to this Preface.]

[Footnote 5: See one MS., "How to serve a Lord," ab. 1500 A.D., quoted in the notes to the Camden Society's Italian Relation of England, p.97.]

[Footnote 6: For the Early English Text Society.]

[Footnote 7: I have put figures before the motions in the dress and undress drills, for they reminded me so of "Manual and Platoon: by numbers."]

[Footnote 8: Mr Way says that the planere, l. 58, is an article new to antiquarians.]

[Footnote 9: Randle Holme's tortoise and snails, in No. 12 of his Second Course, Bk. III., p. 60, col. 1, are stranger still. "Tortoise need not seem strange to an alderman who eats turtle, nor to a West Indian who eats terrapin. Nor should snails, at least to the city of Paris, which devours myriads, nor of Ulm, which breeds millions for the table. Tortoises are good; snails excellent." HenryH. Gibbs.]

[Footnote 10: "It is nought all good to the goost that the gut asketh" we may well say with William who wrote Piers Ploughmon, v. 1, p. 17, l. 533-4, after reading the lists of things eatable, and dishes, in Russell's pages. The later feeds that Phylotheus Physiologus exclaims against[*] are nothing to them: "What an Hodg-potch do most that have Abilities make in their Stomachs, which must wonderfully oppress and distract Nature: For if you should take Flesh of various sorts, Fish of as many, Cabbages, Parsnops, Potatoes, Mustard, Butter, Cheese, aPudden that contains more then ten several Ingredents, Tarts, Sweet-meats, Custards, and add to these Churries, Plums, Currans, Apples, Capers, Olives, Anchovies, Mangoes, Caveare, &c., and jumble them altogether into one Mass, what Eye would not loath, what Stomach not abhor such a Gallemaufrey? yet this is done every Day, and counted Gallent Entertainment."]

[Footnote 10*: Monthly Observations for the preserving of Health, 1686, p. 20-1.]

[Footnote 11: See descriptions of a dinner in Parker's Domestic Architecture of the Middle Ages, iii. 74-87 (with a good cut of the Cupboard, Dais, &c.), and in Wright's Domestic Manners and Customs. Russell's description of the Franklin's dinner, l. 795-818, should be noted for the sake of Chaucer's Franklin, and we may also notice that Russell orders butter and fruits to be served on an empty stomach before dinner, l. 77, as a whet to the appetite. Modus Cenandi serves potage first, and keeps the fruits, with the spices and biscuits, for dessert.]

[Footnote 12: The extracts from Bulleyn, Borde, Vaughan, and Harington are in the nature of notes, but their length gave one the excuse of printing them in bigger type as parts of a Text. In the same way I should have treated the many extracts from Laurens Andrewe, had I not wanted them intermixed with the other notes, and been also afraid of swelling this book to an unwieldy size.]

[Footnote 13: The Termes of a Kerver so common in MSS. are added, p. 151, and the subsequent arrangement of the modes of carving the birds under these Termes, p. 161-3. The Easter-Day feast (p. 162) is also new, the bit why the heads of pheasants, partridges, &c., are unwholesome—'for they ete in theyr degrees foule thynges, as wormes, todes, and other suche,' p. 165-6—and several other pieces.]

[Footnote 14: do the, l. 115, is clothe in the MS.; grayne, l. 576 (see too ll. 589, 597,) is grayue, Scotch greive, A.S. gerefa, akind of bailiff; resceyne, ll. 547, 575, is resceyue, receive; &c.]

[Footnote 15: This is doubtless a different book from Hugh Rhodes's Booke of Nurture & Schoole of Good Manners, p. 71, below.]

[Footnote 16: What this Edyllys Be means, Ihave no idea, and five or six other men I have asked are in the same condition. A.S. el is noble, eling, aprince, anoble; that may do for edyllys. Be may be for A B C, alphabet, elementary grammar of behaviour.]

[Footnote 17: P.S. Mr Hazlitt, iv. 366, notices two others in MS. Ashmole 59, art. 57, and in Cotton MS. Calig. A II. fol. 13, the latter of which and Ashmole 61, are, he says, of a different translation.]

[Footnote 18: See Hazlitt, iv. 366.]

[Footnote 19: The MS. has no title. The one printed I have made up from bits of the text.]

[Footnote 20: Still one is truly thankful for the material in these unindexed books.]

[Footnote 21: Sharon Turner's History of England, vol. v. pp. 496-8.]

[Footnote 22: This is the stanza quoted by Dr Reinhold Pauli in his Bilder aus Alt-England, c. xi. p. 349:

"Herzog von Glocester nennen sie den Frsten, Der trotz des hohen Rangs und hoher Ehren Im Herzen nhrt ein dauerndes Gelsten Nach Allem, was die alten Bcher lehren; So glcklich gross ist hierin sein Begehren, Dass tugendsam er seine Zeit verbringt Und trunkne Trgheit mnniglich bezwingt."

The reader should by all means consult this chapter, which is headed "Herzog Humfrid von Glocester. Bruchstck eines Frstenlebens im fnfzehnten Jahrhunderte" (Humphrey Duke of Gloucester. Sketch of the life of a prince in the fifteenth century). There is an excellent English translation of this book, published by Macmillan, and entitled "Pictures of Old England." —W.W. Skeat.]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

COLLATIONS.

These are given as a warning to other editors either to collate in foot-notes or not at all. The present plan takes up as much room as printing a fresh text would, and gives needless trouble to every one concerned.

[Transcriber's Note:

Each of these Collations will be repeated in or after the appropriate selection.]

p. 260. The A B C of Aristotle, Harl. MS. 1706, fol. 94, collated by Mr Brock, omits the prologue, and begins after l. 14 with, "Here be-gynneth{e} Arystoles A B C. made be mayster Benett."

A, for argue not read Angre the B, omit ne; for not to large read thou nat to brode D, " " ; for not read thow nat E, " " ; for to eernesful read ne curyons F, for fers, famuler, freendli, read Ferde, familier, frenfull{e} G, omit to; for & gelosie ou hate, read Ne to galaunt never H, for in ine read off I, for iettynge read Iocunde; for iape not to read Ioye thow nat K, omit to and &; for knaue read knaves L, for for to leene read ne to lovyng; for goodis read woordys M, for medelus read Mellous; for but as mesure wole it meeue read ne to besynesse vnleffull{e} N, for ne use no new iettis read ne nought{e} to neffangle O, for ouerwart read ouertwarth{e}; for & oois ou hate read Ne othez to haunte Q, for quarelose read querelous; for weel [gh]oure souereyns read men all{e} abowte R, omit the second to; for not to rudeli read thou nat but lyte S, for ne straungeli to stare read Ne starte nat abowte T, for for temperaunce is best read But temp{er}ate euer{e} V, for ne &c. read ne violent Ne waste nat to moche W, for neier &c. read Ne to wyse deme the

for is euere e beste of read ys best for vs

Add X Y Z x y wych{e} esed & p{er}se. Tytell{e} Tytell{e} Tytell{e} tha Esta Amen.

p. 265, The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke, with part of the Advocates Library MS., fol. 84, back (collated by Mr David Laing).

l. 1, for children read childur l. 2, dele at l. 3 dele For l. 6, for with mary, read oure Lady l. 7, for arn read byn l. 9, prefix Forst to Loke and for wasshe read wasshyd l. 12, for tylle read to l. 13, prefix And to Loke l. 14, is, To he y^t reweleth y^e howse y^e bytt l. 16, put the that between loke and on l. 17, for without any faylys read withowtte fayle l. 18, for hungery aylys read empty ayle l. 20, for ete esely read etett eysely p. 267, l. 25, for mosselle read morsselle l. 26, for in read owt of l. 30, for Into thy read nor in the for thy salte read hit l. 31, for fayre on i read on a l. 32, for The byfore read Byfore the and dele yne ll. 33-4, are Pyke not y^i tethe wyth y^i knyfe Whyles y^u etyst be y^i lyfe

The poem in the Advocates' MS. has 108 lines, and fills 5 pages of the MS. (Wynkyn de Worde's version ends with this, after l. 105, 'And in his laste ende wyth the swete Ihesus. Amen. Here endeth the boke of curtesye.')

p. 265. The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke collated with the Cambridge University MS., by Mr Henry Bradshaw. Hem is always written for him in this MS., and so with other words.

l. 2, for wrytyne read brekeyd l. 6, for Elizabeth read cortesey l. 7, for closide read clodyd l. 10, for on read yn l. 11, 12, for ou read ye l. 14, for hous the bydde read hall e beyt l. 15, for e read they l. 16, for on read no l. 17, for any faylys read fayle l. 18, for aylys read heydyt l. 19, for Ete ... hastely read yet ... hastey l. 20, prefix Bot to Abyde for esely read all yesley p. 267, l. 23, for Kerue not thy brede read Kot they bred not l. 24, is Ne to theke bat be-tweyn l. 25, for mosselle read mossels; for begynnysse to read dost l. 26, for in read owt of l. 27, for on read yn ll. 28-30, are Ne yn they met, feys, ne fleys. Put not thy mete yn ey salt seleyr l. 32, is Be-fore the, that ys worschep l. 33, for ne read nother l. 34, for If read And for come read comest l. 35, for And read Seche put the is before yn l. 37, for Ete ... by read Kot ... yn l. 38, prefix And to Fylle; omit done l. 40, is Weyles thou hetys, bey they leyffe l. 42, for ow put read take owt l. 43, for Ne read Nether l. 44, is For no cortesey het ys not habell l. 45, for Elbowe ... fyst read Elbowhes ... fystys l. 46, for whylis at read wheyle l. 47, is Bolk not as a bolle yn the crofte l. 48, for karle at read charle for cote read cotte l. 50, for of hyt or ou art read the or ye be l. 51, for sterke read lowde p. 269, l. 52, is all of curtesy loke ye carpe l. 53, for at read all omit loke ou l. 54, for Loke ou rownde not read And loke ye l. 55, omit thy for and read ne l. 56, for doo read make l. 57, for laughe not read noer laughe l. 58, for with moche speche read thow meche speke for mayst read may l. 59, for first ne read ner and for the second ne read not l. 60, for fayre and stylle read stere het not l. 61, for thy read the l. 66, omit a l. 67, for I rede of read of j redde e of l. 68, for neer read neuer omit yn i before drynk l. 69, for at read they l. 73, for ou see read be saye l. 76, for ou read yow for thow art read yow ar l. 77, for forthe read before yow l. 78, omit ow not l. 79, for ynto read yn p. 271, l. 83, for ende read hendyng l. 84, for wasshen read was l. 85, for worthy read wortheyor l. 86, for to- read be- omit & for i prow read gentyll cortesey ll. 87, 88, 89, are omitted. l. 90, for nether read not for ne read ne with l. 91, omit i for the hede read they lorde l. 92, for hyghly read mekeley l. 93, for togydre ynsame read yn the same manere p. 271, l. 94, for no blame read the same l. 95, for therafter read hereafter l. 96, after that add he ys for was heere read ere aftyr l. 97, omit And for dispiseth read dispise l. 99, for Nether read neuer l. 100, for Ner read ne l. 101, after for add sent l. 102, for Louyth this boke read Loren this lesen l. 103, omit and for made read wret l. 106, is omitted.

p. 273, l. 107, before vs put hem and l. 108, for the first Amen read Sey all for the Explicit &c. read Expleycyt the Boke of cortesey.



CORRIGENDA, ADDITIONAL NOTES, &c.

[Transcriber's Note:

Where appropriate, changes listed have been incorporated into the e-text; they are marked here in double brackets as [[corrected]]. Conversely, notes and larger corrections have been added to the main text in [[double brackets]], with added footnotes shown as [[6a]], [[10a]]... The bracketed paragraph, following, is from the original text.]

[A few corrections of letters and figures have been made in this Reprint.]

p. iv. l. 6. 'Your Bele Babees are very like the Meninos of the Court of Spain, & Menins of that of France, young nobles brought up with the young Princes.'H. Reeve. [[6a]]

p. v. last line. This is not intended to confine the definition of Music as taught at Oxford to its one division of Harmonica, to the exclusion of the others, Rythmica, Metrica, &c. The Arithmetic said to have been studied there in the time of Edmund the Confessor is defined in his Life (MS. about 1310 A.D.) in my E.E. Poems & Lives of Saints, 1862, thus,

Arsmetrike is a lore: at of figours al is & of drau[gh]tes as me drawe in poudre: & in numbre iwis. [[10a]]

p. xviii. l. 16. The regular Cathedral school would have existed at St David's. [[24a]]

p. xix., note 4. "There are no French universities, though we find every now and then some humbug advertising himself in the Times as possessing a degree of the Paris University. The old Universities belong to the time before the Deluge—that means before the Revolution of 1789. The University of France is the organized whole of the higher and middle institutions of learning, in so far as they are directed by the State, not the clergy. It is an institution more governmental, according to the genius of the country, than our London University, to which, however, its organization bears some resemblance. To speak of it in one breath with Oxford or Aberdeen is to commit the ... error of confounding two things, or placing them on the same line, because they have the same name." —E.Oswald, in The English Leader, Aug. 10, 1867. [[30a]]

p. xxiv. l. 9, for 1574 read 1577. [[Corrected in reprint.]]

p. xxv. l. 17, related apparently. "The first William de Valence married Joan de Monchensi, sister-in-law to one Dionysia, and aunt to another." The Chronicle, Sept. 21, 1867. [[35a]]

p. xxvi. One of the inquiries ordered by the Articles issued by Archbishop Cranmer, in A.D. 1548, is, "Whether Parsons, Vicars, Clerks, and other beneficed men, having yearly to dispend an hundred pound, do not find, competently, one scholar in the University of Cambridge or Oxford, or some grammar school; and for as many hundred pounds as every of them may dispend, so many scholars likewise to be found [supported] by them; and what be their names that they so find." Toulmin Smith, The Parish, p. 95. Compare also in Church-Wardens Accompts of St Margaret's, Westminster (ed. Jn. Nichols, p.41).

1631. Item, to Richard Busby, a king's scholler of Westminster, towards enabling him to proceed master of arts at Oxon, by consent of the vestrie 6. 13.4.

1628. Item, to Richard Busby, by consent of the vestry, towards enabling him to proceed bachelor of arts 5. 0.0.

Nichols, p. 38. See too p. 37. [[38a]]

p. xxvii., last line. Roger Bacon died, perhaps, 11 June, 1292, or in 1294. Book of Dates. [[41a]]

p. xxvii., dele note 3 [[41]]. 'The truth is that, in his account of Oxford and its early days, Mr Hallam quotes John of Salisbury, not as asserting that Vacarius taught there, but as making "no mention of Oxford at all"; while he gives for the statement about the law school no authority whatever beyond his general reference throughout to Anthony Wood. But the fact is as historical as a fact can well be, and the authority for it is a passage in one of the best of the contemporary authors, Gervaise of Canterbury. "Tunc leges et causidici in Angliam primo vocati sunt," he says in his account of Theobald in the Acts of the Archbishops, "quorum primus era{t} magister Vacarius. Hic in Oxonefordi legem docuit."' E.A.F.

p. xxxiii. note [[45]], l. 1, for St Paul's read St Anthony's [[Corrected in reprint.]]

p. xxxiv., for sister read brother [[Corrected in reprint. The word "brother" appears twice on this page: "brother of Anne Bulleyn" and "Jane Seymour's brother".]]

p. xlv. l. 2, for poor read independent. 'Fitz-Stephen says on the parents of St Thomas, "Neque foenerantibus neque officiose negotiantibus, sed de redditibus suis honorifice viventibus."' E.A.F. [[Corrected; Footnote 63a]]

p. liii. Thetford. See also p. xli. [[Author's intention unclear. List on page liii shows Thetford grammar school, founded 1328. Page xli text has "between 1091 and 1119 ... schools at Thetford".]]

p. lxxix. last line. A Postscript of nine fresh pieces has been since added, on and after p. 349, with 'The Boris hede furst' at p. 264*. [[Section rewritten for reprint.]]

p. 6, l. 77, for the note on plommys, damsons, see p. 91, note on l. 177. [[Note corrected from "177" to "77" in reprint; note moved in e-text.]]

p. 7, l. 2 of notes, for Houeshold read Household [[Corrected in reprint.]]

p. 27, l. 418, Areyse. Compare, "and the Geaunte pulled and drough, but he myght hym not a-race from the sadell." Merlin, Pt. II. p. 346 (E.E.T. Soc. 1866). [[Added to footnote 80.]]

p. 35, note 3 (to l. 521), for end of this volume read p. 145 [[Corrected in reprint.]]

p. 36, l. 536. Pepper. "The third thing is Pepper, asauce for vplandish folkes: for they mingle Pepper with Beanes and Peason. Likewise of toasted bread with Ale or Wine, and with Pepper, they make a blacke sauce, as if it were pap, that is called pepper, and that they cast vpon theyr meat, flesh and fish." Reg. San. Salerni, p.67. [[127a]]

p. 58, l. 851; p. 168, l. 13, 14. Green sauce. There is a herb of an acid taste, the common name for which ... is green-sauce ... not a dozen miles from Stratford-on-Avon. Notes & Queries, June 14, 1851, vol. iii. p. 474. "of Persley leaues stamped withe veriuyce, or white wine, is made a greene sauce to eate with roasted meat ... Sauce for Mutton, Veale and Kid, is greene sauce, made in Summer with Vineger or Verjuyce, with a few spices, and without Garlicke. Otherwise with Parsley, white Ginger, and tosted bread with Vineger. In Winter, the same sawces are made with many spices, and little quantity of Garlicke, and of the best Wine, and with a little Verjuyce, or with Mustard." Reg. San. Salerni, p. 67-8. [[Added to note 237.]]

p. 62, l. 909, ? perhaps a comma should go after hed, and 'his cloak or cape' as a side-note. But see cappe, p. 65, l. 964. [[242a]]

p. 66, l. 969. Dogs. The nuisance that the number of Dogs must have been may be judged of by the following payments in the Church-Wardens' Accounts of St Margaret's, Westminster, in Nichols, p. 34-5.

1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of dogs 0. 9. 8. 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer more for killing 14 dozen and 10 dogs in time of visitacion 1. 9. 8. 1625 Item paid to the dog-killer for killing of 24 dozen of dogs 1. 8.

See the old French satire on the Lady and her Dogs, in Rel. Ant. i. 155. [[250a]]

p. 67, last line of note, for Hoss read Hog's [[Corrected in reprint]]

p. 71, side-note 12, for King's read chief [[Corrected in reprint]]

p. 84, note to l. 51. Chipping or paring bread. "Non comedas crustam, colorem quia gignit adustam ... the Authour in this Text warneth vs, to beware of crusts eating, because they ingender a-dust cholor, or melancholly humours, by reason that they bee burned and dry. And therefore great estates the which be [orig. the] chollerick of nature, cause the crustes aboue and beneath to be chipped away; wherfore the pith or crumme should be chosen, the which is of a greater nourishment then the crust." Regimen Sanitatis Salerni, ed. 1634, p. 71. Fr. chapplis, bread-chippings. Cotgrave. [[Added to note.]]

p. 85, note to l. 98, Trencher, should be to l.52. [[Note corrected to "52" in reprint; note moved in e-text.]]

p. 91, last note, on l. 177, should be on l.77. [[See above under "p.6".]]

p. 92, l. 6, goddes good. This, and barme, and bargood (=beer-good) are only equivalents for 'yeast.' Goddes-good was so called 'because it cometh of the grete grace of God': see the following extract, sent me by Mr Gillett, from the Book of the Corporate Assembly of Norwich, 8 Edw.IV.:

"The Maior of this Cite com{m}aundeth on the Kynges bihalve, y^t alle man{er} of Brewers y^t shall brewe to sale w^tynne this Cite, kepe y^e assise accordyn to y^e Statute, & upon peyne ordeyned. And wheras berme, otherwise clepid goddis good, w^toute tyme of mynde hath frely be goven or delyv{er}ed for brede, whete, malte, egges, or other honest rewarde, to y^e valewe only of a ferthyng at y^e uttermost, & noon warned, bicause it cometh of y^e grete grace of God, Certeyn p{er}sons of this Cite, callyng themselves com{m}on Brewers, for their singler lucre & avayll have nowe newely bigonne to take money for their seid goddis good, for y^e leest parte thereof, be it never so litle and insufficient to s{er}ve the payer therefore, an halfpeny or a peny, & ferthermore exaltyng y^e p{ri}ce of y^e seid Goddis good at their p{ro}p{e}r will, ageyns the olde & laudable custome of alle Englande, & sp{eci}ally of this Cite, to grete hurte & slaunder of y^e same Cite. Wherefore it is ordeyned & provided, That no man{er} of brewer of this Cite shall from this time foorth take of eny p{er}son for lyvering, gevyng, or grauntyng of y^e s^d goddis good, in money nor other rewarde, above y^e valewe of a ferthyng. He shall, for no malice feyned ne sought, colour, warne, ne restregne y^e s^d goddis good to eny p{er}sone y^t will honestly & lefully aske it, & paye therefore y^e valewe of a ferthyng, &c." [[Added as second footnote to note on l. 178.]]

p. 161, l. 4. Flawnes. 'Pro Caseo ad flauns qualibet die . panis j' (allowance of). Register of Worcester Priory, fol. 121 a. ed. Hale, 1865. [[Added to editor's Note on this word.]]

p. 296, col. 1, Clof. Can it be "cloth"? [[Added to Index. The entry is in col. 2, not col. 1; the word occurs on p. 192.]]

p. 181, l. 144, Croscrist. La Croix de par Dieu. The Christs-crosse-row; or, the hornebooke wherein a child learnes it. Cotgrave. The alphabet was called the Christ-cross-row, some say because a cross was prefixed to the alphabet in the old primers; but as probably from a superstitious custom of writing the alphabet in the form of a cross, by way of charm. This was even solemnly practised by the bishop in the consecration of a church. See Picart's Religious Ceremonies, vol. i. p.131. Nares. [[8a.]]

p. 185, l. 267, for be, falle, read be-falle (it befalls, becomes) [[Corrected]]

p. 189, l. 393, side-note, Hall, should be Hall. Fires in Hall lasted to Cena Domini, the Thursday before Easter: see l. 398. Squires' allowances of lights ended on Feb.2, Isuppose. These lights, or candle of l. 839, would be only part of the allowances. The rest would continue all the year. See Household Ordinances & North. Hous. Book. Dr Rock says that the holyn or holly and erbere grene refer to the change on Easter Sunday described in the Liber Festivalis:— "In die paschɇ. Good friends ye shall know well that this day is called in many places God's Sunday. Know well that it is the manner in every place of worship at this day to do the fire out of the hall; and the black winter brands, and all thing that is foul with smoke shall be done away, and there the fire was, shall be gaily arrayed with fair flowers, and strewed with green rushes all about, showing a great ensample to all Christian people, like as they make clean their houses to the sight of the people, in the same wise ye should cleanse your souls, doing away the foul brenning (burning) sin of lechery; put all these away, and cast out all thy smoke, dusts; and strew in your souls flowers of faith and charity, and thus make your souls able to receive your Lord God at the Feast of Easter." —Rock's Church of the Future, v. iii. pt.2, p.250. "The holly, being an evergreen, would be more fit for the purpose, and makes less litter, than the boughs of deciduous trees. Iknow some old folks in Herefordshire who yet follow the custom, and keep the grate filled with flowers and foliage till late in the autumn." —D.R. On Shere-Thursday, or Cena Domini, Dr Rock quotes from the Liber Festivalis—"First if a man asked why Sherethursday is called so, ye may say that in Holy Church it is called 'Cena Domini,' our Lord's Supper Day; for that day he supped with his disciples openly.... It is also in English called Sherethursday; for in old fathers' days the people would that day sheer their heads and clip their beards, and poll their heads, and so make them honest against Easter-day." —Rock, ib., p. 235. [[Corrected; 15a. The Sidenote belongs to the Latin line between 394, 395.]]

p. 192, l. 462-4, cut out . after hete; put ; after sett, and , after let; l. 468-9, for sett, In syce, read sett In syce; l.470, ? some omission after this line. [[Corrected; 28a.]]

p. 200, l. 677, side-note, steel spoon is more likely spoon handle [[Corrected]]

p. 215, l. 14. The T of T the is used as a paragraph mark in theMS.

p. 274, l. 143-4, ? sense, reading corrupt. [[Corrected; 63a.]]

p. 275, Lowndes calls the original of Stans Puer ad Mensam the Carmen Juvenile of Sulpitius. [[Corrected; 63b.]]

p. 312, col. 2, Holyn. Bosworth gives A.S. holen, arush; Wright's Vocab., holin, Fr. hous; and that Cotgrave glosses 'The Hollie, Holme, or Huluer tree.' Ancren Riwle, 418 note *, and Rel. Ant., ii. 280, have it too. See Stratmann's Dict.

p. 317, col. 2, The extract for Lopster should have been under creuis or crao.

p. 318, col. 1, Lorely may be lorel-ly, like a lorel, aloose, worthless fellow, arascal.

p. 339, col. 1, Syles is strains. SILE, v., to strain, to purify milk through a straining dish; Su.-Got. sila, colare.—SILE, s., afine sieve or milk strainer; Su.-Got. sil, colum. Brockett. See quotations in Halliwell's Gloss., and Stratmann, who gives Swed. sla, colare.

On the general subject of diet in olden time consult "Regimen Sanitatis Salernitanum, with an Introduction by Sir Alex. Croke, Oxford, 1830." H.B. Wheatley. On manners, consult Liber Metricus Faceti Morosi. J.E. Hodgkin.

-> Ten fresh pieces relating more or less to the subjects of this volume having come under my notice since the Index was printed and the volume supposed to be finished, Ihave taken the opportunity of the delay in its issue—caused by want of funds—to add nine of the new pieces as a Postscript, and the tenth at p. 264*. An 11th piece, Caxton's Book of Curtesye, in three versions, too important to be poked into a postscript, will form No. 3 of the Early English Text Society's Extra Series, the first Text for 1868.

POSTSCRIPT, 1894.

[18 Oct. 1894. Much has been done for the history of Education since I put the foregoing notes together: see Arthur Leach's articles in the Contemp. Review, Sept. 1892, Nov. 1894; Fortnightly Review, Nov. 1892; Westminster Gazette, 26 July, 1894; and National Observer, Sept. 1, 1894. Also Herbert Quick's books,J. Bass Mullinger's, Maria Hackett's (1814, 1816, &c.), and Foster Watson's forthcoming Writers on Education in England, 1500—1660.[1] See too Foss's Lives of the Judges; Jn. Smith's Lives of the Berkeleys; the Life of William of Wykeham; Lupton's Life of Colet; articles in Thomassin's Ecclesiastica Disciplina, Vetus et Nova; Dr.P. Alford's Abbots of Tavistock, p. 119-120; R.N. Worth's Calendar of the Tavistock Parish Records (1588-9), p. 37, 39, &c.; Dugdale, i. 82, ii. 142, iii. 10, iv. 404-5; Leland, Collectanea, vol. i, pt. 2, p. 302; Ellis, Orig. Let., 3rd Series, i. 333, ii. 243; Marston's Scourge of Villanie (1599), Works, ed. 1856, iii. 306; Cavendish's Life of Wolsey, Kelmscott Press, 1893, p. 24; John of Salisbury, Epist. XIX, ed. Giles; Churchwardens' Accounts, Somerset Record Soc. (1890), p. xix; Glastonbury Abbey Accounts, p. 249; Engl. Hist. Rev., Jan. 1891, p. 24; Songs & Carols, Warton Club, 1855, p. 10; Dr. Woodford's Report on National Education in Scotland, 1868; Macmillan's Mag., July 1870 (Scotch at Oxford); Essays on Grammar Schools, by members of the Free Kirk in Scotland; Stevenson's Nottingham Boro' Records, iv. 272, 299, 302; Dr. Buelbring's Introduction to Defoe's Compleat English Gentleman; Bradshaw on the A B C as a School-book, Cambr. Antiq. Soc., vol. iii.; &c., &c.

Much of my Forewords above, appeard in two numbers of the Quarterly Journal of Education, no.2, Aug. 1867, vol. i, p. 48-56, and no.3, Nov. 1867, p. 97-100.—F.J.F.]

The friend to whom this book was dedicated, C.H. Pearson, died, alas, this year (1894) after his return from Melbourne, where he had organised free education thro' the whole State, and done much other good work.

[Footnote 1: Department of Education, Washington, U.S.A.]

Errata (noted by transcriber):

Collations: The Lytylle Childrenes Lytil Boke ... (Wynkyn de Worde ...) [final parenthesis missing] l. 59, for first ne read ner [first]

Corrigenda: p. 36, l. 536. [l. 356]

* * * * * * * * * * * * * *

[Transcriber's Note:

This second table of contents is as originally printed. Note that Andrewe on Fish is a separate text, although listed in the Contents as part of the linenotes to the Boke of Nurture.

To aid in text searching, the Headnotes from the Boke of Nurture are interlaced with the table of contents. Each note will also appear in the text at approximately its original location.

Large boldface initials are marked with a double + before the letter. Further details about the transcription are at the beginning of the full e-text.]

* * * * * * * * *

The

BOKE OF NURTURE

Folowyng Englondis gise

by me

JOHN RUSSELL,

Sum Tyme Seruande With Duke Vmfrey Of Glowcetur, A Prynce Fulle Royalle, With Whom Vschere In Chambur Was Y, And Mershalle Also In Halle.

Edited from the Harleian MS. 4011 in the British Museum

by

FREDERICK J. FURNIVALL,

M.A., Trin. Hall. Camb.; Member of Council of the Philological and Early English Text Societies; Lover of Old Books.



CONTENTS. [Line numbers added by transcriber] Page Line

PROLOGUE 1 1 INTRODUCTION. MEETING OF MASTER AND PUPIL 2-3 13 [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELL MEETS WITH HIS PUPIL.]

THE PANTER OR BUTLER. HIS DUTIES 3-9 41 (And Herein of Broaching Wine, of Fruits and Cheese, and of the Care of Wines in Wood) [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE PANTER OR BUTLER.] [Headnote: OF FRUITS BEFORE DINNER AND AFTER SUPPER.] [Headnote: THE TREATMENT OF WINES WHEN FERMENTING.] NAMES OF SWEET WINES 9 117 HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS 9-12 121 [Headnote: HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS.] THE BOTERY 12-13 177 [Headnote: THE BOTERY.] HOW TO LAY THE TABLE-CLOTH, ETC. 13-14 185 [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE CLOTH AND WRAP UP BREAD.] HOW TO WRAP UP BREAD STATELY 14-16 209 HOW TO MAKE THE SURNAPE 16-17 237 [Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE SURNAPE AND TABLE.] HOW TO MANAGE AT TABLE 17-18 257

SYMPLE CONDICIONS, 18-21 277 (Or Rules for Good Behaviour for Every Servant) [Headnote: SYMPLE CONDICIONS: HOW TO BEHAVE.] THE CONNYNGE OF KERVYNGE 21-3 313 [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE, AND TO LAY TRENCHERS.] FUMOSITEES 23-4 349 [Headnote: FUMOSITEES.] KERUYNG OF FLESH 24-30 377 [Headnote: KERUYNG OF FLESH.] BAKE METES (How to Carve) 30-2 477 [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE ROAST BIRDS, SWAN, CAPON, &C.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE THE CRANE, FAWN, VENISON, &C.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE LARGE AND SMALL BIRDS.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE DOWCETES AND PAYNE PUFF.] FRIED METES; WITH L'ENVOY 33-4 501 POTAGES 34-5 517 [Headnote: POTAGES.] DIUERCE SAWCES 35-7 529 [Headnote: THE SAUCES FOR DIFFERENT DISHES.] KERVYNG OF FISCH{E} 37-45 546 [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE HERRINGS AND SALT FISH.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE PLAICE AND OTHER FISH.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE CRABS AND CRAYFISH.] [Headnote: HOW TO CARVE WHELKS AND LAMPREYS.]

OFFICE OF A SEWER 46-7 658 (Or Arranger of the Dishes on the Table, etc.) [Headnote: THE SEWER'S OR ARRANGER'S DUTIES.] A DYNERE OF FLESCH{E}: THE FURST COURSE 48 686 [Headnote: FIRST COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] THE SECOND COURSE 49 693 THE iij^D COURSE 49-50 705 [Headnote: 3RD COURSE OF A FLESH DINNER.] A DINERE OF FISCH{E}: THE FURST COURSE 50-1 719 [Headnote: 1ST COURSE OF A FISH DINNER.] THE SECOND COURSE 51 731 THE THRID COURSE 52 744 [Headnote: 3RD AND 4TH COURSES OF A FISH DINNER.] THE .iiij. COURSE OF FRUTE, WITH FOUR SOTELTEES 52-3 757 THE SUPERSCRIPCIOUN OF THE SUTILTEES ABOUE SPECIFIED 53-4 787 A FEST FOR A FRANKLEN 54-5 795 [Headnote: AFEST FOR A FRANKLEN.] SEWES ON FISH{E} DAYES 55-6 819 SAWCE FOR FISCH{E} 56-9 831 [Headnote: SAUCE FOR FISH.]

THE OFFICE OFF A CHAMBURLAYNE 59-64 863 (How to Dress Your Lord, Prepare his Pew in Church, Strip his Bed, Prepare his Privy, etc.) [Headnote: THE OFFICE OFF A CHAMBURLAYNE.] THE WARDEROBES 64-6 939 (How to Put Your Lord to Bed, and Prepare his Bedroom, etc.) [Headnote: THE CHAMBERLAIN IN THE WARDEROBES.] [Headnote: TO PUT A LORD TO BED.] A BATHE OR STEWE SO CALLED 66-7 975 (How to Prepare One for Your Lord) [Headnote: TO MAKE A BATH.] THE MAKYNG OF A BATH{E} MEDICINABLE 67-9 991 [Headnote: THE MAKYNG OF A BATHE MEDICINABLE.] THE OFFICE OF VSSHER & MARSHALL{E} 69-78 001 (With the Order of Precedency of All Ranks) [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: THE ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF PERSONS.] [Headnote: USHER & MARSHAL: WHAT PEOPLE RANK AND DINE TOGETHER.] [Headnote: USHER AND MARSHAL: OF BLOOD ROYAL AND PROPERTY.] [Headnote: THE DIFFERENCES OF MEN EQUAL IN RANK.]

THE SUMMARY 78-82 173 [Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE USHER AND MARSHAL.] [Headnote: THE USHER AND MARSHAL IS THE CHIEF OFFICER.] L'ENVOY 82-3 235 (The Author Asks the Prayers of his Readers, and He or the Copier Commends this Book to Them) [Headnote: IOHN RUSSELLS REQUEST TO THE READER.]

NOTES 84-123 (With Bits from Lawrens Andrewe, on Fish, &c.)

ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS. WILYAM BULLEYN ON BOXYNG AND NECKEWEEDE 124-7 ANDREW BORDE ON SLEEP, RISING, AND DRESS 128-32 WILLIAM VAUGHAN'S 15 DIRECTIONS TO PRESERVE HEALTH 133-7 SIR JN. HARINGTON's DYET FOR EVERY DAY 138-9 SIR JN. HARINGTON ON RISING, DIET, AND GOING TO BED 140-3



John Russells

Boke of Nurture.

[Harl. MS. 4011, Fol. 171.]

[Sidenote: In the name of the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, God keepme! I am an Usher to a Prince, and delight in teaching the inexperienced.]

+In nomine patris, god kepe me / et filij for charite, Et spiritus sancti, wher{e} that y goo by lond or els by see! an vssher{e} y Am / ye may behold{e} / to a prynce of high{e} degre, at enioyeth{e} to enforme & teche / all{e} o thatt will{e} thrive & thee[1], 4

Of suche thyng{es} as her{e}-aft{ur} shall{e} be shewed by my diligence To them at nought Can / w{i}t{h}-owt gret exsperience; Therfor{e} yf any ma {a}t y mete with{e}, at[2] for fawt of necligence, y wyll{e} hym enforme & teche, for hurtyng{e} of my Conscience. 8

[Sidenote: It is charitable to teach ignorant youths. If any such won't learn, give them a toy.]

To teche vertew and co{n}nyng{e}, me thynketh{e} hit charitable, for moche youth{e} in co{n}nyng{e} / is bare & full{e} vnable; er-for{e} he {a}t no good ca / ne to noo will{e} be agreable. he shall{e} neu{er} y-thryve / {er}for{e} take to hym a babull{e}. 12

[Headnote: IOHN RUSSELL MEETS WITH HIS PUPIL.]

[Sidenote: One May I went to a forest, and by the Forester's leave walked in the woodland,]

+As y rose owt of my bed, in a mery sesou{n} of may, to sporte me in a forest / wher{e} sightes wer{e} fresch{e} & gay, y met w{i}t{h} e forst{er} / yprayed hym to say me not nay, at y mygh[t] walke in to his lawnde[3] where e deer{e} lay. 16

[Sidenote: where I saw three herds of deer in the sunshine.]

as y wandered weldsomly[4] / in-to e lawnd at was so grene, er lay iij. herdis of deer{e} / a semely syght for to sene; y behild o my right hand / e so at sho so shene; y saw wher{e} walked / a semely yong{e} ma, at sklendur was & leene; 20

[Sidenote: A young man with a bow was going to stalk them, but I asked him to walk withme, and inquired whom he served.]

his bowe he toke in hand toward e deer{e} to stalke; y prayed hym his shote to leue / & softely w{i}t{h} me to walke. is yong{e} ma was glad / & louyd w{i}t{h} me to talke, he prayed at he my[gh]t with{e} me goo / in to som herne[5] or halke[6]; 24

[Sidenote: 'No one but myself, and I wish I was out of this world.']

is yong{e} ma frayned[7] / w{i}t{h} hoom {a}t he wo{n}ned a, "So god me socour{e}," he said / "Sir, yserue myself / & els noo o{er} ma." "is y gou{er}naunce good?" y said, / "so, say me [gh]iff ow ca." "y wold y wer{e} owt of is world" / seid he / "yne rou[gh]t how sone wha." 28

[Sidenote: 'Good son, despair is sin; tell me what the matteris. When the pain is greatest the cure is nearest!']

"Sey nought so, good so, bewar{e} / me thynketh{e} ow menyst amysse; for god forbedith{e} wanhope, for at a horrible synneys, erfor{e} So, ope thy hert / for p{er}avetur{e} y cowd the lis[8]; "whe bale is hext / a bote is next" / good sone, lerne well{e} is." 32

[Sidenote: 'Sir, I've tried everywhere fora master; but because I know nothing, no one will takeme.']

"In certey, sir / y haue y-sought / Ferr{e} & ner{e} many a wilsom way to gete mete[9] a mastir; & for y cowd nou[gh]t / eu{er}y ma seid me nay, y cowd no good, ne noo y shewd{e} / wher{e} eu{er} y ede day by day but wantou & nyce, recheles & lewd{e} / as Iangelyng{e} as a Iay." 36

[Sidenote: 'Will you learn if I'll teach you? What do you want tobe?']

+"Now, son, [gh]iff y the teche, wiltow any thyng{e} ler{e}? [Fol. 171b.] wiltow be a s{er}uaunde, plow[gh]ma, or a laborer{e}, Courtyour or a clark / Marchaund / or masou{n}, or an artificer{e}, Chamburlayn, or buttiller{e} / panter{e} or karver{e}?" 40

[Sidenote: 'A Butler, Sir, Panter, Chamberlain, and Carver. Teach me the duties of these.']

+"The office of buttiler, sir, trewly / panter{e} or chamburlayne, The connyng{e} of a kerver{e}, specially / of at y wold lerne fayne all{e} ese co{n}nyng{es} to haue / ysay yow in certay, y shuld pray for your{e} sowle nevyr to come in payne." 44

[Headnote: THE DUTIES OF THE PANTER OR BUTLER.]

[Sidenote: 'I will, if you'll love God andbe true to your master.']

+"Son, y shall{e} teche e with{e} ryght a good will{e}, So at ow loue god & drede / for at is ryght and skyll{e}, and to y mastir be trew / his good{es} at ow not spill{e}, but hym loue & drede / and hys co{m}maundement[gh] dew / fulfylle. 48

[Sidenote: A Panter or Butler must have three knives: 1to chop loaves, 1to pare them, 1to smooth the trenchers.]

The furst yer{e}, my so, ow shall{e} be panter{e} or buttilar{e}, ow must haue iij. knyffes kene / in pantry, ysey the, eu{er}mar{e}: O knyfe e loves to choppe, another{e} them for to pare, the iij. sharpe & kene to smothe e trenchurs and squar{e}.[10] 52

[Sidenote: Give your Sovereign new bread, others one-day-old bread; for the house, three-day bread; for trenchers four-day bread;]

alwey thy sou{er}aynes bred thow choppe, & at it be newe & able; se all{e} o{er} bred a day old or {o}u choppe to e table; all{e} howsold bred iij. dayes old / so it is p{ro}fitable; and trencher bred iiij. dayes is co{n}venyent & agreable. 56

[Sidenote: Have your salt white, and your salt-planer of ivory, two inches broad, three long.]

loke y salte be sutill{e}, whyte, fayre and drye, and y planer{e} for thy salte / shall{e} be made of yverye / e brede {er}of ynches two / en e length, ynche told thrye; and y salt seller{e} lydde / towche not thy salt bye. 60

[Sidenote: Have your table linen sweet and clean, your knives bright, spoons well washed, two wine-augers some box taps, a broaching gimlet, a pipe and bung.]

Good so, loke at y napery be soote / & also feyr{e} & clene, bordcloth{e}, towell{e} & napky, foldy all{e} bydene. bryght y-pullished your{e} table knyve, semely in sy[gh]t to sene; and y spones fayr{e} y-wasch{e} / ye wote well{e} what y meene. 64 looke ow haue tarrers[11] two / a mor{e} & lasse for wyne; wyne canels[12] accordyng{e} to e tarrers, of box fetice & fyne; also a gymlet sharpe / to broche & perce / sone to turne & twyne, w{i}t{h} fawcet[13] & tampyne[14] redy / to stoppe whe{n} ye se tyme. 68

[Sidenote: To broach a pipe, pierce it with an auger or gimlet, four fingers- breadth over the lower rim, so that the dregs may not rise.]

So whe ow settyst a pipe abroche / good [sone,] do aft{ur} my lor{e}: iiij fyngur ou{er} / e ner{e} chyne[15] ow may percer or bor{e}; with tarrer{e} or gymlet perce ye vpward e pipe ashor{e},[16] and so shall{e} ye not cawse e lies vp to ryse, ywarne yow eu{er} mor{e}. 72

[Headnote: OF FRUITS BEFORE DINNER AND AFTER SUPPER.]

[Sidenote: Serve Fruit according to the season, figs, dates, quince-marmalade, ginger, &c.]

Good sone, all{e} man{er} frute / at longeth{e} for seso of e yer{e}, Fygg{es} / reysons / almand{es}, dat{es} / butt{ur}, chese[17] / nottus, apples, & per{e}, Compost{es}[18] & confit{es}, char{e} de quync{es} / white & grene gynger{e}; and ffor aft{ur} questyons, or y lord sytte / of hym ow know & enquer{e}. 76

[Sidenote: Before dinner, plums and grapes after, pears, nuts, and hard cheese. After supper, roast apples, &c.]

Serve fastyng{e} / plommys / damsons / cheries / and grapis to plese; [Fol. 172.] aft{ur} mete / peer{es}, nottys / strawberies, wɏneberies,[19] and hardchese, also blawnderell{es},[20] pepyns / careawey in comfyte / Compost{es}[21] ar like to ese. aftur sopper, rosted apples, per{es}, blaunche powd{er},[22] yo{ur} stomak for to ese. 80

[Sidenote: In the evening don't take cream, strawberries, or junket, unless you eat hard cheese with them.]

[Footnote *: 'at eve' has a red mark through as if to cut it out]

Bewar at eve[*] / of crayme of cowe & also of the goote, au[gh] it be late, of Strawberies & hurtilberyes / w{i}t{h} the cold Ioncate,[23] For ese may marr{e} many a ma changyng{e} his astate, but [gh]iff he haue aft{u}r, hard chese / wafurs, w{i}t{h} wyne ypocrate.[24] 84

[Sidenote: Hard cheese keeps your bowels open.]

hard chese hath{e} is condiciou{n} in his operaciou{n}: Furst he will{e} a stomak kepe in the botom ope,[25] the helth{e} of eu{er}y creatur{e} ys in his condiciou{n}; yf he diete hym thus dayly / he is a good co{n}clusiou{n}. 88

[Sidenote: Butter is wholesome in youth and old age, anti-poisonous, and aperient.]

buttir is an holsom mete / furst and eke last,[26] For he will{e} a stomak kepe / & helpe poyson a-wey to cast, also he norisheth{e} a ma to be laske / and evy humer{us} to wast, and w{i}t{h} white bred / he will{e} kepe y mouthe in tast. 92

[Sidenote: Milk, Junket, Posset, &c., are binding. Eat hard cheese after them.]

Milke, crayme, and crudd{es}, and eke the Ioncate,[27] ey close a ma{n}nes stomak / and so doth{e} e possate; erfor{e} ete hard chese aftir, yef ye sowpe late, and drynk romney modou{n},[28] for feere of chekmate.[29] 96

[Sidenote: Beware of green meat; it weakens your belly.]

bewar{e} of saladis, grene metis, & of frut{es} rawe for ey make many a ma haue a feble mawe. {er}for{e}, of suche fresch lust{es} set not an hawe, For suche wantou{n} appetit{es} ar not worth a strawe. 100

[Sidenote: For food that sets your teeth on edge, eat almonds and cheese, but not more than half an ounce.]

all{e} man{er} met{is} at y teth{e} o egge doth sette, take almond{es} {er}for{e}; & hard chese loke {o}u not for-gette. hit will{e} voide hit awey / but looke to moche {er}of not {o}u ete; for e wight of half an vnce w{i}t{h}-owt rompney is gret. 104

[Sidenote: If drinks have given you indigestion, eat a raw apple. Moderation is best sometimes, at others abstinence.]

[Gh]iff dyu{er}se drynk{es} of their{e} fumosite haue e dissesid, Ete an appull{e} rawe, & his fumosite will{e} be cesed; mesur{e} is a mery meene / wha god is not displesed; abstyne{n}s is to prayse what body & sowle ar plesed. 108

[Headnote: THE TREATMENT OF WINES WHEN FERMENTING.]

[Sidenote: Look every night that your wines don't ferment or leak [the t of the MS. has a k overit.] Always carry a gimlet, adze, and linen cloths; and wash the heads of the pipes with cold water.]

Take good hede to e wynes / Red, white / & swete, looke eu{er}y ny[gh]t w{i}t{h} a Candell{e} {a}t ey not reboyle / nor lete; eu{er}y ny[gh]t w{i}t{h} cold wat{ur} wash{e} e pipes hede, & hit not forgete, & all{e}-wey haue a gy{m}let, & adise,[30] w{i}t{h} lynne clowt{es} small{e} or grete. 112

[Sidenote: If the wine boil over, put to it the lees of red wine, and that will cureit. Romney will bring round sick sweet wine.]

[Gh]iff e wyne reboyle / ow shall{e} know by hys syngyng{e}; {er}for{e} a pipe of colour{e} de rose[31] / {o}u kepe {a}t was spend in drynkyng{e} the reboyle to Rakke to e lies of e rose / {a}t shall{e} be his amendyng{e}. [Fol. 172b.] [Gh]iff swete wyne be seeke or pallid / put in a Rompney for lesyng{e}.[32] 116

+Swete Wynes.[33]

[Sidenote: The names of Sweet Wines.]

+The namys of swete wynes y wold {a}t ye them knewe: Vernage, vernagell{e}, wyne Cute, pyment, Raspise, Muscadell{e} of grew, Rompney of modo, Bastard, Tyre, O[gh]ey, Torrentyne of Ebrew. Greke, Malevesy, Caprik, & Clarey wha it is newe. 120

[Headnote: HOW TO MAKE YPOCRAS.]

+Ypocras.

[Sidenote: Recipe for making Ypocras. Take spices thus, Cinnamon, &c., long Pepper]

+Good so, to make ypocras, hit wer{e} gret lernyng{e}, and for to take e spice {er}to aft{ur} e p{ro}porcionyng{e},

[Sidenote: for lord{es}[34] [MS].]

[Sidenote: fo[r] co{m}mynte]

Gynger, Synamome / Graynis, Sugur / Turnesole, {a}t is good colouryng{e}; For co{m}my peple / Gynger, Canell{e} / long{e} pepur / hony aft{ur} claryfiyng{e}. 124

[Sidenote: Have three basins and three straining-bags to them; hang 'em on a perch.]

look ye haue of pewt{ur} basons oo, two, & thre, For to kepe in you{re} powdurs / also e lico{ur} {er}in to renne whe {a}t nedebe; to iij. basou{n}s ye must haue iij bagges renners / so clepe hamwe, & hang{e} em o a p{er}che, & looke at Sur{e} they be. 128

[Sidenote: Let your ginger be well pared, hard, not worm-eaten, (Colombyne is better than Valadyne or Maydelyne);]

Se at your{e} gynger be well{e} y-pared / or hit to powd{er} ye bete, and {a}t hit be hard / w{i}t{h}-owt worme / bytyng{e}, & good hete; For good gyng{er} colombyne / is best to drynke and ete; Gyng{er} valadyne & maydely ar not so holsom in mete. 132

[Sidenote: your sticks of Cinnamon thin, hot and sweet; Canel is not so good. Cinnamon is hot and dry, Cardamons are hot and moist.]

looke at yo{ur} stikk{es} of synamome be thy, bretill{e}, & fayr{e} in colewr{e}, and in your{e} mowth{e}, Fresch{e}, hoot, & swete / at is best & sure, For canell{e} is not so good in is crafte & cur{e}. Synamome is hoot & dry in h{i}s worchyng{e} while he will{e} dur{e}. 136

[Sidenote: Take sugaror sugar candy, red wine,]

Graynes of p{ar}adise,[35] hoote & moyst eybe: Sugre of .iij. cute[36] / white / hoot & moyst in his p{ro}purte; Sugr{e} Candy is best of all{e}, as y telle the, and red wyne is whote & drye to tast, fele, & see, 140

[Sidenote: graines, ginger, pepper, cinnamon, spice, and turnesole, and put each powder in a bladder by itself.]

Graynes[35] / gyng{er}, long{e} pepur, & sugr{e} / hoot & moyst in worchyng{e};[37] Synamome / Canelle[38] / red wyne / hoot & drye in eir{e} doyng{e}; Turnesole[39] is good & holsom for red wyne colowryng{e}: all{e} ese ingredyent{es}, ey ar for ypocras makyng{e}. 144

[Sidenote: Hang your straining-bags so that they mayn't touch,—first bag a gallon, others a pottle.]

Good so, your{e} powdurs so made, vche by am self in bledd{ur} laid, hang{e} sur{e} your{e} p{er}che & bagges {a}t ey from yow not brayd, & at no bagge touche o{er} / do as y haue yow said{e}; e furst bag a galou{n} / all{e} o{er} of a potell{e}, vcho by o{er} teied. 148

[Sidenote: Put the powders in two or three gallons of red wine; then into the runner, the second bag,]

Furst put in a basou{n} a galou{n} ij. or iij. wyne so red; [Fol. 173.] e put in your{e} powdurs, yf ye will{e} be sped, and aftyr in-to e renner{e} so lett hym be fed, a in-to e second bagge so wold it be ledde. 152

[Sidenote: (tasting and trying it now and then), and the third vessel.]

loke {o}u take a pece in yne hand eu{er}mor{e} among{e}, and assay it in y mouth{e} if hit be any thyng{e} strong{e}, and if ow fele it welle boe w{i}t{h} mouth{e} & tong{e}, a put it in e iij. vessell{e} / & tary not to long{e}. 156

[Sidenote: If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted.]

And a [gh]iff {o}u feele it be not made p{ar}fete, at it cast to moche gyng{er}, with synamome alay {a}t hete; and if hit haue synamome to moche, w{i}t{h} gyng{er} of iij. cute; a if to moche sigur{e} {er} be / by discressiou{n} ye may wete. 160

[Sidenote: If it's not right, add cinnamon, ginger, or sugar, as wanted. Mind you keep tastingit. Strain it through bags of fine cloth,]

Thus, son, shaltow make p{ar}fite ypocras, as y the say; but w{i}t{h} y mowth{e} to prove hit, / be ow tastyng{e} all{e}-way; let hit renne in iiij. or vj bagg{es}[40]; gete em, if ow may, of bultell{e} cloth{e}[41], if y bagg{es} be e fyner{e} w{i}t{h}-owte nay. 164

[Sidenote: hooped at the mouth, the first holding a gallon, the others a pottle,]

Good so loke y bagg{es} be hoopid at e mothe a-bove, e surer{e} mayst ow put in y wyne vn-to y behoue, e furst bag of a galou{n} / all{e} o{er} of a potell{e} to prove; hang{e} y bagg{es} sur{e} by e hoopis; do so for my loue; 168

[Sidenote: and each with a basin underit. The Ypocras is made. Use the dregs in the kitchen.]

And vndur eu{er}y bagge, good so, a basou{n} cler{e} & bryght; and now is e ypocras made / for to plese many a wight. e draff of e spicery / is good for Sewes in kychyn di[gh]t; and [gh]iff ow cast hit awey, ow dost y mastir no ri[gh]t. 172

[Sidenote: Put the Ypocras in a tight clean vessel, and serve it with wafers.]

+Now, good son, yne ypocras is made p{ar}fite & well{e}; y wold an ye put it in staunche & a clene vessell{e}, and e mouth{e} {er}-off y-stopped eu{er} more wisely & fell{e}, and s{er}ue hit forth w{i}t{h} wafurs boe in chambur & Cell{e}. 176

[Headnote: THE BOTERY.]

[Sidenote: The Buttery.]

+The botery.

[Sidenote: Keep all cups, &c., clean. Don't serve ale till it's five days old.]

+Thy cuppes / y pott{es}, {o}u se be clene boe w{i}t{h}-in & owt; [T]hyne ale .v. dayes old er ow s{er}ue it abowt, for ale at is newe is wastable w{i}t{h}-owte dowt: And looke at all{e} yng{e} be pure & clene at ye go abowt. 180

[Sidenote: Be civil and obliging, and give no one stale drink.]

Be fayr{e} of answer{e} / redy to s{er}ue / and also gentell{e} of cher{e}, and a me will{e} sey 'er{e} goth{e} a gentill{e} officer{e}.' be war{e} at ye geue no p{er}sone palled[42] drynke, for feer{e} hit my[gh]t bryng{e} many a man in dissese / duryng{e} many a [gh]er{e}. 184

[Headnote: HOW TO LAY THE CLOTH AND WRAP UP BREAD.]

[Sidenote: To lay the cloth, &c. Wipe the table. Put a cloth on it (acowche); you take one end, your mate the other;]

+Son, hit is tyme of e day / e table wold be layde. [Fol. 173b.] Furst wipe e table w{i}t{h} a cloth{e} or {a}t hit be splayd, a lay a cloth{e} o e table / a cowche[43] it is called & said: take y felow oo ende {er}of / & {o}u at other{e} that brayde, 188

[Sidenote: lay the fold of the second cloth(?) on the outer edge of the table, that of the third cloth(?) on the inner.]

Tha draw streight y cloth{e}, & ley e bou[gh]t[44] o e vtt{ur} egge of e table, take e vpper part / & let hyt hang{e} evy able: an take e .iij. cloth{e}, & ley the bou[gh]t o e Inner side plesable, and ley estate w{i}t{h} the vpper part, e brede of half fote is greable. 192

[Sidenote: Cover your cupboard with a diaper towel, put one round your neck, one side on your left arm with your sovereign's napkin;]

Cover y cuppeborde of thy ewery w{i}t{h} the towell{e} of diapery; take a towell{e} abowt thy nekke / for at is curtesy, lay {a}t oo side of e towaile o y lift arme manerly, an o e same arme ley y sou{er}aignes napky honestly; 196

[Sidenote: on that, eight loaves to eat, and three or four trencher loaves: in your left the salt-cellar. In your right hand, spoons and knives.]

a lay o at arme viij. louys bred / w{i}t{h} iij. or iiij. trencher{e} lovis; Take at oo ende of y towaile / in y lift hand, as e man{er}is, and e salt Seller{e} in e same hand, looke {a}t ye do this; at o{er} ende of e towaile / in ri[gh]t hand w{i}t{h} spones & knyffes y-wis; 200