71. Sed quum hae litterae allatae,[376] forte Nabdalsa exercito corpore fessus in lecto quiescebat, ubi cognitis Bomilcaris verbis primo cura, deinde, uti aegrum animum solet,[377] somnus cepit. Erat ei Numida quidam negotiorum curator, fidus acceptusque et omnium consiliorum nisi novissimi particeps. Qui postquam allatas litteras audivit, ex consuetudine ratus opera aut ingenio suo opus esse, in tabernaculum introiit, dormiente illo epistolam, super caput in pulvino temere positam, sumit ac perlegit, dein propere, cognitis insidiis, ad regem pergit. Nabdalsa post paulo experrectus ubi neque epistolam repperit[378] et rem omnem, uti acta erat, cognovit, primo indicem persequi conatus, postquam id frustra fuit, Jugurtham placandi gratia accedit; dicit quae ipse paravisset facere perfidia clientis sui praeventa;[379] lacrimans obtestatur per amicitiam perque sua antea fideliter acta, ne super[380] tali scelere suspectum sese haberet.

[376] Allatae; supply essent, an ellipsis, which is not very common after a conjunction, governing the subjunctive. [377] Solet, supply capere. [378] Repperit; for the orthography of this word, see Zumpt, S 22. [379] Res praevenitur, 'a thing is anticipated,' or 'something is done previously,' is found very rarely instead of occupatur. Homo praevenitur, 'a person is anticipated in a thing,' is more common. [380] Super, the same as de. See Zumpt, S 320.

72. Ad ea rex, aliter atque animo gerebat,[381] placide respondit. Bomilcare aliisque multis, quos socios insidiarum cognoverat, interfectis iram oppresserat, ne qua ex eo negotio seditio oriretur. Neque post id locorum Jugurthae dies aut nox ulla quieta fuit, neque loco neque mortali cuiquam aut tempori satis credere, cives hostesque juxta metuere, circumspectare omnia et omni strepitu pavescere, alio atque alio loco saepe contra decus regium noctu requiescere, interdum somno excitus arreptis armis tumultum facere; ita formidine quasi vecordia exagitari.[382]

[381] 'Differently from what he carried in his mind;' that is, from what he intended in his mind. [382] A beautiful and vivid description of a man who is conscious of his guilt, and is pursued by all: it is a situation which would have paralysed the mental energy of even the most enterprising barbarian.

73. Igitur Metellus, ubi de casu Bomilcaris et indicio patefacto[383] ex perfugis cognovit, rursus tamquam ad integrum bellum cuncta parat festinatque. Marium, fatigantem de profectione, simul et invitum et offensum sibi parum idoneum ratus, domum dimittit. Et Romae plebes, litteris, quae de Metello ac Mario missae erant, cognitis, volenti animo de ambobus acceperant.[384] Imperatori nobilitas, quae antea decori, invidiae esse; at illi alteri generis humilitas favorem addiderat; ceterum in utroque magis studia partium quam bona aut mala sua moderata.[385] Praeterea seditiosi magistratus vulgum exagitare, Metellum omnibus contionibus capitis arcessere,[386] Marii virtutem in majus celebrare. Denique plebes sic accensa, uti opifices agrestesque omnes, quorum res fidesque[387] in manibus sitae erant, relictis operibus frequentarent Marium[388] et sua necessaria post illius honorem ducerent. Ita perculsa nobilitate post multas tempestates novo homini consulatus mandatur, et postea populus a tribuno plebis Manlio Mancino rogatus, quem vellet cum Jugurtha bellum gerere, frequens Marium jussit. Sed senatus paulo ante Metello decreverat; ea res frustra fuit.[389]

[383] Indicio patefacto is a kind of pleonasm, as indicio facto would be sufficient; for indicium fit, res ipsa (that is, conjuratio) patefit—'the denunciation is made, the conspiracy is revealed.' [384] Plebs—acceperant for acceperat, plebs being a collective noun. Zumpt, S 366. [385] 'However, the party-zeal was in both men more decisive than either their virtues or their faults.' Moderata sunt, from the deponent moderor, 'I determine,' 'I guide;' as in Cicero, mens moderatur omnia, 'the mind determines everything.' Sua bona aut mala, 'their own virtues or vices,' in apposition to the party-zeal of others. Suus here is not reflective, but only designates something as opposed to that which belongs to another. See Zumpt, S 550. [386] Arcessere, 'to summon before a court of justice,' with the genitive of the crime or punishment. The forms arcessere and accersere have the same meaning, but arcessere is more frequent in the sense of 'to summon,' or 'to accuse.' [387] Res fidesque, 'property and credit.' [388] 'Crowded around Marius,' whenever he appeared in public, to show him their attachment. Post honorem Marii ducerent, the same, as postponerent honori Marii, the preposition in this sense being commonly joined to the verb. Compare Cat. chap. 23. [389] From this instance, we see that the popular assembly was sovereign in the Roman state; that is, when the people were called upon to decide a question, which happened but rarely, since it was customary to leave to the senate the provinces and the current administration of foreign affairs.

74. Eodem tempore Jugurtha amissis amicis, quorum plerosque ipse necaverat, ceteri formidine, pars ad Romanos, alii ad regem Bocchum[390] profugerant, quum neque bellum geri sine administris posset, et novorum fidem in tanta perfidia veterum experiri periculosum duceret, varius incertusque agitabat. Neque illi res neque consilium aut quisquam hominum satis placebat; itinera praefectosque in dies mutare, modo adversum hostes, interdum in solitudines pergere, saepe in fuga ac post paulo in armis spem habere, dubitare, virtuti an fidei popularium minus crederet; ita quocunque intenderat, res adversae erant. Sed inter eas moras repente sese Metellus cum exercitu ostendit. Numidae ab Jugurtha pro tempore parati instructique; dein proelium incipitur. Qua in parte rex pugnae affuit, ibi aliquamdiu certatum, ceteri ejus omnes milites primo congressu pulsi fugatique. Romani signorum et armorum aliquanto numero;[391] hostium paucorum potiti; nam ferme Numidas in omnibus proeliis magis pedes quam arma tuta sunt.[392]

[390] Bocchus, king of Mauretania, west of Numidia, and extending as far as the Ocean, opposite to Spain. It accordingly comprised the modern empire of Fez and Morocco. [391] 'The Romans gained possession of a considerable number of standards.' The adjective aliquantus, with the exception of the neuter in an absolute sense, is rarely used. We have here to observe the varying construction of potior. See Zumpt, SS 465, 466. Sallust often prefers variety to uniformity. [392] Tuta sunt might also be tuentur; for the perfect is here used of things which usually happened, and still happen. Tuta is less common than tuita or tutata, which in this passage is found in some good manuscripts, and must perhaps be received into the text.

75. Ea fuga Jugurtha impensius modo[393] rebus suis diffidens cum perfugis et parte equitatus in solitudines, dein Thalam pervenit, in oppidum magnum atque opulentum, ubi plerique thesauri filiorumque ejus multus pueritiae cultus[394] erat. Quae postquam Metello comperta sunt, quamquam inter Thalam flumenque proximum in spatio milium quinquaginta, loca arida atque vasta esse cognoverat, tamen spe patrandi belli, si ejus oppidi potitus foret, omnes asperitates supervadere ac naturam etiam vincere aggreditur. Igitur omnia jumenta sarcinis levari jubet nisi frumento dierum decem, ceterum utres modo et alia aquae idonea[395] portari. Praeterea conquirit ex agris quam plurimum potest domiti pecoris, eoque imponit vasa cujusque modi, sed pleraque lignea, collecta ex tuguriis Numidarum. Ad hoc finitimis imperat, qui se post regis fugam Metello dederant, quam plurimum quisque aquae portaret; diem locumque, ubi praesto fuerint,[396] praedicit. Ipse ex flumine, quam proximam oppido aquam esse supra diximus, jumenta onerat; eo modo instructus ad Thalam proficiscitur. Deinde ubi ad id loci ventum, quo Numidis praeceperat, et castra posita munitaque sunt, tauta repente coelo missa vis aquae dicitur, ut ea modo[397] exercitui satis superque foret. Praeterea commeatus spe amplior, quia Numidae, sicuti plerique in nova deditione, officia intenderant. Ceterum milites religione pluvia magis usi, eaque res multum animis eorum addidit; nam rati sese dis immortalibus curae esse. Deinde postero die contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt. Oppidani, qui se locorum asperitate munitos crediderant, magna atque insolita re perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum parare; idem nostri facere.

[393] Impensius modo may be 'still more strongly,' his despondency having already been mentioned; or modo is the ablative, and impensius modo is stronger than the (ordinary) measure; that is, beyond measure, ultra modum. [394] Cultus is everything belonging to the regulation of life, apart from eating and drinking; so that pueritiae cultus comprises the regulations for a youth's residence, his education, and the things and persons by whom he is surrounded. [395] 'And other things fit to contain water;' probably vessels to keep water in, and apparatus to purify and mix water, for example, with vinegar, a beverage usually drunk by the soldiers. [396] 'Where they should be assembled.' [397] Modo is commonly used only to denote that something is less than it might be, but has here the unusual meaning of 'that alone,' or 'even that alone.'

76. Sed rex nihil jam infectum Metello credens,[398] quippe qui omnia, arma tela, locos tempora, denique naturam ipsam ceteris imperitantem industria vicerat, cum liberis et magna parte pecuniae ex oppido noctu profugit, neque postea in ullo loco amplius uno die aut una nocte moratus simulabat sese negotii gratia properare; ceterum proditionem timebat, quam vitare posse celeritate putabat; nam talia consilia per otium et ex opportunitate capi. At Metellus, ubi oppidanos proelio intentos, simul oppidum et operibus et loco munitum videt, vallo fossaque moenia circumvenit. Deinde locis ex copia[399] maxime idoneis vineas agere, aggerem jacere et super aggerem impositis turribus opus et administros tutari. Contra haec oppidani festinare, parare; prorsus ab utrisque nihil reliquum fieri. Denique Romani multo ante labore proeliisque fatigati,[400] post dies quadraginta quam eo ventum erat, oppido modo potiti, praeda omnis ab perfugis corrupta. Ii postquam murum arietibus feriri resque suas afflictas vident, aurum atque argentum et alia, quae prima ducuntur, domum regiam comportant; ibi vino et epulis onerati, illaque et domum et semet igni corrumpunt, et quas victi ab hostibus poenas metuerant, eas ipsi volentes pependere.[401]

[398] 'That for Metellus nothing was now impossible,' the perfect participle with the negative prefix denoting impossibility—as invictus, invincible; incorruptus, incorruptible; inaccessus, inaccessible. See Zumpt, S 328. [399] Ex copia, 'according to circumstances,' here referring especially to the different nature of the locality. Vinea, properly 'a bower formed of vines;' hence 'a protecting roof,' under which the soldiers attacked the fortifications of the enemy. [400] 'After they had previously worn themselves out by great exertions:' ante here is superfluous. [401] Poenas pendere, the same as poenas solvere, 'to pay a penalty.' In corrumpunt we may notice a zeugma, as out of corrumpunt we have to take interficiunt. See Zumpt, S 775.

77. Sed pariter cum capta Thala legati ex oppido Lepti ad Metellum venerant orantes, uti praesidium praefectumque eo mitteret; Hamilcarem quendam, hominem nobilem, factiosum, novis rebus studere, adversum quem neque imperia magistratuum neque leges valerent; ni id festinaret, in summo periculo suam salutem, illorum[402] socios fore. Nam Leptitani jam inde a principio belli Jugurthini ad Bestiam consulem et postea Romam miserant amicitiam societatemque rogatum. Deinde, ubi ea impetrata, semper boni fidelesque mansere et cuncta a Bestia, Albino Metelloque imperata nave[403] fecerant. Itaque ab imperatore facile, quae petebant, adepti. Emissae eo cohortes Ligurum quatuor et G. Annius praefectus.

[402] Illorum; that is, Romanorum. Respecting the situation of Leptis magna, see chap. 19. [403] Nave or naviter ('actively') is the correct orthography, for which other editions have gnave. See Zumpt, S 12. Its case is the same as that of natus, which in composition takes the g—as cognatus, agnatus; and also narus, ignarus.

78. Id oppidum ab Sidoniis conditum est, quos accepimus profugos ob discordias civiles, navibus in eos locos venisse; ceterum situm inter duas Syrtes, quibus nomen ex re inditum. Nam duo sunt sinus prope in extrema Africa, impares magnitudine, pari natura; quorum proxima terrae praealta sunt, cetera, uti fors tulit, alta,[404] alia in tempestate vadosa. Nam ubi mare magnum esse et saevire ventis coepit, limum arenamque et saxa ingentia fluctus trahunt; ita facies locorum cum ventis simul mutatur: Syrtes ab tractu nominatae.[405] Ejus civitatis lingua modo[406] conversa connubio Numidarum, legum cultusque pleraque Sidonica, quae eo facilius retinebant, quod procul ab imperio regis aetatem agebant. Inter illos et frequentem Numidiam multi vastique loci erant.

[404] Alta; supply in alia tempestate, 'sometimes deep, and sometimes shallow.' [405] 'They have been called Syrtes from this current, which draws other things along with it;' for the Greek [Greek: surein] signifies 'to draw,' or 'drag along.' [406] It was only the language of the inhabitants of Leptis that had experienced a change, in consequence of their matrimonial connections with the Numidians, otherwise they had for the most part preserved their Sidonian, that is, Phoenician, laws and habits, being separated from the inhabited part of Numidia by extensive deserts, which was also the reason of the Numidian king's seldom residing at Leptis, although the town belonged to his kingdom.

79. Sed quoniam in has regiones per Leptitanorum negotia venimus, non indignum videtur egregium atque mirabile facinus duorum Carthaginiensium memorare; eam rem nos locus admonuit.[407] Qua tempestate Carthaginienses pleraeque Africae imperitabant,[408] Cyrenenses quoque magni atque opulenti fuere. Ager in medio arenosus, una specie; neque flumen neque mons erat, qui fines eorum discerneret; quae res eos in magno diuturnoque bello inter se habuit. Postquam utrimque legiones item classes saepe fusae fugataeque, et alteri alteros aliquantum attriverant, veriti, ne mox victos victoresque defessos alius aggrederetur, per inducias sponsionem faciunt,[409] uti certo die legati domo proficiscerentur; quo in loco inter se obvii fuissent, is communis utriusque populi finis haberetur. Igitur Carthagine duo fratres missi, quibus nomen Philaenis erat, maturavere iter pergere,[410] Cyrenenses tardius iere. Id socordiane an casu acciderit, parum cognovi. Ceterum solet in illis locis tempestas haud secus atque in mari retinere.[411] Nam ubi per loca aequalia et nuda gignentium[412] ventus coortus arenam humo excitavit, ea magna vi agitata ora oculosque implere solet, ita prospectu impedito morari iter. Postquam Cyrenenses aliquanto posteriores se vident et ob rem corruptam[413] domi poenas metuunt, criminari Carthaginienses ante tempus domo digresses, conturbare rem,[414] denique omnia malle quam victi abire. Sed quum Poeni aliam condicionem, tantummodo aequam, peterent, Graeci optionem Carthaginiensium faciunt,[415] ut vel illi, quos fines populo suo peterent, ibi[416] vivi obruerentur, vel eadem condicione sese, quem in locum vellent, processuros. Philaeni condicione probata seque vitamque suam rei publicae condonavere; ita vivi obruti. Carthaginienses in eo loco Philaenis fratribus aras consecravere, aliique illis domi honores instituti. Nunc ad rem redeo.

[407] Admonere is here construed in an unusual manner with two accusatives, one of the person, and the other of the thing, the latter being expressed by a substantive; for the neuter of a pronoun in the accusative is not uncommon—as hoc, id, illud te admoneo. [408] Imperare and imperitare are construed with the dative of that over which one rules, or take the preposition in with the accusative or ablative. [409] Sponsionem facere here has the general sense, 'to make a contract,' otherwise it signifies a contract at which security is given, which is lost by him who is condemned. [410] 'They hastened to get through their journey.' The intransitive pergere (like ire) containing the notion of an uninterrupted continuance, takes a substantive of the same meaning, or of the same derivation, in the accusative, and thus acquires a transitive meaning. See Zumpt, S 384. [411] Retinere; supply proficiscentes or iter facientes. [412] 'Devoid of,' or 'without products;' for gignere is used of those things which, like plants or animals, produce other things like themselves. [413] 'Because they had spoiled the affair;' as by quick travelling they might have traversed a considerable extent of country. [414] Conturbare, 'to disturb,' or 'to try to throw into confusion;' namely, the agreement. [415] 'The Greeks give the Carthaginians the choice,' for dant optionem Carthaginiensibus. The genitive Carthaginiensium occurs in most, and in the best manuscripts. [416] Ibi; that is, in illis finibus.

80. Jugurtha postquam amissa Thala nihil satis firmum contra Metellum putat, per magnas solitudines cum paucis profectus, pervenit ad Gaetulos,[417] genus hominum ferum incultumque et eo tempore ignarum nominis Romani. Eorum multitudinem in unum cogit ac paulatim consuefacit ordines habere, signa sequi, imperium observare, item alia militaria facere. Praeterea regis Bocchi proximos magnis muneribus et majoribus promissis ad studium sui perducit, quis adjutoribus regem aggressus impellit, uti adversum Romanos bellum incipiat. Id ea gratia facilius proniusque[418] fuit, quod Bocchus initio hujusce belli legatos Romam miserat, foedus et amicitiam petitum, quam rem opportunissimam incepto bello pauci impediverant caeci avaritia, quis omnia honesta atque inhonesta vendere mos erat.[419] Etiam antea Jugurthae filia Bocchi nupserat. Verum ea necessitudo apud Numidas Maurosque levis ducitur, quia singuli pro opibus quisque quam plurimas uxores, denas alii, alii plures habent, sed reges eo amplius.[420] Ita animus multitudine distrahitur, nulla pro socia obtinet,[421] pariter omnes viles sunt.

[417] The Nomades of the great desert Sahara, and of the oases in it, in the south of Numidia and Mauretania, as far as the southern countries inhabited by real negroes. [418] Pronum, that which, when once commenced, proceeds without obstacle or difficulty. This is a figurative sense taken from an inclined plane. [419] The Roman rulers thus demanded money from Bocchus before they would grant his request to be declared a friend and ally of the Roman people, although Bocchus no doubt considered his offer of friendship as a matter of no small value to the Romans. [420] 'But kings so much the more;' namely, surpass others in the numbers of their wives. [421] 'None (no wife) maintains her position as a sharer;' that is, none is recognised as sharing with her husband all the relations of life and rank.

81. Igitur in locum ambobus placitum[422] exercitus conveniunt; ibi fide data et accepta Jugurtha Bocchi animum oratione accendit: Romanes injustos, profunda avaritia,[423] communes omnium hostes esse; eandem illos causam belli cum Boccho habere quam secum et cum aliis gentibus, libidinem imperitandi, quis[424] omnia regna adversa sint; tum sese,[425] paulo ante Carthaginienses, item regem Persen, post, uti quisque opulentissimus videatur, ita Romanis hostem fore. His atque aliis talibus dictis ad Cirtam oppidum iter constituunt, quod ibi Metellus praedam captivosque et impedimenta locaverat. Ita Jugurtha ratus aut capta urbe[426] operae pretium fore aut, si Romanus auxilio suis venisset, proelio sese certaturos. Nam callidus id modo festinabat, Bocchi pacem imminuere,[427] ne moras agitando aliud quam bellum mallet.

[422] In locum placitum, 'at a fixed place,' at a place where it had been agreed to meet. The participle placitus is formed irregularly from the neuter verb placeo, as such verbs generally have no passive voice. But placeo is used also as an impersonal verb, placet, and, as such, its perfect is either placuit or placitum est, 'it pleased,' or 'was decreed.' The same is the case with other impersonal verbs; and as in this manner the regular passive form gradually ceased to be offensive, placitus, a, um, came to be used in the sense of is qui, ea quae, id quod placuit. Compare Zumpt, SS 142, 225. [423] 'Of an insatiable avarice;' for profundus is often used figuratively of passions and desires which have no bottom or end. [424] Quis (quibus) refers to the preceding illos; that is, Romanos. [425] Tum, sese; supply hostem Romanis esse, which infinitive must be taken from the following fore. The tum must be rendered in English by 'now,' as it refers to present time. See Zumpt, S 732; and regarding Persen for Perseum, S 52. [426] Capta urbe, 'if the town were taken,' it would be worth while. [427] Pacem imminuere, to disturb or spoil the peace with Bocchus intended to conclude with the Romans.

82. Imperator postquam de regum societate cognovit, non temere neque, uti saepe jam victo Jugurtha consueverat, omnibus locis pugnandi copiam facit; ceterum haud procul ab Cirta castris munitis reges opperitur, melius esse ratus, cognitis Mauris, quoniam is novus hostis accesserat, excommodo[428] pugnam facere. Interim Roma per litteras certior fit provinciam Numidiam Mario datam; nam consulem factum ante acceperat. Quis rebus supra bonum atque honestum[429] perculsus, neque lacrimas tenere neque moderari linguam;[430] vir egregius in aliis artibus nimis molliter aegritudinem pati. Quam rem alii in superbiam vertebant, alii[431] bonum ingenium contumelia accensum esse, multi, quod jam parta victoria ex manibus eriperetur. Nobis satis cognitum est, illum magis honore Marii quam injuria sua[432] excruciatum, neque tam anxie laturum fuisse, si adempta provincia alii quam Mario traderetur.

[428] 'According to his advantage;' that is, if a favourable opportunity should offer. [429] 'More than is just and fair.' [430] According to the language of Cicero, the dative linguae would have been used in this sense. See Zumpt, S 414. [431] Alii; supply from what precedes interpretabantur, 'they accounted for his sensibility by,' &c. [432] Injuria sua has a passive sense; 'by the injustice done to him.'

83. Igitur eo dolore impeditus, et quia stultitiae[433] videbatur alienam rem periculo suo curare, legatos ad Bocchum mittit postulatum, ne sine causa hostis populo Romano fieret; habere tum[434] magnam copiam societatis amicitiaeque conjungendae, quae potior bello esset; quamquam opibus suis confideret, tamen non debere incerta pro certis mutare;[435] omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrime desinere;[436] non in ejusdem potestate initium ejus et finem esse; incipere cuivis, etiam ignavo, licere, deponi, quum victores velint; proinde sibi regnoque suo consuleret, neu florentes res suas cum Jugurthae perditis misceret. Ad ea rex satis placide verba facit; sese pacem cupere, sed Jugurthae fortunarum misereri; si eadem illi copia fieret,[437] omnia conventura. Rursus imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit; ille probare partim, alia abnuere. Eo modo saepe ab utroque missis remissisque nuntiis tempus procedere et ex Metelli voluntate bellum intactum trahi.

[433] Stultitiae might have been stultilia for the genitive. See Zumpt, S 448, note 1. [434] Tum. See page 137, note 3 [note 425]. [435] Incerta mutare, 'to obtain uncertain things in exchange for others, or for certain things;' but it might also mean, 'to give uncertain things for certain ones.' See Zumpt, S 456, note. [436] Desinere is used here for the sake of variety, instead of finire, deponi. [437] 'If the same power were granted to him' (Jugurtha), namely, to conclude peace, 'an agreement might easily be come to.' Res convenit inter nos is the same as convenimus de re, 'we agree upon the matter.'

84. At Marius, ut supra diximus, cupientissima plebe[438] consul factus, postquam ei provinciam Numidiam populus jussit, antea jam infestus nobilitati, tum vero multus[439] atque ferox instare, singulos modo, modo universos laedere; dictitare sese consulatum ex victis illis spolia cepisse; alia praeterea magnifica pro se, et illis dolentia. Interim, quae bello opus erant, prima habere; postulare legionibus supplementum, auxilia a populis et regibus sociisque arcessere, praeterea ex Latio fortissimum quemque, plerosque militiae, paucos fama cognitos accire, et ambiundo cogere[440] homines emeritis stipendiis secum proficisci. Neque illi senatus, quamquam adversus erat, de ullo negotio abnuere audebat; ceterum supplementum etiam laetus decreverat, quia neque plebi militia volenti[441] putabatur et Marius aut belli usum aut studia vulgi amissurus. Sed ea res frustra sperata; tanta libido cum Mario eundi plerosque invaserat. Sese quisque praeda locupletem fore, victorem domum rediturum, alia hujuscemodi animis trahebant,[442] et eos non paulum oratione sua Marius arrexerat. Nam postquam omnibus, quae postulaverat, decretis milites scribere vult, hortandi causa, simul et nobilitatem, uti consueverat, exagitandi, contionem populi advocavit. Deinde hoc modo disseruit:

[438] 'The plebs being most desirous.' The participle cupiens, with its degrees of comparison like an adjective, is rare, but not contrary to grammar. [439] Multus instare is rather a poetical phrase for multum, 'greatly,' or 'repeatedly.' [440] Ambiundo cogere, 'to oblige a person by flattering words;' a very expressive phrase, signifying that kind of compulsion which is effected by flattery and intreaties. [441] For the expression aliquid mihi volenti est, 'a thing accords with my wishes,' see Zumpt, S 420, note. Neque corresponds with et: on the one hand, it was not believed that the service in the army was agreeable to the plebs; and on the other hand, it was believed that Marius, owing to the aversion of the people to military service, would either do without a numerous army, or that he would lose the popular favour if he should compel the common people. [442] Traho animo, or cum animo meo, 'I am incessantly occupied in my mind with something.'

85. 'Scio ego, Quirites, plerosque non iisdem artibus imperium a vobis petere et, postquam adepti sunt, gerere; primo industrios, supplices, modicos esse, dein per ignaviam et superbiam aetatem agere. Sed mihi contra ea videtur; nam[443] quo pluris est universa res publica quam consulatus aut praetura, eo majore cura illam administrari quam haec peti debere. Neque me fallit, quantum cum maximo vestro beneficio[444] negotii sustineam. Bellum parare simul et aerario parcere, cogere ad militiam eos, quos nolis offendere, domi forisque omnia curare, et ea agere inter invidos, occursantes, factiosos, opinione, Quirites, asperius est.[445] Ad hoc, alii si deliquere, vetus nobilitas, majorum fortia facta, cognatorum et affinium opes, multae clientelae, omnia haec praesidio adsunt; mihi spes omnes in memet sitae, quas necesse est virtute et innocentia tutari; nam alia infirma sunt. Et illud intellego, Quirites, omnium ora in me conversa esse, aequos bonosque favere, quippe mea bene facta rei publicae procedunt,[446] nobilitatem locum invadendi quaerere. Quo mihi acrius adnitendum est, uti neque vos capiamini et illi frustra sint. Ita ad hoc aetatis a pueritia fui, ut omnes labores, pericula consueta habeam. Quae ante vestra beneficia gratuito faciebam, ea uti accepta mercede deseram, non est consilium, Quirites. Illis difficile est in potestatibus temperare, qui per ambitionem sese probos simulavere; mihi, qui omnem aetatem in optimis artibus egi, bene facere jam ex consuetudine in naturam vertit.[447] Bellum me gerere cum Jugurtha jussistis, quam rem nobilitas aegerrime tulit. Quaeso, reputate cum animis vestris, num id mutari melius sit, si quem ex illo globo nobilitatis ad hoc aut aliud tale negotium mittatis, hominem veteris prosapiae[448] ac multarum imaginum et nullius stipendii, scilicet ut in tanta re ignarus omnium trepidet, festinet, sumat aliquem ex populo monitorem officii sui. Ita plerumque evenit, ut quem vos imperatorem jussistis, is sibi imperatorem alium quaerat. Atque ego scio, Quirites, qui, postquam consules facti sunt, acta majorum et Graecorum militaria praecepta legere coeperint; praeposteri homines: nam gerere quam fieri tempore posterius, re atque usu prius est.[449] Comparate nunc, Quirites, cum illorum superbia me hominem novum. Quae illi audire et legere solent, eorum partem vidi, alia egomet gessi; quae illi litteris, ea ego militando didici. Nunc vos existimate, facta an dicta pluris sint. Contemnunt novitatem meam, ego illorum ignaviam; mihi fortuna, illis probra objectantur. Quamquam ego naturam unam et communem omnium existimo, sed fortissimum quemque generosissimum.[450] Ac si jam ex patribus Albini aut Bestiae quaeri posset, mene an illos ex se gigni maluerint, quid responsuros creditis, nisi sese liberos, quam optimos voluisse? Quodsi jure me despiciunt, faciant[451] idem majoribus suis, quibus uti mihi ex virtute nobilitas coepit. Invident honori meo; ergo invideant labori, innocentiae, periculis etiam meis, quoniam per haec illum cepi. Verum homines corrupti superbia ita aetatem agunt, quasi vestros honores contemnant; ita hos petunt, quasi honeste vixerint. Nae illi falsi sunt, qui diversissimas res pariter expectant, ignaviae voluptatem et praemia virtutis. Atque etiam, quum apud vos aut in senatu verba faciunt, pleraque oratione majores suos extollunt, eorum fortia facta memorando clariores sese putant. Quod contra est; nam quanto vita illorum praeclarior, tanto horum socordia flagitiosior. Et profecto ita se res habet: majorum gloria posteris quasi lumen est, neque bona neque mala eorum in occulto patitur. Hujusce rei[452] ego inopiam fateor. Quirites, verum id, quod multo praeclarius est, meamet[453] facta mihi dicere licet. Nunc videte, quam iniqui sint. Quod ex aliena virtute sibi arrogant, id mihi ex mea non concedunt, scilicet quia imagines non habeo et quia mihi nova nobilitas est, quam certe peperisse melius est quam acceptam corrupisse. Equidem ego non ignoro, si jam mihi respondere velint, abunde illis facundam et compositam orationem fore. Sed in maximo vestro beneficio, quum omnibus locis me vosque maledictis lacerent, non placuit reticere, ne quis modestiam in conscientiam duceret.[454] Nam me quidem ex animi mei sententia nulla oratio laedere potest; quippe vera necesse est bene praedicet, falsam vita moresque mei superant. Sed quoniam vestra consilia accusantur, qui mihi summum honorem et maximum negotium imposuistis, etiam atque etiam reputate, num eorum poenitundum sit. Non possum fidei causa imagines neque triumphos aut consulatus majorum meorum ostentare, at, si res postulet, hastas, vexillum, phaleras, alia militaria dona,[455] praeterea cicatrices adverso corpore. Hae sunt meae imagines, haec nobilitas, non hereditate relicta, ut illa illis, sed quae egomet plurimis laboribus et periculis quaesivi. Non sunt composita mea verba; parum id facio;[456] ipsa se virtus satis ostendit; illis artificio opus est, ut turpia facta oratione tegant. Neque litteras Graecas didici; parum placebat eas discere, quippe quae ad virtutem doctoribus nihil profuerunt.[457] At illa multo optima rei publicae doctus sum, hostem ferire, praesidia agitare,[458] nihil metuere nisi turpem famam, hiemem et aestatem juxta pati, humi requiescere, eodem tempore inopiam et laborem tolerare. His ego praeceptis milites hortabor, neque illos arte colam,[459] me opulenter, neque gloriam meam laborem illorum faciam. Hoc est utile, hoc civile imperium. Namque quum tute per mollitiem agas, exercitum supplicio cogere,[460] id est dominum, non imperatorem esse. Haec atque talia majores vestri faciundo seque remque publicam celebravere.[461] Quis nobilitas freta, ipsa dissimilis moribus, nos illorum aemulos contemnit, et omnes honores non ex merito, sed quasi debitos a vobis repetit. Ceterum homines superbissimi procul errant. Majores eorum omnia, quae licebat, illis reliquere, divitias, imagines, memoriam sui praeclaram; virtutem non reliquere, neque poterant; ea sola neque datur dono neque accipitur. Sordidum me et incultis moribus aiunt, quia parum scite convivium exorno, neque histrionem ullum, neque pluris pretii coquum quam villicum habeo.[462] Quae mihi libet confiteri, Quirites; nam ex parente meo et ex aliis sanctis viris ita accepi, munditias mulieribus, viris laborem convenire, omnibusque bonis oportere plus gloriae quam divitiarum esse; arma, non supellectilem decori esse. Quin ergo quod juvat, quod carum aestimant, id semper faciant;[463] ament, potent, ubi adolescentiam habuere, ibi senectutem agant, in conviviis, dediti ventri et turpissimae parti corporis; sudorem, pulverem et alia talia relinquant nobis, quibus illa epulis jucundiora sunt. Verum noti est ita. Nam ubi se flagitiis dedecoravere turpissimi viri, bonorum praemia ereptum eunt.[464] Ita injustissime luxuria et ignavia, pessimae artes, illis, qui coluere eas, nihil officiunt, rei publicae innoxiae cladi sunt.[465] Nunc, quoniam illis, quantum mores mei, non illorum flagitia poscebant, respondi, pauca de re publica loquar. Primum omnium de Numidia bonum habete animum, Quirites; nam quae ad hoc tempus Jugurtham tutata sunt, omnia removistis,[466] avaritiam, imperitiam atque superbiam. Deinde exercitus ibi est, locorum sciens, sed mehercule magis strenuus quam felix; nam magna pars ejus avaritia aut temeritate ducum attrita est.[467] Quamobrem vos, quibus militaris aetas est, adnitimini mecum et capessite rem publicam,[468] neque quemquam ex calamitate aliorum aut imperatorum superbia metus ceperit. Egomet in agmine, in proelio consultor idem[469] et socius periculi vobiscum adero, meque vosque in omnibus rebus juxta geram.[470] Et profecto dis juvantibus omnia matura sunt, victoria, praeda, laus; quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnes bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat.[471] Etenim nemo ignavia immortalis factus est, neque quisquam parens liberis, uti aeterni forent, optavit, magis, uti boni honestique vitam exigerent. Plura dicerem, Quirites, si timidis virtutem verba adderent; nam strenuis abunde dictum puto.'

[443] From what precedes, supply mihi videtur. [444] Marius, according to the ordinary usage of the Latin language, calls his appointment to the consulship a beneficium, 'a favour,' of the Roman people. [445] 'Is more difficult;' namely, than is commonly believed, quam opinio est. [446] Procedunt, 'benefit the state,' 'promote the general good.' [447] Vertit, intransitively, 'has become changed;' the same as vertit se, or versum est. See Zumpt, S 145. [448] Prosapia for familia, an ancient and obsolete word, and intentionally put into the mouth of Marius to ridicule the pretensions of the nobility. [449] Marius calls those nobles who do not make themselves acquainted with the duties of public offices, until they have obtained them, praeposteri homines; that is, 'men who do afterwards that which they ought to do before;' for, he adds, it is true one must first be appointed to an office, in order to do anything in it, but an active preparation ought to precede. [450] 'I consider, indeed, all men to be equal by nature, but I make this distinction, that the bravest is the most noble.' By quamquam, Marius breaks off the question about noble or ignoble birth (Zumpt, S 341); sed introduces a new distinction between men; namely that of merit. [451] Faciant idem, 'let them despise their own ancestors likewise.' [452] Hujusce rei; that is, commemorationis majorum meorum, 'I cannot speak of my ancestors.' [453] Meamet, commonly with the addition of ipse. Zumpt, S 139, note. [454] 'That no one may interpret my modesty as if I were conscious of my own weakness and want of ability.' Modesty often shows itself mainly in silence. Conscientia is the consciousness of a person both of his valuable qualities and of his deficiencies. Ducere in aliquid, 'to consider a thing as;' 'to interpret a thing as:' compare chap. 82: vertere in superbiam. [455] Militaria dona are presents which a general gives publicly to brave soldiers, and which they either wear as honourable distinctions, or which they kept and preserved in their houses. Such presents were with the ancients what orders are in modern times. Among them are frequently mentioned lances, bridles, chains worn round the neck (torques), bracelets (armillae), pins or brooches (fibulae) to fasten the cloak, and crowns (coronae). It was less common, but very honourable, to receive a flag (vexillum) attached to a pole. [456] 'I consider this as something too unimportant.' Parum is used substantively. [457] 'Greek literature has not benefited its professors (that is, the Greek nation) in regard to political virtue:' inasmuch as the Greek states had been unable to protect their political liberty either against kings and tyrants, or against foreigners. Virtus signifies especially 'bravery,' 'valour;' but it has also a more general meaning, comprising justice, abstinence, and the sacrificing of one's own advantages. [458] Praesidia agitare, 'to keep watch,' to maintain the posts intrusted to us for the protection of friends against the attacks of enemies. [459] Arte colere, 'to keep close;' opulenter colere, 'to treat liberally.' [460] 'To compel by bodily punishment.' [461] Celebravere; that is, extulerunt, auxerunt. Celebrare properly signifies 'to make or render frequent;' that is, to bring into repute, and therefore to fill with men, buildings or other objects. [462] 'I have no cook worth more than a steward.' Marius here assails the luxury of others, who considered a clever cook worth more than a clever steward. Both kinds of people were slaves; the villicus was the principal and overseer of all the servants engaged in agriculture on the estate (villa) of a Roman noble. Coquus is also spelled cocus. See Zumpt, S 5. [463] Quin ergo—faciant, 'why, then, will they not do?' This form of expression contains an exhortation to do something. The subjunctive, therefore, does not depend upon quin, but upon the optative meaning of the sentence. See Zumpt, S 542. [464] Ereptum eunt, 'they endeavour to snatch away,' or 'they snatch away.' [465] Cladi sunt, 'they are a destruction;' the same as calamitosae, perniciosae sunt. [466] That is, 'you have removed (deposed) the greedy, inexperienced, and haughty commanders.' Marius alluding to his predecessors, Bestia, Albinus, and Metellus. [467] Attrito, 'worn away,' 'annihilated,' 'sacrificed.' [468] 'Serve the republic,' 'devote yourselves to the public good.' [469] 'Both as an adviser and sharer in the danger.' Idem indicates the union of two predicates belonging to one subject. See Zumpt, S 697. [470] 'I shall treat myself and you in the same manner.' [471] Decebat, a peculiarity of the Latin language for deceret. See Zumpt, S 518.

86. Hujuscemodi oratione habita Marius, postquam plebis animos arrectos videt, propere commeatu, stipendio, armis aliisque utilibus naves onerat; cum his A. Manlium legatum proficisci jubet. Ipse interea milites scribere, non more majorum, neque ex classibus, sed uti cujusque libido erat, capite censos plerosque.[472] Id factum alii inopia bonorum, alii per ambitionem consulis memorabant, quod ab eo genere celebratus auctusque erat, et homini potentiam quaerenti egentissimus quisque opportunissimus cui neque sua curae,[473] quippe quae nulla sunt, et omnia cum pretio honesta videntur. Igitur Marius cum aliquanto[474] majore numero, quam decretum erat, in Africam profectus paucis diebus Uticam[475] advehitur. Exercitus ei traditur a P. Rutilio legato; nam Metellus conspectum Marii fugerat, ne videret ea, quae audita animus tolerare nequiverat.

[472] In this way Marius introduced a great change in the military affairs of Rome. Previous to his time, only the citizens of the first five property classes were enlisted to serve in the legions. Those persons whose property did not come up to the lowest estimate of the fifth class, were excluded from the honourable service in the legions. They were capite censi, because, when the censors made out their lists, those persons had only to give in their personal existence or name for registration. Their being called 'the sixth class' is an improper application of the term, as, strictly speaking, classis signifies only 'a property class.' As the number of persons of this kind was at that time (B.C. 107) already very considerable, and as there were among them many both able and willing to serve in the army, and lastly, as Marius was opposed to all exclusive privileges, he enlisted those poor people who voluntarily offered themselves in the legions, and thus created an army of able men, and accustomed to endure hardships. The higher orders did not object to this measure, because it lightened their burdens connected with the service in the army. But however useful this arrangement was at the time, it contained the elements of a body of soldiers distinct from the citizens; for when the time of their military service was over, those men did not feel inclined to return to a quiet citizen's life, and thus became a very powerful and ready instrument in the hands of ambitious generals, such as Sulla and Caesar. [473] Sua curae; another reading is cura sunt, the sense of which is nearly the same. Sua, 'a person's own property,' or 'all that belongs to him,' including the state itself. [474] 'With a considerably larger army.' About this meaning of aliquanto with a comparative, see Zumpt, SS 108, 488. [475] Utica, the most important city in the province of Africa: it was a more ancient Phoenician colony than even Carthage. In the second Punic war, after it had revolted from Carthage, it was rewarded by the Romans with freedom and independence. Its present name is Biserta, north-west of Tunis.

87. Sed consul expletis legionibus cohortibusque auxiliariis in agrum fertilem et praeda onustum[476] proficiscitur; omnia ibi capta militibus donat, dein castella et oppida natura et viris parum munita aggreditur; proelia multa, celerura levia, alia aliis locis facere. Interim novi milites sine metu pugnae adesse,[477] videre fugientes capi aut occidi, fortissimum quemque tutissimum, armis libertatem, patriam parentesque et alia omnia tegi, gloriam atque divitias quaeri. Sic brevi spatio novi veteresque coaluere, et virtus omnium aequalis facta. At reges, ubi de adventu Marii cognoverunt, diversi in locos difficiles abeunt. Ita Jugurthae placuerat speranti mox effusos hostes invadi posse, Romanos sicuti plerosque remoto metu laxius licentiusque futuros.[478]

[476] 'Laden with booty;' that is, filled with things which can be taken as booty. [477] Pugnae adesse belong together, 'to take part in the battle.' Marius's plan was well calculated, as he inspired his soldiers with courage before leading them to labour and hardship. [478] Futuros; supply esse, 'they would behave;' hence the adverbs. See Zumpt, S 365.

88. Metellus interea Romam profectus contra spem[479] suam laetissimis animis excipitur, plebi patribusque, postquam invidia decesserat, juxta carus. Sed Marius impigre prudenterque suorum et hostium res pariter attendere, cognoscere quid boni utrisque aut contra esset, explorare itinera regum, consilia et insidias eorum antevenire, nihil apud se remissum neque apud illos tutum pati. Itaque et Gaetulos et Jugurtham ex sociis nostris praedas agentes saepe aggressus in itinere fuderat, ipsumque regem haud procul ab oppido Cirta armis exuerat.[480] Quae postquam gloriosa modo neque belli patrandi[481] cognovit, statuit urbes, quae viris aut loco pro hostibus et adversum se opportunissimae erant,[482] singulas circumvenire; ita Jugurtham aut praesidiis nudatum,[483] si ea pateretur, aut proelio certaturum. Nam Bocchus nuntios ad eum saepe miserat, velle populi Romani amicitiam; ne quid ab se hostile timeret. [484] Id simulaveritne, quo improvisus gravior accideret, an mobilitate ingenii pacem atque bellum mutare solitus, parum exploratum est.

[479] 'Contrary to his expectation;' for spes is often used in the general sense of 'expecting,' or 'looking forward to' anything, whether good or bad. [480] Armis exuere, 'to disarm;' here the same as 'conquer' or 'defeat;' intimating that the enemies take to flight, leaving their arms behind. [481] 'Not calculated to bring the war to a close.' See Zumpt, S 662. [482] Adversum se erant is a combination of two constructions —adversum se essent and adversum eum erant—of which we have already observed several instances. Compare chap. 66, and p. 122, note 1 [note 326]. [483] To nudatum supply fore, which is to be taken out of the following esse; 'he hoped that Jugurtha would either be deprived of his fortified places, or be compelled to fight.' [484] Ne quid—timeret, '(requesting him) not to fear anything;' the imperative of the oratio recta is expressed in the oratio obliqua by the subjunctive. See Zumpt, S 603.

89. Sed consul, uti statuerat, oppida castellaque munita adire, partim vi, alia metu aut praemia ostentando avertere ab hostibus. Ac primo mediocria gerebat, existimans Jugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum.[485] Sed ubi illum procul abesse et aliis negotiis intentum accepit, majora et magis aspera aggredi tempus visum est.[486] Erat inter ingentes solitudines oppidum magnum atque valens, nomine Capsa,[487] cujus conditor Hercules Libys memorabatur. Ejus cives apud Jugurtham immunes,[488] levi imperio et ob ea fidelissimi habebantur, muniti adversum hostes non moenibus modo et armis atque viris, verum etiam multo magis locorum asperitate. Nam praeter oppido propinqua alia omnia vasta, inculta, egentia aquae, infesta serpentibus, quorum[489] vis sicuti omnium ferarum inopia cibi acrior; ad hoc natura serpentium ipsa perniciosa siti magis quam alia re accenditur. Ejus potiundi Marium maxima cupido invaserat, quum propter usum belli, tum quia res aspera videbatur, et Metellus oppidum Thalam magna gloria ceperat, haud dissimiliter situm munitumque, nisi quod apud Thalam non longe a moenibus aliquot fontes erant, Capsenses una modo atque ea intra oppidum jugi aqua;[490] cetera pluvia utebantur. Id ibique et in omni Africa, quae procul a mari incultius agebat,[491] eo facilius tolerabatur, quia Numidae plerumque lacte et ferina carne vescebantur et neque salem neque alia irritamenta gulae quaerebant; cibus illis adversum famem atque sitim, non libidini neque luxuriae erat.

[485] In manus venire, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close combat;' for manus conserere, which is much more frequent. [486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive aggredi. Zumpt, S 659, note. [487] Capsa, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage, and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is, by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors. [488] Immunis, 'exempt from taxes.' [489] Other editions have quarum instead of quorum. See Zumpt, S 78, note. [490] Jugis aqua, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.' The other water which they used was rain water, and to pluvia we must supply aqua. [491] Africa—incultius agebat, 'Africa, which was in a state of greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb agere (to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the country itself.

90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat, equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.

[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.' [493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.' [494] Exornat; supply rem, expeditionem, 'the undertaking or campaign.'

91. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas [495] aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat; simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque, uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit; idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum[496] milium intervallo; ibique quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res trepidae,[497] metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati, praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio neque metu coercitum.[498]

[495] Per implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae. [496] Duum for duorum occurs most frequently in connection with milium. See Zumpt, S 115, note 2. [497] Res trepidae, 'a dangerous situation.' [498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a town which had surrendered at discretion.

92. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit, magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene consulta in virtutem trahebantur,[499] milites modesto imperio habiti simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere, postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.[500] Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit, ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento, aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,[501] ceterum haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia[502] natura velut opere atque consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant, summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta. Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,[503] et fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus importunus, iter castellanorum[504] angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum. Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo administrare;[505] optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus augeri.

[499] 'All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted as good services,' so that to non we have to supply modo. For the phrase in virtutem trahere, see chap. 85: ducere in conscientiam. [500] 'He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything was revealed to him by divine inspiration.' [501] Capsensium; supply res, 'the undertaking against Capsa;' for the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the town itself. [502] 'For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands, and purposely.' The accusative omnia is to be taken adverbially, 'on all sides,' just as we frequently find cetera and reliqua. See Zumpt, S 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have per omnia, omni parte, omnis, all of which are only attempts to explain the true reading. [503] 'For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and provisions.' This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern editions et is omitted, and the passage is given with the following punctuation: nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis frumenti, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction must either be used twice, or omitted altogether. [504] 'The road of the inhabitants of the castle;' that is, the only road which led up to the castle. [505] 'Do their work ;' namely, break through the wall.

93. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies noctesque aestuans[506] agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,[507] ex cohortibus auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus est.[508] Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido difficilia faciundi animum vertit.[509] Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,[510] quod cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.[511] Exploratis omnibus, quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat, sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet; pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;[512] quorum uti cujusque ingenium erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque quam velocissimos delegit,[513] et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem constituit.

[506] Aestuans is here used figuratively of one who is in care and anxiety. [507] Ligus, 'a Ligurian,' belonging to the country of Liguria, which was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness, perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in which they were engaged for many years against the Romans. [508] Egressus est, the same as escendit or evasit, 'he got up.' [509] 'The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,' inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack upon the castle. [510] 'He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,' as from his high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials; but perscribit may possibly mean only to mark such points as would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality after his return to the camp. [511] 'The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being with them.' [512] 'Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of the Ligurian.' [513] 'Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.' Numero is almost superfluous.

94. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad locum pergit.[514] Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce, arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus nisusque per saxa facilius foret;[515] super terga gladii et scuta, verum ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius streperent.[516] Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate radices eminebant,[517] laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu, ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere, deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur, potissimus temptare,[518] ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein statim digrediens,[519] ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus, testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis, magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri, qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat, postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa invenit.[520]

[514] Pergit; namely, Ligus. [515] 'That it might proceed more easily.' [516] 'In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make less noise.' [517] 'And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;' for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist. [518] 'He himself foremost (potissimus) tried those places which it was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.' [519] 'And then immediately withdrawing;' namely, in order to make room for those who followed. [520] 'The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, correcta) by chance, found praise instead of blame.' The sudden terror of the Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.

95. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in castra venit, quos[521] uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,[522] idoneum visum est de natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res dixere, persecutus,[523] parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum ignavia,[524] litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque doctissime,[525] eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas remorata, nisi quod[526] de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus, callidus et amicitia facilis;[527] ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis;[528] multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam fortuna fuit,[529] multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.

[521] Quos refers to the equites implied in the word equitatus. This is a construction ad sensum, of which many examples occur in Sallust (compare Cat. 7), though the present case is rather unusual. [522] Res, 'the subject,' 'the present discussion,' or 'the context of the narrative.' [523] Persecutus; supply Sullae naturam cultumque. L. Sisenna, an early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment. [524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia. The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla, applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a physical decay of the family. [525] Atque doctissime, 'and that very profoundly;' the same as et doctissime quidem. [526] Nisi quod adds a limitation or exception to something stated before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the spur of a momentary passion. Potuit consuli; supply ab eo; that is, potuisset consulere. [527] Amicitia facilis, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or friendly intercourse.' [528] Altitudo animi, the unfathomableness of a man's character and designs—a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become hypocritical, ad simulationem et dissimulationem. [529] 'His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is, his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither good-luck nor activity.

96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus[530] factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,[531] ut illi quam plurimi deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse,[532] neque interim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.

[530] For intra breves tempestates, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in Cat.]. [531] Id laboro. See Zumpt, S 385. Ut illi deberent should properly be sibi or ipsi; but see Zumpt, S 550. [532] Multus adesse, 'he was present in many places,' multiplying, as it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84.

97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes trahere,[533] rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte die[534] reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,[535] quia locorum scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes aderant[536] et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas colligere, denique antequam signum[537] aut imperium ullum accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio[538] magis quam proelio similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; caedere alios, alios obtruncare;[539] multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani veteres novique et ob ea[540] scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium vim sustentabant.

[533] Rationes trahere implies slow and careful deliberation, as in chaps. 34 and 93. [534] Die for diei. See page 115, note 3 [note 289]. [535] 'The night would not he an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit). Nullo obsolete for nulli. See Zumpt, S 140. [536] Simul cognovit—et hostes aderant, 'he at once learned—and the enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. Sarcinas colligere; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put together in a heap, as in Caes. Bell. Gall. vii. 18. [537] Signum here is 'the watchword,' which is given out by the general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling another. Sometimes signum is the signal given by a cornu or tuba. To make the former known throughout an army required some time, but not so the latter. Signa afterwards are the standards of the maniples, cohorts, and legions. [538] Latrocinium, 'a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular battle. [539] Obtruncare in opposition to caedere (cut down) signifies 'to mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word multos is chosen here only for variety's sake, instead of alios. [540] The words veteres novique express a whole sentence: 'as old and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that ob ea (for this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say squares), which was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a superior enemy.

98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,[541] atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.[542] Ceterum apud aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,[543] in unum contrahit, dein cunctos pleno gradu[544] in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro[545] victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant.

[541] Quam tamen—nihil remittere, 'while the barbarians nevertheless did not leave off.' For quum with the historical infinitive, see Zumpt, S 582. Pro se, 'favourable to them.' [542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as it required only to be slightly fortified. Quaerebat for requirebat, which is more common in this sense. [543] 'As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that neque, being properly used for et non, must here be taken for etiam non or ne—quidem. [544] Pleno gradu, 'at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running. This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had been worsted in the attack. [545] Fugere, ut pro, is the reading of the manuscripts, 'as they did not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' Ut pro signifies 'both as victors and as if they were,' the ut and pro signifying nearly the same thing.

99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere,[546] deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi vecordia ceperat.[547] Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.

[546] 'Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually heard at the different night watches.' The night was divided by the Romans into four watches (vigiliae), the beginning of which was announced by a horn (buccina). Canere is here used intransitively, 'to sound,' as in Cat. chap. 59 Below, it is used transitively, in the sense of 'to blow,' or 'give a signal.' [547] The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in some parts very minute. Formido is the highest degree of fear (timor), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition quasi vecordia.

100. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos,[548] in sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis tribunes locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari[549] et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito,[550] omnia providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus intentusque, item milites cogebat;[551] neque secus, atque iter facere, castra munire,[552] excubitum in porta[553] cohortes ex legionibus, pro castris equites auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, quae[554] imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset.[555] Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo[556] exercitum coercebat; quod multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset; nisi tamen[557] res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore gesta.

[548] The superlative dextimus does not differ in meaning from the positive dexter. See Zumpt, S 114, note 1. [549] Minime cari; that is, maxime viles, 'who were most indifferent,' or 'valueless to him,' whose lives he was least inclined to spare. [550] 'As if he had not placed (there) any commander.' Imponere, used absolutely, 'to appoint;' namely, in the place spoken of. Nullo for nemine, the ablative as well as the genitive of nemo not being in use. [551] Cogebat; supply armatos intentosque esse. [552] Construe neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere; that is, his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed in marching. [553] The singular in porta is here used because the author is speaking especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the porta praetoria opposite the porta decumana). At this gate a strong body of outposts (excubitores) was stationed, consisting of the most trustworthy soldiers. [554] Futurum, quae imperavisset, an old-fashioned mode of speaking for futura esse, quae. Besides this passage, there is no other certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of Rome; but the grammarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon. [555] 'Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.' Aliquid mihi est volenti. See p. 139, note 1 [note 441]. [556] Malum is here the same as 'punishment,' or poena. [557] Nisi tamen introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius's indulgence. Compare p. 92, note 2 [note 153].

101. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur.[558] Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor paries distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus aeque[559] aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt,[560] ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in itinere morati, affuerant,[561] postremam Romanorum aciem invadunt. Tum Marius apud primos agebat, quod ibi Jugurtha cum plurimis erat. Dein Numida, cognito Bocchi adventu, clam cum paucis ad pedites convertit;[562] ibi Latine (nam apud Numantiam loqui didicerat) exclamat: 'nostros frustra pugnare paulo ante Marium sua manu interfectum;' simul gladium sanguine oblitum ostendere, quem in pugna satis impigre occiso pedite nostro cruentaverat. Quod ibi milites accepere, magis atrocitate rei quam fide nuntii terrentur, simulque barbari animos tollere et in perculsos Romanos acrius incedere. Jamque paulum ab fuga aberant, quum Sulla, profligatis iis, quos adversum[563] ierat, rediens ab latere Mauris incurrit. Bocchus statim avertitur. At Jugurtha, dum sustentare suos et prope jam adeptam victoriam retinere cupit circumventus ab equitibus, dextra sinistra omnibus[564] occisis, solus inter tela hostium vitabundus[565] erumpit. Atque interim Marius fugatis equitibus accurrit auxilio suis, quos pelli jam acceperat. Denique hostes jam undique fusi. Tum spectaculum horribile in campis patentibus: sequi fugere, occidi capi; equi atque viri afflicti, ac multi vulneribus acceptis neque fugere posse neque quietem pati, niti modo, ac statim concidere; postremo omnia, qua visus erat, constrata telis, armis, cadaveribus, et inter ea humus infecta sanguine.[566]

[558] Hostes adesse intellegitur is a nominative with the infinitive, for intellegunt hostem adesse. See Zumpt, S 607. It is, however, not impossible that hostis may be the accusative plural for hostes. [559] Aeque, 'equally;' for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans. [560] The meaning is—Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, and attacked the enemy. [561] Neque—affuerant, without repeating the relative pronoun, which, being the subject, should be in the nominative, for sed—qui non affuerant, or neque ii—affuerant. The omission is singular, but not without other examples. See Zumpt, S 806. The prior pugna is the one described in chaps. 97-99. [562] 'He rode secretly, with few companions,' to another place, where the Mauretanian infantry were attacking the rear of the Romans. Convertit for convertit se. See Zumpt, S 145. [563] Respecting the position of quos adversum, instead of adversum quos, see Zumpt, S 324. [564] That is, ipsius comitibus. [565] 'By making a skilful movement with his body,' dum corpore evitat tela. [566] A very graphic description of a field of battle after the fighting is over. Afflicti, 'thrust down to the ground,' implying the notion of persons being severely wounded. Niti, 'to attempt to rise.' Qua visus erat, 'as far as one could see.'

102. Post ea loci[567] consul haud dubie jam victor pervenit in oppidum Cirtam, quo initio profectus intenderat.[568] Eo post diem quintum quam iterum barbari male pugnaverant, legati a Boccho veniunt, qui regis verbis ab Mario petivere, duos quam fidissimos ad eum mitteret, velle de suo et de populi Romani commodo[569] cum iis disserere. Ille statim L. Sullam et A. Manlium ire jubet. Qui quamquam acciti ibant, tamen placuit[570] verba apud regem facere, uti ingenium aut aversum flecterent aut cupidum pacis vehementius accenderent. Itaque Sulla, cujus facundiae, non aetati, a Manlio concessum, pauca verba hujuscemodi locutus:

'Rex Bocche, magna nobis laetitia est, quum te talem virum di monuere, uti aliquando pacem quam bellum malles, neu te optimum cum pessimo omnium Jugurtha miscendo commaculares, simul nobis demeres acerbam necessitudinem, pariter te errantem atque illum sceleratissimum persequi. Ad hoc populo Romano jam a principio melius visum amicos quam servos quaerere; tutiusque rati[571] volentibus quam coactis imperitare. Tibi vero nulla opportunior nostra amicitia, primum, quod procul absumus, in quo offensae minimum, gratia par ac si prope adessemus; dein quod parentes abunde habemus, amicorum neque nobis neque cuiquam omnium satis fuit. Atque hoc utinam a principio tibi placuisset: profecto ex populo Romano ad hoc tempus multo plura bona accepisses, quarn mala perpessus es.[572] Sed quoniam humanarum rerum fortuna pleraque regit, cui scilicet placuisse[573] et vim et gratiam nostram te experiri, nunc, quando per illam licet, festina atque, uti coepisti, perge. Multa atque opportuna habes,[574] quo facilius errata officiis superes. Postremo hoc in pectus tuum demitte,[575] nunquam populum Romanum beneficiis victum esse; nam bello quid valeat, tute scis.'

Ad ea Bocchus placide et benigne; simul pauca pro delicto suo verba facit: 'Se non hostili animo, sed ob regnum tutandum arma cepisse; nam Numidiae partem, unde vi Jugurtham expulerit,[576] jure belli suam factam; eam vastari a Mario pati nequivisse; praeterea missis antea Romam legatis, repulsum ab amicitia. Ceterum vetera omittere ac tum,[577] si per Marium liceret, legates ad senatum missurum.' Dein, copia facta,[578] animus barbari ab amicis flexus, quos Jugurtha, cognita legatione Sullae et Manlii, metuens id, quod parabatur, donis corruperat.

[567] Post ea loci, 'afterwards.' [568] 'Whither he had at first directed his march. 'Profectus might have been omitted, but its meaning is, 'having once set out on his march.' [569] 'About what was useful to him and to the Roman people.' [570] Placuit; supply eos, which might also have been expressed by the relative pronoun, quos placuit. See Zumpt, S 804. The ambassadors, having been summoned by the king himself to hear his proposals, were not under the necessity of addressing him; but they probably had orders to speak first, in order that, if he were not favourably inclined towards the Romans, they might try to win him over, or if he were favourably disposed, to strengthen him in his designs. [571] Rati; namely, Romani, which must be taken out of populo Romano. [572] The manuscripts have esses, which can be explained only by an amalgamation of the two clauses, and might be conceived as a form of politeness which is not contained in perpessus es. [573] The infinitive placuisse depends on scilicet, which is here quite the same as scire licet, as in chaps. 4 and 113. In ordinary language, scilicet is a mere adverb, 'evidently,' 'forsooth.' [574] 'You have many opportunities;' consequently the same as magnam opportunitatem. See Zumpt, S 756. [575] Demittere in pectus, 'to impress uponone's mind,' sibi persuadere. [576] This is a diplomatic falsehood, as hitherto Bocchus had committed no act of hostility towards Jugurtha, and had occupied no part of Numidia against his will; but it may be that Jugurtha had promised to give up to him a part of Numidia, if he should succeed in recovering the whole. That Bocchus actually wished to have a part of Numidia, is clear from his negotiation with Sulla, chap. 111. [577] Tum, 'now.' See Zumpt, S 732. [578] Namely, legates mittendi, 'after he had obtained permission to despatch an embassy to Rome.'

103. Marius interea, exercitu in hibernaculis[579] composito, cum expeditis cohortibus et parte equitatus proficiscitur in loca sola, obsessum turrim[580] regiam, quo Jugurtha perfugas omnes praesidium imposuerat. Tum rursus Bocchus, seu reputando, quae sibi duobus proeliis venerant,[581] seu admonitus ab aliis amicis, quos incorruptos Jugurtha reliquerat,[582] ex omni copia necessariorum quinque delegit, quorum et fides cognita et ingenia validissima erant. Eos ad Marium, ac dein, si placeat, Romam legates ire jubet, agendarum rerum et quocunque modo belli componendi licentiam ipsis permittit. Illi mature ad hiberna Romanorum proficiscuntur, deinde in itinere a Gaetulis latronibus circumventi spoliatique, pavidi, sine decore ad Sullam profugiunt, quem consul in expeditionem proficiscens pro praetore reliquerat.[583] Eos ille non pro vanis hostibus,[584] uti meriti erant, sed accurate ac liberaliter habuit; qua re barbari et famam Romanorum avaritiae falsam et Sullam ob munificentiam in sese amicum rati. Nam etiamtum largitio multis ignota erat; munificus nemo putabatur nisi pariter volens,[585] dona omnia in benignitate habebantur.[586] Igitur quaestori mandata Bocchi patefaciunt; simul ab eo petunt, uti fautor consultorque sibi adsit; copias, fidem, magnitudinem regis sui et alia, quae aut utilia aut benevolentiae[587] esse credebant, oratione extollunt; dein Sulla omnia pollicito, docti, quo modo apud Marium, item apud senatum verba facerent, circiter dies quadraginta ibidem opperiuntur.