It does not seem probable, however, that the abstract question of the projected kingdom was ever taken very seriously among those to be directly affected by the proposed change. The bars interposed by his own subjects in the duke's progress towards royalty were obstructions to his successive steps rather than to his theory. Indeed, strenuous opposition to details was allied to a vague and passive acceptance of the whole. Moreover when the idea was phrased it was distinctly as a revival, not as a novelty. The previous existence of a kingdom of Burgundy was undoubtedly a potent factor in the degree of progress made by Charles towards conjuring into new life a reincarnation of that ancient realm. Yet it was a factor clothed with a shadow rather than with the substance of truth. Geographically there was very little in common between the dominion projected more or less definitely in 1473 and any one of the kingdoms of Burgundy as they had successively existed. That of Charles corresponded very nearly to the ancient kingdom of Lorraine. Franche-Comte was the only ground common to the territories actually held by the duke and to the latest kingdom of Burgundy. His possessions in Picardy and Alsace lay wholly beyond the limits of either Burgundy or Lorraine. But the old name survived in his ducal title, and it was that name that lent a semblance of reality to this fifteenth-century dream of a middle kingdom as outlined in the duke's mind more or less definitely or as bounded by his ambition.

In retrospect it is clear that more was requisite for the realisation of the vision of the wished-for nation, than imperial investiture of a crowned monarch with sovereignty over a group of lands. A modern writer has pointed out how infinitely subtle is the vital principle of a nation, one not even to be created by common interests. A Zollverein is no patria. An element of sentiment is needful, and an element of growth.[23] The nation like the individual is the result of what has gone before. An heroic past, great men, glory that can command respect at home and abroad—that is the capital on which is based a national idea. To have wrought in common, to wish to accomplish more in the future, are essential conditions to be a people. "The existence of a nation is a plebiscite of every day, just as the existence of the individual is a perpetual affirmation of life."

Now it is evident, in summing up the salient features of this failure, that a vital principle was not germinating in the inchoate mass. Charles himself never attained the rank of a national hero. More than that, with all his individual states, he never had any nation, great or small, at his back. Personally he was a man without a country. His father, Philip, was French, pure and simple, quite as French as his grandfather, Philip the Hardy, the first Duke of Burgundy out of the House of Valois, even though Philip the Good had extended his sway to many non-French-speaking peoples and was able to use the Flemish speech if it suited his whim. But that was as a condescension and as something extraneous. The chief of French peers remained his proudest title; his ability to influence French affairs, the task he liked best.

His son was quite different in his attitude towards France. He minimised his degree of French blood royal. More than once he boasted of his kinship with Portuguese, with English stock. He had certain characteristics of an immigrant, who has abandoned family traditions and is proudly confident that his bequest to posterity is to outshine what he has inherited. Charles was not exactly a stupid man, but he certainly was dazzled by his early surroundings into an overestimate of himself, into a conceit that was a tremendous stumbling-block in his path. He had not the kind of intelligence that would have enabled him to take at their worth the rhetorical phrases of adulation heaped upon him on festal occasions. Yet this same conceit, this very self-confidence, gave him a high conception of his duties. At his accession, he showed a sense of his responsibilities, a definite theory of conduct which he fully intended to act upon. His very belief in his own powers gave him an intrinsic honesty of purpose. He was convinced that he could maintain law, order, justice in his domain, and he fully intended to do so in a paternal way, but he left out of consideration the rights of the people, rights older than his dynasty. In his military career, too, at the outset, he evinced the strongest bent towards preserving the best conditions possible amid the brutalities of warfare. He curbed the soldiers' passions, he protected women, and was as relentless towards miscreants in his ranks as towards his foe. In civil matters he exerted himself to secure impartial equity for all alike. When he gave a promise, he fully intended to make his words good. It was only in the face of repeated deceptions of the cleverer and more unscrupulous Louis XI. that Charles changed for the worse. Exasperated by the knowledge that the king's solemn pledges were given repeatedly with no intention of fulfilment, he attempted to adopt a similar policy and was singularly infelicitous in his imitation. His political methods degenerated into mere barefaced lying, softened by no graces, illumined by no clever intuition of where to draw the line. From 1472 on, the duke's word was worth no more than the king's, and words were assuredly at a discount just then. A perusal of the international correspondence of the period leaves the reader marvelling why time was wasted in covering paper, with flimsy, insincere phrases, mendacious sign-posts which gave no true indication of the road to be travelled. There are, however, differences in the art of dissimulation and Charles never attained a mastery of the science.

The adjective which has attached itself to his name in English in an inaccurate rendering of le temeraire which belongs to him in French. There were other terms too applied to Charles at different periods of his career. He was Charles the Hardy in his early youth, Charles the Terrible in those last months when he tried to fortify himself with wine unsuited to his constitution, but at all times he might have been called Charles the self-absorbed, Charles the solitary. There have been many men more passionate, more uncontrolled, than Charles of Burgundy, whose personal magnetism yet enabled them to win friends and to keep them, as the duke was powerless to do. The failure to command personal devotion, unquestioning loyalty, was one of his chief personal misfortunes. Philip, magnificent, lavish, debonair, found many lenient apologists for his crimes, while his son received criticism for his faults even from the faithful among his servitors. How a reflection of his bearing glows out from the mirror turned casually upon him by Commines' skilful hand! Take the glimpse of Louis XI. as he lures on St. Pol's messenger to imitate Charles. The Sire de Creville inspired by the royal interest in his narration about an incident at the court of Burgundy, puffs out his cheeks, stamps his feet in a dictatorial manner, and swears by St. George as he quotes the duke's words. Behind a screen are hidden Commines, and a Burgundian envoy aghast at hearing his liege lord so mocked. It is a time when St. Pol is trying to ride three horses at once and the French king takes this method to have Charles informed of his duplicity. "Speak louder" he says, "I grow a little deaf," and the flattered envoy repeats his dramatic performance in a way to engrave it on the memory of the duke's retainer.



In thus touching on the traits of his former master, Commines does not show malice or even a dislike for the duke. He is much more severe about Louis—only he found the latter easier to serve.

In his family life, too, Charles does not seem to have found any companionship that affected his life. He is lauded as a faithful husband to Isabella of Bourbon but her death seemed to make little difference. Neither she nor Margaret of York had the actual significance enjoyed by Isabella of Portugal as consort to Philip the Good with his notoriously roving fancy.

Thus at home as well as abroad the last Duke of Burgundy tried to stand alone. Perhaps his chief happiness in life was that he never knew how insufficient for his desired task he was and how the new art of printing, the birth of Erasmus of Rotterdam, were the really great events of his brief decade of sovereignty. It was his good fortune that he never knew that no splendid achievement gave significance to his device: "I have undertaken it"—Je lay emprins.

[Footnote 1: Mem. de la soc. bourg. de geog. et d' hist. Article by A. Cornereau, vi., 229.]

[Footnote 2: Les etats de Gand en 1476. (Gachard, Etudes et notices hist,. des Pays-Bas, i., I.)

This is a study of the report made by Gort Roelants, pensionary of Brussels, one of the deputies to the assembly of 1476. This so-called "States-general" was by no means a legislative assembly. When Philip the Good convened deputies from the various states at Bruges in 1463, it was to save himself the trouble of going to the separate capitals to ask for aides. Assemblies of similar nature occurred several times before 1477, when Mary of Burgundy granted the privilege of self-convention and when a constitutional role was assured to the body; though not used for many years (See Pirenne, ii., 379.)]

[Footnote 3: Pour y penser la nuit jusques aw lendemain.]

[Footnote 4: S'ils n'avaient point charge limitee quantefois ils devaient boire en chemin.]

[Footnote 5: Compte-rendu par Antoine Rolin, Sr. d' Aymeries, Oct. 1, 1475-Sept. 30, 1476. In the archives of Hainaut there are proofs that another assembly was confidently expected.]

[Footnote 6: Gingins la Sarra, ii., 354.]

[Footnote 7: Ibid., 359. Scorende queste cose come avesse il libro avanti, parse ad ogniuno imprimesse bene questo suo intento.]

[Footnote 8: Petrasanta to the Duke of Milan Aug. 12th. Quoted in Kirk, iii., 487.]

[Footnote 9: An Italian phrase signifying to run down his game slowly.]

[Footnote 10: Commines, v., ch. iv.]

[Footnote 11: Toutey calls the diet at Fribourg a veritable congress of central Europe, the first of international congresses.]

[Footnote 12: Huguenin Jeune, Hist. de la guerre de Lorraine, p. 217.]

[Footnote 13: This monarch, Alphonse V., called the African, asking Louis XI. for assistance against Ferdinand of Castile, was refused on the score that Charles the Bold was menacing the safety of the French frontier. Alphonse's prayer for peace might have been instigated by thoughts of his own needs as well as those of humanity. (Toutey, p. 386.)]

[Footnote 14: Toutey, p. 387.]

[Footnote 15: See Scott's Anne of Geierstein. This is the man whom the author makes the appointed instrument of the Vehmgericht to slay Charles.]

[Footnote 16: Toutey, p. 388.]

[Footnote 17: Memoires, iii., 239.]

[Footnote 18: It is strange that La Marche does not make more of this scene if he were really there. His sole statement is: "The duke remained dead on the field of battle, stretched out like the poorest man in the world and I was taken and others." iii., 240.]

[Footnote 19: La deconfiture de Monseigneur de Bourgogne faite par Monseigneur de Lorraine. Comines-Lenglet, iii., 493.

This brief account was drawn up evidently before the duke's burial was known by the writer. It may have been written solely to please Louis XI. Still there is a simplicity about it that holds the attention, in spite of the fact that the story is not accepted by critical historians.]

[Footnote 20: La Marche, iii., 240.]

[Footnote 21: Comines v., ch. x.]

[Footnote 22: Lettres vi., p. 111.]

[Footnote 23: Renan, Qu'est ce qu'une nation.]



BIBLIOGRAPHY

There is an enormous mass of literature bearing upon the later years of Philip of Burgundy and the brief career of Charles the Bold. Fairly adequate bibliographies can be found in Pirenne and Molinier (see list). The following list contains the full titles of the chief works to which direct reference is made in the text but falls far short of a complete description of the matter, contemporaneous or critical, which has coloured the treatment of the subject.

When extracts have been taken from matter quoted by other writers the reference is to the later books only.

Archives curieuses de l'histoire de France. Vol. i. (Paris, 1834.) Contains Le cabinet du roy Louis XI.; Discours du siege de Beauvais, en 1472, etc.

BARANTE, M. DE. Histoire des ducs de Bourgogne de la maison de Valois. Avec des remarques par le baron de Reiffenberg. 6th ed. 10 vols. (Brussels, 1835.)

BASIN, THOMAS, 1412-1491. Histoire des regnes de Charles VII. et de Louis XI. (Latin text). Ed. J.E.J. Quicherat. 2 vols. (Paris, 1855.)

BEAUCOURT, G. DU FRESNE, MARQUIS DE. Histoire de Charles VII . 6 vols. (Paris, 1890.)

BLOK, P.J. Eene Hollandsche stad onder de Bourgondisch-Oostenrijksche Heerschappij. (The Hague, 1884.)

BRANTOME, PIERRE DE BOURDEILLE, SEIGNEUR DE. OEuvres completes de. Ed. Ludovic Lalanne. (Paris, 1876.)

BUDT, ADRIAN DE. Chronicon Flandriae. De Smet Corpus chron. Flandr. I. (Brussels, 1837-65.)

BUSSIERE, BARON MARIE-THEODORE DE. Histoire de la ligue formee contre Charles le temeraire. (Paris, 1846.)

Cent nouvelles nouvelles, Les. Edition revue sur les textes originaux, etc., par A.J.V. Le Roux de Lincy. (Paris, 1841.)

CHABEUF, H. Deux portraits bourguignons du XV^{e} siecle. (Dijon, 1893.) (Memoires de la societe bourguignonne de geographie et d'histoire. Vol. ix.)

CHASTELLAIN, GEORGES, 1404-1475. OEuvres. (Ed. Kervyn de Lettenhove.) 8 vols. (Brussels, 1863-66.)

CHMEL, JOSEPH. Geschichte Kaiser Friedrichs IV. 2 vols. (Hamburg, 1843.)

CHMEL, JOSEPH. Urkunden zur Geschichte von Oesterreich, Steiermark, etc. [Monumenta Habsburgica.] 2 vols. (Vienna, 1849.)

CLEMART, PIERRE. Jacques Coeur et Charles VII. (Paris, 1873.)

Collection de documents inedits sur l'histoire de France. "Melanges." (Ed. M. Champollion-Figeac.) (Paris, 1843.)

COMMINES, PHILIP DE. The Historie of, Englished by Thomas Dannett. Anno 1596. With an introduction by Charles Whibley. (London, 1897.)

Memoires de Philippe de Comines, 1447-1511. Nouvelle edition par Messieurs Godefroy, augmentee par M. l'Abbe Lenglet du Fresnoy. 4 vols. Ref. (Comines-Lenglet.) (Paris, 1747.)

This edition contains many letters, documents, etc., collected by M. Lenglet du Fresnoy. Their accuracy has been impugned in many instances. Those cited have been taken with a view to the later criticism upon them.

Memoires de Philippe de Commynes. Nouvelle edition publiee avec une introduction et des notes par Bernard de Mandrot. 2 vols. Ref. (Commynes-Mandrot.) (Paris, 1901.)

Memoires de Philippe de Commynes. Nouvelle edition, revue sur les manuscrits de la bibliotheque royale, etc., par Mlle. Dupont. 3 vols. Ref. (Commynes-Dupont.) (Paris, 1840.)

CORNEREAU, A. Le palais des etats de Bourgogne a Dijon. (Dijon, 1890.) (Memoires de la soc. bourguignonne de geog. et d'hist., v.)

COURTEPEE, M. Description, generale et particuliere du duche de Bourgogne. 4 vols. (Dijon, 1847.)

DESCHAMPS, EUSTACHE. Oeuvres completes. (Paris, 1878- 1904.) (Soc. des anciens textes francais.) 11 vols.

DES MAREZ, G. L'organisation du travail a Bruxelles au XV^{e} siecle. (Bruxelles, 1903-04.) (Memoires couronnes de l'acad. royale de Belgique. Vol. lxv.-lxvi.)

DEWEZ, M. Histoire particuliere des provinces belgiques sous le gouvernement des ducs et des comtes, pour servir de complement a l'histoire generale. 3 vols. (Brussels, 1834.)

DU CLERCQ, JACQUES, 1420-1501. Memoires. (Ed. Baron F. de Reiffenberg.) 4 vols. (Brussels, 1823.)

DUCLOS, CHARLES P. (Oeuvres completes de. Nouvelle edition. 9 vols. (Paris, 1820.)

ESCOUCHY, MATHIEU D'(DE COUCY). Chronique. (1420?-1482 +.) (Ed. G. du Fresne de Beaucourt.) 3 vols. (Paris, 1863.) (Soc. de l'hist. de France.)

FREDERICQ, PAUL. Le role politique et social des ducs de Bourgogne. (Brussels, 1875.)

FREEMAN, EDWARD A. The Historical Geography of Europe. 2 vols. 3d edition, edited by G. B. Berry. (London, 1903.)

GACHARD, L. P. Analectes belgiques ou recueil de pieces inedites, etc. Vol. i. (Brussels, 1830.)

GACHARD, L. P., Ed. Collection des voyages des souverains des Pays-Bas. 4 vols. (Brussels, 1830.)

GACHARD, L. P., Ed. Documents inedits concernant l'histoire de la Belgique. 3 vols. (Brussels, 1833.)

GACHARD, L. P. Etudes et notices historiques concernant l'histoire des Pays-Bas. 3 vols. (Brussels, 1890.)

Gesta Episcoporum Leodiensium. (Martene Coll. Vol. iv.) (Paris, 1729.).

GINGINS LA SARRA, LE BARON DE FREDERIC DE, Ed. Depeches des ambassadeurs milanais sur les campagnes de Charles le Hardi, 1474-1477. 2 vols. (Paris, 1858.)

GOLLUT, M. LOYS. Les memoires historiques de la republique sequanoise et des princes de la Franche-Comte de Bourgogne. (Arbois, 1846.)

JEUNE, HUGUENIN. Histoire de la guerre de Lorraine et du siege de Nancy, par Charles le Temeraire, duc de Bourgogne, 1473-1477. (Metz, 1837.)

KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE, LE BARON. [Ed. of works of Chastellain, Budt, etc.]; see article in Bulletin de l'academie royale de Belgique, 1887, etc.

KERVYN DE LETTENHOVE. Histoire de Flandre. 5 vols. (Brussels, 1853-54.)

KIRK, JOHN FOSTER. History of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 3 vols. (Philadelphia, 1864-1868.)

LABORDE (L.E.S.J.), COMTE DE. Les ducs de Bourgogne: Etudes sur les lettres, les arts et l'industrie pendant le XV^{e} siecle, etc. "Preuves." 3 vols. (Paris, 1849-52.)

LACOMBLET, TH. J. Urkundenbuch fuer die Geschichte des Niederrheins. 4 vols. (Duesseldorf, 1848.)

LA MARCHE, OLIVIER DE, 1422-1502. Memoires. (1435-1488.) Paris, 1883-84. (Ed. Beaune et d'Arbaumont.) 3 vols.

LAVISSE, ERNEST. Histoire de France depuis les origines jusqu'a la revolution. Publiee avec la collaboration de MM. Bayet, Block, Carre, Kleinclausz, Langlois, Lemonnier, Luchaire, Mariejol, Petit-Dutaillis, etc. (Paris, 1893-.)

The volume covering periods of Charles VII. and Louis XI. is written by Ch. Petit-Dutaillis, Professor at the University of Lille. (Reference used, Lavisse, IV^{11}.) (Paris, 1902.)

LE FEVRE, JEAN, SEIGNEUR DE ST. REMY. (Toison d'or.) (1395-1463.) Chronique. 2 vols. (Paris, 1876.)

LE ROUX DE LINCY, A.J.V. Chants historiques sur les regnes de Charles VII. et de Louis XI.

Lettres de Louis XI. (Paris, 1883-.) (Eds., Joseph Vaesen, et Etienne Charavay,

LOOMIS, LOUISE ROPES. Medieval Hellenism. (Columbia University, 1906.)

MARTENE, EDMUND. Veterum Scriptorum et Monumentorum, Historicorum, Dogmaticorum, Moralium, Amplissium Collectio. Vol. iv. (Paris, 1729.)

Memoires et documents publies par la societe d'histoire de la suisse romande. Vol. viii. "Melanges." (Lausanne, 1849.)

MEYER, J. Commentarii sive annales rerum Flandricarum. (Antwerp, 1561.)

MOLINET, JEAN. Chronique (1474-1506.) (Paris, 1824-29.)

This is a continuation of Chastellain and is interesting especially for the siege of Neuss.

MONSTRELET, ENGUERRAND DE (d. 1453). La Chronique. (Paris, 1861.)

MOLINIER, AUGUSTE. Les sources de l'histoire de France des origines aux guerres d'Italie. Vols. iv., v., 1461-1494. (Paris, 1904.)

Neues Archiv der Gesellschaft fuer aeltere deutsche Geschichtskunde. Vol. xxv. (Leipzig, 1900.)

OMAN, CHARLES W.C. Warwick the Kingmaker. 1890. ONUFRIUS DE SANCTA CROCE, Bishop of Tricaria. Memoire sur les affaires de Liege (1468). (Ed., S. Bormans.) (Brussels, 1885.)

OUDENBOSCH. Veterum scriptorum et monumentorum, historicorum, etc. Rerum Leodiensius. Opus Adriani de vetere Buseo, 1343. See Martene.

PICQUE, CAMILLE. Memoire sur Philippe de Commines. (Brussels, 1864.) Mem. couronnes par 1'acad. royale de Belgique, vol. xvi.

PIOT, G.J.C., Ed. Chronycke van Nederlandt—1565. Vlaamsche Kronijk—1598. Collection des chroniques belges. (Brussels, 1836-.)

PIRENNE, HENRI. Histoire de Belgique. 2 vols. (Brussels, 1903.)

PIRENNE, HENRI. Bibliographie de l'histoire de Belgique: catalogue methodique et chronologique des sources et des ouvrages principaux relatifs a l'histoire de tous les Pays-Bas jusqu' en 1598. (Brussels, 1902.)

PLANCHER, URBAIN. Histoire generale et particuliere de Bourgogne avec des notes et les preuves justificatives, etc. 4 vols. (Dijon, 1739.)

POICTIERS, ALIENOR DE. Les honneurs de la cour. (In Sainte-Palaye, Memoires sur l'ancienne chevalerie, vol. 2, pp. 171-267.) (Paris, 1781.)

POLAIN, M.L. Recits historiques sur l'ancien pays de Liege. 4th ed. (Brussels, 1866.)

PUTNAM, RUTH. A Medieval Princess. (New York, 1904.)

RAM, P.F.X. DE. Documents relatifs aux troubles du pays de Liege sous les princes-eveques Louis de Bourbon et Jean de Horne, I vol. (Brussels, 1844.)

RAMSAY, SIR JAMES H. Lancaster and York, a Century of English History (A.D., 1399-1485). 2 vols. (Oxford, 1892.)

REIFFENBERG, BARON F.A. DE. Essai sur les enfants naturels de Philippe de Bourgogne.

REIFFENBERG, BARON F.A. DE. Histoire de l'Ordre de la Toison d'Or. (Brussels, 1830.)

REIFFENBERG, BARON F.A. DE. Memoire sur le sejour de Louis XI. aux Pays-Bas. Nouveaux mem. de l'acad. royale. 1829.

REIFFENBERG, BARON F.A. DE. De l'etat de la population, etc., dans les Pays-Bas pendant le XV^{e} et le XVI^{e} siecle. Mem. de l'acad. royale in 4 deg.. (Brussels, 1822.) [Also editor of various works.]

RODT, EMANUEL VON. Die Feldzuege Karls des Kuehnen. 2 vols. (Schaffhausen, 1843.)

ROLAND, P. AUBERT. La guerre de Rene II. contre Charles le Hardi. (Luxembourg, 1742.)

ROYE, JEAN DE. Chronique scandaleuse. [A journal of the years 1460-1483.] (Ed. Bernard de Mandrot.) 2 vols. (Paris, 1894-96.)

RUHL, GUSTAVE. L'expedition des Franchimontoir en 1468. Soc. d'art et d'histoire de Liege, ix. (Liege, 1895.)

RYMER, THOMAS. Foedera, conventiones, litterae et cujuscumque generis acta publica inter reges Angliae et alios quosvis reges, etc. 20 vols. Vol. xi. (London, 1704—1716.)

SCHELLHASE, K. "Zur Trierer Zusammenkunft im Jahre 1473." In Deutsche Zeitschrift fuer Geschichtswissenschaft. Band VI. (Freiburg, 1891.)

SELDEN, JOHN. Titles of Honor. 3d ed. (London, 1672.)

SNOY, RENIER (Snoyus Reinerus). De rebus Batavicis. (Frankfurt, 1620.) In fol.

STEIN, H. "Olivier de la Marche historien, poete et diplomate Bourgogne." In men couronne etc., par l'acad. royale vol. xlix. (Brussels, 1888.)

STOUFF, Louis. Les comtes de Bourgogne et leurs villes domaniales. (Paris, 1899.)

STOUFF, LOUIS. "Les possessions bourguignonnes dans la vallee du Rhin sous Charles le temeraire." Annales de l'est. Vols. xvii.-xviii. (Paris, 1903.)

TOUTEY, E. Charles le temeraire et la ligue de Constance. (Paris, 1902.)

VANDER MAELEN, PH. Dictionnaire geographique de la province de Liege. (Brussels, 1831.)

WAGENAAR, JAN. Vaderlandsche Historie. 21 vols. (Amsterdam, 1749-1759.)

WAVRIN, JEHAN DE (living 1465-1471). Anchiennes croniques de Engleterre. (Ed. Mlle. Dupont.) 3 vols. (Paris, 1858-63.)



INDEX

A

Abbeville Agincourt Aire Aix Alkmaar Alsace Alsace Amboise Amiens Amont Andernach Angers Anjou Anjou, Margaret of, Queen of England Anjou, Rene, King of Anjou, Yolande of, see Vaudemont Antwerp Appiano, Antoine d' (Antonius de Aplano), Milanese ambassador Aragon Argau Armagnac Arras, Bishop of Arras, treaty Arson, Jehan d Arthur, King Artois Artois, Bonne of, Duchess of Burgundy, see Burgundy Atclyff, William Ath Augsburg, Diet of Austria Austria, House of Austria, Maximilian, Archduke of, see Maximilian Austria, Sigismund of (Count of Tyrol; mortgages lands to Charles of Burgundy; resumes sovereignty of mortgaged lands; Auvergne, Marshal d' Auxonne Auxy, Jehan, Seigneur d Avesnes Avranches, Bishop of Aydie, Odet d'



B

"Bad Penny," the, tax Balue, Cardinal Bar, duchy of Barante, cited Bari, Duc de (Sforza) Barnet, battle of Barre, Corneille de la Barrois Baschi, Suffren de Basel Basel, Bishop of Basin, Thomas, cited Basse-Union Baume-les-Dames Bavaria, elector of Bavaria, Stephen of Beaujeu, Lord of Beaumont, chateau of Beauvais, siege of Bedford, John, Duke of, death of Begars, Abbe de Belfort Belliere, Vicomte de la Berne Berry, Bailiff of Berry, Charles of France, Duke of (Normandy and Guienne), heads League of Public Weal; character of; Normandy given to; won over by Louis; Guienne given to; proposed marriage of; suspicious death of Besancon Biche, Guillaume de Biscay, Bay of Black Forest Bladet Blamont, Count of Blaumont, Seigneur de, Marshal of Burgundy Boccaccio Bohemia Bonn Borselen, Adrian van, Seigneur of Breda Borselen, Frank van (Count of Ostrevant; death of Borselen, Henry van Boscise Bouchage, Monseigneur du Boudault, Jehan Boulogne Bourbon, Catharine of, see Guelders Bourbon, Duchess of Bourbon, duchy of Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, Isabella of (Countess of Charolais), see Charolais Bourbon, Louis of, Bishop of Liege Bourges Bouvignes Bouxieres Brabant, Anthony, Duke of Brabant, duchy of Brabant, Duke of Brandenburg, Albert, elector of Brandenburg, Margrave of Brantome, Pierre de Bourdeille, Seigneur de, cited Breda Brederode, Gijsbrecht of Breisgau Bresse, Philip de Brie Brisac (Breisach) Brittany, Duchess of Brittany, duchy of Brittany, Francis, Duke of, joins League of Public Weal; ally of Charles of Burgundy; is reconciled to Louis XI. Broeck, M. van der Bruchsal Bruges Brunette Brussels Bureau, Jehan Buren, castle of Burgundy, duchy of; Estates of Burgundy, Franche-Comte of Burgundy, Anthony, Grand Bastard of Burgundy, Baldwin, Bastard of Burgundy, Charles the Bold, (Count of Charolais), Duke of; birth of; elected knight of the Golden Fleece; description of; ancestry of; imperial ambitions of; education of; weds Catherine of France; takes official part in public affairs; character of; first campaign of; entrusted with regency of Holland; English sympathies of; weds Isabella of Bourbon; judicial methods of; rejoices over birth of daughter; strained relations with his father; enmity between Louis and ; at coronation of Louis XI; fears plots against his life; joins League of Public Weal; allies of; letters of, to cities; to Louis; to Duchess Isabella; to French council; to Duke of Brittany; to Sigismund; to Edward IV.; to Duke of Milan; at battle of Montl'hery; armies of; dictates terms of treaty of Conflans; marches against Liege; destroys Dinant; underestimates character and strength of enemies; accedes to the dukedom; invested with titles; unpopularity of; punishes Ghent; reforms of; weds Margaret of York; ducal state of; demands aides; receives Louis at Peronne; crushes revolt of Liege; makes treaty of Peronne; proposed sons-in-law for; signs treaty of St. Omer; takes lands from Sigismund; relations of, with Swiss; invested with Order of the Garter; Remonstrance presented to; embassies to; truces of, with Louis XI; besieges Beauvais; reverses of; acquires duchy of Guelders; negotiations between Emperor Frederic and; interview of, with emperor at Treves; becomes "protector" of Lorraine; interferes in Cologne affairs; visits Alsace; troubles with Alsace; besieges Neuss; war declared against; makes truce with Frederic; defeated at Hericourt; besieges Nancy; allies desert; defeated at Granson; at Morat; convenes states-general; last battle of; death and burial of Burgundy, Cornelius, Bastard of Burgundy, David of, Bishop of Utrecht Burgundy, Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of; ancestry of; English sympathies of; retires to convent; burial of Burgundy, John the Fearless, Duke of; death of Burgundy, Margaret, Bastard of Burgundy, Margaret of York, Duchess of Burgundy, Mary of (Duchess of Austria; godfather of; proposed marriages for Burgundy, Philip the Good, Duke of, marriages of; institutes Order of Golden Fleece; children of; alliance of; signs treaty of Arras; territories acquired by; suppresses revolt in Bruges; wealth and magnificence of; crushes rebellion of Ghent; gives Feast of the Pheasant; plans crusade; chooses second wife for Charles; character of; interferes in affairs of Utrecht, of Liege, and of Cologne; hospitality of, to dauphin; influenced by the Croys; attends coronation of Louis XI; illnesses of; witnesses punishment of Dinant; death and burial of; epitaph of; description of; popularity of Burgundy, Philip the Hardy, Duke of Burgundy, Yolande, Bastard of



C

Cagnola Calabria, Duke of, see Lorraine Calais Calixtus III. Cambray Campobasso, Antonello de, mercenary captain; treachery of Canterbury Casanova Castile Castile, Henry IV., King of Castile, Jeanne of Cat, Gilles le Catto, Angelo Caux; Bailiff of Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, les Cento Novelle, by Boccaccio Cesner, Balthasar Chambery Chambes, Helen de Chamont, Sire de Champagne Channel Charenton Charlemagne Charles IV. Charles (V.) the Wise, King of France Charles VII., King of France, reconciliation of, with Philip of Burgundy; character of; letters of; refuses to join crusade; breach between dauphin and; illness and death of; institutes standing army Charles VIII., King of France Charles the Simple, King of France Charmes Charny, Count de Charny, Countess de Charolais, Catherine of France, Countess of; death and burial of Charolais, Count of, see Charles of Burgundy Charolais, Isabella of Bourbon, Countess of; death of Chassa, Jehan de Chastellain, cited; death of Chateau-Chinon Chatenois Chauny, Chesny, Guiot du Chevelast, Louis de Chimay, Count of Citeaux, Abbe of Clarence, Duke of Clery Cleves, Adolph, Duke of Cleves, duchy of Cleves, Marie of, Duchess of Orleans Cods, the (party name) Colmar Cologne Cologne, Robert, Archbishop of Colonna, Baptista Commines (Commynes, Comines), Philip de, enters service of Duke of Burgundy; defection of; cited Compiegne Compostella Conflans, treaty of Constance; League of Constantinople Cordes, Monsieur de Corguilleray Cornwallis, Lord Corvinus, Matthias, King of Hungary Cosmo Court, Jehan de la Coutault, Monsieur Craon, Seigneur de Cret, Dion du Crevecoeur, Philip of Crevecoeur, Seigneur of Creville, Sire de Croy, A. de Croy, J. de Croy, Philip de Croy family, the Cueillotte, the (tax) Cyprus



D

Damian Dammartin, Count of letters of Louis to Damme Dauphine Dauxonne, Jacquemin De Bussiere, cited Decapole, Alsatian, the De la Loere, secretary Dendermonde Denmark Denys, Chaplain Deschamps, Eustache, Lay de Vaillance by Deventer Dieppe Diesbach, Ludwig von Dijon Dinant; destruction of Dole Dombourc Dompaire Dordrecht Du Clercq, cited Duclos, cited Dunois, Count Dunois, Francois Du Plessis, Seigneur



E

Easterlings l'Ecluse Edward IV., King of England; aided by Charles of Burgundy; plans conquest of France; character of; makes peace with Louis XI. Edward of Lancaster, Prince of Wales; death of Emeries, Antoine Raulin, Sire d' (Aymeries) Engelburg England alliance of, with Burgundy; with France; French possessions of; commercial relations of; wars of the Roses in Ensisheim Epinal Erasmus Escalles, Seigneur d' Escouchy, Mathieu d,' cited Estampes, Count d' Etampes Eu Eu, Count d' Ewige Richtung Exeter, Duke of Eyb, Ludwig von



F

Faret (or Farrel), Guillaume Favre, Jourdain Ferrara Ferrette, county of Flanders; Estates of; commerce of Flanders, Count of Florence Foix, Count de Foix, Eleanor de Foix, Gaston de Forli, Bishop of Fossombrone, Bishop of Fou, Ivon du France, alliance of, with Burgundy; waning power of England in; changed conditions in; assembly of states-general of; invasion of France, Admiral of, the France, Catherine, Daughter of, see Charolais France, Charles of, Duke of Berry, see Berry France, Jeanne of France, Michelle of, see Burgundy Franche-Comte Franchimont Frankfort Frederic, elector palatine Frederic III., Emperor; character of; negotiations of, with Charles of Burgundy; meets Charles at Treves; description of; signs treaty with Charles Fribourg Friesland; title of Lord of Friesland, West



G

Gabelle Gachard, cited Galeotto Garter, Order of the Gauthier, Dan Gautier, cited Gaveren; battle of; treaty of Gelthauss, Johannes Genappe Geneva Geneva Genoa Gex Ghent; rebellion of; submission of; insurrection in; humiliation of Gilles, Frere Givry, Sire de Gloucester, Duke of Gloucester, Humphrey, Duke of Golden Fleece, Order of the, instituted; assemblies of; knights of Gorcum Goerlitz, Elizabeth of Granson, battle of Grave Grenoble Grey, Jean de Groothuse, Louis de la Groothuse, Mathys de la Guelders, Adolf, Duke of; imprisonment of Guelders, Arnold, Duke of; death of Guelders, Catharine of Bourbon, Duchess of Guelders, Charles of Guelders, duchy of Guelders, Philippa of Guerin, Jean de Guienne, Charles of France, Duke of, see Berry Guienne, duchy of Guise Guisnes



H

Haarlem Hagenbach, Peter von; Governor of Alsace; trial and execution of Hagenbach, Stephen von Hague, The Hainaut Ham Hanseatic League Heers, Raes de la Riviere, Lord of Heinsberg, John of, Bishop of Liege Hemricourt, Jacques de Henry IV., of Castile Henry V., King of England Henry VI., King of England; character of; death of Henry VII., King of England Hericourt Hermite, Tristan l' Hesdin Hesse, Hermann of Holland; title of Count of Holland, Jacqueline of Bavaria, Countess of Holland, South Holland, William VI., Count of Honfleur Hooks, the (party name) Houthem Howard, Lord Hugonet, Chancellor Humbercourt, Seigneur de Hungary; King of Huy



I

Innsbruck Irma, Jean Isabella of Portugal, Duchess of Burgundy, see Burgundy



J

Jarville Jarville, Sieur de Jerusalem Joan of Arc Joinville, castle of; treaty of Jomini Jougne Jouvencal Juliers, Duke of Jura, the



K

Kaisersberg Kennemerland Kervyn de Lettenhove, Baron, cited Knebel, Johannes R.



L

La Hogue Laisne, Jeanne (Fouquet), La Hachette Lalaing, Jacques de, prowess of; death of La Marche, Olivier de, cited; knighted; loyalty and zeal of Lambert, Bishop of Tongres Lancaster, House of Lannoy, Jehan, Seigneur de Lanternier, Jehan Laon La Riviere La Rochelle Lauffen Lauffenberg Laurentian Library, the Lausanne Lavin, Etienne de League of Constance League of Public Weal Le Grand, Abbe Le Gros, Jehan Le Quesnoy Lescun, Seigneur de Liege, description of; government of; bishop-princes of; rebellion of; aided by Louis XI.; punishment of Liege, bishopric of Lille Limbourg Livornia Loches Loisey, Anthony de Lombardy London Longjumeau Longueval, Hugues de Loreille, Thomas de Lorraine, duchy of Lorraine, Estates of Lorraine, Duke of Lorraine, Nicholas of Anjou, Duke of (Calabria); death of Lorraine, Rene, Duke of, accepts Burgundian protection; joins league against Charles Louis XI., King of France; rebels against Charles VII.; marries Charlotte of Savoy; letters of, to Charles VII.; to Dammartin; to envoys; to Count de Foix; to Lorenzo de' Medici; to Duke of Milan; to Amiens; to chancellor; flees to Duke of Burgundy; generosity of Duke Philip to; is godfather of Mary of Burgundy; tastes of; duplicity of; accession of; ingratitude of; character of; enmity between Charles and; nobles in league against; policy of; signs treaty of Conflans; incites opposition to Charles of Burgundy; breaks treaties; makes visit to Peronne; signs treaty at Peronne; ally of the Swiss; makes nucleus of standing army; aids Earl of Warwick and Margaret of Anjou; birth of son of; makes truce with Charles; suspected of death of brother; rewards Beauvais; wins over Edward IV.; rejoices in death of Charles Louvain; University of Lower Union, the, see Basse-Union Lucerne Lude, Seigneur de Luxemburg, duchy of Luxemburg, John of Luxeuil Luzine River, the Lyme Lyons



M

Maestricht Maine Malhortie Mandrot, Bernard Edouard, editor of Commynes' Memoires, Jean de Roye, etc., cited Manton, Seigneur de Marchant, Ythier Marck, Adolph de la Marne River, the Marquiez, George Mas, Gilles du Mathieu Maximilian, Archduke of Austria; proposed marriage of Mayence Mayence, Archbishop of Mayence, Duke of Mazilles, Jehan de Mechlin Medici, Lorenzo de' Metz Metz Meurin, secretary to Louis XI. Meurthe River, the Meuse River, the Meyer, J., cited Michel, the Rhetorician, cited Middelburg Milan Milan Mirecourt Mongleive Mons Montbazon Montereau, bridge of Montfort, Ulrich von Montgomery, Sir Thomas (Mongomere) Montl'hery, battle of Monulphe, Bishop of Tongres Morat, battle of Morges Morvilliers, Chancellor Moselle River, the Moutils-les-Tours Mulhouse



N

Namur Namur Nancy; sieges of; battle of Naples Naples, King of Napoleon Narbonne, Archbishop of Nassau, Engelbert of Nassau, John of Nations, the Nesle Netherlands, the; states-general of Neufchatel Neufchatel, Isabelle of Neuss Neuville Nevers Nevers, Charles, Count of Neville, Anne Nice Nimwegen Norfolk, Duchess of Normandy, Charles of France, Duke of, see Berry Normandy, duchy of Norway Noseret Noyon Nuremberg



O

Obernai Oise River, the Onofrio de Santa Croce Orange, Prince of Oriole, Pierre d' Orleans Orleans, duchy of Orleans, Duke of Osterlings, the Ostrevant, Count of, see Borselen Oudenarde Ourre, Gerard Oxford



P

Palatinate, the Palatine, Count; the elector; Frederic, elector Panigarola, Johannes Petrus, Milanese ambassador, cited Paris Paris, University of Paston, Sir John, letters of Paston, John, the younger (brother of above), letter of Paston, Margaret Pavia Pellet, Jean Pepin Perdriel, Henry Perigny Perigord Peronne, interview of Louis XI. and Charles at; treaty of "Peronne, the Peace of" Perrenet Petit-Dutaillis, Ch., author of Vol. IV^{II}, Lavisse, Hist. de France, see Lavisse. Petitpas Petrasanta, Franciscus, Milanese ambassador Pheasant, Feast of the Picardy Picquigny Plessis-les-Tours Pleume Podiebrad, George, ex-king of Bohemia Poictiers, Alienor de Poinsot, Jean Poitiers Poland Pont-a-Mousson Pont de Ce Porcupine, Order of the Portinari, Thomas Portugal Portugal, Alphonse V., King of Portugal, Isabella of, Duchess of Burgundy, see Burgundy Pot, Philip de Poucque, castle of Prussia Public Weal, War of, see League



Q

Quaux River, the Quercy Quievrain, Seigneur de Quingey, Simon de



R

Rampart, Jean Ratellois Ratisbon Ravestein, Madame de Ravestein, Monseigneur de Renty, Monseigneur de Rethel Rheims Rheims, Archbishop of Rheinfelden Rhine, the; Valley Rhinelands, the Rhodes Rivers, Earl Roche, Henri de la Rochefort Rochefort, Sire of Rochefoucauld Roelants, Gort Romans, King of the Rome Romont, Count of Romorantin Roses, Wars of the Rossillon Rottelin, Marquise Hugues de Rotterdam Rouen Rousillon Rouvre Roye Roziere, Malhortie de Rubempre, the bastard of Rubempre, Jehan de Ruple, G. Russia



S

Saeckingen St. Bavon, Abbot of Ste. Beuve, cited St. Blaise, Abbe of St. Claude St. Cloud St. Denis St. Lievin, feast of St. Michel-sur-Loire St. Nicolas-du-Port St. Omer; treaty of St. Pol, Count of made constable of France; treachery of; execution of St. Quentin St. Remy, Jean le Fevre, Seigneur de St. Thierry St. Trond Sale, Anthony de la Salesart Salins Salisbury, Bishop of Savoy, Charlotte of, marries the dauphin Savoy, duchy of Savoy, dukes of Savoy, Yolande, Duchess of; ally of Charles the Bold; kidnapped; rescued Saxony, Duke of Saxony, elector of Schellhass, Karl Schiedam Schlestadt Scotland, Eleanor of, wife of Sigismund of Austria Scotland, Margaret of, wife of Louis, the dauphin Seine River, the Sforza, Galeazzo-Maria, Duke of Milan Sicily Sigismund, Archduke of Austria, see Austria Sigismund, Emperor Sluis Snoy, Renier, cited Soleure Somerset, Duke of Somme, towns on the river, ceded to Duke of Burgundy; redemption of towns on the Sorel, Agnes Soulz, Rudolf de Spain Spain, King of Stein, Hertnid von Stein, Rudolph de Stephen, Martin Strasburg Strasburg, Bishop of Stuttgart Sundgau, the Swabia Swiss, the, valour of; victories of; allies of Louis XI. Swiss Cantons, the; declare war against Charles the Bold Swynaerde Sylvius, AEneas



T

Talmont, Prince of Tewkesbury, battle of Texel, island of Thann Therain, the Therouanne, Bishop of Thierry Thierry, Monsieur de Thierstein, Oswald von Thionville Thouan, Mme. de Thouars, Guillaume de Thurgau Tilhart, secretary to Louis XI. Tongres; bishops of Tonnerre, Count of Toul Touraine Tournay Tournay, Bishop of Tournehem Tours Toustain, Aloysius (Toussaint) Toustain, Guillaume Toutey, E., cited Trausch, cited Tree of Gold, jousts of the Tremoille, Jehan de la Treves Treves, Archbishop of Tuin Turin Turks, the, capture Constantinople; proposed crusade against



U

Unterwalden Uri Urse, Seigneur d' Utenhove, Richard Utrecht



V

Vaesen, Joseph Frederic Louis (editor of Lettres de Louis XI.) Valenciennes Valois, House of Vaudemont, Yolande of Anjou, Duchess of Vendome, Count of Venice Verard, Antoine Verdun Vere Vermandois Vermandois, Count de Vesoul Villeclerc, Demoiselle de Virnenbourg, Count of Visen, Charles de Vosges, the



W

Wailly Waldemar of Zuerich Waldshut Walloon language, the Warwick, Earl of; death of Wavrin, Philip de Wellington, Duke of Wenlock, governor of Calais Weymouth Wieringen, island of Woodville, Elizabeth Wuisse, Vautrin Wyler, Hans



X

Xaintes



Y

York, House of York, Margaret of, Duchess of Burgundy, see Burgundy Ypres

Z

Zealand Zuerich Zutphen

THE END