Clarendon and Baxter both lay stress on the element of the fanatic in Vane's nature; and in a later section of the History Clarendon speaks of it emphatically: ... 'Vane being a man not to be described by any character of religion; in which he had swallowed some of the fancies and extravagances of every sect or faction, and was become (which cannot be expressed by any other language than was peculiar to that time) a man above ordinances, unlimited and unrestrained by any rules or bounds prescribed to other men, by reason of his perfection. He was a perfect enthusiast, and without doubt did believe himself inspired' (vol. vi, p. 148).

Milton's sonnet, to Vane 'young in yeares, but in sage counsell old' gives no suggestion of the fanatic:

besides to know Both spirituall powre & civill, what each meanes What severs each thou 'hast learnt, which few have don. The bounds of either sword to thee wee ow. Therfore on thy firme hand religion leanes In peace, & reck'ns thee her eldest son.

There was much in Vane's views about Church and State with which Milton sympathized; and the sonnet was written in 1652, before Cromwell broke with Vane.

See also Pepys's Diary, June 14, 1662, and Burnet's History of His Own Time, ed. Osmund Airy, vol. i, pp. 284-6.

Page 150, ll. 13, 14. Magdalen College, a mistake for Magdalen Hall, of which Vane was a Gentleman Commoner; but he did not matriculate. See Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. iii, col. 578.

l. 17. He returned to England in 1632; he had been in the train of the English ambassador at Vienna.

ll. 25 ff. He transported himself into New England in 1635. He was chosen Governor of Massachusetts in March 1636 and held the post for one year, being defeated at the next election. He retransported himself into England in August 1637.

Page 151, ll. 27-9. 'In New Hampshire and at Rhode Island. The grant by the Earl of Warwick as the Governor of the King's Plantations in America of a charter for Providence, &c., Rhode Island, is dated March 14, 164-3/4; Calendar of Colonial State Papers, 1574-1660, p. 325. The code of laws adopted there in 1647 declares "sith our charter gives us power to govern ourselves ... the form of government established in Providence plantations is democratical." Collections of the Massachusetts Hist. Soc., second series, vol. vii, p. 79.'—Note by Macray.

Page 152, ll. 2, 3. He married Frances, daughter of Sir Christopher Wray, of Ashby, Lincolnshire.

ll. 5, 6. He was made joint Treasurer of the Navy in January 1639, and was dismissed in December 1641.

ll. 10 ff. Strafford was created Baron of Raby in 1640. At the conclusion of Book VI Clarendon says that the elder Vane's 'malice to the Earl of Strafford (who had unwisely provoked him, wantonly and out of contempt) transported him to all imaginable thoughts of revenge'. Cf. p. 63, l. 25.

42.

Clarendon, MS. History, p. 486 (first paragraph) and Life, p. 249 (second paragraph); History, Bk. VII, ed. 1703, vol. ii, p. 292; ed. Macray, vol. iii, pp. 216-17.

Clarendon added the first paragraph in the margin of the manuscript of his earlier work when he dovetailed the two works to form the History in its final form.

Page 152, l. 27. this Covenant, the Solemn League and Covenant, which passed both Houses on September 18, 1643: 'the battle of Newbery being in that time likewise over (which cleared and removed more doubts than the Assembly had done), it stuck very few hours with both Houses; but being at once judged convenient and lawful, the Lords and Commons and their Assembly of Divines met together at the church, with great solemnity, to take it, on the five and twentieth day of September' (Clarendon, vol. iii, p. 205).

43.

Memoirs of the Life of Colonel Hutchinson, Governor of Nottingham Castle and Town ... Written by His Widow Lucy, Daughter of Sir Allen Apsley, Lieutenant of the Tower, &c. Now first published from the original manuscript by the Rev. Julius Hutchinson ... London: 1806. (pp. 4-6.)

The original manuscript has disappeared, and the edition of 1806 is the only authoritative text. It has been many times reprinted. It was edited with introduction, notes, and appendices by C.H. Firth in 1885 (new edition, 1906).

The Memoirs as a whole are the best picture we possess of a puritan soldier and household of the seventeenth century. They were written by his widow as a consolation to herself and for the instruction of her children. To 'such of you as have not seene him to remember his person', she leaves, by way of introduction, 'His Description.' It is this passage which is here reprinted.

44, 45, 46, 47, 48.

Clarendon, MS. Life, pp. 212-15; History, Bk. VI, ed. 1703, vol. ii, pp. 158-62; ed. Macray, vol. ii, pp. 541-8.

These five characters of Parliamentary peers follow one another at the conclusion of Clarendon's sixth book, and are part of his 'view of those persons who were of the King's Council, and had deserted his service, and stayed in the Parliament to support the rebellion'. A short passage on the Earl of Holland, between the characters of Warwick and Manchester, is omitted.

Taken as a group, they are yet another proof of Clarendon's skill in portraiture. Each character is clearly distinguished.

Page 159, ll. 7-10. His grandfather was William Cecil (1520-98), Lord Burghley, the great minister of Elizabeth; his father was Robert Cecil (1563-1612), created Earl of Salisbury, 1605, Secretary of State at the accession of James.

Page 160, l. 9. He was member for King's Lynn in 1649, and Hertfordshire in 1654 and 1656.

ll. 13-16. Hic egregiis, &c. Seneca, De Beneficiis, iv, cap. 30.

Page 161, ll. 3-19. 'Clarendon's view that Warwick was a jovial hypocrite is scarcely borne out by other contemporary evidence. The "jollity and good humour" which he mentions are indeed confirmed. "He was one of the most best-natured and cheerfullest persons I have in my time met with," writes his pious daughter-in-law (Autobiography of Lady Warwick, ed. Croker, p. 27). Edmund Calamy, however, in his sermon at Warwick's funeral, enlarges on his zeal for religion; and Warwick's public conduct during all the later part of his career is perfectly consistent with Calamy's account of his private life (A Pattern for All, especially for Noble Persons, &c., 1658, 410, pp. 34-9).'—C.H. Firth, in the Dictionary of National Biography.

l. 13. Randevooze (or -vouze, or -vouce, or -vowes) is a normal spelling of Rendezvous in the seventeenth century. The words had been introduced into English by the reign of Elizabeth.

ll. 20-2. The proceedings are described at some length by Clarendon, vol. ii, pp. 19-22, 216-23. Warwick was appointed Admiral by the Parliament on July 1, 1642.

l. 23. The expulsion of the Long Parliament on April 20, 1653. A thorough examination of all the authorities for the story of the expulsion will be found in two articles by C.H. Firth in History, October 1917 and January 1918.

ll. 24-5. Robert Rich, his grandson, married Frances, Cromwell's youngest daughter, in November 1657, but died in the following February, aged 23. See Thurloe's State Papers, vol. vi, p. 573.

Page 162, l. 11. in Spayne, on the occasion of the proposed Spanish match.

ll. 22-3. He resigned his generalship on April 2, 1645, the day before the Self-Denying Ordinance was passed.

ll. 24 ff. His first wife was Buckingham's cousin, their mothers being sisters. He married his second wife in 1626, before Buckingham's death. He was five times married.

Page 163, l. 11. his father, Henry Montagu (1563-1642), created Baron Montagu of Kimbolton and Viscount Mandeville, 1620, and Earl of Manchester, 1628. By the favour of Buckingham he had been made Lord Treasurer in 1620, but within a year was deprived of the office and 'reduced to the empty title of President of the Council'; see the character (on the whole favourable) by Clarendon, vol. i, pp. 67-9.

l. 12. Manchester and Warwick are described by Clarendon as 'the two pillars of the Presbyterian party' (vol. iv, p. 245).

Page 164, l. 16. He was accused with the five members of the House of Commons, January 3, 1642. Cf. p. 123, l. 5.

l. 26. Elsewhere Clarendon says that Manchester 'was known to have all the prejudice imaginable against Cromwell' (vol. iv, p. 245). He lived in retirement during the Commonwealth, but returned to public life at the Restoration, when he was made Lord Chamberlain.

This character may be compared with Clarendon's other character of Manchester, vol. i, pp. 242-3, and with the character in Warwick's Memoires, pp. 246-7. Burnet, speaking of him in his later years, describes him as 'A man of a soft and obliging temper, of no great depth, but universally beloved, being both a vertuous and a generous man'.

Page 165, ll. 6-9. See Clarendon, vol. i, p. 259.

l. ii. that unhappy kingdome. This was written in France.

ll. 20-5. Antony a Wood did not share Clarendon's scepticism about Say's descent, though he shared his dislike of Say himself: see Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. in, col. 546.

Page 166, ll. 25 ff. See Clarendon, ed. Macray, vol. i, pp. 333-5. Cf. note p. 134, l. 3. After the King's execution he took little part in public affairs, but at the Restoration he managed to be made a Privy Councillor and Lord Privy Seal.

Clarendon has another and shorter character of Say, which supplements the character here given, and deals mainly with his ecclesiastical politics (vol. i, p. 241). He was thought to be the only member of the Independent party in the House of Peers (vol. iii, p. 507).

Arthur Wilson gives short characters of Essex, Warwick, and Say: 'Saye and Seale was a seriously subtil Peece, and alwayes averse to the Court wayes, something out of pertinatiousnesse; his Temper and Constitution ballancing him altogether on that Side, which was contrary to the Wind; so that he seldome tackt about or went upright, though he kept his Course steady in his owne way a long time: yet it appeared afterwards, when the harshnesse of the humour was a little allayed by the sweet Refreshments of Court favours, that those sterne Comportments supposed naturall, might be mitigated, and that indomitable Spirits by gentle usage may be tamed and brought to obedience' (Reign of King James I, p. 162).

49.

Clarendon, MS. Life, pp. 48-9: Life, ed. 1759, p. 16.

This and the four following characters of men of learning and letters are taken from the early section of the Life where Clarendon proudly records his friendships and conversation with 'the most excellent men in their several kinds that lived in that age, by whose learning and information and instruction he formed his studies, and mended his understanding, and by whose gentleness and sweetness of behaviour, and justice, and virtue, and example, he formed his manners.' The characters of Jonson, Falkland, and Godolphin which belong to the same section have already been given.

Page 167, l. 27. his conversation, fortunately represented for us in his Table-Talk, a collection of the 'excellent things that usually fell from him', made by his amanuensis Richard Milward, and published in 1689.

Page 168, l. 3. M'r Hyde, i.e. Clarendon himself.

l. 5. Seldence, a phonetic spelling, showing Clarendon's haste in composition.

l.10. Selden was member for Oxford during the Long Parliament.

ll. 15, 16. Compare Clarendon's History, vol. ii, p. 114: 'he had for many years enjoyed his ease, which he loved, was rich, and would not have made a journey to York, or have lain out of his own bed, for any preferment, which he had never affected. Compare also Aubrey's Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark, vol. ii, p. 224: 'He was wont to say "I'le keepe myselfe warme and moyst as long as I live, for I shall be cold and dry when I am dead ".'

50.

Clarendon, MS. Life, p. 57; Life, ed. 1759, pp. 26-7.

Izaak Walton included a short character of Earle in his Life of Hooker, published in the year of Earle's death: 'Dr. Earle, now Lord Bishop of Salisbury, of whom I may justly say, (and let it not offend him, because it is such a trifle as ought not to be concealed from posterity, or those that now live, and yet know him not,) that since Mr. Hooker died, none have lived whom God hath blessed with more innocent wisdom, more sanctified learning, or a more pious, peaceable, primitive temper: so that this excellent person seems to be only like himself, and our venerable Richard Hooker.'

See also Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. iii, cols. 716-9.

Page 168, l. 25. Earle of Pembroke, the fourth Earl, Lord Chamberlain 1626-1641: see p. 4, l. 30, note.

Page 169, l. 3. Proctour, in 1631. The 'very witty and sharpe discourses' are his Micro-cosmographie, first published anonymously in 1628.

l. 23. Compare p. 72, ll. 29 ff., and p. 90, ll. 21 ff.

l. 28. He was made chaplain and tutor to Prince Charles in 1641. His 'lodginge in the court' as chaplain to the Lord Chamberlain had made him known to the king.

51.

Clarendon, MS. Life, pp. 57-8; Life, ed. 1759, pp. 27-8.

'The Ever Memorable Mr. John Hales, of Eaton-Colledge', as he is called on the title-page of his Golden Remains, published in 1659 (second impression, 1673), is probably best known now by his remark 'That there was no subject of which any Poet ever writ, but he would produce it much better treated of in Shakespeare'. This remark was first given in print in Dryden's essay Of Dramatick Poesie, 1668, and was repeated in varying forms in Nahum Tate's Dedication to the Loyal General, 1680, Charles Gildon's Reflections on Mr. Rymer's Short View of Tragedy, 1694, and Nicholas Rowe's Account of the Life of Shakespear, 1709. But it had apparently been made somewhere between 1633 and 1637 in the company of Lord Falkland. It is the one gem that survives of this retired student's 'very open and pleasant conversation'.

Clarendon's portrait explains the honour and affection in which the 'ever memorable' but now little known scholar was held by all his friends. The best companion to it is the life by Wood, Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. iv, cols. 409-15. See also John Pearson's preface to Golden Remains.

Page 170, ll. 10 ff. Hales was elected Fellow of Merton College in 1605, and Regius Professor of Greek in 1615. His thirty-two letters to Sir Dudley Carlton (cf. p. 58, l. 20) reporting the proceedings of the Synod of Dort, run from November 24, 1618, to February 7, 1619, and are included in his Golden Remains. On his return to England in 1619 he withdrew to his fellowship at Eton.

Sir Henry Savile's monumental edition of the Greek text of St. Chrysostom, in eight large folio volumes, was published at Eton, 1610-12. Savile was an imperious scholar, but when Clarendon says that Hales 'had borne all the labour' of this great edition, he can only mean that Hales had given his assistance at all stages of its production. In Brodrick's Memorials of Merton College, p. 70, it is stated that Hales was voted an allowance for the help he had given. Savile was appointed Warden of Merton in 1585 and Provost of Eton in 1596, and continued to hold both posts at the same time till his death in 1622.

Page 171, ll. 8-12. Compare the verse epistle in Suckling's Fragmenta Aurea, which was manifestly addressed to Hales, though his name is not given (ed. 1648, pp. 34-5):

Whether these lines do find you out, Putting or clearing of a doubt; ... know 'tis decreed You straight bestride the Colledge Steed ... And come to Town; 'tis fit you show Your self abroad, that men may know (What e're some learned men have guest) That Oracles are not yet ceas't ... News in one day as much w' have here As serves all Windsor for a year.

In Suckling's Sessions of the Poets, 'Hales set by himselfe most gravely did smile'.

ll. 14 ff. Compare the story told by Wood: 'When he was Bursar of his Coll. and had received bad money, he would lay it aside, and put good of his own in the room of it to pay to others. Insomuch that sometimes he has thrown into the River 20 and 30l. at a time. All which he hath stood to, to the loss of himself, rather than others of the Society should be endamaged.'

l. 19. Reduced to penury by the Civil Wars, Hales was 'forced to sell the best part of his most admirable Library (which cost him 2500l.) to Cornelius Bee of London, Bookseller, for 700l. only'. But Wood also says that he might be styled 'a walking Library'. Another account of his penury and the sale of his library is found in John Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, 1714, Part II, p. 94.

l. 24. syded, i.e. stood by the side of, equalled, rivalled.

Page 173, ll. 1 ff. His Tract concerning Schisme and Schismaticks was published in 1642, and was frequently reissued. It was written apparently about 1636, and certainly before 1639. He was installed as canon of Windsor on June 27, 1639.

52.

Clarendon, MS. Life, pp. 58-9; Life, ed. 1759, pp. 28-30.

Clarendon clearly enjoyed writing this character of Chillingworth. The shrewd observation is tempered by subdued humour. Looking back on his friendship at a distance of twenty years, he felt an amused pleasure in the disputatiousness which could be irritating, the intellectual vanity, the irresolution that came from too great subtlety. Chillingworth was always 'his own convert'; 'his only unhappiness proceeded from his sleeping too little and thinking too much'. But Clarendon knew the solid merits of The Religion of Protestants (History, vol. i, p. 95); and he felt bitterly the cruel circumstances of his death.

Page 174, ll. 17-19. Compare the character of Godolphin, p. 96, ll. 1 ff.

Page 176, l. 14. the Adversary, Edward Knott (1582-1656), Jesuit controversialist.

l. 29. Lugar, John Lewgar (1602-1665): see Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. iii, cols. 696-7.

Page 177, l. 24. This Engine is described in the narrative of the siege of Gloucester in Rushworth's Historical Collections, ed. 1692, Part III, vol. ii, p. 290: 'The King's Forces, by the Directions of Dr. Chillingworth, had provided certain Engines, after the manner of the Roman Testudines cum Pluteis, wherewith they intended to Assault the City between the South and West Gates; They ran upon Cart-Wheels, with a Blind of Planks Musquet-proof, and holes for four Musqueteers to play out of, placed upon the Axle-tree to defend the Musqueteers and those that thrust it forwards, and carrying a Bridge before it; the Wheels were to fall into the Ditch, and the end of the Bridge to rest upon the Towns Breastworks, so making several compleat Bridges to enter the City. To prevent which, the Besieged intended to have made another Ditch out of their Works, so that the Wheels falling therein, the Bridge would have fallen too short of their Breastworks into their wet Mote, and so frustrated that Design.'

ll. 26 ff. Hopton took Arundel Castle on December 9, 1643, and was forced to surrender on January 6 (Clarendon, vol. iii, pp. 330-5). Aubrey says that Chillingworth 'dyed of the morbus castrensis after the taking of Arundel castle by the parliament: wherin he was very much blamed by the king's soldiers for his advice in military affaires there, and they curst that little priest and imputed the losse of the castle to his advice'. (Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark, vol. i, p. 172). The chief actor in the final persecution was Francis Cheynell (1608-65), afterwards intruded President of St. John's College and Professor of Divinity in the University of Oxford; see his Chillingworthi Novissima. Or, the Sicknesse, Heresy, Death, and Buriall of William Chillingworth (In his own phrase) Clerk of Oxford, and in the conceit of his fellow Souldiers, the Queens Arch-Engineer, and Grand-Intelligencer, 1644.

53.

Clarendon, MS. Life, p. 55; Life, ed. 1759, pp. 24, 25.

Weakness of character disguised by ready wit, pleasant discourse, and charm of manner is Clarendon's judgement on Waller. They had been friends in their early days when Waller was little more than an opulent poet who could make a good speech in parliament; but his behaviour on the discovery of 'Waller's plot', the purpose of which was to hold the city for the king, his inefficiency in any action but what was directed to his own safety and advancement, and his subsequent relations with Cromwell, definitely estranged them. To Clarendon, Waller is the time-server whose pleasing arts are transparent. 'His company was acceptable, where his spirit was odious.' The censure was the more severe because of the part which Waller had just played at Clarendon's fall. The portrait may be overdrawn; but there is ample evidence from other sources to confirm its essential truth.

Burnet says that 'Waller was the delight of the House: And even at eighty he said the liveliest things of any among them: He was only concerned to say that which should make him be applauded. But he never laid the business of the House to heart, being a vain and empty, tho' a witty, man' (History of His Own Time, ed. 1724, vol. i, p. 388). He is described by Aubrey, Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark, vol. ii, pp. 276-7.

Clarendon's character was included by Johnson in his Life of Waller, with a few comments. Page 179, l. 1. a very rich wife, Anne, only daughter of John Bankes, mercer; married 1631, died 1634. 'The fortune which Waller inherited from his father, which must have been largely increased during his long minority, has been variously estimated at from L2,000 to L3,500 a year; adding to this the amount which he received with Miss Bankes, said to have been about L8,000, and allowing for the difference in the value of the money, it appears probable that, with the exception of Rogers, the history of English literature can show no richer poet' (Poems of Waller, ed. Thorn Drury, vol. i, p. xx).

l. 4. M'r Crofts, William Crofts (1611-77), created Baron Crofts of Saxham in 1658 at Brussels. He was captain of Queen Henrietta Maria's Guards.

l. 6. D'r Marly. See p. 92, l. 21, note.

ll. 10-14. Waller's poems were first published in 1645, when Waller was abroad. But they had been known in manuscript. They appear to have first come to the notice of Clarendon when Waller was introduced to the brilliant society of which Falkland was the centre. If the introduction took place, as is probable, about 1635, this is the explanation of Clarendon's 'neere thirty yeeres of age'. But some of his poems must have been written much earlier. What is presumably his earliest piece, on the escape of Prince Charles from shipwreck at Santander on his return from Spain in 1623, was probably written shortly after the event it describes, though like other of his early pieces it shows, as Johnson pointed out, traces of revision.

l. 21. nurced in Parliaments. He entered Parliament in 1621, at the age of sixteen, as member for Amersham. See Poems, ed. Drury, vol. i. p. xvii.

Page 180, l. 5. The great instance of his wit is his reply to Charles II, when asked why his Congratulation 'To the King, upon his Majesty's happy Return' was inferior to his Panegyric 'Upon the Death of the Lord Protector'—'Poets, Sir, succeed better in fiction than in truth' (quoted from Menagiana in Fenton's 'Observations on Waller's Poems', and given by Johnson). See Lives of the Poets, ed. G.B. Hill, vol. i, p. 271.

54.

Brief View and Survey of the Dangerous and pernicious Errors to Church and State, In Mr. Hobbes's Book, Entitled Leviathan. By Edward Earl of Clarendon. Oxford, 1676. (pp. 2-3.)

It is a misfortune that Clarendon did not write a character of Hobbes, and, more than this, that there is no character of Hobbes by any one which corresponds in kind to the other characters in this collection. But in answering the Leviathan, Clarendon thought it well to state by way of introduction that he was on friendly terms with the author, and the passage here quoted from his account of their relations is in effect a character. He condemned Hobbes's political theories; 'Yet I do hope', he says, 'nothing hath fallen from my Pen, which implies the least undervaluing of Mr. Hobbes his Person, or his Parts.'

Page 181, l. 21. ha's, a common spelling at this time and earlier, on the false assumption that has was a contraction of haves.

55.

Bodleian Library, MS. Aubrey 9, foll. 34-7, 41, 42, 46-7.

The text of these notes on Hobbes is taken direct from Aubrey's manuscript, now in the Bodleian Library. The complete life is printed in Brief Lives by John Aubrey, edited by Andrew Clark, 1898, vol. i, pp. 321-403.

Aubrey collected most of his biographical notes, to which he gave the title '[Greek: Schediasmata.] Brief Lives', in order to help Anthony a Wood in the compilation of his Athenae Oxonienses. 'I have, according to your desire', he wrote to Wood in 1680, 'putt in writing these minutes of lives tumultuarily, as they occur'd to my thoughts or as occasionally I had information of them.... 'Tis a taske that I never thought to have undertaken till you imposed it upon me.' Independently of Wood, Aubrey had collected material for a life of Hobbes, in accordance with a promise he had made to Hobbes himself. All his manuscript notes were submitted to Wood, who made good use of them. On their return Aubrey deposited them in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the library of which is now merged in the Bodleian.

The notes were written 'tumultuarily', jotted down hastily, and as hastily added to, altered, and transposed. They are a first draft for the fair copy which was never made. The difficulty of giving a true representation of them in print is increased by Aubrey's habit of inserting above the line alternatives to words or phrases without deleting the original words or even indicating his preference. In the present text the later form has, as a rule, been adopted, the other being given in a footnote.

'The Life of Mr. Thomas Hobbes, of Malmesburie' is by far the longest of Aubrey's 'Brief Lives', but it does not differ from the others in manner. The passages selected may be regarded as notes for a character.

Page 183, ll. 1 ff. Aubrey is a little more precise in his notes on Bacon. 'Mr. Thomas Hobbes told me ... that he was employed in translating part of the Essayes, viz. three of them, one whereof was that of the Greatnesse of Cities, the other two I have now forgott' (ed. A. Clark, vol. i, p. 83). On the evidence of style, Aldis Wright thought that the other two essays translated by Hobbes were 'Of Simulation and Dissimulation' and 'Of Innovation': see the preface to his edition of Bacon's Essays, 1862, pp. xix, xx. The translation appeared in 1638 under the title Sermones fideles, sive interiora rerum.

l. 4. Gorhambury was Bacon's residence in Hertfordshire, near St. Alban's, inherited from his father. Aubrey described it in a long digression 'for the sake of the lovers of antiquity', ed. Clark, vol. i, pp. 79-84, and p. 19.

l. 5. Thomas Bushell (1594-1674), afterwards distinguished as a mining engineer and metallurgist: see his life in the Dictionary of National Biography.

Page 185, l. 2. (i.) or i., a common form at this time for i.e.

l. 20. Henry Lawes (1596-1662), who wrote the music for Comus, and to whom Milton addressed one of his sonnets:

Harry whose tuneful and well measur'd Song First taught our English Musick how to span Words with just note and accent,... To after age thou shalt be writ the man, That with smooth aire couldst humor best our tongue.

This sonnet was prefixed to Lawes's Choice Psalmes in 1648; his Ayres and Dialogues for One, Two, and Three Voices appeared in three books from 1653 to 1658.

56.

The Life of That Reverend Divine, and Learned Historian, Dr. Thomas Fuller. London, 1661. (pp. 66-77.)

This work was twice reissued with new title-pages at Oxford in 1662, and was for the first time reprinted in 1845 by way of introduction to J.S. Brewer's edition of Fuller's Church History. It is the basis of all subsequent lives of Fuller. But the author is unknown.

The passage here quoted from the concluding section of this Life is the only contemporary sketch of Fuller's person and character that is now known. Aubrey's description is a mere note, and is considerably later: 'He was of a middle stature; strong sett; curled haire; a very working head, in so much that, walking and meditating before dinner, he would eate-up a penny loafe, not knowing that he did it. His naturall memorie was very great, to which he had added the art of memorie: he would repeate to you forwards and backwards all the signes from Ludgate to Charing-crosse' (ed. A. Clark, vol. i, p. 257).

Page 187, l. 20. a perfect walking Library, Compare p. 171, l. 19, note.

Page 191, ll. 3 ff. Compare Aubrey. But Fuller disclaimed the use of an art of memory. 'Artificiall memory', he said, 'is rather a trick then an art.' He condemned the 'artificiall rules which at this day are delivered by Memory-mountebanks'. His great rule was 'Marshall thy notions into a handsome method'. See his section 'Of Memory' in his Holy State, 1642, Bk. III, ch. 10; and compare J.E. Bailey, Life of Thomas Fuller, 1874, pp. 413-15.

57.

Bodleian Library, MS. Aubrey 8 foll. 63, 63 v, 68.

The text is taken direct from Aubrey's manuscript, such contractions as 'X'ts coll:' and 'da:' for daughter being expanded. For the complete life, see Brief Lives, ed. A. Clark, vol. ii, pp. 62-72.

There is no character of Milton. We have again to be content with notes for a character.

Page 192, l. 7. Christ's College, Cambridge, which Milton entered in February 1625, aged sixteen.

ll. 15-18. Milton had three daughters, by his first wife—Anne, Mary, and Deborah. Mary died unmarried. Deborah's husband, Abraham Clarke, left Dublin for London during the troubles in Ireland under James II: see Masson's Life of Milton, vol. vi, p. 751. He is described by Johnson as a 'weaver in Spitalfields': see Lives of the Poets, ed. G.B. Hill, vol. i, pp. 158-60.

Page 193, ll. 2-4. Litera Canina. See Persius, Sat. i. 109 'Sonat hic de nare canina littera'; and compare Ben Jonson, English Grammar, 'R Is the Dogs Letter, and hurreth in the sound.'

ll. 11, 12. But the Comte de Cominges, French Ambassador to England, 1662-5, in his report to Louis XIV on the state of literature in England, spoke of 'un nomme Miltonius qui s'est rendu plus infame par ses dangereux ecrits que les bourreaux et les assassins de leur roi'. This was written in 1663, and Cominges knew only Milton's Latin works. See J.J. Jusserand, A French Ambassador at the Court of Charles the Second, 1892, p. 58, and Shakespeare en France, 1898, p. 107.

l. 19. In toto nusquam. Ovid, Amores, i. 5. 18.

Page 194, l. 4. Milton died November 8: see Masson, Life of Milton, vol. vi, p. 731.

58.

Letters of State, Written by Mr. John Milton, To most of the Sovereign Princes and Republicks of Europe. From the Year 1649 Till the Year 1659. To which is added, An Account of his Life.... London: Printed in the Year, 1694. (p. xxxvi.)

'The Life of Mr. John Milton' (pp. i-xliv) serves as introduction to this little volume of State Papers. It is the first life of Milton. Edward Phillips (1630-96) was the son of Milton's sister, and was educated by him. Unfortunately he failed to take proper advantage of his great opportunity. The Life is valuable for some of its details, but as a whole it is disappointing; and it makes no attempt at characterization. The note on Milton in his Theatrum Poetarum, or a Compleat Collection of the Poets, 1675, is also disappointing.

59.

Explanatory Notes and Remarks on Milton's Paradise Lost. By J. Richardson, Father and Son. With the Life of the Author, and a Discourse on the Poem. By J.R. Sen. London: M.DCC.XXXIV. (pp. iii-v; xciv; c; cxiv.)

Jonathan Richardson (1665-1745) was one of the chief portrait-painters of his time. There are portraits by him of Pope, Steele, and Prior—all now in the National Portrait Gallery; and his writings on painting were standard works till the time of Reynolds. His book on Milton was an excursion late in life, with the assistance of his son, into another field of criticism. His introductory life of Milton (pp. i-cxliii) is a substantial piece of work, and is valuable as containing several anecdotes that might otherwise have been lost. Those that bear on Milton's character are here reproduced. The typographical eccentricities have been preserved.

Page 194, ll. 28 ff. Edward Millington's place of business was 'at the Pelican in Duck Lane' in 1670; from Michaelmas, 1671, it was 'at the Bible in Little Britain' (see Arber's Term Catalogues, vol. i, pp. 31, 93). It was about 1680 that he turned auctioneer of books, though he did not wholly abandon publishing. 'There was usually as much Comedy in his "Once, Twice, Thrice", as can be met with in a modern Play.' See the Life and Errors of John Dunton, ed. 1818, pp. 235-6. He died at Cambridge in 1703.

Page 196, l. 4. Dr. Tancred Robinson (d. 1748), physician to George I, and knighted by him.

l. 10. Henry Bendish (d. 1740), son of Bridget Ireton or Bendish, Cromwell's granddaughter: see Letters of John Hughes, ed. John Duncombe, vol. ii (1773), pp. x, xlii.

l. 14. John Thurloe (1616-68), Secretary of State under Cromwell. Compare No. 38 note.

l. 25. 'Easy my unpremeditated verse', Paradise Lost, ix. 24.

60.

The Works of M'r Abraham Cowley. Consisting of Those which were formerly Printed: and Those which he Design'd for the Press, Now Published out of the Authors Original Copies. London, 1668.—'Several Discourses by way of Essays, in Verse and Prose,' No. II. (pp. 143-6.)

Cowley's Essays were written towards the close of his life. They were 'left scarce finish'd', and many others were to have been added to them. They were first published posthumously in the collected edition of 1668, under the superintendence of Thomas Sprat (see No. 61). This edition, which alone is authoritative, has been followed in the present reprint of the eleventh and last Essay, probably written at the beginning of 1667.

Page 198, l. 1. at School, Westminster.

ll. 19 ff. The concluding stanzas of 'A Vote', printed in Cowley's Sylva, 1636. Cowley was then aged eighteen. The first stanza contains three new readings, 'The unknown' for 'Th' ignote', 'I would have' for 'I would hug', and 'Not on' for 'Not from'.

Page 199, l. 15. out of Horace, Odes, iii. 29. 41-5.

Page 200, l. 4. immediately. The reading in the text of 1668 is 'irremediably', but 'immediately' is given as the correct reading in the 'Errata' (printed on a slip that is pasted in at the conclusion of Cowley's first preface). The edition of 1669 substitutes 'immediately' in the text. The alteration must be accepted on Sprat's authority, but it is questionable if it gives a better sense.

ll. 6-10. Cowley was admitted to Trinity College, Cambridge, as a Westminster scholar on June 14, 1637. He was admitted Minor Fellow in 1640, and graduated M.A. in 1643. He was ejected in the following year as a result of the Earl of Manchester's commission to enforce the solemn League and Covenant in Cambridge. See Cowley's Pure Works, ed. J.R. Lumby, pp. ix-xiii, and Johnson's Lives of the Poets, ed. G.B. Hill, vol. i, p. 5.

ll. 9, 10. Cedars ... Hyssop. I Kings, iv. 33.

l. 12. one of the best Persons, Henry Jermyn, created Baron Jermyn, 1643, and Earl of St. Albans, 1660, chief officer of Henrietta Maria's household in Paris: see Clarendon, vol. iv, p. 312. As secretary to Jermyn, Cowley 'cyphcr'd and decypher'd with his own hand, the greatest part of all the Letters that passed between their Majesties, and managed a vast Intelligence in many other parts: which for some years together took up all his days, and two or three nights every week' (Sprat). He told Sprat that he intended to dedicate all his Essays to St. Albans 'as a testimony of his entire respects to him'.

Page 201, l. 10. Well then. The opening lines of 'The Wish', included in The Mistress, 1647 (ed. 1668, pp. 22-3).

ll. 14 ff. At the instance of Jermyn, Cowley had been promised by both Charles I and Charles II the mastership of the Savoy Hospital, but the post was given in 1660 to Sheldon, and in 1663, on Sheldon's promotion to the Archbishopric of Canterbury, to Henry Killigrew: see W.J. Loftie, Memorials of the Savoy, 1878, pp. 145 ff., and Wood, Fasti Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, part I, col. 494. In the Calendar of State Papers, Domestic Series, 1661-2, p. 210, there is the statement of the case of Abraham Cowley, 'showing that the place may be held by a person not a divine, and that Cowley ... having seen all preferments given away, and his old University companions advanced before him, is put to great shame by missing this place'. He is called 'Savoy missing Cowley' in the Restoration Session of the Poets, printed in Poems on State Affairs.

l. 21. Thou, neither. In the ode entitled 'Destinie', Pindarique Odes, 1656 (ed. 1668, p. 31, 'That neglected').

l. 28. A Corps perdu, misprinted A Corps perdi, edd. 1668, 1669, A Corpus perdi, 1672, 1674, &c.; Perdue, Errata, 1668.

Page 202, l. 1. St. Luke, xii. 16-21.

ll. 3-5. 'Out of hast to be gone away from the Tumult and Noyse of the City, he had not prepar'd so healthful a situation in the Country, as he might have done, if he had made a more leasurable choice. Of this he soon began to find the inconvenience at Barn Elms, where he was afflicted with a dangerous and lingring Fever.... Shortly after his removal to Chertsea [April 1665], he fell into another consuming Disease. Having languish'd under this for some months, he seem'd to be pretty well cur'd of its ill Symptomes. But in the heat of the last Summer [1667], by staying too long amongst his Laborers in the Medows, he was taken with a violent Defluxion, and Stoppage in his Breast, and Throat. This he at first neglected as an ordinary Cold, and refus'd to send for his usual Physicians, till it was past all remedies; and so in the end after a fortnight sickness, it prov'd mortal to him' (Sprat). In the Latin life prefixed to Cowley's Poemata Latina, 1668, Sprat is more specific: 'Initio superioris Anni, inciderat in Morbum, quem Medici Diabeten appellant.'

l. 6. Non ego. Horace, Odes, ii. 17. 9, 10.

ll. 11 ff. Nec vos. These late Latin verses may be Cowley's own, but they are not in his collected Latin poems. Compare Virgil, Georgics, ii. 485-6. 'Syluaeq;' = 'Sylvaeque': 'q;' was a regular contraction for que: cf. p. 44, l. 6.

61.

The Works of Mr. Abraham Cowley, 1668.—'An Account of the Life and Writings of M'r Abraham Cowley'. (pp. [18]-[20].)

Thomas Sprat (1635-1713), author of The History of the Royal-Society, 1667, afterwards Bishop of Rochester, 1684, was entrusted by Cowley's will with 'the revising of all his Works that were formerly printed, and the collecting of those Papers which he had design'd for the Press'; and as literary executor he brought out in 1668 a folio edition of the English works, and an octavo edition of the Latin works. To both he prefixed a life, one in English and the other in Latin. The more elaborate English life was written partly in the hope that 'a Character of Mr. Cowley may be of good advantage to our Nation'. Unfortunately the ethical bias has injured the biography. In Johnson's words, 'his zeal of friendship, or ambition of eloquence, has produced a funeral oration rather than a history: he has given the character, not the life of Cowley; for he writes with so little detail that scarcely any thing is distinctly known, but all is shewn confused and enlarged through the mist of panegyrick.' Similarly Coleridge asks 'What literary man has not regretted the prudery of Sprat in refusing to let his friend Cowley appear in his slippers and dressing-gown?' (Biographia Literaria, ch. iii). His method is the more to be regretted as no one knew Cowley better in his later years. His greatest error of judgement was to suppress his large collection of Cowley's letters. But with all its faults Sprat's Life of Cowley occupies an important place at the beginning of English biography of men of letters. It is the earliest substantial life of a poet whose reputation rested on his poetry. Fulke Greville's life of Sir Philip Sidney was the life of a soldier and a statesman of promise; and to Izaak Walton, Donne was not so much a poet as a great Churchman.

In the edition of 1668 the life of Cowley runs to twenty-four folio pages. The passage here selected deals directly with his character.

Page 203, ll. 25-7. It is evidently the impression of a stranger at first sight that Aubrey gives in his short note: 'A.C. discoursed very ill and with hesitation' (ed. A. Clark, vol. i, p. 190).

62.

A Character of King Charles the Second: And Political, Moral and Miscellaneous Thoughts and Reflections. By George Savile, Marquis of Halifax. London: MDCCL.

Halifax's elaborate and searching account of Charles II was first published in 1750 'from his original Manuscripts, in the Possession of his Grand-daughter Dorothy Countess of Burlington'. It consists of seven parts: I. Of his Religion; II. His Dissimulation; III. His Amours, Mistresses, &c.; IV. His Conduct to his Ministers; V. Of his Wit and Conversation; VI. His Talents, Temper, Habits, &c.; VII. Conclusion. Only the second, fifth, and sixth are given here. The complete text is reprinted in Sir Walter Raleigh's Works of Halifax, 1912, pp. 187-208.

For other characters of Charles, in addition to the two by Burnet which follow, see Evelyn's Diary, February 4, 1685; Dryden's dedication of King Arthur, 1691; 'A Short Character of King Charles the II' by John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave, Duke of Buckingham, 'Printed from the Original Copy' in Miscellaneous Works Written by George, late Duke of Buckingham, ed. Tho. Brown, vol. ii, 1705, pp. 153-60, and with Pope's emendations in Works, 1723, vol. ii, pp. 57-65; and James Welwood's Memoirs Of the Most Material Transactions in England, for the Last Hundred Years, Preceding the Revolution, 1700, pp. 148-53.

For Halifax himself, see No. 72.

Page 208, l. 12. An allusion to the Quarrel of the Ancients and Moderns, which assumed prominence in England with the publication in 1690 of Sir William Temple's Essay upon the Ancient and Modern Learning. Compare Burnet, p. 223, l. 11 and note.

PAGE 209, l. 29. Ruelle. Under Louis XIV it was the custom for ladies of fashion to receive morning visitors in their bedrooms; hence ruelle, the passage by the side of a bed, came to mean a ladies' chamber. Compare The Spectator, Nos. 45 and 530.

Page 211, l. 2. Tiendro cuydado, evidently an imperfect recollection of the phrase se tendra cuydado, 'care will be taken', 'the matter will have attention': compare Cortes de Madrid, 1573, Peticion 96,... 'se tendra cuidado de proueher en ello lo que conuiniere'.

Page 212, ll. 7, 8. Compare Pepys's Diary, May 4, 1663: 'meeting the King, we followed him into the Park, where Mr. Coventry and he talking of building a new yacht out of his private purse, he having some contrivance of his own'. Also, Evelyn's Diary, February 4, 1685: 'a lover of the sea, and skilful in shipping; not affecting other studies, yet he had a laboratory and knew of many empirical medicines, and the easier mechanical mathematics.' Also, Buckingham, ed. 1705, p. 155: 'the great and almost only pleasure of Mind he seem'd addicted to, was Shipping and Sea-Affairs; which seem'd to be so much his Talent for Knowledge, as well as Inclination, that a War of that Kind, was rather an Entertainment, than any Disturbance to his Thoughts.' Also Welwood, Memoirs, p. 151. Also, Burnet, infra, p. 219.

Page 213, l. 10. According to Pepys (Diary, December 8, 1666), the distinction between Charles Stuart and the King was drawn by Tom Killigrew in his remonstrance to Charles on the very ill state that matters were coming to: 'There is a good, honest, able man, that I could name, that if your Majesty would employ, and command to see all things well executed, all things would soon be mended; and this is one Charles Stuart, who now spends his time in employing his lips about the Court, and hath no other employment; but if you would give him this employment, he were the fittest man in the world to perform it.'

Page 217, ll. 11 ff. Compare Welwood's Memoirs, p. 149.

63.

Bishop Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. From the Restoration of King Charles II. to the Settlement of King William and Queen Mary at the Revolution. London: 1724. (pp. 93-4.)

Burnet began his History of His Own Time in 1683, after the publication of his History of the Reformation. In its original form it partook largely of the nature of Memoirs. But on the appearance of Clarendon's History in 1702 he was prompted to recast his entire narrative on a method that confined the strictly autobiographical matter to a section by itself and as a whole assured greater dignity. The part dealing with the reign of Charles II was rewritten by August 1703. The work was brought down to 1713 and completed in that year. Two years later Burnet died, leaving instructions that it was not to be printed till six years after his death.

The History was published in two folio volumes, dated 1724 and 1734. The first, which contains the reigns of Charles II and James II, came out at the end of 1723 and was edited by Burnet's second son, Gilbert Burnet, then rector of East Barnet. The second volume was edited by his third son, Thomas Burnet, afterwards a Judge of the Court of Common Pleas. The complete autograph of the History, and the transcript which was prepared for the press under the author's directions, are now both in the Bodleian Library.

The original form of the work survives in two transcripts (one of them with Burnet's autograph corrections) in the Harleian collection in the British Museum, and in a fragment of Burnet's original manuscript in the Bodleian. The portions of this original version that differ materially from the final printed version were published in 1902 by Miss H.C. Foxcroft under the title A Supplement to Burnet's History.

Much of the interest of the earlier version lies in the characters, which are generally longer than they became on revision, and sometimes contain details that were suppressed. But in a volume of representative selections, where the art of a writer is as much our concern as his matter, the preference must be given to what Burnet himself intended to be final. The extracts are reprinted from the two volumes edited by his sons. There was not the same reason to go direct to his manuscript as to Clarendon's: see notes p. 231, l. 26; p. 252, l. 10; and p. 255, l. 6.

64.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 611-3.)

Burnet's two characters of Charles II are in striking agreement with the more elaborate study by Halifax.

Page 221, ll. 1 ff. Compare Halifax, p. 216, ll. 10 ff.

l. 14. his Chancellor, Clarendon.

Page 222, l. 16. he became cruel. This statement was attacked by Roger North, Lives of the Norths, ed. 1890, vol. i, p. 330: 'whereas some of our barbarous writers call this awaking of the king's genius to a sedulity in his affairs, a growing cruel, because some suffered for notorious treasons, I must interpret their meaning; which is a distaste, because his majesty was not pleased to be undone as his father was; and accordingly, since they failed to wound his person and authority, they fell to wounding his honour.' Buckingham says, 'He was an Illustrious Exception to all the Common Rules of Phisiognomy; for with a most Saturnine harsh sort of Countenance, he was both of a Merry and a Merciful Disposition' (ed. 1705, p. 159); with which compare Welwood, ed. 1700, p. 149. The judicial verdict had already been pronounced by Halifax: see p. 216, ll. 23 ff.

ll. 21-3. See Burnet, ed. Osmund Airy, vol. i, p. 539, for the particular reference. The scandal was widespread, but groundless.

Page 223, l. 9. the war of Paris, the Fronde. See Clarendon, vol. v, pp. 243-5.

ll. 11 ff. Compare Buckingham, ed. 1705, p. 157: 'Witty in all sorts of Conversation; and telling a Story so well, that, not out of Flattery, but the Pleasure of hearing it, we seem'd Ignorant of what he had repeated to us Ten Times before; as a good Comedy will bear the being often seen.' Also Halifax, p. 208, ll. 7-14.

l. 17. John Wilmot (1647-80), second Earl of Rochester, son of Henry Wilmot, first Earl (No. 32). Burnet knew him well and wrote his life, Some Passages of the Life and Death Of the Right Honourable John Earl of Rochester, 1680; 'which', says Johnson, 'the critick ought to read for its elegance, the philosopher for its arguments, and the saint for its piety' (Lives of the Poets, ed. G.B. Hill, vol. i, p. 222).

ll. 25 ff. The resemblance to Tiberius was first pointed out in print in Welwood's Memoirs, p. 152, which appeared twenty-four years before Burnet's History. But Welwood was indebted to Burnet. He writes as if they had talked about it; or he might have seen Burnet's early manuscript.

65.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 94-5.)

The author of most of the characters in this volume himself deserves a fuller character. The main portions of Burnet's original sketch (1683) are therefore given here, partly by way of supplement, and partly to illustrate the nature of Burnet's revision (1703):

'The great man with the king was chancellor Hyde, afterwards made Earl of Clarendon. He had been in the beginning of the long parliament very high against the judges upon the account of the ship-money and became then a considerable man; he spake well, his style had no flaw in it, but had a just mixture of wit and sense, only he spoke too copiously; he had a great pleasantness in his spirit, which carried him sometimes too far into raillery, in which he sometimes shewed more wit than discretion. He went over to the court party when the war was like to break out, and was much in the late king's councils and confidence during the war, though he was always of the party that pressed the king to treat, and so was not in good terms with the queen. The late king recommended him to this king as the person on whose advices he wished him to rely most, and he was about the king all the while that he was beyond sea, except a little that he was ambassador in Spain; he managed all the king's correspondences in England, both in the little designs that the cavaliers were sometimes engaged in, and chiefly in procuring money for the king's subsistence, in which Dr. Sheldon was very active; he had nothing so much before his eyes as the king's service and doated on him beyond expression: he had been a sort of governor to him and had given him many lectures on the politics and was thought to assume and dictate too much ... But to pursue Clarendon's character: he was a man that knew England well, and was lawyer good enough to be an able chancellor, and was certainly a very incorrupt man. In all the king's foreign negotiations he meddled too much, for I have been told that he had not a right notion of foreign matters, but he could not be gained to serve the interests of other princes. Mr. Fouquet sent him over a present of 10,000 pounds after the king's restoration and assured him he would renew that every year, but though both the king and the duke advised him to take it he very worthily refused it. He took too much upon him and meddled in everything, which was his greatest error. He fell under the hatred of most of the cavaliers upon two accounts. The one was the act of indemnity which cut off all their hopes of repairing themselves of the estates of those that had been in the rebellion, but he said it was the offer of the indemnity that brought in the king and it was the observing of it that must keep him in, so he would never let that be touched, and many that had been deeply engaged in the late times having expiated it by their zeal of bringing home the king were promoted by his means, such as Manchester, Anglesey, Orrery, Ashley, Holles, and several others. The other thing was that, there being an infinite number of pretenders to employments and rewards for their services and sufferings, so that the king could only satisfy some few of them, he upon that, to stand between the king and the displeasure which those disappointments had given, spoke slightly of many of them and took it upon him that their petitions were not granted; and some of them having procured several warrants from the secretaries for the same thing (the secretaries considering nothing but their fees), he who knew on whom the king intended that the grant should fall, took all upon him, so that those who were disappointed laid the blame chiefly if not wholly upon him. He was apt to talk very imperiously and unmercifully, so that his manner of dealing with people was as provoking as the hard things themselves were; but upon the whole matter he was a true Englishman and a sincere protestant, and what has passed at court since his disgrace has sufficiently vindicated him from all ill designs' (Supplement, ed. Foxcroft, pp. 53-6).

There is a short character of Clarendon in Warwick's Memoires, pp. 196-8; compare also Pepys's Diary, October 13, 1666, and Evelyn's Diary, August 27, 1667, and September 18, 1683.

66.

Clarendon, MS. Life, pp. 638-9; Continuation of the Life of Edward Earl of Clarendon, ed. 1759, pp. 51-2.

Page 226, l. 8. He was released from Windsor Castle in March 1660. Compare Burnet's character, p. 228, ll. 2-4.

l. 19. the Chancellour, i.e. Clarendon himself.

Page 227, ll. 5 ff. John Middleton (1619-74), created Earl of Middleton, 1656. He was taken prisoner at Worcester, but escaped to France. As Lord High Commissioner for Scotland and Commander-in-chief, he was mainly responsible for the unfortunate methods of forcing episcopacy on Scotland.

William Cunningham (1610-64), ninth Earl of Glencairn, Lord Chancellor of Scotland.

John Leslie (1630-81), seventh Earl and first Duke of Rothes, President of the Council in Scotland; Lord Chancellor, 1667.

On the composition of the ministry in Scotland, compare Burnet, ed. Osmund Airy, vol. i, pp. 199, ff.

67.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 101-2.)

We are fortunate in having companion characters of Lauderdale by Clarendon and Burnet. Their point of view is different. Clarendon describes the Lauderdale of the Restoration who is climbing to power and is officially his inferior. Burnet looks back on him at the height of power and remembers how it was made to be felt. But the two characters have a strong likeness. Burnet is here seen at his best.

Page 228, ll. 14-17. Compare Roger North's Lives of the Norths, ed. 1890, vol. i, p. 231: 'the duke himself, being also learned, having a choice library, took great pleasure ... in hearing him talk of languages and criticism'. Compare also Evelyn's Diary, August 27, 1678. His library was dispersed by auction—the French, Italian, and Spanish books on May 14, and the English books on May 27, 1690: copies of the sale catalogues are in the Bodleian. The catalogue of his manuscripts, 1692, is printed in the Bannatyne Miscellany, vol. ii, 1836, p. 149.

l. 30. As Professor of Theology in the University of Glasgow Burnet had enjoyed the favour of Lauderdale, and had dedicated to him, in fulsome terms, A Vindication of the Church and State of Scotland. The break came suddenly, and with no apparent cause, in 1673, when Burnet was appointed royal chaplain and was winning the ears of the King. Henceforward Lauderdale continued a 'violent enemy'. Their relations at this time are described in Clarke and Foxcroft's Life of Gilbert Burnet, 1907, pp. 109 ff., where Burnet's concluding letter of December 15, 1673, is printed in full.

Page 229, ll. 2-7. Richard Baxter delivered himself to Lauderdale in a long letter about his lapse from his former professions of piety—'so fallne from all that can be called serious religion, as that sensuality and complyance with sin is your ordinary course.' The letter (undated, but before 1672) is printed in The Landerdale Papers, ed. Osmund Airy, Camden Society, vol. iii, 1885, pp. 235-9.

ll. 8-12. 'The broad and pungent wit, and the brutal bonhomie.. probably went as far as anything else in securing Charles's favour.' Osmund Airy, Burnet's History, vol. i, p. 185.

68.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 96-7.)

Page 230, l. 14. He was chosen for Tewkesbury in March 1640, but he did not sit in the Long Parliament.

l. 18, a town, Weymouth: see p. 70, l. 21 note. He had been appointed governor of it in August 1643 after some dispute, but was shortly afterwards removed (Clarendon, vol. iii, pp. 163-5, 362).

Page 231, l. 2. Shaftesbury writes about the prediction of 'Doctor Olivian, a German, a very learned physician', in his autobiographical fragment: see No. 14 note.

ll. 14, 15. Compare Burnet's first sketch of Shaftesbury, ed. Foxcroft, p. 59: 'he told some that Cromwell offered once to make him king, but he never offered to impose so gross a thing on me.'

ll. 17, 18. See the Newsletter of December 28, 1654, in The Clarke Papers, ed. C.H. Firth, Camden Society, 1899, p. 16: 'a few daies since when the House was in a Grand Committee of the whole House upon the Government, Mr. Garland mooved to have my Lord Protectour crowned, which mocion was seconded by Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, Mr. Hen. Cromwell, and others, but waved.'

l. 26. After 'party' Burnet wrote (autograph, fol. 49) 'He had no sort of virtue: for he was both a leud and corrupt man: and had no regard either to trueth or Justice.' But he struck out 'no sort ... and had'. The sentence thus read in the transcript (p. 76) 'He had no regard either to Truth or Justice'. This in turn was struck out, either by Burnet himself or by the editor.

The following words are likewise struck out in the transcript, after 'manner' (l. 28): 'and was not out of countenance in owning his unsteadiness and deceitfullness.'

69.

Absalom and Achitophel. A Poem ... The Second Edition; Augmented and Revised. London, 1681. (ll. 142-227.)

The first edition was published on November 17, 1681, a few days before Shaftesbury's trial for high treason. In the second, which appeared within a month, the character of Shaftesbury was 'augmented' by twelve lines (p. 233, ll. 17-28).

Shaftesbury had been satirized by Butler in the Third Part of Hudibras, 1678, three years before the crisis in his remarkable career, and while his schemes still prospered. To Butler he is the unprincipled turn-coat who thinks only of his own interests:

So Politick, as if one eye Upon the other were a Spye;... H'had seen three Governments Run down, And had a Hand in ev'ry one, Was for 'em, and against 'em all. But Barb'rous when they came to fall:... By giving aim from side, to side, He never fail'd to save his Tide, But got the start of ev'ry State, And at a Change, ne'r came too late.... Our State-Artificer foresaw, Which way the World began to draw:... He therefore wisely cast about, All ways he could, t'insure his Throat; And hither came t'observe, and smoke What Courses other Riscers took: And to the utmost do his Best To Save himself, and Hang the Rest.

(Canto II, ll. 351-420).

Dryden's satire should be compared with Butler's. But a comparison with the prose character by Burnet, which had no immediate political purpose, will reveal even better Dryden's mastery in satirical portraiture. Another verse character is in The Review by Richard Duke, written shortly after Dryden's poem.

Absalom is Monmouth, David Charles II, Israel England, the Jews the English, and a Jebusite a Romanist.

Page 232, l. 28. Compare Seneca, De Tranquillitate Animi, xvii. 10: 'nullum magnum ingenium sine mixtura dementiae fuit.'

Page 233, l. 7. The humorous definition of man ascribed to Plato in Diogenes Laertius, Lib. vi. 40 (Life of Diogenes), [Greek: Platonos horisamenou, anthropos esti zoon dipoun apteron.]

The son was a handsomer man than the father, though he did not inherit his ability. His son, the third earl, was the critic and philosopher who wrote the Characteristicks.

l. 12. the Triple Bond, the alliance of England, Holland, and Sweden against France in 1667, broken by the war with France against Holland in 1672. But Shaftesbury then knew nothing of the secret Treaty of Dover, 1670.

l. 16. Usurp'd, in ed. 1 'Assum'd'.

l. 25. Abbethdin 'the president of the Jewish judicature', 'the father of the house of judgement'. Shaftesbury was Lord Chancellor, 1672-3.

Page 234, l. 4. David would have sung his praises instead of writing a psalm, and so Heaven would have had one psalm the less.

ll. 5, 6. Macaulay pointed out in his essay on Sir William Temple that these lines are a reminiscence of a couplet under the portrait of Sultan Mustapha the First in Knolles's Historie of the Turkes (ed. 1638, p. 1370):

Greatnesse, on Goodnesse loues to slide, not stand, and leaues for Fortunes ice, Vertues firm land.

l. 15. The alleged Popish Plot, invented by Titus Oates, to murder the king and put the government in the hands of the Jesuits. Shaftesbury had no share in the invention, but he believed it, and made political use of it.

Page 235, l. 4. This line reappears in The Hind and the Panther, Part I, l. 211. As W.D. Christie pointed out, it is a reminiscence of a couplet in Lachrymae Musarum, 1649, the volume to which Dryden contributed his school-boy verses 'Upon the Death of the Lord Hastings':

It is decreed, we must be drain'd (I see) Down to the dregs of a Democracie.

This is the opening couplet of the English poem preceding Dryden's, and signed 'M.N.' i.e. Marchamont Needham (p. 81).

70.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (p. 100.)

'The portrait of this Duke has been drawn by four masterly hands: Burnet has hewn it out with his rough chissel; Count Hamilton touched it with that slight delicacy, that finishes while it seems but to sketch; Dryden catched the living likeness; Pope compleated the historical resemblance.'—Horace Walpole, Royal and Noble Authors, ed. 1759, vol. ii, p. 78.

There is also Butler's prose character of 'A Duke of Bucks', first printed in Thyer's edition of the Genuine Remains of Butler, 1759, vol. ii, pp. 72-5, but written apparently about 1667-9. And there is a verse character in Duke's Review.

Page 235, l. 11. a great liveliness of wit. In the first sketch Burnet wrote 'he has a flame in his wit that is inimitable'. It lives in The Rehearsal. His 'Miscellaneous Works' were collected in two volumes by Tom Brown, 1704-5.

Page 236, l. 12. Compare Butler: 'one that has studied the whole Body of Vice.'

l. 14. Sir Henry Percy, created Baron Percy of Alnwick in 1643. He was then general of the ordinance of the king's army. He joined the Queen's party in France in 1645.

l. 15. Hobbs. For Burnet's view of Hobbes, see p. 246, ll. 21 ff.

71.

Absalom and Achitophel. Second Edition. 1681. (ll. 543-68.)

Dryden is his own best critic: 'The Character of Zimri in my Absalom, is, in my Opinion, worth the whole Poem: 'Tis not bloody, but 'tis ridiculous enough. And he for whom it was intended, was too witty to resent it as an injury. If I had rail'd, I might have suffer'd for it justly: But I manag'd my own Work more happily, perhaps more dextrously. I avoided the mention of great Crimes and apply'd my self to the representing of Blind-sides, and little Extravagancies: To which, the wittier a Man is, he is generally the more obnoxious. It succeeded as I wish'd.' ('Discourse concerning Satire' prefixed to Dryden's Juvenal, 1693, p. xlii.)

Burnet's prose character again furnishes the best commentary.

Page 236, ll. 28 ff. Compare Butler: 'He is as inconstant as the Moon, which he lives under ... His Mind entertains all Things very freely, that come and go; but, like Guests and Strangers they are not welcome, if they stay long ... His Ears are perpetually drilled with a Fiddlestick. He endures Pleasures with less Patience, than other Men do their Pains.'

72.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 267-8.)

This is not one of Burnet's best characters. He did not see the political wisdom that lay behind the ready wit. Halifax was too subtle for Burnet's heavy-handed grasp. To recognize the inadequacy of this short-sighted estimate, it is sufficient to have read the 'Character of King Charles II' (No. 62).

Burnet suffered from Halifax's wit: 'In the House of Lords,' says the first Earl of Dartmouth, 'he affected to conclude all his discourses with a jest, though the subject were never so serious, and if it did not meet with the applause he expected, would be extremely out of countenance and silent, till an opportunity offered to retrieve the approbation he thought he had lost; but was never better pleased than when he was turning Bishop Burnet and his politics into ridicule' (Burnet, ed. Airy, vol. i, p. 485).

Dryden understood Halifax, the Jotham of his Absalom and Achitophel:

Jotham of piercing Wit and pregnant Thought: Endew'd by Nature, and by Learning taught To move Assemblies, who but onely tri'd The worse awhile, then chose the better side; Nor chose alone, but turn'd the Balance too; So much the weight of one brave man can do.

See also Dryden's dedication to Halifax of his King Arthur.

73.

The Life of the Right Honourable Francis North, Baron of Guilford, Lord Keeper of the Great Seal, under King Charles II. and King James II.... By the Honourable Roger North, Esq; London, MDCCXLII. (pp. 223-6.)

Roger North's lives of his three brothers, Lord Keeper Guilford, Sir Dudley North, and Dr. John North, Master of Trinity College, Cambridge, were begun about 1710 but were not published till 1742-4, eight years after his death. The edition of the 'Lives of the Norths' by Augustus Jessopp, 3 vols., 1890, contains also his autobiography.

The Life of Lord Keeper Guilford is invaluable as a picture of the bench and bar under Charles II and James II.

Page 240, l. 6. Sir Francis Pemberton (1625-97), Lord Chief Justice, 1681, removed from the King's Bench, 1683, 'near the time that the great cause of the quo warranto against the city of London was to be brought to judgment in that court.' North had just described him as a judge.

Page 241, l. 1. Compare Scott's Monastery, ch. xiv: '"By my troggs," replied Christie, "I would have thrust my lance down his throat."' 'Troggs' is an altered form of 'Troth'. It appears to be Scottish in origin; no Southern instance is quoted in Wright's Dialect Dictionary. Saunders may have learned it from a London Scot.

l. 22. Sir John Maynard (1602-90), 'the king's eldest serjeant, but advanced no farther'. Described by North, ed. 1890, p. 149; also p. 26: 'Serjeant Maynard, the best old book-lawyer of his time, used to say that the law was ars bablativa'.

l. 30. Sir Matthew Hale (1609-76), Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench, described by North, pp. 79 ff. Burnet wrote The Life and Death of Sir Matthew Hale, 1682.

Page 243, l. 5. The action taken by the Crown in 1682 contesting the charter of the city of London. Judgement was given for the Crown. See State Trials, ed. 1810, vol. viii, 1039 ff., and Burnet, ed. Airy, vol. ii, pp. 343 ff., and compare Hallam, Constitutional History, ch. xii, ed. 1863, pp. 453-4.

74.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 186-91).

This passage brings together ten of the great divines of the century. It would be easy, as critics have shown, to name as many others, such as Jeremy Taylor, Sanderson, Sheldon, Cosin, Pearson, and South. But Burnet is mainly concerned with the men who in his opinion had the greatest influence during the time of which he is writing, and who were known to him personally. By way of introduction he speaks of the Cambridge Platonists under whom his great contemporaries had been formed. Incidentally he expresses his views on Hobbes's Leviathan, and he concludes with a valuable account of the reform in preaching. The passage as a whole is an excellent specimen of Burnet's method and style.

Page 246, ll. 6, 7. John Owen (1616-83), made Dean of Christ Church by Cromwell in 1651, Vice-Chancellor of the University, 1652-8, deprived of the Deanery, 1659. Thomas Goodwin (1600-80), President of Magdalen College, 1650-60, likewise one of the Commission of Visitors to the University appointed by the Parliament. Both were Independents. See H.L. Thompson, Christ Church (College Histories), 1900, pp. 69, 70; and H.A. Wilson, Magdalen College, 1899, pp. 172-4.

Page 248, l. 5. Simon Episcopius, or Bischop (1583-1643), Dutch theologian and follower of Arminius: see p. 101, l. 3, note.

Page 249, l. 12. Irenicum. A Weapon-Salve for the Churches Wounds, published 1661.

Page 252, l. 10. The following sentence is in the original manuscript (folio 98) before 'But I owed': 'and if I have arrived at any faculty of writing clear and correctly, I owe that entirely to them: for as they joined with Wilkins in that Noble tho despised attempt at an Universall Character, and a Philosophicall Language, they took great pains to observe all the common errours of language in generall, and of ours in particular: and in the drawing the tables for that work, which was Lloyds province, he had looked further into a naturall purity and simplicity of stile, than any man I ever knew: into all which he led me, and so helpt me to any measure of exactnes of writing, which may be thought to belong to me.' The sentence is deleted in the transcript that was sent to the printer; but whether it was deleted by Burnet himself, or by the editor, is uncertain. There are other minor alterations in the same page of the transcript (p. 140).

The book referred to in the omitted passage is Wilkins's Essay Towards a Real Character And a Philosophical Language, presented to the Royal Society and published in 1668. Lloyd's 'continual assistance' is acknowledged in the 'Epistle to the Reader'.

75.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. i. (pp. 168-70.)

Page 253, l. 23. He served under Turenne in four campaigns, 1652-5, latterly as Lieutenant-General. His own account of these campaigns has fortunately been preserved. It is a portion of the journal to which Burnet refers. See The Life of James the Second King of England, etc., collected out of memoirs writ of his own hand.... Published from the original Stuart manuscripts in Carlton-House, edited by James Stanier Clarke, 2 vols, 1816.

Page 254, l. 20. After the surrender at Oxford on June 24, 1646, James was given into the charge of the Earl of Northumberland and confined at St. James's. See Life, ed. J.S. Clarke, vol. i, pp. 30-1, and Clarendon, vol. iv, pp. 237, and 326-8.

Page 255, l. 3. Richard Stuart (1594-1651), 'the dean of the King's chapel, whom his majesty had recommended to his son to instruct him in all matters relating to the Church' (Clarendon, vol. iv, p. 341). See Wood's Athenae Oxonienses, ed. Bliss, vol. iii, cols. 295-8, and John Walker's Sufferings of the Clergy, Pt. II, p. 48.

ll. 6-8. The autograph reads (fol. 87): 'He said that a Nun had advised him to pray every day, that if he was not in the right way that God would set him right, did make a great impression on him.' The transcript (p. 127) agrees with the print.

ll. 27-9. James definitely joined the Roman church at the beginning of 1669: see Life, ed. J.S. Clarke, vol. i, p. 440.

Page 256, l. 3. As High Admiral he defeated the Dutch at Lowestoft, 1665, and Southwold Bay, 1672. Compare Dryden's Annus Mirabilis, ll. 73-4:

Victorious York did first, with fam'd success, To his known valour make the Dutch give place;

also his Verses to the Duchess on the Duke's victory of June 3, 1665. He ceased to be High Admiral on the passing of the Test Act, 1673.

Page 256, l. 6. Sir William Coventry (1628-86), secretary to James, 1660-7. 'He was the man of the finest parts and the best temper that belonged to the court:' see his character by Burnet, ed. Airy, vol. i, pp. 478-9.

ll. 13 ff. Compare Pepys's Diary, November 20, 1661, June 27 and July 2, 1662, June 2, 1663, July 21, 1666, &c.

76.

Burnet's History of His Own Time. Vol. ii. (p. 292-3.)



INDEX.

Abbott, George, Archbishop of Canterbury Achitophel. See Shaftesbury. Aires, or Ayres, Captain. Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, first Earl of. Argyle, Archibald Campbell, Marquis of. Arminius. Army, The New Model. Arundel, Thomas Howard, Earl of: character by Clarendon; by Sir Edward Walker; his art collections. Ascham, Roger. Ashley, Lord. See Shaftesbury. Aubrey, John: description of Hobbes; of Milton; his manuscripts; quoted. Aulicus Coquinariae.

Bacon, Sir Francis, Baron Verulam, Viscount St. Albans: character by Jonson; by Arthur Wilson; by Fuller; by Rawley; his relations with Hobbes; Essays quoted by Baxter; Advancement of Learning; Henry VII; Apophthegms. Baker, Sir Richard. Balfour, Sir William. Bankes, Anne, wife of Edmund Waller. Bate, or Bates, George: Elenchus Motuum. Baxter, Richard: character of Cromwell; Reliquiae Baxterianae; letter to Lauderdale. Bedford, Francis Russell, fourth Earl of. Bee, Cornelius, bookseller. Bendish, Bridget. Bendish, Henry. Bentivoglio, Cardinal Guido. Berry, James. Bible. Boileau. Bolton, Edmund: Hypercritica. Bradshaw, John: Milton's praise of. Brentford, Patrick Ruthven, Earl of: character by Clarendon. Bristol, John Digby, first Earl of. Bristol, second Earl of. See Digby, George. Brooke, Sir Fulke Greville, first Baron. Brooke, Robert Greville, second Baron. Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of: character by Clarendon; by Sir Henry Wotton; Clarendon's early account. Buckingham, George Villiers, second Duke of: character by Burnet; by Dryden (Zimri); other characters. Buckingham, or Buckinghamshire, John Sheffield, Duke of: 'Character of Charles II'. Burleigh, William Cecil, Baron. Burnet, Gilbert, Bishop of Salisbury: characters of Charles II; Clarendon; Lauderdale; Shaftesbury; Buckingham; Halifax; seventeenth-century divines; James II; account of Vane; Waller; Sir Philip Warwick; his characters; revision of his characters; History of His Own Time; Memoirs of Dukes of Hamilton; Life of Hale; Life of Rochester; relations with Lauderdale; with English divines. Burton, John. Bushell, Thomas. Butler, Samuel: character of Shaftesbury; of Buckingham. Byron, John, first Baron Byron.

Caesar. Calamy, Edward. Calvert, Sir George, Baron Baltimore. Camden, William. Cambridge Platonists. Canterbury College. Capel, Arthur, Baron Capel: character by Clarendon, Cromwell's character of him. Carew, Thomas. Carleton, Sir Dudley, Baron Carleton, Viscount Dorchester. Carlisle, James Hay, Earl of. Carlyle, Thomas. Carnarvon, Robert Dormer, Earl of: character by Clarendon. Cavendish, George. Cecil, Robert. See Salisbury. Chamberlayne, Edward: Angliae Nolitia. Charles I: character by Clarendon; by Sir Philip Warwick; Prince. Charles II: his character by Halifax; by Burnet; other characters; his taste in sermons. Cheynell, Francis. Chillingworth, William: character by Clarendon; his siege engine. Christ Church, Oxford. Christie, W.D. Cicero. Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of: character by Burnet; other characters of him; characters written by him, see Contents; his long study of Digby; his merits as a character writer; his conception of history; his manuscripts; the History; its authenticity; editorial alterations; the Life; View of Hobbes's Leviathan; Essays quoted; Letters quoted; other writings; his picture gallery. Clarendon, Henry Hyde, second Earl of. Clarke, Abraham. Clelie. Coke, Sir Edward. Coke, Roger: Detection of the Court and State of England. Coleridge, S.T. Cominges, Le Comte de, French ambassador. Con, Signior, papal nuncio. Connoisseur, The. Conway, Sir Edward, Viscount Conway. Cottington, Sir Francis, Baron Cottington. Cotton, Sir Robert. Cousin, Victor. Coventry, Sir Thomas, Baron Coventry: character by Clarendon. Coventry, Sir William, character by Burnet. Cowley, Abraham: 'Of My self', character by Sprat, note by Aubrey, his Essays, verses on Falkland, Latin verses. Crofts, William, Baron Crofts. Cromwell, Oliver, Lord Protector: character by Clarendon, by Sir Philip Warwick, by John Maidston, by Baxter. Cudworth, Ralph: character by Burnet. Culpeper, or Colepeper, Sir John. Cumberland, Henry Clifford, Earl of. Cyrus, Le Grand.

Davenant, Sir William. Davila, Enrico Caterino. Desborough, John. Digby, George, Baron Digby, second Earl of Bristol: character by Clarendon; others by Clarendon; description by Shaftesbury. Diogenes Laertius. Divers portraits. Dominico, Signior. Dorchester, Viscount. See Carleton. Dort, Synod of. Dryden, John: character of Shaftesbury, of Buckingham; of Halifax; Absalom and Achitophel; Annus Mirabilis; Of Dramatick Poesie; Verses to Duchess of York; dedication of King Arthur. Duke, Richard, The Review. Dunton, John, Life and Errors.

Earle, or Earles, John, Bishop of Worcester: character by Clarendon; described by Walton; letters from Clarendon; Micro-cosmographie. Eikon Basilike. Elizabeth, daughter of James I. England's Black Tribunall. Episcopius. Epistolae Ho-Elianae. Essex, Robert Devereux, second Earl of: Clarendon's early study. Essex, Robert Devereux, third Earl of: character by Clarendon, by Arthur Wilson. Evanson, William. Evelyn, John: Diary; letter quoted.

Fairfax, Ferdinando, second Baron. Fairfax, Sir Thomas, third Baron: character by Baxter, Milton's sonnet; and Latin character; Clarendon's estimate, Warwick's estimate. Falkland, Henry Cary, first Viscount. Falkland, Lattice, second Viscountess. Falkland, Lucius Gary, second Viscount: character by Clarendon (1647); later character (1668); his marriage; his death; his speech concerning episcopacy; his writings; quoted by Fuller. See also Tew. Finch, Sir John, Baron Finch. Firth, C.H. Fouquet, Nicholas. Fuller, Thomas: his character (anonymous); described by Aubrey; his Life; his character of Bacon; of Laud; his characters; Church-History; Holy State; Worthies of England.

Galerie des Peintures, La. Gardiner, S.R. Gauden, John. Gentleman's Magazine. Gildon, Charles. Glencairn, William Cunningham, Earl of. Godolphin, Sidney: character by Clarendon. Gondomar, Spanish ambassador. Goodwin, Thomas, President of Magdalen College, Oxford. Goring, George, Baron Goring: character by Clarendon. Greville, Fulke. See Brooke. Grotius, Hugo. Guilford, Francis North, Baron of, Lord Keeper.

Hacket, John: Scrinia Reserata. Hale, Sir Matthew, Lord Chief Justice. Hales, John, of Eton: character by Clarendon; letters on Synod of Dort; Tract concerning Schisme; Golden Remains; praise of Shakespeare. Halifax, George Savile, Marquis of: character by Burnet; by Dryden; his character of Charles II. Hall, Joseph, Bishop. Hamilton, Antoine. Hamilton, James, third Marquis and first Duke of Hamilton. Hamilton, William, second Duke of Hamilton. Hammond, Henry, chaplain to Charles I. Hampden, John: character by Clarendon; Clarendon's reference to it; its authenticity; character by Sir Philip Warwick. Hastings, Henry: character by Shaftesbury. Hawkins, Sir Thomas. Hayward, Sir John. Henry, Prince. Herbert, Sir Thomas. Hertford, William Seymour, Marquis of: character by Clarendon. Hobbes, Edmund. Hobbes, Thomas: described by Clarendon; by Aubrey; assists Bacon; Burnet's opinions. Holinshed, Raphael. Holland, Philemon. Holles, Denzil, first Baron Holles. Hopton, Ralph, first Baron Hopton. Horace. Howard, Charles, Baron Howard of Effingham, Earl of Nottingham. Howard, Leonard: Collection of Letters. Howell, James: character of Ben Jonson. Hudibras. Huntingdon, Earls of. Hutchinson, John, Colonel: character by his widow; her Memoirs. Hyde, Edward. See Clarendon.

Irenaeus. Irenicum, Stillingfleet's. Islip, Simon, Archbishop of Canterbury.

James I: character by Arthur Wilson; by Sir Anthony Weldon; 'the wisest foole in Christendome'. James II: characters by Burnet; his journal; High Admiral. Jermyn, Henry, Baron Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans. Johnson, Samuel: quoted; Lives of the Poets. Jonson, Ben: character by Clarendon; by James Howell; his character of Bacon, and description. Jotham. See Halifax. Juxon, William, Archbishop of Canterbury: character by Sir Philip Warwick.

Killigrew, Henry. Killigrew, Thomas, the elder. Kimbolton, Baron. See Manchester, Earl of. King, James, General. Knolles, Richard: History of The Turkes. Knott, Edward: 'the learned Jesuit'.

La Bruyere. Lachrymae Musarum. Lake, Sir Thomas. Laud, William, Archbishop of Canterbury: character by Clarendon; by Fuller; by Sir Philip Warwick; speech on scaffold. Lauderdale, John Maitland, Earl of: character by Clarendon; character by Burnet; his library. Lawes, Henry, musician. Leicester, Robert Sidney, Earl of. Levett, Mr., Page of Bedchamber to Charles I. Lewgar, John. Lilburne, John. Lincoln, Bishop of. See Williams, John. Livy. Lloyd, William, Bishop of Worcester: character by Burnet. Lucan. Lugar. See Lewgar.

Macaulay, Lord, Machiavelli, Maidston, John: character of Cromwell, Manchester, Edward Montagu, second Earl of, Baron Montagu of Kimbolton, Viscount Mandeville: character by Clarendon, by Warwick, by Burnet, Manchester, Henry Montagu, first Earl of, Mandeville, Viscount. See Manchester, Earl of. Mansell, Sir Robert, Marlborough, James Ley, Earl of, Martyrdom of King Charles, Maurice, Prince. Maynard, Sir John, Mercurius Academicus, Middlesex, Lionel Cranfield, Earl of, Middleton, John, Earl of Middleton, Millington, Edward, bookseller and auctioneer, Milton, John: described by Aubrey, note by Edward Phillips, notes by Jonathan Richardson, his sonnet to Fairfax, to Vane, to Henry Lawes, his Latin character of Fairfax, Eikonoklastes, Defensio Secunda, his daughters, ignored by Clarendon, Milward, Richard, Moliere, Montaigne, Montgomery, Earl of. See Pembroke, fourth Earl of. Montpensier, Mlle de, More, Henry, the Cambridge Platonist: character by Burnet, More, Sir Thomas, Morley, George, Bishop of Worcester, 'My part lies therein-a',

Naunton, Sir Robert, Needham, Marchamont, Newcastle, William Cavendish, Marquis of, afterwards Duke of: character by Clarendon, character by Warwick, Life by the Duchess, his books on horsemanship, Clarendon's opinion of his military capacity, Nicholas, Sir Edward, North, Francis. See Guilford, Lord Keeper. North, Roger: character of Sir Edmund Saunders, his Lives of the Norths, North, Sir Thomas, Northampton, Spencer Compton, second Earl of: character by Clarendon, Northumberland, Algernon Percy, tenth Earl of, Nott. See Knott.

Oldmixon, John, Olivian, Dr., 'a German', Orrery, Roger Boyle, first Earl of, Osborne, Francis: Traditionall Memoyres on the Raigne of King James, Overbury, Sir Thomas, Ovid, Owen, John, Dean of Christ Church,

Patrick, Simon, Bishop of Chichester: character by Burnet, 'Peace begot Plenty', 'Peace with honour', Pearson, John, Bishop of Chester, Peck, Francis: Desiderata Curiosa, Pemberton, Sir Francis, Lord Chief Justice, Pembroke, Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery, fourth Earl of, Pembroke, William Herbert, third Earl of: character by Clarendon, Pepys, Samuel: Diary, Percy, Sir Henry, Baron Percy of Alnwick, Persius, Peyton, Sir Edward: Divine Catastrophe of the House of Stuarts, Philips, Ambrose, Phillips, Edward: note on Milton, his uncle, Life of Milton, Theatrum Poetarum, Phoenix Britannicus, Plato, Plutarch, Poems on State Affairs, Polybius, Portland, Earl of. See Weston, Sir Richard. Preaching, reform in, Prynne, William, Pym, John: character by Clarendon,

Raleigh, Sir Walter, Rawley, William: character of Bacon, Life, Reliquiae Wottonianae, Retrospective Review, Rich, Robert, Earl of Warwick's grandson, Richardson, Jonathan: notes on Milton, Explanatory Notes on Paradise Lost, Robinson, Sir Tancred, Rochester, first Earl of. See Wilmot, Henry. Rochester, John Wilmot, second Earl of, Rochester, Laurence Hyde, first Earl of the Hyde family, Rothes, John Leslie, Earl and Duke of, Rowe, Nicholas, Rupert, Prince: character by Clarendon, Rushworth: Historical Collections, Russell, Sir William, Treasurer of the Navy, Ruthven, Patrick. See Brentford, Earl of. Rutland, Francis Manners, sixth Earl of,

St. John, Oliver, St. John's College, Oxford, St. Martin's, 'the greatest cure in England', St. Paul's Cathedral, St. Peters in Cornhill, Salisbury, Robert Cecil, first Earl of, Salisbury, William Cecil, third Earl of: character by Clarendon, Sallust, Sanderson, Robert, Bishop of Lincoln, Saunders, Sir Edmund, Lord Chief Justice: character by Roger North, Savile, Sir Henry, Savile, George. See Halifax, Marquis of. Savile, Thomas, Viscount Savile, Savoy Hospital, Say and Sele, William Fiennes, Viscount: character by Clarendon, by Arthur Wilson, Scott, Sir Walter, Scudery, Madeleine de Selden, John: character by Clarendon Seneca, Lucius Annaeus Seneca, Marcus Annaeus Session of the Poets (Restoration poem) Sessions of the Poets, Suckling's Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, Baron Ashley, Earl of: character by Burnet; by Dryden (Achitophel); by Butler; by Duke; his character of Henry Hastings; description of Digby; his Autobiography Shakespeare Sheldon, Gilbert, Archbishop of Canterbury Shrewsbury, Gilbert Talbot, Earl of Smith, Edmund Somaize, Antoine Bandeau, sieur de Somerset, Robert Ker or Carr, Earl of Sorel, Charles Spelman, Sir Henry Spenser, Edmund Sprat, Thomas, Bishop of Rochester: character of Cowley; Life of Cowley Stillingfleet, Edward, Bishop of Worcester: character by Burnet Stow, John Strada, Famiano Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of: character by Clarendon; by Warwick; Stuart, Richard, dean of the King's Chapel Suckling, Sir John Suetonius Suffolk, Thomas Howard, Earl of Sully, Duc de: Memoires Swift, Jonathan

Tacitus Tanfield, Sir Lawrence Tate, Nahum Temple, Sir William Tenison, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury: character by Burnet Tew, seat of Lord Falkland Theophrastus Thuanus (Jacques de Thou) Thucydides Thurloe, John, Secretary of State; State Papers Tiberius, James I compared to; Charles II compared to Tillotson, John, Archbishop of Canterbury: character by Burnet Triplet, Dr. Thomas Tuesday Sermons of James I Turenne, Marshal

Vane, Sir Henry, the elder Vane, Sir Henry, the younger: characters by Clarendon; character by Baxter; Milton's sonnet; other accounts Velleius Paterculus

Walker, Sir Edward: Historical Discourses Walker, John: Sufferings of the Clergy Walker, Mr., of the Temple, 'a Relation of Milton's' Waller, Edmund: his character by Clarendon, described by Burnet, by Aubrey, Walpole, Horace: Royal and Noble Authors, Walton, Izaak, Warwick, Mary, Countess of, Warwick, Sir Philip: character of Charles I, Strafford, Laud, Juxon, Cromwell, Hampden, Fairfax, Clarendon, his characters, his Memoires, a Straffordian, imprisoned, described by Burnet, Warwick, Robert Rich, second Earl of: character by Clarendon, by Arthur Wilson, pillar of the Presbyterian party, Wayte, Mr., Weldon, Sir Anthony: character of James I, Court and Character of King James, Welwood, James: Memoirs, Weston, Sir Richard, Earl of Portland: character by Clarendon, by Wotton, Whitchcot, or Whichcote, Benjamin: character by Burnet, Whitelocke: Memorials, 'White Staff', Wilkins, John: character by Burnet, his Essay Towards a Real Character, William of Wickham, Williams, John, Bishop of Lincoln, Lord Keeper, Wilmot, Henry, Baron Wilmot, Earl of Rochester: character by Clarendon, Wilson, Arthur: character of James I, of Bacon, of Essex, Warwick, and Say, Reign of King James, Wolsey, Cardinal, Wood: Athenae Oxonienses, Worthington, John: character by Burnet, Wotton, Sir Henry, Wright, Dr., 'an ancient clergyman in Dorsetshire',

Xenophon,

Young, Sir Peter, Young, Patrick,

Zimri. See Buckingham.

THE END