Paul (The Second St.). St[TN-73] Remi or Remigius, "The Great Apostle of the French." He was made bishop of Rheims when only 22 years old. It was St[TN-73] Remi who baptized Clovis, and told him that henceforth he must worship what he hitherto had hated, and abjure what he had hitherto adored (439-535).

[Asterism] The cruse employed by St. Remi in the baptism of Clovis was used through the French monarchy in the anointing of all the kings.

Paul Pry, an idle, inquisitive, meddlesome fellow, who has no occupation of his own, and is forever poking his nose into other people's affairs. He always comes in with the apology, "I hope I don't intrude."—John Poole, Paul Pry.

Thomas Hill, familiarly called "Tommy Hill," was the original of this character, and also of "Gilbert Gurney," by Theodore Hook. Planché says of Thomas Hill:

His specialité was the accurate information he could impart on all the petty details of the domestic economy of his friends, the contents of their wardrobes, their pantries, the number of pots of preserves in their store-closets, and of the table-napkins in their linen-presses, the dates of their births and marriages, the amounts of their tradesmen's bills, and whether paid weekly or quarterly. He had been on the press, and was connected with the Morning Chronicle. He used to drive Mathews crazy by ferreting out his whereabouts when he left London, and popping the information into some paper.—Recollections, i. 131-2.

Paul Rushleigh, son of a wealthy manufacturer, and in love from boyhood with Faith Gartney. She can give him only sisterly affection in return, but her refusal makes a man of the boy. Ten years afterwards, as General Rushleigh, a noble, high-minded patriot, he meets Margaret Regis and marries her.—A. D. T. Whitney, Sights and Insights (1876).

Pauletti (the Lady Erminia), ward of Master George Heriot, the king's goldsmith.—Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Pauli'na, the noble-spirited wife of Antig'onus, a Sicilian lord, and the kind friend of Queen Hermi'onê. When Hermionê gave birth in prison to a daughter, Paulina undertook to present it to King Leontês, hoping that his heart would be softened at the sight of his infant daughter; but he commanded the child to be cast out on a desert shore, and left there to perish. The child was drifted to the "coast" of Bohemia, and brought up by a shepherd, who called it Perdĭta. Florizel, the son of king Polixĕnês, fell in love with her, and fled with her to Sicily, to escape the vengeance of the angry king. The fugitives being introduced to Leontês, it was soon discovered that Perdita was the king's daughter, and Polixenês consented to the union he had before forbidden. Paulina now invited Leontês and the rest to inspect a famous statue of Hermionê, and the statue turned out to be the living queen herself.—Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604).

Pauline, "The Beauty of Lyons," daughter of M. Deschappelles, a Lyonese merchant; "as pretty as Venus, and as proud as Juno." Pauline rejected the suits of Beauseant, Glavis and Claude Melnotte; and the three rejected lovers combined on vengeance. To this end, Claude, who was a gardener's son, pretended to be the Prince Como, and Pauline married him, but was indignant when she discovered the trick which had been played upon her. Claude left her, and entered the French army, where in two years and a half he rose to the rank of colonel. Returning to Lyons, he found his father-in-law on the eve of bankruptcy, and Pauline about to be sold to Beauseant for money to satisfy the creditors. Being convinced that Pauline really loved him, Claude paid the money required, and claimed the lady as his loving and grateful wife.—Lord L. B. Lytton, The Lady of Lyons (1838).

Pauline (Mademoiselle) or MONNA PAULA, the attendant of Lady Erminia Pauletti, the goldsmith's ward.—Sir W. Scott, The Fortunes of Nigel (time, James I.).

Pauline Pavlovna, heroine of T. B. Aldrich's drama of that name (1890).

Pauli'nus of York, christened 10,000 men, besides women and their children in one single day in the Swale. (Altogether some 50,000 souls, i.e. 104 every minute, 6,250 every hour, supposing he worked eight hours without stopping.)

When the Saxons first received the Christian faith, Paulinus of old York, the zealous bishop then, In Swale's abundant stream christened ten thousand men, With women and their babes, a number more besides, Upon one happy day.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xxviii. (1622).

Paulo, the cardinal and brother of Count Guido Franceschi'ni. He advised the count to repair his bankrupt fortune by marrying an heiress.—R. Browning, The Ring and the Book.

Paupiah, the Hindû steward of the British governor of Madras.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.).

Pausa'nias (The British), William Camden (1551-1623). Pausanias was a traveller and geographer in the 2d century A.D., who wrote an Itinerary of Greece. Camden wrote in Latin his "Brittania," a survey of the British Isles.

Pauvre Jacques. When Marie Antoinette had her artificial Swiss village in the "Little Trianon," a Swiss girl was brought over to heighten the illusion. She was observed to pine, and was heard to sigh out, pauvre Jacques! This little romance pleased the queen, who sent for Jacques, and gave the pair a wedding portion; while the Marchioness de Travanet wrote the song called Pauvre Jacques, which created at the time quite a sensation. The first and last verses run thus:

Pauvre Jacques, quand j'etais près de toi, Je ne sentais pas ma misère; Mais à présent que tu vis loin de moi, Je manque de tout sur la terre.

Poor Jack, while I was near to thee, Tho' poor, my bliss was unalloyed; But now thou dwell'st so far from me, The world appears a lonesome void.

Pa'via (Battle of). Francis I. of France is said to have written to his mother these words, after the loss of this battle: "Madame, tout est perdu hors l'honneur;" but what he really wrote was: "Madame ... de toutes choses ne m'est demeuré pas que l'honneur et la vie."

And with a noble siege revolted Pavia took.

Drayton, Polyolbion, xviii. (1613).

Pavillon (Meinheer Hermann), the syndic at Liège [Le-aje].

Mother Mabel Pavillon, wife of Meinheer Hermann.

Trudchen or Gertrude Pavillon, their daughter, betrothed to Hans Glover.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Pawkins (Major), a huge, heavy man, "one of the most remarkable of the age." He was a great politician and great patriot, but generally under a cloud, wholly owing to his distinguished genius for bold speculations, not to say "swindling schemes." His creed was "to run a moist pen slick through everything, and start afresh."—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

Pawnbrokers' Balls. The gilded balls, the sign of pawnbrokers, are the pills on the shield of the Medici family. Its founder, Cosmo, named after Saint Cosmo, the patron of physicians, joined the guild of the doctors (Medici), as every Florentine enrolled himself in one of these charitable societies. The Medici family became great money-lenders, and their shield with the "balls" or "pills" was placed over the doors of their agents.

Paynim Harper (The), referred to by Tennyson in the Last Tournament, was Orpheus.

Swine, goats, asses, rams and geese Troop'd round a Paynim harper once ... Then were swine, goats, asses, geese The wiser fools, seeing thy Paynim bard Had such a mastery of his mystery That he could harp his wife up out of hell.

Tennyson, The Last Tournament (1859).

Peace (Prince of the), Don Manuel Godoy, born at Badajoz. So called because he concluded the "peace of Basle" between the French and Spanish nations in 1795 (1767-1851).

Peace (The Father of), Andrea Doria (1469-1560).

Peace (The Surest Way to). Fox, afterwards bishop of Hereford, said to Henry VIII., The surest way to peace is a constant preparation for war. The Romans had the axiom, Si vis pacem, para bellum. It was said of Edgar, surnamed "the Peaceful," king of England, that he preserved peace in those turbulent times "by being always prepared for war" (reigned 959-975.)

Peace Thirlmore, ambitious daughter of a scholarly recluse near New Haven. She marries a clever student, who becomes a sensational preacher, then farmer, then an army officer. His wife passes through many stages of belief and emotion, emerging at last into the sunshine.—W. M. Baker, His Majesty, Myself (1879).

Peace at any Price. Mézeray says of Louis XII., that he had such detestation of war that he rather chose to lose his duchy of Mĭlan than burden his subjects with a war-tax.—Histoire de France (1643).

Peace of Antal'cidas, the peace concluded by Antalcidas, the Spartan, and Artaxerxes (B.C. 387).

Peace of God, a peace enforced by the clergy on the barons of Christendom, to prevent the perpetual feuds between baron and baron (1035).

Peach'um, a pimp, patron of a gang of thieves, and receiver of their stolen goods. His house is the resort of thieves, pickpockets, and villains of all sorts. He betrays his comrades when it is for his own benefit, and even procures the arrest of Captain Macheath.

Mrs. Peachum, wife of Peachum. She recommends her daughter Polly to be "somewhat nice in her deviations from virtue."

Polly Peachum, daughter of Peachum. (See POLLY.)—J. Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727).

Pearl (Little), illegitimate child of Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale. A piquant, tricksy sprite, as naughty as she is bewitching—a creature of fire and air, more elfish than human, at once her mother's torment and her treasure.—Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter (1850).

Pearl. It is said that Cleopatra swallowed a pearl of more value than the whole of the banquet she had provided in honor of Antony. This she did when she drank to his health. The same sort of extravagant folly is told of AEsopus, son of Clodius AEsopus, the actor (Horace, Satire, ii. 3).

A similar act of vanity and folly is ascribed to Sir Thomas Gresham, when Queen Elizabeth dined at the City banquet, after her visit to the Royal Exchange.

Here [pounds]15,000 at one clap goes Instead of sugar; Gresham drinks the pearl Unto his queen and mistress.

Thomas Heywood.

Pearson (Captain Gilbert), officer in attendance on Cromwell.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Peasant-Bard (The), Robert Burns (1859-1796).

Peasant-Painter of Sweden, Hörberg. His chief paintings are altar-pieces.

The altar-piece painted by Hörberg.

Longfellow, The Children of the Lord's Supper.

Peasant Poet of Northamptonshire, John Clare (1793-1864).

Peasant of the Danube (The), Louis Legendre, a member of the French National Convention (1755-1797); called in French Le Paysan du Danube, from his "éloquence sauvage."

Peau de Chagrin, a story by Balzac. The hero becomes possessed of a magical wild ass's skin, which yields him the means of gratifying every wish; but for every wish thus gratified, the skin shrank somewhat, and at last vanished, having been wished entirely away. Life is a peau d'ane,[TN-74] for every vital act diminishes its force, and when all its force is gone, life is gone (1834).

Peckhams (The), Silas Peckham, "a thorough Yankee, born on a windy part of the coast, and reared chiefly on salt-fish; keeps a young ladies' school exactly as he would have kept a hundred head of cattle—for the simple, unadorned purpose of making just as much money in just as few years as can be safely done."

Mrs. Peckham's specialty is "to look after the feathering, cackling, roosting, rising, and general behavior of these hundred chicks. An honest, ignorant woman, she could not have passed an examination in the youngest class."—Oliver Wendell Holmes Elsie Venner (1861).

Peck'sniff, "architect and land surveyor," at Salisbury. He talks homilies even in drunkenness, prates about the beauty of charity, and duty of forgiveness, but is altogether a canting humbug, and is ultimately so reduced in position that he becomes a "drunken, begging, squalid, letter-writing man," out at elbows, and almost shoeless. Pecksniff's specialty is the "sleek, smiling abominations of hypocrisy."

If ever man combined within himself all the mild qualities of the lamb with a considerable touch of the dove, and not a dash of the crocodile, or the least possible suggestion of the very mildest seasoning of the serpent, that man was Mr. Pecksniff, "the messenger of peace."

Charity and Mercy Pecksniff, the two daughters of the "architect and land surveyor." Charity is thin, ill-natured, and a shrew, eventually jilted by a weak young man, who really loves her sister. Mercy Pecksniff, usually called "Merry," is pretty and true-hearted; though flippant and foolish as a girl, she becomes greatly toned down by the troubles of her married life.—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1843).

Peculiar, negro slave, endowed with talent, ambitious of an opportunity to develop and use these, but hopeless of gaining it, until emancipated by the Civil War between the United States and the Southern Confederacy.—Epes Sargent, Peculiar.

Pedant, an old fellow set up to personate Vincentio in Shakespeare's comedy called The Taming of the Shrew (1695).

Pèdre (Don), a Sicilian nobleman, who has a Greek slave of great beauty, named Isidore (3 syl.). This slave is loved by Adraste (2 syl.), a French gentleman, who gains access to the house under the guise of a portrait-painter. He next sends his slave, Zaïda,[TN-75] to complain to the Sicilian of ill-treatment, and Don Pèdre volunteers to intercede on her behalf. At this moment Adraste comes up, and demands that Zaïde be given up to deserved chastisement. Pedrè[TN-76] pleads for her, Adraste appears to be pacified, and Pedrè[TN-76] calls for Zaïde to come forth. Isidore, in the veil of Zaïde, comes out, and Pedrè[TN-76] says, "There, take her home, and use her well." "I will do so," says Adraste, and leads off the Greek slave.—Molière, Le Sicilien ou L'Amour Peintre (1667).

Pedrillo, the tutor of Don Juan. After the shipwreck, the men in the boat, being wholly without provisions, cast lots to know which should be killed as food for the rest, and the lot fell on Pedrillo, but those who feasted on him most ravenously went mad.

His tutor, the licentiate Pedrillo, Who several languages did understand.

Byron, Don Juan, ii. 25; see 76-79 (1819).

Pedro, "the pilgrim," a noble gentleman servant to Alinda (daughter of Lord Alphonso).—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621).

Pedro (Don), prince of Aragon.—Shakespeare, Much Ado about Nothing (1600).

Pedro (Don), father of Leonora.—R. Jephson, Two Strings to your Bow (1792).

Pedro (Don), a Portuguese nobleman, father of Donna Violante.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder (1714).

Pedro (Dr.), whose full name was Dr. Pedro Rezio de Aguero, court physician in the island of Barataria. He carried a whalebone rod in his hand, and whenever any dish of food was set before Sancho Panza, the governor, he touched it with his wand, that it might be instantly removed, as unfit for the governor to eat. Partridges were "forbidden by Hippoc'ratês," olla podridas were "most pernicious," rabbits were "a sharp-haired diet," veal might not be touched, but "a few wafers, and a thin slice or two of quince," might not be harmful.

The governor, being served with some beef hashed with onions, ... fell to with more avidity than if he had been set down to Milan godwits, Roman pheasants, Sorrento veal, Moron partridges, or green geese of Lavajos; and turning to Dr. Pedro, he said, "Look you, signor doctor, I want no danties, ... for I have always been used to beef, bacon, pork, turnips and onions."—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 10, 12 (1615).

Peebles (Peter), the pauper litigant. He is vain, litigious, hard-hearted, and credulous; a liar, a drunkard, and a pauper. His "ganging plea" is worthy of Hogarth.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Peecher (Miss), a schoolmistress, in the flat country where Kent and Surrey meet. "Small, shining, neat, methodical, and buxom was Miss Peecher; cherry-cheeked and tuneful of voice. A little pincushion, a little hussie, a little book, a little work-box, a little set of tables and weights and measures, and a little woman all in one. She could write a little essay on any subject exactly a slate long, and strictly according to rule. If Mr. Bradley Headstone had proposed marriage to her, she would certainly have replied 'yes,' for she loved him;" but Mr. Headstone did not love Miss Peecher—he loved Lizzie Hexam, and had no love to spare for any other woman.—C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend, ii. 1 (1864).

Peel-the-Causeway (Old), a smuggler. Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Peeler (Sir), any crop which greatly impoverishes the ground. To peel is to impoverish soil, as "oats, rye, barley, and grey wheat," but not peas (xxxiii. 51).

Wheat doth not well, Nor after Sir Peeler he loveth to dwell.

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, xviii. 12 (1557).

Peelers, the constabulary of Ireland, appointed under the Peace Preservation Act of 1814, proposed by Sir Robert Peel. The name was subsequently given to the new police of England, who are also called "Bobbies" from Sir Robert Peel.

Peep-o'-Day Boys, Irish insurgents of 1784, who prowled about at day-break, searching for arms.

Peeping Tom of Coventry. Lady Godiva earnestly besought her husband (Leofric, earl of Mercia) to relieve the men of Coventry of their grievous oppressions. Leofric, annoyed at her importunity, told her he would do so when she had ridden on horseback, naked, through the town. The countess took him at his word, rode naked through the town, and Leofric was obliged to grant the men of Coventry a charter of freedom.—Dugdale.

Rapin says that the countess commanded all persons to keep within doors and away from windows during her ride. One man, named Tom of Coventry, took a peep of the lady on horseback, but it cost him his life.

[Asterism] Tennyson, in his Godiva, has reproduced this story.

Peerage of the Saints. In the preamble of the statutes instituting the Order of St. Michael, founded by Louis XI in 1469, the archangel is styled "my lord," and created a knight. The apostles had been already ennobled and knighted. We read of "the Earl Peter," "Count Paul," "the Baron Stephen," and so on. Thus, in the introduction of a sermon upon St. Stephen's Day, we have these lines:

Entendes toutes a chest sermon, Et clair et lai tules environ; Contes vous vueille la pation De St. Estieul le baron.

Peerce (1 syl.), a generic name for a farmer or ploughman. Piers the plowman is the name assumed by Robert or William Langland, in a historico-satirical poem so called.

And yet, my priests, pray you to God for Peerce ... And if you have a "pater noster" spare, Then you shal pray for saylers.

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).

Peery (Paul), landlord of the Ship, Dover.

Mrs. Peery, Paul's wife.—G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788).

Peerybingle (John), a carrier, "lumbering, slow, and honest; heavy, but light of spirit; rough upon the surface, but gentle at the core; dull without, but quick within; stolid, but so good. O, Mother Nature, give thy children the true poetry of heart that hid itself in this poor carrier's breast, and we can bear to have them talking prose all their life long!"

Mrs. [Mary] Peerybingle, called by her husband "Dot." She was a little chubby, cheery, young wife, very fond of her husband, and very proud of her baby; a good housewife, who delighted in making the house snug and cozy for John, when he came home after his day's work. She called him "a dear old darling of a dunce," or "her little goosie." She sheltered Edward Plummer in her cottage for a time, and got into trouble; but the marriage of Edward with May Fielding cleared up the mystery, and John loved his little Dot more fondly than ever.—C. Dickens, The Cricket on the Hearth (1845).

Peg. Drink to your peg. King Edgar ordered "that pegs should be fastened into drinking-horns at stated distances and whoever drank beyond his peg at one draught should be obnoxious to a severe punishment."

I had lately a peg-tankard in my hand. It had on the inside a row of eight pins, one above another, from bottom to top. It held two quarts, so that there was a gill of liquor between peg and peg. Whoever drank short of his pin or beyond it, was obliged to drink to the next, and so on till the tankard was drained to the bottom.—Sharpe, History of the Kings of England.

Peg-a-Ramsey, the heroine of an old song. Percy says it was an indecent ballad. Shakespeare alludes to it in his Twelfth Night, act ii. sc. 3 (1614).

James I. had been much struck with the beauty and embarrassment of the pretty Peg-a-Ramsey? as he called her.—Sir W. Scott.

Peg'asus, the winged horse of the Muses. It was caught by Bellerophon, who mounted thereon, and destroyed the Chimaera; but when he attempted to ascend to heaven, he was thrown from the horse, and Pegasus mounted alone to the skies, where it became the constellation of the same name.

To break Pegasus's neck, to write halting poetry.

Some, free from rhyme or reason, rule or check, Break Priscian's head, and Pegasus's neck.

Pope, The Dunciad, iii. 161 (1728).

[Asterism] To "break Priscian's head," is to write ungrammatically. Priscian was a great grammarian of the fifth century.

Pegg (Catharine), one of the mistresses of Charles II. She was the daughter of Thomas Pegg, Esq., of Yeldersay, in Derbyshire.

Peggot'ty (Clara), servant of Mrs. Copperfield, and the faithful old nurse of David Copperfield. Her name "Clara" was tabooed, because it was the name of Mrs. Copperfield. Clara Peggotty married Barkis, the carrier.

Being very plump, whenever she made any little exertion after she was dressed, some of the buttons on the back of her gown flew off.—Ch. ii.

Dan'el Peggotty, brother of David Copperfield's nurse. Dan'el was a Yarmouth fisherman. His nephew, Ham Peggotty, and his brother-in-law's child, "little Em'ly," lived with him. Dan'el himself was a bachelor, and Mrs. Gummidge (widow of his late partner) kept house for him. Dan'el Peggotty was most tender-hearted, and loved little Em'ly with all his heart.

Ham Peggotty, nephew of Dan'el Peggotty, of Yarmouth, and son of Joe, Dan'el's brother. Ham was in love with little Em'ly, daughter of Tom (Dan's brother-in-law), but Steerforth stepped in between them, and stole Em'ly away. Ham Peggotty is represented as the very beau-ideal of an uneducated, simple-minded, honest, and warm-hearted fisherman. He was drowned in his attempt to rescue Steerforth from the sea.

Em'ly Peggotty, daughter of Dan's brother-in-law, Tom. She was engaged to Ham Peggotty; but being fascinated with Steerforth, ran off with him. She was afterwards reclaimed, and emigrated to Australia with Dan'el and Mrs. Gummidge.—C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Peggy, grandchild of the old widow Maclure, a covenanter.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Peggy, the laundry-maid of Colonel Mannering, at Woodburne.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Peggy (Shippen). A love-letter from Benedict Arnold to this young lady is extant in which after telling her that he has presumed to write to her papa and has requested his sanction to his addresses, Arnold goes on to protest.

"May I perish if I would give you one moment's inquietude, to purchase the greatest possible felicity to myself. Whatever my fate may be, my most ardent wish is for your happiness, and my latest breath will be to implore the blessing of heaven on the idol and only wish of my soul." September 26, 1778.

Peggy [Thrift),[TN-77] the orphan daughter of Sir Thomas Thrift, of Hampshire, and the ward of Moody, who brings her up in seclusion in the country. When Moody is 50, and Peggy 19, the guardian tries to marry her, but "the country girl" outwits him, and marries Belville, a young man of more suitable age. Peggy calls her guardian "Bud." She is very simple but sharp, ingenuous but crafty, lively and girlish.—The Country Girl (Garrick altered from Wycherly's Country Wife, 1675).

Peggy. Dream-wife about whom cluster the imaginations of the bachelor over the fire of green wood.

"Smoke always goes before blaze, and doubt before decision."—Ik. Marvel (Donald G. Mitchell), Reveries of a Bachelor (1850).

Pegler (Mrs.), mother of Josiah Boundderby,[TN-78] Esq., banker and mill-owner, called "The Bully of Humility." The son allows the old woman [pounds]30 a year to keep out of sight.—C. Dickens. Hard Times (1854).

Peg Woffington, celebrated English actress, intriguante, but kind of heart. Sir Charles Vane is one of her lovers, but after the appearance of his simple-hearted wife upon the scene, the actress dismisses her admirer, and induces him to return to domestic life.—Charles Reade, Peg Woffington.

Pek'uah, the attendant of Princess Nekayah, of the "happy valley." She accompanied the princess in her wanderings, but refused to enter the great pyramid, and, while the princess was exploring the chambers, was carried off by some Arabs. She was afterwards ransomed for 200 ounces of gold.—Dr. Johnson, Rasselas (1759).

Pelay'o (Prince), son of Favil'a, founder of the Spanish monarchy after the overthrow of Roderick, last of the Gothic kings. He united, in his own person, the royal lines of Spain and of the Goths.

In him the old Iberian blood, Of royal and remotest ancestry From undisputed source, flowed undefiled ... He, too, of Chindasuintho's regal line Sole remnant now, drew after him the love Of all true Goths.

Southey, Roderick, etc., viii. (1814).

Pelham, the hero of a novel by Lord Lytton, entitled Pelham, or The Adventures of a Gentleman (1828).

Pelham (M.), one of the many aliases of Sir R. Phillips, under which he published The Parent's and Tutor's First Catechism. In the preface he calls the writer authoress. Some of his other names are Rev. David Blair, Rev. C. C. Clarke, Rev. J. Goldsmith.

Pel'ian Spear (The), the lance of Achillês which wounded and cured Te'lephos. So called from Peleus, the father of Achillês.

Such was the cure the Arcadian hero found— The Pelian spear that wounded, made him sound.

Ovid, Remedy of Love.

Peli'des (3 syl.), Achillês, son of Peleus (2 syl.), chief of the Greek warriors at the siege of Troy.—Homer, Iliad.

When, like Pelidês, bold beyond control, Homer raised high to heaven the loud impetuous song.

Beattie, The Minstrel (1773-4).

Pe'lion ("mud-sprung"), one of the frog chieftains.

A spear at Pelion, Troglodytês cast The missive spear within the bosom past Death's sable shades the fainting frog surround, And life's red tide runs ebbing from the wound.

Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712).

Pell (Solomon), an attorney in the Insolvent Debtors' court. He has the very highest opinions of his own merits, and by his aid Tony Weller contrives to get his son Sam sent to the Fleet for debt, that he may be near Mr. Pickwick to protect and wait upon him.—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Pelleas (Sir), lord of many isles, and noted for his great muscular strength. He fell in love with Lady Ettard, but the lady did not return his love. Sir Gaw'ain promised to advocate his cause with the lady, but played him false. Sir Pelleas caught them in unseemly dalliance with each other, but forbore to kill them. By the power of enchantment, the lady was made to dote on Sir Pelleas; but the knight would have nothing to say to her, so she pined and died. After the Lady Ettard played him false, the Damsel of the Lake "rejoiced him, and they loved together during their whole lives."—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 79-82 (1470).

[Asterism] Sir Pelleas must not be confounded with Sir Pelles (q.v.).

Pellegrin, the pseudonym of de la Motte Fouqué (1777-1843).

Pelles (Sir), of Corbin Castle, "king of the foragn land and nigh cousin of Joseph of Arimathy." He was father of Sir Eliazar, and of the Lady Elaine, who fell in love with Sir Launcelot, by whom she became the mother of Sir Galahad, "who achieved the quest of the Holy Graal." This Elaine was not the "lily maid of Astolat."

While Sir Launcelot was visiting King Pelles, a glimpse of the Holy Graal was vouchsafed them:

For when they went into the castle to take their repast ... there came a dove to the window, and in her bill was a little censer of gold, and there withall was such a savour as though all the spicery of the world had been there ... and a damsel, passing fair, bare a vessel of gold between her hands, and thereto the king kneeled devoutly and said his prayers.... "Oh, mercy!" said Sir Launcelot, "what may this mean?" ... "This," said the king, "is the Holy Sancgreall which ye have seen."—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 2 (1470).

Pellinore (Sir), king of the isles and knight of the Round Table (pt. i. 57). He was a good man of power, was called "The Knight with the Stranger Beast," and slew King Lot of Orkney, but was himself slain ten years afterwards by Sir Gawain, one of Lot's sons (pt. i. 35). Sir Pellinore (3 syl.) had, by the wife of Aries, the cowherd, a son named Sir Tor, who was the first knight of the Round Table created by King Arthur (pt. i. 47, 48); one daughter, Elein, by the Lady of Rule (pt. iii. 10); and three sons in lawful wedlock; Sir Aglouale (sometimes called Aglavale, probably a clerical error), Sir Lamorake Dornar (also called Sir Lamorake de Galis), and Sir Percivale de Gralis (pt. ii. 108). The widow succeeded to the throne (pt. iii. 10).—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

Milton calls the name "Pellenore" (2 syl.).

Fair damsels, met in forests wide By knights of Logres, or of Lyones, Lancelot, or Pelleas, or Pellenore.

Milton.

Pelob'ates (4 syl.), one of the frog champions. The word means "mud-wader." In the battle he flings a heap of mud against Psycarpax, the Hector of the mice, and half blinds him; but the warrior mouse heaves a stone "whose bulk would need ten degenerate mice of modern days to lift," and the mass, falling on the "mud-wader," breaks his leg.—Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice, iii. (about 1712).

Pel'ops' Shoulder, ivory. The tale is that Demēter ate the shoulder of Pelops when it was served up by Tan'talos for food. The gods restored Pelops to life by putting the dismembered body into a caldron, but found that it lacked a shoulder; whereupon Demeter supplied him with an ivory shoulder, and all his descendants bore this distinctive mark.

N.B.—It will be remembered that Pythag'oras had a golden thigh.

Your forehead high, And smooth as Pelop's shoulder.

John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess, ii. 1 (1610).

Pelos, father of Physigna'thos, king of the frogs. The word means "mud."—Parnell, Battle of the Frogs and Mice (about 1712).

Pembroke (The earl of), uncle to Sir Aymer de Valence.—Sir W. Scott, Castle Dangerous (time, Henry I.).

Pembroke (the Rev. Mr.), chaplain at Waverley Honor.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Pen, Philemon Holland, translator-general of the classics. Of him was the epigram written:

Holland, with his translations doth so fill us, He will not let Suetonius be Tranquillus.

(The point of which is, of course, that the name of the Roman historian was C. Suetonius Tranquillus.)

Many of these translations were written from beginning to end with one pen, and hence he himself wrote:

With one sole pen I writ this book, Made of a grey goose-quill; A pen it was when it I took, And a pen I leave it still.

Pendennis (Arthur), pseudonym of W. M. Thackeray in The Newcomes (1854).

Pendennis, a novel by Thackeray (1849), in which much of his own history and experience is recorded with a novelist's license. Pendennis stands in relation to Thackeray as David Copperfield to Charles Dickens.

Arthur Pendennis, a young man of ardent feelings and lively intellect, but conceited and selfish. He has a keen sense of honor, and a capacity for loving, but altogether he is not an attractive character.

Laura Pendennis. This is one of the best of Thackeray's characters.

Major Pendennis, a tuft-hunter, who fawns on his patrons for the sake of wedging himself into their society.—History of Pendennis, published originally in monthly parts, beginning in 1849.

Pendrag'on, probably a title meaning "chief leader in war." Dragon is Welsh for a "leader in war," and pcn[TN-79] for "head" or "chief." The title was given to Uther, brother of Constans, and father of Prince Arthur. Like the word "Pharaoh," it is used as a proper name without the article.—Geoffrey of Monmouth, Chron., vi. (1142).

Once I read, That stout Pendragon in his litter, sick, Came to the field, and vanquished his foes.

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act iii. sc. 2 (1589)[TN-80]

Penel'ope's Web, a work that never progresses. Penelopê, the wife of Ulysses, being importuned by several suitors during her husband's long absence, made reply that she could not marry again, even if Ulysses were dead, till she had finished weaving a shroud for her aged father-in-law. Every night she pulled out what she had woven during the day, and thus the shroud made no progress towards completion.—Greek Mythology.

The French say of a work "never ending, still beginning," c'est l'ouvrage de Pénélope.

Penelope Lapham, vivacious, but not pretty daughter of Silas Lapham. Her wit wins the love her sister's beauty could not capture. Penelope's unintentional conquest brings painful perplexity to herself, with anguish to her sister. Still she yields finally to Irene's magnanimity and her suitor's persuasions, and weds Tom Corey.—W. D. Howells, The Rise of Silas Lapham (1887).

Penel'ophon, the beggar loved by King Cophetua. Shakespeare calls the name Zenelophon in Love's Labor's Lost, act iv. sc. 1 (1594).—Percy, Reliques, I. ii. 6 (1765).

Penelva (The Exploits and Adventures of), part of the series called Le Roman des Romans, pertaining to "Am'adis of Gaul." This part was added by an anonymous Portuguese (fifteenth century).

Penfeather (Lady Penelope), the Lady Patroness at the Spa.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.).

Pengwern (The Torch of), prince Gwenwyn of Powys-land.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Pengwinion (Mr.), from Cornwall; a Jacobite conspirator with Mr. Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Peninsular War (The), the war carried on by Sir Arthur Wellesley against Napoleon in Portugal and Spain (1808-1814).

Southey wrote a History of the Peninsular War (1822-32).

Penitents of Love (Fraternity of the), an institution established in Languedoc, in the thirteenth century, consisting of knights and esquires, dames and damsels, whose object was to prove the excess of their love by bearing, with invincible constancy, the extremes of heat and cold. They passed the greater part of the day abroad, wandering about from castle to castle, wherever they were summoned by the inviolable duties of love and gallantry; so that many of these devotees perished by the inclemency of the weather, and received the crown of martyrdom to their profession.—See Warton, History of English Poetry (1781).

Pen'lake (Richard), a cheerful man, both frank and free, but married to Rebecca, a terrible shrew. Rebecca knew if she once sat in St. Michael's chair (on St. Michael's Mount, in Cornwall), that she would rule her husband ever after; so she was very desirous of going to the mount. It so happened that Richard fell sick, and both vowed to give six marks to St. Michael if he recovered. Richard did recover, and they visited the shrine; but while Richard was making the offering, Rebecca ran to seat herself in St. Michael's chair; but no sooner had she done so, than she fell from the chair, and was killed in the fall.—Southey, St. Michael's Chair (a ballad, 1798).

Penniless (The), Maximilian I., emperor of Germany (1459, 1493-1519).

Penniman (Wolfert). Young captain of the Mayga in Outward Bound.—W. T. Adams (Oliver Optic).

Penny (Jock), a highwayman.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Penruddock (Roderick), a "philosopher," or rather a recluse, who spent his time in reading. By nature gentle, kind-hearted, and generous, but soured by wrongs. Woodville, his trusted friend, although he knew that Arabella was betrothed to Roderick, induced her father to give his daughter to himself, the richer man; and Roderick's life was blasted. Woodville had a son, who reduced himself to positive indigence by gambling. Sir George Penruddock was the chief creditor. Sir George dying, all his property came to his cousin, Roderick, who now had ample means to glut his revenge on his treacherous friend; but his heart softened. First, he settled all "the obligations, bonds, and mortgages, covering the whole Woodville property," on Henry Woodville, that he might marry Emily Tempest; and next, he restored to Mrs. Woodville "her settlement, which in her husband's desperate necessity, she had resigned to him;" lastly, he sold all his own estates, and retired again to a country cottage to his books and solitude.—Cumberland, The Wheel of Fortune (1779).

Pentap'oliff, "with the naked arm," king of the Garaman'teans, who always went to battle with his right arm bare. Alifanfaron, emperor of Trap'oban, wished to marry his daughter, but, being refused, resolved to urge his suit by the sword. When Don Quixote saw two flocks of sheep coming along the road in opposite directions, he told Sancho Panza they were the armies of these two puissant monarchs met in array against each other.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605).

Pentecôte Vivante (La), Cardinal Mezzofanti, who was the master of fifty or fifty-eight languages (1774-1849).

Penthe'a, sister of Ith'oclês, betrothed to Or'gilus by the consent of her father. At the death of her father, Ithoclês compelled her to marry Bass'anes, whom she hated, and she starved herself to death.—John Ford, The Broken Heart (1633).

Penthesile'a, queen of the Amazons, slain by Achilles. S. Butler calls the name "Penthes'ilê."

And laid about in fight more busily Than th' Amazonian dame Penthesile.

S. Butler, Hudibras.

Pen'theus (3 syl.), a king of Thebes, who tried to abolish the orgies of Bacchus, but was driven mad by the offended god. In his madness he climbed into a tree to witness the rites, and being descried was torn to pieces by the Bacchantes.

As when wild Pentheus, grown mad with fear, Whole troops of hellish hags about him spies.

Giles Fletcher, Christ's Triumph over Death (1610).

Pentheus (2 syl.), a king of Thebes, resisted the introduction of the worship of Dyoni'sos (Bacchus) into his kingdom, in consequence of which the Bacchantes pulled his palace to the ground, and Pentheus, driven from the throne, was torn to pieces on Mount Cithaeron by his own mother and her two sisters.

He the fate [may sing] Of sober Pentheus.

Akenside, Hymn to the Naiads (1767).

Pentweazel (Alderman), a rich city merchant of Blowbladder Street. He is wholly submissive to his wife, whom he always addresses as "Chuck."

Mrs. Pentweazel, the alderman's wife, very ignorant, very vain, and very conceitedly humble. She was a Griskin by birth, and "all her family by the mother's side were famous for their eyes." She had an aunt among the beauties of Windsor, "a perdigious fine woman. She had but one eye, but that was a piercer, and got her three husbands. We was called the gimlet family." Mrs. Pentweazel says her first likeness was done after "Venus de Medicis, the sister of Mary de Medicis."

Sukey Pentweazel, daughter of the alderman, recently married to Mr. Deputy Dripping, of Candlewick Yard.

Carel Pentweazel, a schoolboy, who had been under Dr. Jerks, near Doncaster, for two years and a quarter, and had learnt all As in Praesenti by heart. The terms of this school were [pounds]10 a year for food, books, board, clothes and tuition.—Foote, Taste (1753).

People (Man of the), Charles James Fox (1749-1806).

Pepin (William), a White Friar and most famous preacher at the beginning of the sixteenth century. His sermons, in eight volumes quarto, formed the grand repertory of the preachers of those times.

Pepita, Spanish beauty of whom the poet sings:

I, who dwell over the way Watch where Pepita is hid, Safe from the glare of the day, Like an eye under its lid; Over and over I say— Name like the song of a bird, Melody shut in a word— "Pepita!"

Frank Dempster Sherman, Madrigals and Catches (1887).

Pepperpot (Sir Peter), a West Indian epicure, immensely rich, conceited and irritable.—Foote, The Patron (1764).

Peppers. (See WHITE HORSE OF THE PEPPERS.)

Peps (Dr[TN-81] Parker), a court physician who attended the first Mrs. Dombey on her death-bed. Dr. Peps always gave his patients (by mistake, of course), a title, to impress them with the idea that his practice was exclusively confined to the upper ten thousand.—C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

Perceforest (King), the hero of a prose romance "in Greek." The MS. is said to have been found by Count William of Hainault in a cabinet at "Burtimer" Abbey, on the Humber; and in the same cabinet was deposited a crown, which the count sent to King Edward. The MS. was turned into Latin by St. Landelain, and thence into French under the title of La Tres Elegante Deliceux Melliflue et Tres Plaisante Hystoire du Tres Noble Roy Perceforest (printed at Paris in 1528).

(Of course, this pretended discovery is only an invention. An analysis of the romance is given in Dunlop's History of fiction.)

He was called "Perceforest," because he dared to pierce, almost alone, an enchanted forest, where women and children were most evilly treated. Charles IX., of France, was especially fond of this romance.

Perch, messenger in the house of Mr. Dombey, merchant, whom he adored, and plainly showed by his manner to the great man: "You are the light of my eyes," "You are the breath of my soul."—C. Dickens, Dombey and Son (1846).

Perche Notary (A), a lawyer who sets people together by the ears, one who makes more quarrels than contracts. The French proverb is, Notaire du Perche, qui passe plus d'échalliers que de contrat.

Le Perche, qui se trouve partagé entre les départements de l'Orne et d'Eure-et-Loir, est un contrée fort boisée, dans laquelle la plupart des champs sont entourés de haies dans lesquelles sont ménagées certaines ouvertures propres à donner passage aux piétons seulement, et que l'on nomme échalliers.—Hilaire le Gai.

Percinet, a fairy prince, in love with Graciosa. The prince succeeds in thwarting the malicious designs of Grognon, the step-mother of the lovely princess.—Percinet and Graciosa (a fairy tale).

Percival (Sir), the third son of Sir Pellinore, king of Wales. His brothers were Sir Aglavale and Sir Lamorake Dornar, usually called Sir Lamorake de Galis (Wales). Sir Tor was his half-brother. Sir Percival caught a sight of the Holy Graal after his combat with Sir Ector de Maris (brother of Sir Launcelot), and both were miraculously healed by it. Crétien de Troyes wrote the Roman de Perceval (before 1200), and Menessier produced the same story in a metrical form. (See PARZIVAL.)

Sir Percivale had a glimmering of the Sancgreall and of the maiden that bare it, for he was perfect and clean. And forthwith they were both as whole of limb and hide as ever they were in their life days. "O, mercy!" said Sir Percival, "what may this mean?" ... "I wot well," said Sir Ector ... "it is the holy vessel, wherein is a part of the holy blood of our blessed Saviour; but it may not be seen but by a perfect man."—Pt. iii. 14.

Sir Percival was with Sir Bors and Sir Galahad, when the visible Saviour went into the consecrated wafer which was given to them by the bishop. This is called the achievement of the quest of the Holy Graal (pt. iii. 101, 102.[TN-82]—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

Percival Glyde (Sir). Rascally husband of Laura Fairlie. To possess himself of her fortune, he incarcerates her in an insane asylum, gives out that she is dead, and uses the corpse of her half-sister to confirm the rumor.—Wilkie Collins, The Woman in White.

Percy Arundel (Lord Ashdale), son of Lady Arundel, by her second husband. A hot, fiery youth, proud and overbearing. When grown to manhood, a "sea-captain" named Norman, made love to Violet, Lord Ashdale's cousin. The young "Hotspur" was indignant and somewhat jealous, but discovered that Norman was the son of Lady Arundel by her first husband, and the heir to the title and estates. In the end, Norman agreed to divide the property equally, but claimed Violet for his bride.—Lord Lytton, The Sea-Captain (1839).

Per'dita, the daughter of the Queen Hermionê, born in prison. Her father, King Leontês, commanded the infant to be cast on a desert shore, and left to perish there. Being put to sea, the vessel was driven by a storm to the "coast" of Bohemia, and the infant child was brought up by a shepherd, who called its name Perdĭta. Flor'izel, the son of the Bohemian king, fell in love with Perdita, and courted her under the assumed name of Doriclês; but the king, having tracked his son to the shepherd's hut, told Perdita that if she did not at once discontinue this foolery, he would command her and the shepherd too to be put to death. Florizel and Perdita now fled from Bohemia to Sicily, and being introduced to the king, it was soon discovered that Perdita was Leontês's daughter. The Bohemian king, having tracked his son to Sicily, arrived just in time to hear the news, and gave his joyful consent to the union which he had before forbidden.—Shakespeare, The Winter's Tale (1604).

Perdita, Mrs. Mary Robinson (born Darby), the victim of George IV., while prince of Wales. She first attracted his notice while acting the part of "Perdĭta," and the prince called himself "Florizel." George, prince of Wales, settled a pension for life on her, [pounds]500 a year for herself, and [pounds]200 a year for her daughter. She caught cold one winter, and losing the use of her limbs, could neither walk nor stand (1758-1799, not 1800 as is given usually).

Perdrix, toujours Perdrix! Walpole tells us that the confessor of one of the French kings, having reproved the monarch for his conjugal infidelities, was asked what dish he liked best. The confessor replied, "Partridges;" and the king had partridges served to him every day, till the confessor got quite sick of them. "Perdrix, toujours perdrix!" he would exclaim, as the dish was set before him. After a time, the king visited him, and hoped his favorite dish had been supplied him. "Mais oui," he replied, "toujours perdrix, toujours perdrix!" "Ah, ah!" said the amorous monarch, "and one mistress is all very well, but not perdrix, toujours perdrix!"—See Notes and Queries, 337, October 23, 1869).[TN-83]

The story is at least as old as the Cent Nouvelles Nouvelles, compiled between 1450-1461, for the amusement of the dauphin of France, afterwards Louis XI. (Notes and Queries, November 27, 1869).

[Asterism] Farquhar parodies the French expression into "Soup for breakfast, soup for dinner, soup for supper, and soup for breakfast again."—Farquhar, The Inconstant, iv. 2 (1702).

Père Duchesne (Le), Jacques René Hébert; so called from the Père Duchesne, a newspaper of which he was the editor (1755-1794).

Pereard (Sir), the Black Knight of the Black Lands. Called by Tennyson "Night" or "Nox." He was one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous, and was overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 126 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette").

Peredur (Sir), son of Evrawe, called "Sir Peredur of the Long Spear," one of the knights of the Round Table. He was for many years called "The Dumb Youth," from a vow he made to speak to no Christian till Angharad of the Golden Hand loved him better than she loved any other man. His great achievements were: (1) the conquest of the Black Oppressor, "who oppressed every one and did justice to no one;" (2) killing the Addanc of the Lake, a monster that devoured daily some of the sons of the king of Tortures. This exploit he was enabled to achieve by means of a stone which kept him invisible; (3) slaying the three hundred heroes privileged to sit round the countess of the Achievements; on the death of these men the seat next the countess was freely given to him; (4) the achievement of the Mount of Mourning, where was a serpent with a stone in its tail which would give inexhaustible wealth to its possessor; Sir Peredur killed the serpent, but gave the stone to his companion, Earl Etlym of the east country. These exploits over, Sir Peredur lived fourteen years with the Empress Cristinobyl the Great.

Sir Peredur is the Welsh name for Sir Percival of Wales.—The Mabinogion (from the Red Book of Hergest, twelfth century).

Per'egrine (3 syl.), a sentimental prig, who talks by the book. At the age of 15 he runs away from home, and Job Thornberry lends him ten guineas, "the first earnings of his trade as a brazier." After thirty years absence, Peregrine returns just as the old brazier is made a bankrupt "through the treachery of a friend." He tells the bankrupt that his loan of ten guineas has by honest trade grown to 10,000, and these he returns to Thornberry as his own by right. It turns out that Peregrine is the eldest brother of Sir Simon Rochdale, J. P., and when Sir Simon refuses justice to the old brazier Peregrine asserts his right to the estate, etc. At the same time, he hears that the ship he thought was wrecked has come safe into port, and has thus brought him [pounds]100,000.—G. Colman, junior, John Bull (1805).

Peregrine Pickle, the hero and title of a novel by Smollett (1751). Peregrine Pickle is a savage, ungrateful spendthrift, fond of practical jokes, and suffering with evil temper the misfortunes brought on himself by his own wilfulness.

Peregri'nus Proteus, a cynic philosopher, born at Parium, on the Hellespont. After a youth spent in debauchery and crimes, he turned Christian, and, to obliterate the memory of his youthful ill practices, divided his inheritance among the people. Ultimately he burned himself to death in public at the Olympic games, A.D. 165. Lucan has held up this immolation to ridicule in his Death of Peregrinus; and C. M. Wieland has an historic romance in German entitled Peregrinus Proteus (1733-1813).

Per'es (Gil), a canon, and the eldest brother of Gil Blas' mother. Gil was a little punchy man, three feet and a half high, with his head sunk between his shoulders. He lived well, and brought up his nephew and godchild, Gil Blas. "In so doing, Perês taught himself also to read his breviary without stumbling." He was the most illiterate canon of the whole chapter.—Lesage, Gil Blas, i. (1715).

Perez (Michael), the "copper captain," a brave Spanish soldier, duped into marrying Estifania, a servant of intrigue, who passed herself off as a lady of property. Being reduced to great extremities, Estifania pawned the clothes and valuables of her husband; but these "valuables" were but of little worth—a jewel which sparkled as the "light of a dark lanthorn," a "chain of whitings' eyes" for pearls, and as for his clothes, she tauntingly says to her husband:

Put these and them [his jewels] on, and you're a man of copper, A copper, copper captain.

Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife (1640).

Peri, (plu., Peris), gentle, fairy-like beings of Eastern mythology, offspring of the fallen angels, and constituting a race of beings between angels and men. They direct with a wand the pure-minded the way to heaven, and dwell in Shadu'kiam' and Am'bre-abad, two cities subject to Eblis.

Are the peries coming down from their spheres?

W. Beckford, Vathek (1786).

Pe'richole (La), the heroine of Offenbach's comic opera (opera bouffe) of that name. She was originally a street-singer of Lima, the capital of Peru, but became the mistress of the viceroy. She was not a native of Lima and offended the Creole ladies by calling them, in her bad Spanish, pericholas, "flaunting, bedizened creatures," and they, in retaliation, called her "La Périchole," i.e., "the flaunting one par excellence."

Pericles, the Athenian who raised himself to royal supremacy (died B.C. 429). On his death-bed he overheard his friends recalling his various merits, and told them they had forgotten his greatest praise, viz., that no Athenian through his administration had had to put on mourning, i.e. he had caused no one to be put to death.

Perī'cles was a famous man of warre ... Yet at his death he rather did rejoice In clemencie.... "Be still," quoth he, "you grave Athenians" (Who whisperèd and told his valiant acts); "You have forgot my greatest glorie got: For yet by me nor mine occasion Was never sene a mourning garment worn."

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (died 1577).

Per'icles, prince of Tyre, a voluntary exile, in order to avert the calamities which Anti'ochus, emperor of Greece, vowed against the Tyrians. Pericles, in his wanderings, first came to Tarsus, which he relieved from famine, but was obliged to quit the city to avoid the persecution of Antiochus. He was then shipwrecked, and cast on the shore of Pentap'olis, where he distinguished himself in the public games, and being introduced to the king, fell in love with the Princess Thaïs'a, and married her. At the death of Antiochus, he returned to Tyre; but his wife, supposed to be dead in giving birth to a daughter (Marina), was thrown into the sea. Periclês entrusted his infant child to Cleon (governor of Tarsus), and his wife, Dionysia, who brought her up excellently well till she became a young woman, when Dionysia employed a man to murder her; and when Periclês came to see her, he was shown a splendid sepulchre which had been raised to her honor. On his return home, the ship stopped at Metalinê, and Marina was introduced to Periclês to divert his melancholy. She told him the tale of her life, and he discovered that she was his daughter. Marina was now betrothed to Lysim'achus, governor of Metalinê; and the party, going to the shrine of Diana of Ephesus to return thanks to the goddess, discovered the priestess to be Thaïsa, the wife of Periclês, and mother of Marina.—Shakespeare, Pericles, Prince of Tyre (1608).

[Asterism] This is the story of Ismene and Ismenias by Eustathius. The tale was known to Gower by the translation of Godfrey Viterbo.

Perigort (Cardinal). Previous to the battle of Poitiers, he endeavors to negotiate terms with the French king, but the only terms he can obtain, he tells Prince Edward, are:

That to the castles, towns, and plunder ta'en, And offered now by you to be restored, Your royal person with a hundred knights Are to be added prisoners at discretion.

Shirley, Edward the Black Prince, iv. 2 (1640).

Peri'got (the t pronounced, so as to rhyme with not), a shepherd in love with Am'oret; but the shepherdess Amaryllis also loves him, and, by the aid of the Sullen Shepherd, gets transformed into the exact likeness of the modest Amoret. By her wanton conduct she disgusts Perigot, who casts her off; and by and by, meeting Amoret, whom he believes to be the same person, rejects her with scorn, and even wounds her with intent to kill. Ultimately the truth is discovered by Clor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," and the lovers, being reconciled, are married to each other.—John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess (1610).

Periklym'enos, son of Neleus (2 syl.). He had the power of changing his form into a bird, beast, reptile, or insect. As a bee, he perched on the chariot of Heraklês (Herculês), and was killed.

Peril'los, of Athens, made a brazen bull for Phal'aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, intended for the execution of criminals. They were to be shut up in the bull, and the metal of the bull was to be made red hot. The cries of the victims inside were so reverberated as to resemble the roarings of a gigantic bull. Phalaris made the first experiment by shutting up the inventor himself in his own bull.

What's a protector? A tragic actor, Caesar in a clown; He's a brass farthing stamped with a crown; A bladder blown with other breaths puffed full; Not a Perillus, but a Perillus' bull.

John Cleveland, A Definition of a Protector (died 1650).

Perilous Castle. The castle of Lord Douglas was so called in the reign of Edward I., because the good Lord Douglas destroyed several English garrisons stationed there, and vowed to be revenged on any one who dared to take possession of it. Sir W. Scott calls it "Castle Dangerous" in his novel so entitled.

[Asterism] In the story of Gareth and Linet, the castle in which Lionês was held prisoner by Sir Ironside, the Red Knight of the Red Lands, was called Castle Perilous. The passages to the castle were held by four knights, all of whom Sir Gareth overthrew; lastly he conquered Sir Ironside, liberated the lady, and married her.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 120-153 (1470).

Perimo'nes (Sir), the Red Knight, one of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. Tennyson calls him "Noonday Sun" or "Meridies."—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 129 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls ("Gareth and Lynette").

Per'ion, king of Gaul, father of Am'adis of Gaul. His "exploits and adventures" form part of the series called Le Roman des Romans. This part was added by Juan Diaz (fifteenth century).

[Asterism] It is generally thought that "Gaul" in this romance is the same as Galis, that is "Wales."

Perissa, the personification of extravagance, step-sister of Elissa (meanness) and of Medi'na (the golden mean); but they never agreed in any single thing. Perissa's suitor is Sir Huddibras, a man "more huge in strength than wise in works." (Greek, perissos, "extravagant," perissotês, "excess.").[TN-84]—Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 2 (1590).

Per'iwinkle (Mr.), one of the four guardians of Anne Lovely, the heiress. He is a silly, half-witted virtuoso, positive and surly; fond of everything antique and foreign; and wears clothes of the last century. Mr. Periwinkle dotes upon travellers, and believes more of Sir John Mandeville than he does of the Bible. Colonel Feignwell, to obtain his consent to his marriage with Mr. Periwinkle's ward, disguised himself as an Egyptian, and passed himself off as a great traveller. His dress, he said, "belonged to the famous Claudius Ptolemēus, who lived in the year 135." One of his curiosities was poluflosboio, "part of those waves which bore Cleopatra's vessel, when she went to meet Antony." Another was the moros musphonon, or girdle of invisibility. His trick, however, miscarried, and he then personated Pillage, the steward of Periwinkle's father, and obtained Periwinkle's signature to the marriage by a fluke.—Mrs. Centlivre, A Bold Stroke For a Wife (1717).

Perker (Mr.), the lawyer employed for the defence in the famous suit of "Bardell v. Pickwick" for the breach of promise.—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Perkin Warbeck, an historic play or "chronicle history," by John Ford (1635).

Perley Kelso. A woman with "a weakness for an occupation, who suffers passions of superfluous life. At the Cape she rebelled because Providence did not create her a bluefisher. In Paris, she would make muslin flowers, and learn the métier to-morrow."—Elizabeth Stuart Phelps, The Silent Partner (1871).

Pernelle (Madame), mother of Orgon; a regular vixen, who interrupts every one, without waiting to hear what was to have been said to her.—Molière, Tartuffe (1664).

Peronella, a pretty country lass, who changes places with an old decrepit queen. Peronella rejoices for a time in the idolatry paid to her rank, but gladly resumes her beauty, youth, and rags.—A Fairy Tale.

Perrette and her Milk-Pail. Perrette, carrying her milk-pail well-poised upon her head, began to speculate on its value. She would sell the milk and buy eggs; she would set the eggs and rear chickens; the chickens she would sell and buy a pig; this she would fatten and change for a cow and calf, and would it not be delightful to see the little calf skip and play? So saying, she gave a skip, let the milk-pail fall, and all the milk ran to waste. "Le lait tombe. Adieu, veau, vache, cochon, couvée," and poor Perrette "va s'excuser à son mari, en grand danger d'etre battue."

Quel esprit ne bat la campagne? Qui ne fait château en Espagne? Picrochole [q.v.], Pyrrhus, la laitière, enfin tous, Autant les sages que les fous.... Quelque accident fait-il que je rentre en moi-même; Je suis Gros-Jean comme devant.

Lafontaine, Fables ("La Laitière et le Po tau[TN-85] Lait," 1668).

(Dodsley has this fable, and makes his milkmaid speculate on the gown she would buy with her money. It should be green, and all the young fellows would ask her to dance, but she would toss her head at them all—but ah! in tossing her head, she tossed over her milk-pail.)

[Asterism] Echephron, an old soldier, related this fable to the advisers of King Picrochole, when they persuaded the king to go to war: A shoemaker bought a ha'p'orth of milk; this he intended to make into butter, and with the money thus obtained he would buy a cow. The cow in due time would have a calf, the calf was to be sold, and the man when he became a nabob would marry a princess; only the jug fell, the milk was spilt, and the dreamer went supperless to bed.—Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 33 (1533).

In a similar day-dream, Alnaschar invested all his money in a basket of glassware, which he intended to sell, and buy other wares, till by barter he became a princely merchant, when he should marry the vizier's daughter. Being offended with his wife, he became so excited that he kicked out his foot, smashed all his wares, and found himself penniless.—Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Fifth Brother").

Perrin, a peasant, the son of Thibaut.—Molière, Le Médecin Malgré Lui (1666).

Persaunt of India (Sir), the Blue Knight, called by Tennyson "Morning Star," or "Phosphŏrus." One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. Overthrown by Sir Gareth.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 131 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls.

"Then, at his call, 'O, daughters of the Dawn, And servants of the Morning Star, approach, Arm me,' from out the silken curtain-folds Bare-footed and bare-headed three fair girls In gilt and rosy raiment came; their feet In dewy grasses glisten'd; and the hair All over glanced with dewdrop or with gem, Like sparkles in the stone Avanturine. These arm'd him in blue arms, and gave a shield, Blue also, and thereon the morning star."

Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.

Perseus [Per.suce], a famous Argive hero, whose exploits resemble those of Herculês, and hence he was called "The Argive Herculês."

Benvenuto Cellini made a bronze statue of Perseus, which is in the Loggia dei Lanzi, in Florence.

Perseus's Horse, a ship. Perseus having cut off Medusa's head, made the ship Pegasê, the swiftest ship hitherto known, and generally called "Perseus's flying horse."

The thick-ribbed bark thro' liquid mountains cut ... Like Perseus' horse.

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida, act i. sc. 3 (1602).

Persian Creed (The). Zoroaster supposes there are two gods or spirit-principles—one good and the other evil. The good is Yezad, and the evil, Ahriman.

Perth (The Fair Maid of), Catharine, or Katie Glover, "universally acknowledged to be the most beautiful young woman of the city or its vicinity." Catharine was the daughter of Simon Glover (the glover of Perth), and married Henry Smith, the armorer.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Pertinax (Sir). (See MACSYCOPHANT.)

Pertolope (Sir), the Green Knight. One of the four brothers who kept the passages to Castle Perilous. He was overthrown by Sir Gareth. Tennyson calls him "Evening Star," or "Hesperus."—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 127 (1470); Tennyson, Idylls.

"For there, beyond a bridge of treble bow, All in a rose-red from the west, and all Naked it seem'd, and glowing in the broad, Deep-dimpled current underneath, the knight That named himself the Star of Evening, stood, And Gareth, 'Wherefore waits the madman there Naked in open dayshine?' 'Nay,' she cried, 'Not naked, only wrapt in harden'd skins That fit him like his own; and so ye cleave His armor off him, these will turn the blade.'"

Tennyson, Gareth and Lynette.

Perviz (Prince), son of the Sultan Khrosru-schar of Persia. At birth he was taken away by the sultana's sisters, and set adrift on a canal, but was rescued and brought up by the superintendent of the sultan's gardens. When grown to manhood, "the talking-bird" told the sultan that Pervis was his son, and the young prince, with his brother and sister, were restored to their rank and position in the empire of Persia.—Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters").

Prince Perviz's String of Pearls. When Prince Perviz went on his exploits, he gave his sister, Parizādê, a string of pearls, saying, "So long as these pearls move readily on the string, you will know that I am alive and well; but if they stick fast and will not move, it will signify that I am dead."—Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters").

[Asterism] Birtha's emerald ring, and Prince Bahman's knife gave similar warning. (See BIRTHA and BAHMAN.)

Pescec'ola, a famous diver, whose English name was Fish (Italian, Pesce = fish). He dived in the pool of Charybdis and returned. King Frederick then threw a golden cup into the pool; Pescecola dived for it, and was drowned.

Schiller, in The Diver, tells the story, but gives the diver no name.

Pest (Mr.), a barrister.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Pet, a fair girl, with rich brown hair hanging free in natural ringlets. A lovely girl, with a free, frank face, and most wonderful eyes—so large, so soft, so bright, and set to perfection in her kind, good face. She was round, and fresh, and dimpled, and spoilt, most charmingly timid, most bewitchingly self-willed. She was the daughter of Mr. Meagles, and married Henry Gowan.—C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857).

Pétaud (King), king of the beggars.

"It is an old saying," replied the Abbé Huet, "Petaud being derived from the Latin peto, 'I beg.'"—Asylum Christi, ii.

The court of King Pétaud, a disorderly assembly, a place of utter confusion, a bear-garden.

On n'y respecte rien, chacun y parle haut, Et c'est tout justement le cour du roi Pétaud.

Molière Tartuffe, i. 1 (1664).

Le cour du roi Pétaud, où chacun est maitre.—French Proverb.

Petella, the waiting-woman of Rosalura and Lillia-Bianca, the two daughters of Nantolet.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1652).

Peter, the stupid son of Solomon, butler of the Count Wintersen. He grotesquely parrots in an abridged form whatever his father says. Thus: Sol. "we are acquainted with the reverence due to exalted personages." Pet. "Yes, we are acquainted with exalted personages." Again: Sol. "Extremely sorry it is not in my power to entertain your lordship." Pet. "Extremely sorry." Sol. "Your lordship's most obedient, humble, and devoted servant." Pet. "Devoted servant."—Benjamin Thompson, The Stranger (1797).

Peter, the pseudonym of John Gibson Lockhart, in a work entitled Peter's Letters to his Kinsfolk (1819).

Peter (Lord), the pope of Rome.—Dean Swift, Tale of a Tub (1704).

Peter Botte, a steep, almost perpendicular "mountain" in the Mauritius, more than 2800 feet in height. It is so called from Peter Botte, a Dutch sailor, who scaled it and fixed a flag on its summit, but lost his life in coming down.

Peter Parley, the nom de plume of Samuel G. Goodrich, an American, whose books for children had an enormous circulation in the middle of the nineteenth century (1793-1860).

The name was pirated by numerous persons. Darton and Co., Simkins, Bogue, Tegg, Hodson, Clements, etc., brought out books under the name, but not written by S. G. Goodrich.

Peter Peebles, a litigious, hard-hearted drunkard, noted for his lawsuit.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Peter Pindar, the pseudonym of Dr. John Wolcot, of Dodbrooke, Devonshire (1738-1819).

Peter Plymley's Letters, attributed to the Rev. Sydney Smith (1769-1845).

Peter Porcupine, William Cobbett, when he was a tory. He brought out Peter Porcupine's Gazette, The Porcupine Papers, etc. (1762-1835).

Peter Wilkins, the hero of a tale of adventures, by Robert Pultock, of Clifford's Inn. His "flying woman" (gawreys) suggested to Southey the "glendoveer" in The Curse of Kehama.

Peter of Provence and the Fair Magalo'na, the chief characters of a French romance so called. Peter comes into possession of Merlin's wooden horse.

Peter the Great of Egypt, Mehemet Ali (1768-1848.[TN-86]

Peter the Hermit, a gentleman of Amiens, who renounced the military life for the religious. He preached up the first crusade, and put himself at the head of 100,000 men, all of whom, except a few stragglers, perished at Nicea.

He is introduced by Tasso in Jerusalem Delivered (1575); and by Sir W. Scott in Count Robert of Paris, a novel laid in the time of Rufus. A statue was erected to him at Amiens in 1854.

Peter, the Wild Boy, a savage discovered in November, 1725, in the forest of Hertswold, Hanover. He walked on all fours, climbed trees like a monkey, ate grass and other herbage. Efforts were made to reclaim him, but without success. He died February, 1785.

Peter's Gate (St.), the gate of purgatory, guarded by an angel stationed there by St. Peter. Virgil conducted Dantê through hell and purgatory, and Beatrice was his guide through the planetary spheres. Dantê says to the Mantuan bard:

... lead me, That I St. Peter's gate may view ... Onward he moved, I close his steps pursued.

Dantê, Hell, i. (1300).

Peterborough, in Northamptonshire; so called from Peada (son of Pendar, king of Mercia), who founded here a monastery in the seventh century. In 1541 the monastery (then a mitred abbey) was converted by Henry VIII. into a cathedral and bishop's see. Before Peada's time, Peterborough was a village called Medhamsted.—See Drayton, Polyolbion, xxiii. (1622).

Peters (Dr.), benevolent, eccentric physician, who is a sympathetic fellow-sinner to the most depraved of his patients, going through it all "with a grimly humorous hope that some good, in some unseen direction, may come of it." The waif, Midge, committed by fate to his guardianship, steals his heart, and finally wrings it to bleeding by marrying another man.—H. C. Bunner, The Midge (1886).

Peterson, a Swede, who deserts from Gustavus Vasa to Christian II., king of Denmark.—H. Brooke, Gustavus Vasa (1730).

Petit André, executioner.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time, Edward IV.).

Petit Perroquet, a king's gardener, with whom the king's daughter fell in love. It so happened that a prince was courting the lady, and, being jealous of Petit Perroquet, said to the king that the young man boasted he could bring hither Tartaro's horse. Now Tartaro was a huge giant and a cannibal. Petit Perroquet, however, made himself master of the horse. The prince next told the king that the young gardener boasted he could get possession of the giant's diamond. This he also contrived to make himself master of. The prince then told the king that the young man boasted he could bring hither the giant himself; and the way he accomplished the feat was to cover himself first, with honey, and then with feathers and horns. Thus disguised, he told the giant, to get into the coach he was driving, and he drove him to the king's court, and then married the princess.—Rev. W. Webster, Basque Legends (1877).

Pe'to, lieutenant of "Captain" Sir John Falstaff's regiment. Pistol was his ensign or ancient, and Bardolph his corporal.—Shakespeare, 1 and 2 Henry IV. (1597-8).

Petow'ker (Miss Henrietta), of the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane. She marries Mr. Lillyvick, the collector of water-rates, but elopes with an officer.—C. Dickens, Nicholas Nickleby (1838).

Petrarch (The English). Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) is so called by Sir Walter Raleigh.

Petrarch and Laura. Laura was a lady of Avignon, the wife of Hugues de Sade, née Laura de Noves, the mistress of the poet Petrarch. (See LAURA AND PETRARCH.)

Petrarch of Spain, Garcilaso de la Vega, born at Toledo (1530-1568, or, according to others, 1503-1536).

Petro'nius (C. or T.), a kind of Roman "beau Brummell" in the court of Nero. He was a great voluptuary and profligate, whom Nero appointed Arbiter Elegantiae, and considered nothing comme il faut till it had received the sanction of this dictator-in-chief of the imperial pleasures. Tigellinus accused him of treason, and Petronius committed suicide by opening his veins (A.D. 66).

Behold the new Petronius of the day, The arbiter of pleasure and of play.

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809).

=Petruccio= = Pe.truch'.e.o, governor of Bologna.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Chances (1620).

Petru'chio, a gentleman of Vero'na who undertakes to tame the haughty Katharina, called "the Shrew." He marries her, and, without the least personal chastisement, reduces her to lamb-like submission. Being a fine compound of bodily and mental vigor, with plenty of wit, spirit, and good-nature, he rules his subordinates dictatorially, and shows he will have his own way, whatever the consequences.—Shakespeare, Taming of the Shrew (1594).

Beaumont and Fletcher wrote a comedy called The Tamer Tamed, in which Petruchio is supposed to marry a second wife, by whom he is hen-pecked (1647).

Pet'ulant, an "odd sort of small wit," "without manners or breeding." In controversy he would bluntly contradict, and he never spoke the truth. When in his "club," in order to be thought a man of intrigue, he would steal out quietly, and then in disguise return and call for himself, or leave a letter for himself. He not unfrequently mistook impudence and malice for wit, and looked upon a modest blush in woman as a mark of "guilt or ill-breeding."—W. Congreve, The Way of the World (1700).

Peu-à-Peu. So George IV. called Prince Leopold. Stein, speaking of the prince's vacillating conduct in reference to the throne of Greece, says of him, "He has no color," i.e. no fixed plan of his own, but is blown about by every wind.

Peveril (William), natural son of William the Conqueror, and ancestor of Peveril of the Peak.

Sir Geoffrey Peveril, a cavalier, called "Peveril of the Peak."

Lady Margaret Peveril, wife of Sir Geoffrey.

Julian Peveril, son of Sir Geoffrey; in love with Alice Bridgenorth. He was named by the author after Julian Young, son of the famous actor.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

"Whom is he called after!" said Scott. "It is a fancy name," said Young: "in memoriam of his mother, Julia Ann." "Well, it is a capital name for a novel, I must say," he replied. In the very next novel by the author of Waverley, the hero's name is "Julian." I allude, of course, to Peveril of the Peak.—J. Young, Memoirs, 91.

Peveril of the Peak, the hero of Sir W. Scott's novel of that name (1823).

Peyton (Dunwoodie), fine young fellow, major in the American army, and in love with Frances Wharton. Yet, when forced to choose between marrying her at once or doing his duty in keeping her brother under arrest, he plays the man of honor and true soldier. After many vicissitudes he becomes the husband of Frances.

Peyton (Miss Jeannette), sister-in-law to Mr. Wharton, relative of Major Dunwoodie, and affectionate guardian of her nieces. A warm friend of Dr. Sitgreaves, the American surgeon.—James Fennimore[TN-87] Cooper, The Spy.

Phaedra, daughter of Minos, and wife of Theseus. (See PHEDRE.)

Phaedra, waiting-woman of Alcme'na (wife of Amphit'ryon). A type of venality of the lowest and grossest kind. Phaedra is betrothed to Judge Gripus, a stupid magistrate, ready to sell justice to the highest bidder. Neither Phaedra nor Gripus forms any part of the dramatis personae of Molière's Amphitryon (1668).—Dryden, Amphitryon (1690).

Phaedria, the impersonation of wantonness. She is handmaid of the enchantress Acrasia, and sails about Idle Lake in a gondola. Seeing Sir Guyon, she ferries him across the lake to the floating island, where he is set upon by Cymoch'les. Phaedria interposes, and ferries Sir Guyon (the Knight Temperance) over the lake again.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. (1590).

Pha'eton (3 syl.), son, of Helĭos and Clymēnê. He obtained leave to drive his father's sun-car for one day, but was overthrown, and nearly set the world on fire. Jove or Zeus (1 syl.) struck him with a thunderbolt for his presumption, and cast him into the river Po.

Phal'aris, tyrant of Agrigentum, in Sicily. When Perillos, the brass-founder of Athens, brought to him a brazen bull, and told the tyrant it was intended for the punishment of criminals, Phalăris inquired into its merits. Perillos said the victim was to be enclosed in the bull, and roasted alive, by making the figure red hot. Certain tubes were so constructed as to make the groans of the victim resemble the bellowings of a mad bull. The tyrant much commended the ingenuity, and ordered the invention to be tried on Perillos himself.

Letters of Phalaris, certain apocryphal letters ascribed to Phalaris, the tyrant, and published at Oxford, in 1718, by Charles Boyle. There was an edition in 1777 by Walckenaer; another in 1823, by G. H. Schaefer, with notes by Boyle and others. Bentley maintained that the letters were forgeries, and no doubt Bentley was right.

Phallas, the horse of Heraclius (Greek, phalios, "a grey horse.").

Pha'on, a young man who loved Claribel, but being told that she was unfaithful to him, watched her. He saw, as he thought, Claribel holding an assignation with some one he supposed to be a groom. Returning home, he encountered Claribel herself, and "with wrathfull hand he slew her innocent." On the trial for murder, "the lady" was proved to be Claribel's servant. Phaon would have slain her also, but while he was in pursuit of her he was attacked by Furor.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 4, 28, etc. (1590).

[Asterism] Shakespeare's Much Ado about Nothing is a similar story. Both are taken from a novel by Belleforest, copied from one by Bandello. Ariosto, in his Orlando Furioso, has introduced a similar story (bk. v.), and Turbervil's Geneura is the same tale.

Pharamond, king of the Franks, who visited, incognito, the court of King Arthur, to obtain by his exploits a place among the knights of the Round Table. He was the son of Marcomir, and father of Clodion.

Calprenède has an heroic romance so called, which (like his Cleopatra and Cassandra) is a Roman de Longue Haleine (1612-1666).

Pharamond, prince of Spain, in the drama called Philaster, or Love Lies a-bleeding, by Beaumont and Fletcher (date uncertain, probably about 1662).

Pharaoh, the titular name of all the Egyptian kings till the time of Solomon, as the Roman emperors took the titular name of Caesar. After Solomon's time, the titular name Pharaoh never occurs alone, but only as a forename, as Pharaoh Necho, Pharaoh Hophra, Pharaoh Shishak. After the division of Alexander's kingdom, the kings of Egypt were all called Ptolemy, generally with some distinctive after-name, as Ptolemy Philadelphos, Ptolemy Euergetês, Ptolemy Philopător, etc.—Selden, Titles of Honor, v. 50 (1614).

Pharaohs before Solomon (mentioned in the Old Testament):

1. Pharaoh contemporary with Abraham (Gen. xii. 15). This may be Osirtesen I. (dynasty xii.).

2. The good Pharaoh who advanced Joseph (Gen. xli.). This was, perhaps, Apōphis (one of the Hyksos).

3. The Pharaoh who "knew not Joseph" (Exod. i. 8). This may be Amen'ophis I. (dynasty xviii.). The king, at the flight of Moses, I think, was Thothmes II.

4. The Pharaoh drowned in the Red Sea. As this was at least eighty years after the persecutions began, probably this was another king. Some say it was Menephthes, son of Ram'eses II., but it seems quite impossible to reconcile the account in Exodus with any extant historical account of Egypt (Exod. xiv. 28). Was it Thothmes III.?

5. The Pharaoh who protected Hadad (1 Kings xi. 19).

6. The Pharaoh whose daughter Solomon married (1 Kings iii. 1; ix. 16). I think this was Psusennes I. (dynasty xxi.).

Pharaohs after Solomon's time (mentioned in the Old Testament):

1. Pharaoh Shishak, who warred against Rehoboam (1 Kings xiv. 25, 26; 2 Chron. xii. 2).

2. The Pharaoh called "So" king of Egypt, with whom Hoshea made an alliance (2 Kings xvii. 4).

3. The Pharaoh who made a league with Hezekiah against Sennacherib. He is called Tirhākah (2 Kings, xviii. 21; xix. 9).

4. Pharaoh Necho, who warred against Josiah (2 Kings xxiii. 29, etc.).

5. Pharaoh Hophra, the ally of Zedekiah. Said to be Pharaoh Apries, who was strangled, B.C. 569-525 (Jer. xliv. 30).

[Asterism] Bunsen's solution of the Egyptian dynasties cannot possibly be correct.

Pharaohs noted in romance:

1. Cheops, or Suphis I., who built the great pyramid (dynasty iv.).

2. Cephrenês, or Suphis II., his brother, who built the second pyramid.

3. Mencherês, his successor, who built the most beautiful, though not the largest, of the pyramids.

4. Memnon, or A-menophis III., whose musical statue is so celebrated (dynasty xviii.).

5. Sethos I. the Great, whose tomb was discovered by Belzoni (dynasty xix.).

6. Sethos II., called "Proteus," who detained Helen and Paris in Egypt (dynasty xix.).

7. Phuōris or Thuōris, who sent aid to Priam in the siege of Troy.

8. Rampsinītus or Rameses Nēter, the miser, mentioned by Herodotus (dynasty xx.).

9. Osorthon IV. (or Osorkon), the Egyptian Herculês (dynasty xxiii.).

Pharaoh's Daughter. The daughter of Pharaoh, who brought up Moses, was Bathia.

Pharaoh's Wife, Asia, daughter of Mozâhem. Her husband cruelly tormented her because she believed in Moses. He fastened her hands and feet to four stakes, and laid a millstone on her as she lay in the hot sun with her face upwards; but angels shaded off the sun with their wings, and God took her, without dying, into Paradise.—Sale, Al Korân, lxvi. note.

Among women, four have been perfect; Asia, wife of Pharaoh; Mary, daughter of Imràn; Khadîjah, daughter of Khowailed, Mahomet's first wife; and Fâtima, Mahomet's daughter.—Attributed to Mahomet.