[Asterism] The prototype of "Sir Giles Overreach" was Sir Giles Mompesson, a usurer outlawed for his misdeeds.

Overs (John), a ferryman who used to ferry passengers from Southwark to the City, and accumulated a considerable hoard of money by his savings. On one occasion, to save the expenses of board, he simulated death, expecting his servants would fast till he was buried; but they broke into his larder and cellar and held riot. When the old miser could bear it no longer he started up and belabored his servants right and left; but one of them struck the old man with an oar and killed him.

Mary Overs, the beautiful daughter of the ferryman. Her lover, hastening to town, was thrown from his horse, and died. She then became a nun, and founded the church of St. Mary Overs on the site of her father's house.

Overton (Colonel), one of Cromwell's officers.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, Commonwealth).

Ovid (The French), Du Bellay; also called "The Father of Grace and Elegance" (1524-1560).

Ovid and Corinna. Ovid disguises, under the name of Corinna, the daughter of Augustus, named Julia, noted for her beauty, talent and licentiousness. Some say that Corinna was Livia, the wife of Augustus.—Amor., i. 5.

So was her heavenly body comely raised On two faire columnes; those that Ovid praised In Julia's borrowed name.

O'wain (Sir), the Irish knight of King Stephen's court, who passed through St. Patrick's purgatory by way of penance.—Henry of Saltrey, The Descent of Owain (1153).

O'weenee, the youngest of ten sisters, all of surpassing beauty. She married Osseo, who was "old, poor, and ugly," but "most beautiful within." (See OSSEO.)—Longfellow, Hiawatha, xii. (1855).

Owen (Sam), groom of Darsie Latimer, i.e. Sir Arthur Darsie Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Owen, confidential clerk of Mr. Osbaldistone, senior.—Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Owen (Sir), passed in dream through St. Patrick's purgatory. He passed the convent gate, and the warden placed him in a coffin. When the priests had sung over him the service of the dead, they placed the coffin in a cave, and Sir Owen made his descent. He came first to an ice desert, and received three warnings to retreat, but the warnings were not heeded, and a mountain of ice fell on him. "Lord, Thou canst save!" he cried, as the ice fell, and the solid mountain became like dust, and did Sir Owen no harm. He next came to a lake of fire, and a demon pushed him in. "Lord, Thou canst save!" he cried, and angels carried him to paradise. He woke with ecstacy, and found himself lying before the cavern's mouth.—R. Southey, St. Patrick's Purgatory (from the Fabliaux of M. le Grand.[TN-56]

Owen Meredith, Robert Bulwer Lytton, afterwards Lord Lytton, son of the poet and novelist (1831-1892).

Owl (The), sacred to Minerva, was the emblem of Athens.

Owls hoot in B^[b] and G^[b], or in F^[#] and A^[b].—Rev. G. White, Natural History of Selborne, xlv. (1789).

Owl a Baker's Daughter (The). Our Lord once went into a baker's shop to ask for bread. The mistress instantly put a cake in the oven for Him, but the daughter, thinking it to be too large, reduced it to half the size. The dough, howover,[TN-57] swelled to an enormous bulk, and the daughter cried out, "Heugh! heugh! heugh!" and was transformed into an owl.

Well, God 'ield you! They say the owl was a baker's daughter.—Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596).

Ox (The Dumb), St. Thomas Aqui'nas; so named by his fellow-students on account of his taciturnity (1224-1274).

An ox once spoke as learned men deliver.—Beaumont and Fletcher, Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, iii. 1 (1640).

Ox. The black ox hath trod on his foot, he has married and is hen-pecked; calamity has befallen him. The black ox was sacrificed to the infernals, and was consequently held accursed. When Tusser says the best way to thrive is to get married, the objector says:

Why, then, do folk this proverb put, "The black ox near trod on thy foot," If that way were to thrive?

Wiving and Thriving, lvii. (1557).

The black oxe had not trode on his or her foote; But ere his branch of blesse could reach any roote, The flowers so faded that in fifteen weekes A man might copy the change in the cheekes Both of the poore wretch and his wife.

Heywood (1646).

Oxford (John, earl of), an exiled Lancastrian. He appears with his son Arthur as a travelling merchant, under the name of Philipson.

[Asterism] The son of the merchant Philipson is Sir Arthur de Vere.

The countess of Oxford, wife of the earl.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Oxford (The young earl of), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Ozair (2 syl.), a prophet. One day, riding on an ass by the ruins of Jerusalem, after its destruction by the Chaldeans, he doubted in his mind whether God could raise the city up again. Whereupon God caused him to die, and he remained dead a hundred years, but was then restored to life. He found the basket of figs and cruse of wine as fresh as when he died, but his ass was a mass of bones. While he still looked, the dry bones came together, received life, and the resuscitated ass began to bray. The prophet no longer doubted the power of God to raise up Jerusalem from its ruins.—Al Korân, ii. (Sale's notes).

[Asterism] This legend is based on Neh. ii. 12-20.



P Placenticus, the Dominican, wrote a poem of 253 Latin hexameters, called Pugna Porcorum, every word of which begins with the letter p (died 1548). It begins thus:

Plaudite, Porcelli, porcorum pigra propago Progreditur ... etc.

There was one composed in honor of Charles le Chauve, every word of which began with c.

The best known alliterative poem in English is the following:—

An Austrian army, awfully arrayed, Boldly by battery besieged Belgrade. Cossack commanders, cannonading, come, Dealing destruction's devastating doom; Every endeavor engineers essay For fame, for fortune, forming furious fray. Gaunt gunners grapple, giving gashes good; Heaves high his head heroic hardihood. Ibraham, Islam, Ismael, imps in ill, Jostle John, Jarovlitz, Jem, Joe, Jack, Jill; Kick kindling Kutusoff, kings' kinsmen kill; Labor low levels loftiest, longest lines; Men march 'mid moles, 'mid mounds, 'mid murderous mines. Now nightfall's nigh, now needful nature nods, Opposed, opposing, overcoming odds. Poor peasants, partly purchased, partly pressed, Quite quaking, "Quarter! Quarter!" quickly quest. Reason returns, recalls redundant rage, Saves sinking soldiers, softens signiors sage. Truce, Turkey, truce! truce, treacherous Tartar train! Unwise, unjust, unmerciful Ukraine! Vanish, vile vengeance! vanish, victory vain! Wisdom walls war—wails warring words. What were Xerxes, Xantippê, Ximenês, Xavier? Yet Yassy's youth, ye yield your youthful yest Zealously, zanies, zealously, zeal's zest.

From H. Southgate, Many Thoughts on Many Things.

Tusser has a poem of twelve lines, in rhyme, every word of which begins with t. The subject is on Thriftiness (died 1580).

P's (The Five), William Oxberry, printer, poet, publisher, publican and player (1784-1824).

Pache (J. Nicolas), a Swiss by birth. He was minister of war in 1792, and maire de Paris 1793. Pache hated the Girondists, and at the fall of Danton, was imprisoned. After his liberation, he retired to Thym-le-Moutiers (in the Ardennes), and died in obscurity (1740-1823).

Swiss Pache sits sleek-headed, frugal, the wonder of his own ally for humility of mind.... Sit there, Tartuffe, till wanted.—Carlyle.

Pacific (The), Amadeus VIII., count of Savoy (1383, 1391-1439, abdicated, and died 1451).

Frederick III., emperor of Germany (1415, 1440-1493).

Olaus III. of Norway (*, 1030-1093).

Pac'olet, a dwarf, "full of great sense and subtle ingenuity." He had an enchanted horse, made of wood, with which he carried off Valentine, Orson and Clerimond from the dungeon of Ferrăgus. This horse is often alluded to. "To ride Pacolet's horse" is a phrase for going very fast.—Valentine and Orson, [TN-58]fifteenth century).

Pacolet, a familiar spirit.—Steele, The Tatler (1709).

Pacolet, or NICK STRUMPFER, the dwarf servant of Norna "of the Fitful Head."—Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time William III.).

Pacomo (St.), an Egyptian, who lived in the fourth century. It is said that he could walk among serpents unhurt; and when he had occasion to cross the Nile, he was carried on the back of a crocodile.

The hermit fell on his knees before an image of St. Pacomo, which was glued to the wall.—Lesage, Gil Blas, iv. 9 (1724).

Paddington (Harry), one of Macheath's gang of thieves. Peachum describes him as a "poor, petty-larceny rascal, without the least genius. That fellow," he says, "though he were to live for six months, would never come to the gallows with credit" (act i. 1).—Gay, The Beggar's Opera (1727).

Paddy, an Irishman. A corruption of Padhrig, Irish for Patrick.

Padlock (The), a comic opera by Bickerstaff. Don Diego (2 syl.), a wealthy lord of 60, saw a country maiden named Leonora, to whom he took a fancy, and arranged with the parents to take her home with him and place her under the charge of a duenna for three months, to see if her temper was as sweet as her face was pretty; and then either "to return her to them spotless, or make her his lawful wife." At the expiration of the time, the don went to arrange with the parents for the wedding, and locked up his house, giving the keys to Ursula, the duenna. To make assurance doubly sure, he put a padlock on the outer door, and took the key with him. Leander, a young student, smitten with the damsel, laughed at locksmiths and duennas, and, having gained admission into the house, was detected by Don Diego, who returned unexpectedly. The old don, being a man of sense, perceived that Leander was a more suitable bridegroom than himself, so he not only sanctioned the alliance, but gave Leonora a handsome wedding dowry (1768).

Paean, the physician of the immortals.

Paea'na, daughter of Corflambo, "fair as ever yet saw living eye," but "too loose of life and eke too light." Paeana fell in love with Amĭas, a captive in her father's dungeon; but Amias had no heart to give away. When Placĭdae was brought captive before Paeana, she mistook him for Amias, and married him. The poet adds, that she thenceforth so reformed her ways "that all men much admired the change, and spake her praise."—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iv. 9 (1596).

Pagan, a fay who loved the Princess Imis; but Imis rejected his suit, as she loved her cousin, Philax. Pagan, out of revenge, shut them up in a superb crystal palace, which contained every delight except that of leaving it. In the course of a few years, Imis and Philax longed as much for a separation as, at one time, they wished to be united.—Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Palace of Revenge," 1682).

Page (Mr.), a gentleman living at Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to Mrs. Page, Page himself assumed the name of Brooke, to outwit the knight. Sir John told the supposed Brooke his whole "course of wooing," and how nicely he was bamboozling the husband. On one occasion, he says, "I was carried out in a buck-basket of dirty linen before the very eyes of Page, and the deluded husband did not know it." Of course, Sir John is thoroughly outwitted and played upon, being made the butt of the whole village.

Mrs. Page, wife of Mr. Page of Windsor. When Sir John Falstaff made love to her, she joined with Mrs. Ford to dupe him and punish him.

Anne Page, daughter of the above, in love with Fenton. Slender calls her "the sweet Anne Page."

William Page, Anne's brother, a schoolboy.—Shakespeare, Merry Wives of Windsor (1595).

Page (Sir Francis), called "The Hanging Judge" (1661-1741).

Slander and poison dread from Delia's rage; Hard words or hanging if your judge be Page.

Pope.

Page (Ruth). A dainty little miss, bright, happy and imaginative, called sometimes "Teenty-Taunty." Her head is full of fairy-lore, and when she tumbles into the water one day, she dreams in her swoon of Fairy-Land and the wonders thereof, of a bunch of forget-me-nots she was to keep alive if she would have her mother live, and so many other marvellous things, that her distressed father opines that "the poor child would be rational enough, if she had not read so many fairy-books."—John Neal, Goody Gracious and the Forget-me-not (183-).

Paget (The Lady), one of the ladies of the bedchamber in Queen Elizabeth's court.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Paine[TN-59] (Squire). "Hard-headed, hard fe'tured Yankee," whose conversion to humanity and Christianity is effected by Roxanna Keep.

She "drilled the hole, an' put in the powder of the Word, an' tamped it down with some pretty stiff facts ... but the Lord fired the blast Himself."—Rose Terry Cooke, Somebody's Neighbors (1881).

Painter of Nature. Remi Belleau, one of the Pleiad poets, is so called (1528-1577).

The Shepheardes Calendar, by Spenser, is largely borrowed from Belleau's Song of April.

Painter of the Graces. Andrea Appiani (1754-1817).

Painters.

A Bee. Quentin Matsys, the Dutch painter, painted a bee so well that the artist Mandyn thought it a real bee, and proceeded to brush it away with his handkerchief (1450-1529).

A Cow. Myro carved a cow so true to nature that bulls mistook it for a living animal (B.C. 431).

A Curtain. Parrhasios painted a curtain so admirably that even Zeuxis, the artist, mistook it for real drapery (B.C. 400).

A Fly. George Alexander Stevens says, in his Lectures on Heads:

I have heard of a connoisseur who was one day in an auction-room where there was an inimitable piece of painting of fruits and flowers. The connoisseur would not give his opinion of the picture till he had first examined the catalogue; and, finding it was done by an Englishman, he pulled out his eye-glass. "Oh, sir," says he, "those English fellows have no more idea of genius than a Dutch skipper has of dancing a cotillion. The dog has spoiled a fine piece of canvas; he is worse than a Harp Alley signpost dauber. There's no keeping, no perspective, no foreground. Why, there now, the fellow has actually attempted to paint a fly upon that rosebud. Why, it is no more like a fly than I am like—;" but, as he approached his finger to the picture, the fly flew away (1772)[TN-60]

Grapes. Zeuxis (2 syl.) a Grecian painter, painted some grapes so well that birds came and pecked at them, thinking them real grapes (B.C. 400).

A Horse. Apellês painted Alexander's horse Bucephalos so true to life that some mares came up to the canvas neighing, under the supposition that it was a real animal (about B.C. 334).

A Man. Velasquez painted a Spanish admiral so true to life that when King Felipe IV. entered the studio he mistook the painting for the man, and began reproving the supposed officer for neglecting his duty in wasting his time in the studio, when he ought to have been with his fleet (1590-1660).

Accidental effects in painting.

Apellês, being at a loss to paint the foam of Alexander's horse, dashed his brush at the picture in a fit of annoyance, and did by accident what his skill had failed to do (about B.C. 334).

The same tale is told of Protog'enês, who dashed his brush at a picture, and thus produced "the foam of a dog's mouth," which he had long been trying in vain to represent (about B.C. 332).

Painters (Prince of). Parrhasios and Apellês are both so called (fourth century B.C.).

Painters' Characteristics.

ANGELO (Michael): an iron frame, strongly developed muscles, and an anatomical display of the human figure. The AEschylos of painters (1474-1564).

CARRACCI: eclectic artists, who picked out and pieced together parts taken from Correggio, Raphael, Titian and other great artists. If Michael Angelo is the AEschylos of artists, and Raphael the Sophoclês, the Carracci may be called the Euripidês of painters. I know not why in England the name is spelt with only one r.

CORREGGIO: known by his wonderful foreshortenings, his magnificent light and shade. He is, however, very monotonous (1494-1534).

CROME (John): an old woman in a red cloak walking up an avenue of trees (1769-1821).

DAVID: noted for his stiff, dry, pedantic, "highly classic" style, according to the interpretation of the phrase by the French in the first Revolution (1748-1825).

DOLCE (Cario): famous for his Madonnas, which were all finished with most extraordinary delicacy (1616-1686).

DOMENICHI'NO: famed for his frescoes, correct in design and fresh in coloring (1581-1614).

GUIDO: his specialty is a pallid or bluish-complexioned saint, with saucer or uplifted eyes (1574-1642).

HOLBEIN: characterized by bold relief, exquisite finish, force of conception, delicacy of tone, and dark background (1498-1554).

LORRAINE (Claude): a Greek temple on a hill, with sunny and highly finished classic scenery. Aerial perspective (1600-1682).

MURILLO: a brown-faced Madonna (1618-1682).

OMMEGANCK: sheep (1775-1826).

PERUGINO (Pietro): known by his narrow, contracted figures and scrimpy drapery (1446-1524).

POUSSIN: famous for his classic style. Reynolds says: "No works of any modern have so much the air of antique painting as those of Poussin" (1593-1665).

POUSSIN (Gaspar): a landscape painter, the very opposite of Claude Lorraine. He seems to have drawn his inspiration from Hervey's Meditations Among the Tombs, Blair's Grave, Young's Night Thoughts, and Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy (1613-1675).

RAPHAEL: the Sophoclês of painters. Angelo's figures are all gigantesque and ideal, like those of AEschylos. Raphael's are perfect human beings (1483-1520).

REYNOLDS: a portrait-painter. He presents his portraits in bal masqué, not always suggestive either of the rank or character of the person represented. There is about the same analogy between Watteau and Reynolds as between Claude Lorraine and Gaspar Poussin (1723-1792).

ROSA (Salvator): dark, inscrutable pictures, relieved by dabs of palette-knife. He is fond of savage scenery, broken rocks, wild caverns, blasted heaths, and so on (1615-1673).

RUBENS: patches of vermillion dabbed about the human figure, wholly out of harmony with the rest of the coloring (1577-1640).

STEEN (Jan): an old woman peeling vegetables, with another old woman looking at her (1636-1679).

TINTORETTI: full of wild fantastical inventions. He is called "The Lightning of the Pencil" (1512-1594).

TITIAN: noted for his broad shades of divers gradations (1477-1576).

VERONESE (Paul): noted for his great want of historical correctness and elegance of design; but he abounds in spirited banquets, sumptuous edifices, brilliant aerial spectres, magnificent robes, gaud, and jewelry (1530-1588).

WATTEAU: noted for his fêtes galantes, fancy-ball costumes, and generally gala-day figures (1684-1721).

Paix des Dames (La), the treaty of peace concluded at Cambray in 1529, between François I. of France and Karl V., emperor of Germany. So called because it was mainly negotiated by Louise of Savoy (mother of the French king), and Margaret, the emperor's aunt.

Palabras Carinosas.

"Good-night! I have to say good-night To such a host of peerless things! Good-night unto the fragile hand All queenly with its weight of rings; Good-night to fond uplifted eyes, Good-night to chestnut braids of hair, Good-night unto the perfect mouth And all the sweetness nestled there,— The snowy hand detains me,—then I'll have to say Good-night again!"

Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Poems, 1858-84.

Paladore, a Briton in the service of the king of Lombardy. One day, in a boar-hunt, the boar turned on the Princess Sophia, and, having gored her horse to death, was about to attack the lady, but was slain by the young Briton. Between these two young people a strong attachment sprang up; but the Duke Bire'no, by an artifice of false impersonation, induced Paladore to believe that the princess was a wanton, and had the audacity to accuse her as such to the senate. In Lombardy, the punishment for this offence was death, and the princess was ordered to execution. Paladore, having learned the truth, accused the duke of villainy. They fought, and Bireno fell. The princess, being cleared of the charge, married Paladore.—Robert Jephson, The Law of Lombardy (1779).

Palame'des (4 syl.), son of Nauplios, was, according to Suidas, the inventor of dice. (See ALEA.)

Palamedes (Sir), a Saracen, who adored Isolde, the wife of King Mark of Cornwall. Sir Tristram also loved the same lady, who was his aunt. The two "lovers" fought, and Sir Palamedês, being overcome, was compelled to turn Christian. He was baptized, and Sir Tristram stood his sponsor at the font.—Thomas of Erceldoune, called "The Rhymer," Sir Tristram (thirteenth century).

Palame'des of Lombardy, one of the allies of the Christian army in the first crusade. He was shot by Corinda with an arrow (bk. xi.).—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Palamon and Arcite (2 syl.), two young Theban knights, who fell into the hands of Duke Theseus (2 syl.), and were by him confined in a dungeon at Athens. Here they saw the duke's sister-in-law, Emily, with whom both fell in love. When released from captivity, the two knights told to the duke their tale of love; and the duke promised that whichever proved the victor in single combat, should have Emily for his prize. Arcite prayed to Mars "for victory," and Palamon to Venus that he might "obtain the lady," and both their prayers were granted. Arcite won the victory, according to his prayer, but, being thrown from his horse, died; so Palamon, after all, "won the lady," though he did not win the battle.—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Knight's Tale," 1388).

This tale is taken from the Le Teseide of Boccaccio.

The Black Horse, a drama by John Fletcher, is the same tale. Richard Edwards has a comedy called Palaemon and Arcyte (1566).

Pale (The), or THE ENGLISH PALE, a part of Ireland, including Dublin, Meath, Carlow, Kilkenny and Louth.

Pale Faces. So the American Indians call the European settlers.

Pale'mon, son of a rich merchant. He fell in love with Anna, daughter of Albert, master of one of his father's ships. The purse-proud merchant, indignant at this, tried every means to induce his son to abandon such a "mean connection," but without avail; so at last he sent him in the Britannia (Albert's ship) "in charge of the merchandise." The ship was wrecked near Cape Colonna, in Attica; and although Palēmon escaped, his ribs were so broken that he died almost as soon as he reached the shore.

A gallant youth, Palemon was his name, Charged with the commerce hither also came; A father's stern resentment doomed to prove, He came, the victim of unhappy love.

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 2 (1756).

Pale'mon and Lavinia, a poetic version of Boaz and Ruth. "The lovely young Lavinia" went to glean in the fields of young Palemon, "the pride of swains;" and Palemon, falling in love with the beautiful gleaner, both wooed and won her.—Thomson, The Seasons ("Autumn," 1730).

Pales (2 syl.), god of shepherds and their flocks.—Roman Mythology.

Pomōna loves the orchard; And Liber loves the vine; And Palês loves the straw-built shed, Warm with the breath of kine.

Lord Macaulay, Lays of Ancient Rome ("Prophecy of Capys," 1842).

Pal'inode (3 syl.), a shepherd in Spenser's Eclogues. In ecl. v. Palinode represents the Catholic priest. He invites Piers (who represents the Protestant clergy) to join in the fun and pleasures of May. Piers then warns the young man of the vanities of the world, and tells him of the great degeneracy of pastoral life, at one time simple and frugal, but now discontented and licentious. He concludes with the fable of the kid and her dam. The fable is this: A mother-goat, going abroad for the day, told her kid to keep at home, and not to open the door to strangers. She had not been gone long when up came a fox, with head bound from "headache," and foot bound from "gout," and carrying a ped of trinkets. The fox told the kid a most piteous tale, and showed her a little mirror. The kid, out of pity and vanity, opened the door; but while stooping over the ped to pick up a little bell, the fox clapped down the lid and carried her off.

In ecl. vii. Palinode is referred to by the shepherd Thomalin, as "lording it over God's heritage," feeding the sheep with chaff, and keeping for himself the grains.—Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar (1572).

Palinode (3 syl.), a poem in recantation of a calumny. Stesich'oros wrote a bitter satire against Helen, for which her brothers, Castor and Pollux, plucked out his eyes. When, however, the poet recanted, his sight was restored to him again.

The bard who libelled Helen in his song, Recanted after, and redressed the wrong.

Ovid, Art of Love, iii.

Horace's Ode, xvi. i. is a palinode. Samuel Butler has a palinode, in which he recanted what he said in a previous poem of the Hon. Edward Howard. Dr. Watts recanted in a poem the praise he had previously bestowed on Queen Anne.

Palinu'rus, the pilot of AEne'as. Palinurus, sleeping at the helm, fell into the sea and was drowned. The name is employed as a generic word for a steersman or pilot, and sometimes for a chief minister. Thus, Prince Bismarck might have been called the palinurus of William, emperor of Germany and king of Prussia.

More had she spoke, but yawned. All nature nods ... E'en Palinurus nodded at the helm.

Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 614 (1742).

Palisse (La), a sort of M. Prudhomme; a pompous utterer of truisms and moral platitudes.

Palissy (Bernard, the potter), succeeded, after innumerable efforts and privations, in inventing the art of enamelling stone ware. He was arrested and confined in the Bastille for Huguenot principles, and died there in 1589.

Palla'dio (Andrea), the Italian classical architect (1518-1580).

The English Palladio, Inigo Jones (1573-1653).

Palla'dium.

Of Ceylon, the deláda or tooth of Buddha, preserved in the Malegawa temple at Kandy. Natives guard it with great jealousy, from a belief that whoever possesses it acquires the right to govern Ceylon. When, in 1815, the English obtained possession of the tooth, the Ceylonese submitted to them without resistance.

Of Eden Hall, a drinking-glass, in the possession of Sir Christopher Musgrave, Bart., of Edenhall, Cumberland.

Of Jerusalem. Aladine, king of Jerusalem, stole an image of the Virgin, and set it up in a mosque, that she might no longer protect the Christians, but become the palladium of Jerusalem. The image was rescued by Sophronia, and the city taken by the crusaders.

Of Meg'ara, a golden hair of King Nisus. Scylla promised to deliver the city into the hands of Minos, and cut off the talismanic lock of her father's head while he was asleep.

Of Rome, the ancīle or sacred buckler which Numa said fell from heaven, and was guarded by priests called Salii.

Of Scotland, the great stone of Scone, near Perth, which was removed by Edward I. to Westminster, and is still there, preserved in the coronation chair.

Of Troy, a colossal wooden statue of Pallas Minerva, which "fell from heaven." It was carried off by the Greeks, by whom the city was taken, and burned to the ground.

Pallet, a painter, in Smollett's novel of Peregrine Pickle (1751).

The absurdities of Pallet are painted an inch thick, and by no human possibility could such an accumulation of comic disasters have befallen the characters of the tale.

Pal'merin of England, the hero and title of a romance in chivalry. There is also an inferior one entitled Palmerin d'Oliva.

The next two books were Palmerin d'Ol'iva and Palmerin of England. "The former," said the curé, "shall be torn in pieces and burnt to the last ember; but Palmerin of England shall be preserved as a relique of antiquity, and placed in such a chest as Alexander found amongst the spoils of Darius, and in which he kept the writings of Homer. This same book is valuable for two things: first, for its own especial excellency, and next because it is the production of a Portuguese monarch, famous for his literary talents. The adventures of the castle of Miraguarda therein, are finely imagined, the style of composition is natural and elegant, and the utmost decorum is preserved throughout."—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. i. 6 (1605).

Palmi'ra, daughter of Alcānor, chief of Mecca. She and her brother, Zaphna, were taken captives in infancy, and brought up by Mahomet. As they grew in years they fell in love with each other, not knowing their relationship; but when Mahomet laid siege to Mecca, Zaphna was appointed to assassinate Alcanor, and was himself afterwards killed by poison. Mahomet then proposed marriage to Palmira, but to prevent such an alliance, she killed herself.—James Miller, Mahomet, the Impostor (1740).

Pal'myrene (The), Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who claimed the title of "Queen of the East." She was defeated by Aurelian, and taken prisoner (A.D. 273). Longinus lived at her court, and was put to death on the capture of Zenobia.

The Palmyrene that fought Aurelian.

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. (1847).

Pal'omides (Sir), son and heir of Sir Astlabor. His brothers were Sir Safire and Sir Segwar'idês. He is always called the Saracen, meaning "unchristened." Next to the three great knights (Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamorake), he was the strongest and bravest of the fellowship of the Round Table. Like Sir Tristram, he was in love with La Belle Isond, wife of King Mark, of Cornwall; but the lady favored the love of Sir Tristram, and only despised that of the Saracen knight. After his combat with Sir Tristram, Sir Palomides consented to be baptized by the bishop of Carlisle (pt. iii. 28).

He was well made, cleanly and bigly, and neither too young nor too old. And though he was not christened, yet he believed in the best manners, and was faithful and true of his promise, and also well conditioned. He made a vow that he would never be christened unto the time that he achieved the beast Glatisaint.... And also he avowed never to take full christendom unto the time that he had done seven battles within the lists.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, ii. 149 (1470).

Pam, Henry John Temple, viscount Palmerston (1784-1865).

Pam'ela. Lady Edward Fitzgerald is so called (*-1831).

Pam'ela [ANDREWS], a simple, unsophisticated country girl, the daughter of two aged parents, and maid-servant of a rich young squire, called B, who tries to seduce her. She resists every temptation, and at length marries the young squire, and reforms him. Pamela is very pure and modest, bears her afflictions with much meekness, and is a model of maidenly prudence and rectitude. The story is told in a series of letters which Pamela sends to her parents.—S. Richardson, Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded (1740).

The pure and modest character of the English maiden [Pamela] is so well maintained, ... her sorrows and afflictions are borne with so much meekness; her little intervals of hope ... break in on her troubles so much like the specks of blue sky through a cloudy atmosphere—that the whole recollection is soothing, tranquilizing, and doubtless edifying.—Sir W. Scott.

Pamela is a work of much humbler pretensions than Clarissa Harlowe.... A simple country girl whom her master attempts to seduce, and afterwards marries.... The wardrobe of poor Pamela, her gown of sad-colored stuff, and her round-eared caps; her various attempts at escape, and the conveyance of her letters; the hateful character of Mrs. Jewkes, and the fluctuating passions of her master before the better part of his nature obtains ascendancy—these are all touched with the hand of a master.—Chambers, English Literature, ii. 161.

Pamina and Tam'ino, the two lovers who were guided by "the magic flute" through all worldly dangers to the knowledge of divine truth (or the mysteries of Iris).—Mosart,[TN-61] Die Zauberflöte (1790).

Pamphlet (Mr.), a penny-a-liner. His great wish was "to be taken up for sedition." He writes on both sides, for as he says, he has "two hands, ambo dexter."

"Time has been," he says, "when I could turn a penny by an earthquake, or live upon a jail distemper, or dine upon a bloody murder; but now that's all over—nothing will do now but roasting a minister, or telling the people they are ruined. The people of England are never so happy as when you tell them they are ruined."—Murphy, The Upholsterer, ii. 1 (1758).

Pan, Nature personified, especially the vital crescent power of nature.

Universal Pan. Knit with the Graces and the Hours in dance, Led on the eternal spring.

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 266, etc. (1665).

Pan, in Spenser's ecl. iv., is Henry VIII., and "Syrinx" is Anne Boleyn. In ecl. v. "Pan" stands for Jesus Christ in one passage, and for God the Father in another.—Spenser, Shepheardes Calendar (1572).

Pan (The Great), François M. A. de Voltaire; also called "The Dictator of Letters" (1694-1778).

Pancaste (3 syl.), or CAMPASPE, one of the concubines of Alexander the Great. Apellés fell in love with her while he was employed in painting the king of Macedon, and Alexander, out of regard to the artist, gave her to him for a wife. Apellês selected for his "Venus Rising from the Sea" (usually called "Venus Anadyomĕnê") this beautiful Athenian woman, together with Phrynê, another courtezan.

[Asterism] Phrynê was also the academy figure for the "Cnidian Venus" of Praxitĕlês.

Pancks, a quick, short, eager, dark man, with too much "way." He dressed in black and rusty iron grey; had jet-black beads for eyes, a scrubby little black chin, wiry black hair striking out from his head in prongs like hair-pins, and a complexion that was very dingy by nature, or very dirty by art, or a compound of both. He had dirty hands, and dirty, broken nails, and looked as if he had been in the coals. He snorted and sniffed, and puffed and blew, and was generally in a perspiration. It was Mr. Pancks who "moled out" the secret that Mr. Dorrit, imprisoned for debt in the Marshalsea prison, was heir-at-law to a great estate, which had long lain unclaimed, and was extremely rich (ch. xxxv.). Mr. Pancks also induced Clennam to invest in Merdle's bank shares, and demonstrated by figures the profit he would realize; but the bank being a bubble the shares were worthless.—C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857).

Pancrace, a doctor of the Aristotelian school. He maintained that it was improper to speak of the "form of a hat," because form "est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont animés," and therefore we should say the "figure of a hat," because figure "est la disposition extérieure des corps qui sont inanimés;" and because his adversary could not agree, he called him "un ignorant, un ignorantissime, ignorantifiant, et ignorantifiè"[TN-62] (sc. viii.).—Molière, Le Mariage Forcé (1664).

Pancras (The earl of), one of the skillful companions of Barlow, the famous archer; another was called the "Marquis of Islington;" while Barlow himself was mirthfully created by Henry VIII., "Duke of Shoreditch."

Pancras (St.), patron saint of children, martyred by Diocletian at the age of 14 (A.D. 304).

Pan'darus, the Lycian, one of the allies of Priam in the Trojan war. He is drawn under two widely different characters: In classic story he is depicted as an admirable archer, slain by Diomed, and honored as a hero-god in his own country; but in mediaeval romance he is represented as a despicable pimp, insomuch that the word pander is derived from his name. Chaucer, in his Troïlus and Cresseide, and Shakespeare, in his drama of Troilus and Cressida, represent him as procuring for Troilus the good graces of Cressid, and in Much Ado About Nothing, it is said that Troilus "was the first employer of pandars."

Pandemo'nium, "the high capital of Satan and his peers." Here the infernal parliament was held, and to this council Satan convened the fallen angels to consult with him upon the best method of encompassing the "fall of man." Satan ultimately undertook to visit the new world; and, in the disguise of a serpent, he tempted Eve to eat of the forbidden fruit.—Milton, Paradise Lost, ii. (1665).

Pandi'on, king of Athens, father of Procnê and Philome'la.

None take pity on thy pain; Senseless trees, they cannot hear thee; Ruthless bears, they will not cheer thee; King Pandion he is dead; All thy friends are lapped in lead.

Richard Barnfield, Address to the Nightingale (1594).

Pandolf (Sir Harry), the teller of whole strings of stories, which he repeats at every gathering. He has also a stock of bon-mots. "Madam," said he, "I have lost by you to-day." "How so, Sir Harry!" replies the lady. "Why, madam," rejoins the baronet, "I have lost an excellent appetite." "This is the thirty-third time that Sir Harry hath been thus arch."

We are constantly, after supper, entertained with the Glastonbury Thorn. When we have wondered at that a little, "Father," saith the son, "let us have the Spirit in the Wood." After that, "Now tell us how you served the robber." "Alack!" saith Sir Harry, with a smile, "I have almost forgotten that; but it is a pleasant conceit, to be sure;" and accordingly he tells that and twenty more in the same order over and over again.—Richard Steele.

Pandolfe (2 syl.), father of Lélie.—Molière, L'Etourdi (1653).

Pando'ra, the "all-gifted woman." So called because all the gods bestowed some gift on her to enhance her charms. Jove sent her to Prometheus for a wife, but Hermês gave her in marriage to his brother, Epime'theus (4 syl.). It is said that Pandora enticed the curiosity of Epimetheus to open a box in her possession, from which flew out all the ills that flesh is heir to. Luckily the lid was closed in time to prevent the escape of Hope.

More lovely than Pandora, whom the gods Endowed with all their gifts, ... to the unwiser son Of Japhet brought by Hermês, she ensnared Mankind with her fair looks, to be avenged On him [Promētheus] who had stole Jove's ... fire.

Milton, Paradise Lost, iv. 714, etc. (1665).

[Asterism] "Unwiser son" is a Latinism, and means "not so wise as he should have been;" so audacior, timidior, vehementior, iracundior, etc.

Pandos'to, or The Triumph of Time, a tale by Robert Greene (1588), the quarry of the plot of The Winter's Tale by Shakespeare.

Panel (The), by J. Kemble, is a modified version of Bickerstaff's comedy 'Tis Well 'tis no Worse. It contains the popular quotation:

Perhaps it was right to dissemble your love; But why do you kick me downstairs?

Pangloss (Dr. Peter), an LL.D. and A.S.S. He began life as a muffin-maker in Milk Alley. Daniel Dowlas, when he was raised from the chandler's shop in Gosport to the peerage, employed the doctor "to larn him to talk English;" and subsequently made him tutor to his son Dick, with a salary of [pounds]300 a year. Dr. Pangloss was a literary prig of ponderous pomposity. He talked of a "locomotive morning," of one's "sponsorial and patronymic appellations," and so on; was especially fond of quotations, to all of which he assigned the author, as "Lend me your ears. Shakespeare. Hem!" or "Verbum sat. Horace. Hem!" He also indulged in an affected "He! he!"—G. Colman, The Heir-at-Law (1797).

A.S.S. stands for Artium Societatis Socius ("Fellow of the Society of Arts").

Pangloss, an optimist philosopher. (The word means "All Tongue.")—Voltaire, Candide.

Panjam, a male idol of the Oroungou tribes of Africa; his wife is Alēka, and his priests are called panjans. Panjam is the special protector of kings and governments.

Panjandrum (The Grand), and village potentate or Brummagem magnate. The word occurs in S. Foote's farrago of nonsense, which he wrote to test the memory of old Macklin, who said in a lecture "he had brought his own memory to such perfection that he could learn anything by rote on once hearing it."

He was the Great Panjandrum of the place.—Percy Fitzgerald.

[Asterism] The squire of a village is the Grand Panjandrum, and the small gentry the Picninnies, Joblillies, and Garyulies.

Foote's nonsense lines are these:

So she went into the garden to cut a cabbage leaf to make an apple pie; and at the same time a great she-bear, coming up the street, pops its head into the shop. "What! no soap?" So he died, and she very imprudently married the barber! and there were present the Picninnies, and the Joblillies, and the Garyulies, and the Grand Panjandrum himself, with the little round button at top, and they all fell to playing the game of catch as catch can, till the gunpowder ran out at the heel of their boots.—S. Foote, The Quarterly Review, xcv. 516, 517 (1854).

Pan'ope (3 syl.), one of the nereids. Her "sisters" are the sea-nymphs. Panopê was invoked by sailors in storms.

Sleek Panope with all her sisters played.

Milton, Lycidas, 95 (1638).

Pansy Osmund, daughter of Mr. Osmund and Madame Merle, but ignorant who her mother is. After her father's second marriage, the girl, who has been brought up by the nuns, is extremely fond of her step-mother, and when she grows under her fostering care into a lovely woman, becomes attached to Edward Rosier, a man of small fortune. Her father, cold and hard as stone, decrees that she shall marry an English lord, and upon her refusal, sends her back to the convent.—Henry James, Jr., Portrait of a Lady (1881).

Pantag'ruel', king of the Dipsodes (2 syl.), son of Gargantua, and last of the race of giants. His mother, Badebec, died in giving him birth. His paternal grandfather was named Grangousier. Pantagruel was a lineal descendant of Fierabras, the Titans, Goliath, Polypheme (3 syl.), and all the other giants traceable to Chalbrook, who lived in that extraordinary period noted for its "week of three Thursdays." The word is a hybrid, compounded of the Greek panta ("all"), and the Hagarene word gruel ("thirsty"). His immortal achievement was his "quest of the oracle of the Holy Bottle."—Rabelais, Gargantua and Pantagruel, ii. (1533).

Pantagruel's Course of Study. Pantagruel's father, Gargantua, said in a letter to his son:

"I intend and insist that you learn all languages perfectly; first of all Greek, in Quintillian's method; then Latin, then Hebrew, then Arabic and Chaldee. I wish you to form your style of Greek on the model of Plato, and of Latin on that of Cicero. Let there be no history you have not at your finger's ends, and study thoroughly cosmography and geography. Of liberal arts, such as geometry, mathematics and music, I gave you a taste when not above five years old, and I would have you now master them fully. Study astronomy, but not divination and judicial astrology, which I consider mere vanities. As for civil law, I would have thee know the digests by heart. You should also have a perfect knowledge of the works of Nature, so that there is no sea, river, or smallest stream, which you do not know for what fish it is noted, whence it proceeds, and whither it directs its course; all fowls of the air, all shrubs and trees, whether forest or orchard, all herbs and flowers, all metals and stones should be mastered by you. Fail not at the same time most carefully to peruse the Talmudists and Cabalists, and be sure by frequent anatomies to gain a perfect knowledge of that other world called the microcosm, which is man. Master all these in your young days, and let nothing be superficial; as you grow into manhood, you must learn chivalry, warfare, and field manoeuvres."—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 8 (1533).

Pantag'ruel's Tongue. It formed shelter for a whole army. His throat and mouth contained whole cities.

Then did they [the army] put themselves in close order, and stood as near to each other as they could, and Pantagruel put out his tongue half-way, and covered them all, as a hen doth her chickens.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 32 (1533).

Pantagruelian Lawsuit (The). This was between Lord Busqueue and Lord Suckfist, who pleaded their own cases. The writs, etc., were as much as four asses could carry. After the plaintiff had stated his case, and the defendant had made his reply, Pantagruel gave judgment, and the two suitors were both satisfied, for no one understood a word of the pleadings, or the tenor of the verdict.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. (1533).

Pantaloon. In the Italian comedy, Il Pantalo'ne is a thin, emaciated, old man, and the only character that acts in slippers.

The sixth age shifts Into the lean and slippered Pantaloon.

Shakespeare, As You Like It, act ii. sc. 7 (1600).

Panther (The), symbol of pleasure. When Dantê began the ascent of fame, this beast met him, and tried to stop his further progress.

Scarce the ascent Began, when lo! a panther, nimble, light, And covered with a speckled skin, appeared, ... and strove to check my onward going.

Dantê, Hell, i. (1300).

Panther (The Spotted), the Church of England. The "milk-white doe" is the Church of Rome.

The panther, sure the noblest next the hind, The fairest creature of the spotted kind; Oh, could her inborn stains be washed away, She were too good to be a beast of prey.

Dryden, The Hind and the Panther, i. (1687).

Panthino, servant of Antonio (the father of Protheus, one of the two heroes of the play).—Shakespeare, Two Gentlemen of Verona (1594).

Panton, a celebrated punster in the reign of Charles II.

And Panton, waging harmless war with words.

Dryden, MacFlecknoe, (1682).

Panurge, a young man, handsome and of good stature, but in very ragged apparel when Pantag'ruel first met him on the road leading from Charenton Bridge. Pantagruel, pleased with his person, and moved with pity at his distress, accosted him, when Panurge replied, first in German, then in Arabic, then in Italian, then in Biscayan, then in Bas-Breton, then in Low Dutch, then in Spanish. Finding that Pantagruel knew none of these languages, Panurge tried Danish, Hebrew, Greek, Latin, with no better success. "Friend," said the prince, "can you speak French?" "Right well," answered Panurge, "for I was born in Touraine, the garden of France." Pantagruel then asked him if he would join his suite, which Panurge most gladly consented to do, and became the fast friend of Pantagruel. His great forte was practical jokes. Rabelais describes him as of middle stature, with an aquiline nose, very handsome, and always moneyless. Pantagruel made him governor of Salmygondin.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, iii. 2 (1545).

Panza (Sancho), of Adzpetia, the squire of Don Quixote de la Mancha; "a little squat fellow, with a tun belly and spindle shanks" (pt. I. ii. 1). He rides an ass called Dapple. His sound common sense is an excellent foil to the knight's craze. Sancho is very fond of eating and drinking, is always asking the knight when he is to be put in possession of the island he promised. He salts his speech with most pertinent proverbs, and even with wit of a racy, though sometimes of rather a vulgar savor.—Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605).

[Asterism] The wife of Sancho is called "Joan Panza" in pt. I., and "Teresa Panza" in pt. II. "My father's name," she says to Sancho, "was Cascajo, and I, by being your wife, am now called Teresa Panza, though by right I should be called Teresa Cascajo" (pt. II. i. 5).

Paolo (2 syl.), the cardinal brother of Count Guido Franceschi'ni, who advised his bankrupt brother to marry an heiress, in order to repair his fortune.

When brother Paolo's energetic shake Should do the relics justice.

R. Browning, The Ring and the Book, ii. 409.

Paper King (The), John Law, projector of the Mississippi Bubble (1671-1729).

The basis of Law's project was the idea that paper money may be multiplied to any extent, provided there be security in fixed stock.—Rich.

Paphian Mimp, a certain plie of the lips, considered needful for "the highly genteel." Lady Emily told Miss Alscrip, "the heiress," that it was acquired by placing one's self before a looking-glass, and repeating continually the words "nimini pimini;" "when the lips cannot fail to take the right plie."—General Burgoyne, The Heiress, iii. 2 (1781).

(C. Dickens has made Mrs. General tell Amy Dorrit that the pretty plie is given to the lips by pronouncing the words "papa, potatoes, poultry, prunes and prism.")

Papillon, a broken-down critic, who earned four shillings a week for reviews of translations "without knowing one syllable of the original," and of "books which he had never read." He then turned French valet, and got well paid. He then fell into the service of Jack Wilding, and was valet, French marquis, or anything else to suit the whims of that young scapegrace.—S. Foote, The Liar (1761).

Papy'ra, goddess of printing and literature; so called from papyrus, a substance once used for books, before the invention of paper.

Till to astonished realms Papyra taught To paint in mystic colors sound and thought. With Wisdom's voice to print the page sublime, And mark in adamant the steps of Time.

Darwin, Loves of the Plants, ii. (1781).

Paracelsus is said to have kept a small devil prisoner in the pommel of his sword. He favored metallic substances for medicines, while Galen preferred herbs. His full name was Philippus Aure'olus Theophrastus Paracelsus, but his family name was Bombastus (1493-1541).

Paracelsus, at the age of 20, thinks knowledge the summum bonum, and, at the advice of his two friends, Festus and Michal, retires to a seat of learning in quest thereof. Eight years later, being dissatisfied, he falls in with Aprile, an Italian poet, and resolves to seek the summum bonum in love. Again he fails, and finally determines "to know and to enjoy."—R. Browning, Paracelsus.

Par'adine (3 syl.), son of Astolpho, and brother of Dargonet, both rivals for the love of Laura. In the combat provoked by Prince Oswald against Gondibert, which was decided by four combatants on each side, Hugo "the Little" slew both the brothers.—Sir. Wm. Davenant, Gondibert, i. (died 1668).

Paradisa'ica ("the fruit of paradise"). So the banana is called. The Mohammedans aver that the "forbidden fruit" was the banana or Indian fig, and cite in confirmation of this opinion that our first parents used fig leaves for their covering after their fall.

Paradise, in thirty-three cantos, by Dantê (1311). Paradise is separated from Purgatory by the river Lethê; and Dantê was conducted through nine of the spheres by Beatrice, who left him in the sphere of "unbodied light," under the charge of St. Bernard (canto xxxi.). The entire region is divided into ten spheres, each of which is appropriated to its proper order. The first seven spheres are the seven planets, viz. (1) the Moon, for angels, (2) Mercury, for archangels, (3) Venus, for virtues, (4) the Sun, for powers, (5) Mars, for principalities, (6) Jupiter, for dominions, (7) Saturn, for thrones. The eighth sphere is that of the fixed stars for the cherubim; the ninth is the primum mobĭlê for the seraphim; and the tenth is the empyre'an for the Virgin Mary and the triune deity. Beatrice, with Rachel, Sarah, Judith, Rebecca and Ruth, St. Augustin, St. Francis, St. Benedict, and others, were enthroned in Venus, the sphere of the virtues. The empyrean, he says, is a sphere of "unbodied light," "bright effluence of bright essence, uncreate." This is what the Jews called "the heaven of the heavens."

Paradise was placed in the legendary maps of the Middle Ages, in Ceylon; but Mahomet placed it "in the seventh heaven." The Arabs have a tradition that when our first parents were cast out of the garden, Adam fell in the isle of Ceylon, and Eve in Joddah (the port of Mecca).—Al Korân, ii.

Paradise and the Pe'ri. A peri was told she would be admitted into heaven if she would bring thither the gift most acceptable to the Almighty. She first brought a drop of a young patriot's blood, shed on his country's behalf; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She next took thither the last sigh of a damsel who had died nursing her betrothed, who had been stricken by the plague; but the gates would not open for such an offering. She then carried up the repentant tear of an old man converted by the prayers of a little child. All heaven rejoiced, the gates were flung open, and the peri was received with a joyous welcome.—T. Moore, Lalla Rookh ("Second Tale," 1817).

Paradise Lost. Satan and his crew, still suffering from their violent expulsion out of heaven, are roused by Satan's telling them about a "new creation;" and he calls a general council to deliberate upon their future operations (bk. i.). The council meet in the Pandemonium hall, and it is resolved that Satan shall go on a voyage of discovery to this "new world" (bk. ii.). The Almighty sees Satan, and confers with His Son about man. He foretells the Fall, and arranges the scheme of man's redemption. Meantime, Satan enters the orb of the sun, and there learns the route to the "new world" (bk. iii.). On entering Paradise, he overhears Adam and Eve talking of the one prohibition (bk. iv.). Raphael is now sent down to warn Adam of his danger, and he tells him who Satan is (bk. v.); describes the war in heaven, and expulsion of the rebel angels (bk. vi.). The angel visitant goes on to tell Adam why and how this world was made (bk. vii.); and Adam tells Raphael his own experience (bk. viii.) After the departure of Raphael, Satan enters into a serpent, and, seeing Eve alone, speaks to her. Eve is astonished to hear the serpent talk, but is informed that it had tasted of "the tree of knowledge," and had become instantly endowed with both speech and wisdom. Curiosity induces Eve to taste the same fruit, and she persuades Adam to taste it also (bk. ix.). Satan now returns to hell, to tell of his success (bk. x.). Michael is sent to expel Adam and Eve from the garden (bk. xi.); and the poem concludes with the expulsion, and Eve's lamentation (bk. xii.).—Milton (1665).

Paradise Lost was first published by Matthias Walker, of St. Dunstan's. He gave for it [pounds]5 down; on the sale of 1300 copies, he gave another [pounds]5. On the next two impressions, he gave other like sums. For the four editions, he therefore paid [pounds]20. The agreement between Walker and Milton is preserved in the British Museum.

It must be remembered that the wages of an ordinary workman was at that time about 3d. a day, and now we give 3s.; so that the price given was equal to about [pounds]250, according to the present value of money. Goldsmith tells us that the clergyman of his "deserted village" was "passing rich" with [pounds]40 a year = [pounds]500 present value of money.

Paradise Regained, in four books. The subject is the Temptation. Eve, being tempted, lost paradise; Christ, being tempted, regained it.

Book I. Satan presents himself as an old peasant, and, entering into conversation with Jesus, advises Him to satisfy His hunger by miraculously converting stones into bread. Jesus gives the tempter to know that He recognizes him, and refuses to follow his suggestion.

II. Satan reports progress to his ministers, and asks advice. He returns to the wilderness, and offers Jesus wealth, as the means of acquiring power; but the suggestion is again rejected.

III. Satan shows Jesus several of the kingdoms of Asia, and points out to Him their military power. He advises Him to seek alliance with the Parthians, and promises his aid. He says by such alliance He might shake off the Roman yoke, and raise the kingdom of David to first-class power. Jesus rejects the counsel, and tells the tempter that the Jews were for the present under a cloud for their sins, but that the time would come when God would put forth His hand on their behalf.

IV. Satan shows Jesus Rome, with all its greatness, and says, "I can easily dethrone Tiberius, and seat Thee on the imperial throne." He then shows Him Athens, and says, "I will make Thee master of their wisdom and high state of civilization, if Thou wilt fall down and worship me." "Get thee behind Me, Satan!" was the indignant answer; and Satan, finding all his endeavors useless, tells Jesus of the sufferings prepared for Him, takes Him back to the wilderness, and leaves Him there; but angels come and minister unto Him.—Milton (1671).

Paraguay (A Tale of), by Southey, in four cantos (1814). The small-pox, having broken out amongst the Guarānis, carried off the whole tribe except Quiāra and his wife, Monnĕma, who then migrated from the fatal spot to the Mondai woods. Here a son (Yerūti) and afterwards a daughter (Mooma) were born; but before the birth of the latter, the father was eaten by a jagŭar. When the children were of a youthful age, a Jesuit priest induced the three to come and live at St. Joăchin (3 syl.); so they left the wild woods for a city life. Here, in a few months, the mother flagged and died. The daughter next drooped, and soon followed her mother to the grave. The son, now the only remaining one of the entire race, begged to be baptized, received the rite, cried, "Ye are come for me! I am ready;" and died also.

Par'cinus, a young prince, in love with his cousin, Irolit'a, but beloved by Az'ira. The fairy Danamo was Azira's mother, and resolved to make Irolita marry the fairy Brutus; but Parcinus, aided by the fairy Favorable, surmounted all obstacles, married Irolita, and made Brutus marry Azira.

Parcinus had a noble air, a delicate shape, a fine head of hair admirably white.... He did everything well, danced and sang to perfection, and gained all the prizes at tournaments, whenever he contended for them.—Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Perfect Love," 1682).

Par'dalo, the demon-steed given to Iniguez Guerra, by his gobelin mother, that he might ride to Tolēdo and liberate his father, Don Diego Lopez, lord of Biscay, who had fallen into the hands of the Moors.—Spanish Story.

Par'diggle (Mrs.) a formidable lady, who conveyed to one the idea "of wanting a great deal more room." Like Mrs. Jellyby, she devoted herself to the concerns of Africa, and made her family of small boys contribute all their pocket money to the cause of the Borrioboola Gha mission.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1853).

Pardoner's Tale (The), in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, is "Death and the Rioters." Three rioters agree to hunt down Death, and kill him. An old man directs them to a tree in a lane, where, as he said, he had just left him. On reaching the spot, they find a rich treasure, and cast lots to decide who is to go and buy food. The lot falls on the youngest; and the other two, during his absence, agree to kill him on his return. The rascal sent to buy food poisons the wine, in order to secure to himself the whole treasure. Now comes the catastrophe: The two set on the third and slay him, but die soon after of the poisoned wine; so the three rioters find death under the tree, as the old man said, paltering in a double sense (1388).

Parian Verse, ill-natured satire; so called from Archil'ochus, a native of Paros.

Pari-Ba'nou, a fairy who gave Prince Ahmed a tent, which would fold into so small a compass that a lady might carry it about as a toy, but, when spread, it would cover a whole army.—Arabian Nights ("Prince Ahmed and Pari-Banu").

Paridel is a name employed in the Dunciad for an idle libertine—rich, young, and at leisure. The model is Sir Paridel, in the Faëry Queen.

Thee, too, my Paridel, she marked thee there, Stretched on the rack of a too-easy chair, And heard thy everlasting yawn confess The pains and penalties of idleness.

Pope, The Dunciad, iv. 341 (1742).

Paridel (Sir), descendant of Paris, whose son was Parius, who settled in Paros, and left his kingdom to his son, Par'idas, from whom Paridel descended. Having gained the hospitality of Malbecco, Sir Paridel eloped with his wife, Dame Hel'inore (3 syl.), but soon quitted her, leaving her to go whither she would. "So had he served many another one" (bk. iii. 10). In bk. iv. 1 Sir Paridel is discomfited by Sir Scudamore.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iii. 10; iv. 1 (1590, 1596).

[Asterism] "Sir Paridel" is meant for Charles Nevil, sixth and last of the Nevils, earls of Westmoreland. He joined the Northumberland rebellion of 1569 for the restoration of Mary queen of Scots; and when the plot failed, made his escape to the Continent, where he lived in poverty and obscurity. The earl was quite a Lothario, whose delight was to win the love of women, and then to abandon them.

Paris, a son of Priam and Hecŭba, noted for his beauty. He married Oenōnê, daughter of Cebren, the river-god. Subsequently, during a visit to Menelāus, king of Sparta, he eloped with Queen Helen, and this brought about the Trojan war. Being wounded by an arrow from the bow of Philoctētês, he sent for his wife, who hastened to him with remedies; but it was too late—he died of his wound, and Oenonê hung herself.—Homer, Iliad.

Paris was appointed to decide which of the three goddesses (Juno, Pallas or Minerva) was the fairest fair, and to which should be awarded the golden apple thrown "to the most beautiful." The three goddesses tried by bribes to obtain the verdict: Juno promised him dominion if he would decide in her favor; Minerva promised him wisdom; but Venus said she would find him the most beautiful of women for wife if he allotted to her the apple. Paris handed the apple to Venus.

Not Cytherea from a fairer swain Received her apple on the Trojan plain.

Falconer, The Shipwreck, i. 3 (1756).

Paris, a young nobleman, kinsman of Prince Es'calus of Verona, and the unsuccessful suitor of his cousin, Juliet.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598).

Paris (Notre Dame de), by Victor Hugo (1831). (See ESMERALDA and QUASIMODO.)

Parisina, wife of Azo, chief of Ferrara. She had been betrothed before her marriage to Hugo, a natural son of Azo, and after Azo took her for his bride, the attachment of Parisina and Hugo continued and had freer scope for indulgence. One night Azo heard Parisina in sleep confess her love for Hugo, whereupon he had his son beheaded, and, though he spared the life of Parisina, no one ever knew what became of her.—Byron, Parisina (1816).

Such is Byron's version; but history says Niccolo III. of Ferrara (Byron's "Azo") had for his second wife Parisina Malatesta, who showed great aversion to Ugo, a natural son of Niccolo, whom he greatly loved. One day, with the hope of lessening this strong aversion, he sent Ugo to escort her on a journey, and the two fell in love with each other. After their return the affection of Parisina and Ugo continued unabated, and a servant, named Zoe'se (3 syl.), having told the marquis of their criminal intimacy, he had the two guilty ones brought to open trial. They were both condemned to death; Ugo was beheaded first, then Parisina. Some time after, Niccolo married a third wife, and had several children.—Frizzi, History of Ferrara.

Parisme'nos, the hero of the second part of Parismus (q.v.). This part contains the adventurous travels of Parismenos, his deeds of chivalry, and love for the Princess Angelica, "the Lady of the Golden Tower."—Emanuel Foord, Parismenos (1598).

Paris'mus, a valiant and renowned prince of Bohemia, the hero of a romance so called. This "history" contains an account of his battles against the Persians, his love for Laurana, daughter of the king of Thessaly, and his strange adventures in the Desolate Island. The second part contains the exploits and love affairs of Parisme'nos.—Emanuel Foord, Parismus (1598).

Pariza'de (4 syl.), daughter of Khrosrou-schah, sultan of Persia, and sister of Bahman and Perviz. These three, in infancy, were sent adrift, each at the time of birth, through the jealousy of their two maternal aunts, who went to nurse the sultana in her confinement; but they were drawn out of the canal by the superintendent of the sultan's gardens, who brought them up. Parizadê rivalled her brothers in horsemanship, archery, running and literature. One day, a devotee who had been kindly entreated by Parizadê, told her the house she lived in wanted three things to make it perfect: (1) the talking bird, (2) the singing tree, and (3) the golden-colored water. Her two brothers went to obtain these treasures, but failed. Parizadê then went, and succeeded. The sultan paid them a visit, and the talking bird revealed to him the story of their birth and bringing up. When the sultan heard the infamous tale, he commanded the two sisters to be put to death, and Parizadê, with her two brothers, were then proclaimed the lawful children of the sultan.—Arabian Nights ("The Two Sisters," the last story).

[Asterism] The story of Cherry and Fairstar, by the Comtesse D'Aunoy, is an imitation of this tale; and introduces the "green bird," the "singing apple," and the "dancing water."

Parkes (Mr.). A clergyman "of simplicity and sincerity, fully in earnest to do the Lord's work and do it with all his might." He suggests to his congregation when the Week of Prayer comes around that they "make a Week of Practice instead." The result is told in The Deacon's Week.—Rose Terry Cooke (1886).

Parley (Peter), Samuel Griswold Goodrich, an American. Above seven millions of his books were in circulation in 1859 (1793-1860).

[Asterism] Several piracies of this popular name have appeared. Thus, S. Kettell, of America, pirated the name in order to sell under false colors; Darton and Co,[TN-63] issued a Peter Parley's Annual (1841-1855); Simkins, a Peter Parley's Life of Paul (1845); Bogue, a Peter Parley's Visit to London, etc. (1844); Tegg, several works under the same name; Hodson, a Peter Parley's Bible Geography (1839); Clements, a Peter Parley's Child's First Step (1839). None of which works were by Goodrich, the real "Peter Parley."

William Martin was the writer of Darton's "Peter Parley series." George Mogridge wrote several tales under the name of Peter Parley. How far such "false pretences" are justifiable, public opinion, must decide.

Parliament (The Black), a parliament held by Henry VIII. in Bridewell.

(For Addled parliament, Barebone's parliament, the Devil's parliament, the Drunken parliament, the Good parliament, the Long parliament, the Mad parliament, the Pensioner parliament, the Rump parliament, the Running parliament, the Unmerciful parliament, the Useless parliament, the Wonder-making parliament, the parliament of Dunces, see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 657.)

Parnelle (Mde.), the mother of M. Orgon, and an ultra-admirer of Tartuffe, whom she looks on as a saint. In the adaptation of Molière's comedy by Isaac Bickerstaff, Mde. Parnelle is called "old Lady Lambert;" her son, "Sir John Lambert;" and Tartuffe, "Dr. Cantwell."—Molière, Tartuffe (1664); Bickerstaff, The Hypocrite (1768).

[Asterism] The Nonjuror, by Cibber (1706), was the quarry of Bickerstaff's play.

Parody (Father of), Hippo'nax of Ephesus (sixth century B.C.).

Parol'les (3 syl.), a boastful, cowardly follower of Bertram, count of Rousillon. His utterances are racy enough, but our contempt for the man smothers our mirth, and we cannot laugh. In one scene the bully is taken blindfolded among his old acquaintances, whom he is led to suppose are his enemies, and he villifies[TN-64] their characters to their faces in most admired foolery.—Shakespeare, All's Well that Ends Well (1598).

He [Dr. Parr] was a mere Parolles in a pedagogue's wig.—Noctes Ambrosianae.

(For similar tongue-doughty heroes, see BASILISCO, BESSUS, BLUFF, BOBADIL, BOROUGHCLIFF, BRAZEN, FLASH, PISTOL, PYRGO, POLINICES,[TN-65] SCARAMOUCH, THRASO, VINCENT DE LA ROSA, etc.)

Parpaillons (King of the), the father of Gargamelle, "a jolly pug and well-mouthed wench," who married Grangousier "in the vigor of his age," and became the mother of Gargantua.—Rabelais, Gargantua, i. 3 (1533).

Parr (Old). Thomas Parr, we are told, lived in the reign of ten sovereigns. He married his second wife when he was 120 years old, and had a child by her. He was a husbandman, born at Salop, in 1483, and died 1635, aged 152.

Parricide (The Beautiful), Beatrice Cenci, who is said to have murdered her father for the incestuous brutality with which he had treated her (died 1599).

Shelley has a tragedy on the subject, called The Cenci (1819).

Parsley Peel, the first Sir Robert Peel. So called from the great quantity of printed calico with the parsley-leaf pattern manufactured by him (1750-1830).

Parson Adams, a simple-minded country clergyman of the eighteenth century. At the age of 50 he was provided with a handsome income of [pounds]23 a year (nearly [pounds]300 of our money).—Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742).

Timothy Burrell, Esq., in 1715, bequeathed to his nephew Timothy, the sum of [pounds]20 a year, to be paid during his residence at the university, and to be continued to him till he obtained some preferment worth at least [pounds]30 a year.—Sussex Archaeological Collections, iii. 172.

Parson Bate, a stalwart choleric, sporting parson, editor of the Morning Post in the latter half of the eighteenth century. He was afterwards Sir Henry Bate Dudley, Bart.

When Sir Henry Bate Dudley was appointed an Irish dean, a young lady of Dublin said, "Och! how I long to see our dane! They say ... he fights like an angel."—Cassell's Magazine ("London Legends," iii.)

Parson Collins, shrewd backwoodsman, ready for fight or prayer. He suffers at the hands of desperadoes, but is dauntless, and always gets the better of his partner in a trade. His white mule Ma'y Jane, is the only creature that outwits him, and that only at fence-corners.—Octave Thanet, Expiation (1890).

Parson Runo (A), a simple-minded clergyman, wholly unacquainted with the world; a Dr. Primrose, in fact. It is a Russian household phrase, having its origin in the singular simplicity of the Lutheran clergy of the Isle of Runo.

Parson Trulliber, a fat clergyman, slothful, ignorant, and intensely bigoted.—Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742).

Parsons (Walter), the giant porter of King James I. (died 1622).—Fuller, Worthies (1662).

Parsons' Kaiser (The), Karl IV., of Germany, who was set up by Pope Clement VI., while Ludwig IV. was still on the throne. The Germans called the pope's protégé "pfaffen kaiser."

Parthe'nia, the mistress of Argălus.—Sir Philip Sidney, Arcadia (1580).

Parthenia, Maidenly Chastity personified. Parthenia is sister of Agnei'a (3 syl.), or wifely chastity, the spouse of Encra'tês, or temperance. Her attendant is Er'ythre, or modesty. (Greek, parthĕnia, "maidenhood.")—Phineas Fletcher, The Purple Island, x. (1633).

Parthen'ope (4 syl.), one of the three syrens. She was buried at Naples. Naples itself was anciently called Parthenopê, which name was changed to Neap'olis ("the new city") by a colony of Cumaeans.

By dead Parthenope's dear tomb.

Milton, Comus, 879 (1634).

Loitering by the sea That laves the passionate shores of soft Parthenopê.

Lord Lytton, Ode, iii. 2 (1839).

(The three syrens were Parthenopê, Ligēa, and Leucos'ia, not Leucoth'ea, q.v.)

Parthenope (4 syl.), the damsel beloved by Prince Volscius.—Duke of Buckingham, The Rehearsal (1671).

Parthen'ope of Naples, Sannazora, the Neapolitan poet called "The Christian Virgil." Most of his poems were published under the assumed name of Actius Sincerus (1458-1530).

At last the Muses ... scattered ... Their blooming wreaths from fair Valclusa's bowers [Petrarch] To Arno [Dante and Boccaccio] ... and the shore Of soft Parthenope.

Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, ii. (1744).

Partington (Mrs.), an old lady of amusing affectations and ridiculous blunders of speech. Sheridan's "Mrs. Malaprop" and Smollett's "Tabitha Bramble" are similar characters.—B. P. Shillaber (an American humorist).

I do not mean to be disrespectful; but the attempt of the lords to stop the progress of reform reminds me very forcibly of the great storm of Sidmouth, and the conduct of the excellent Mrs. Partington on that occasion. In the winter of 1824, there set in a great flood upon that town; the tide rose to an incredible height; the waves rushed in upon the houses; and everything was threatened with destruction. In the midst of this sublime storm, Dame Partington, who lived upon the beach, was seen at the door of her house with mop and pattens, trundling her mop, squeezing out the sea-water, and vigorously pushing away the Atlantic Ocean. The Atlantic was roused, Mrs. Partington's spirit was up; but I need not tell you that the contest was unequal. The Atlantic beat Mrs. Partington. She was excellent at a slop or puddle, but should never have meddled with a tempest.—Sydney Smith (speech at Taunton, 1831).

Partlet, the hen, in "The Nun's Priest's Tale," and in the famous beast-epic of Reynard the Fox (1498).—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales (1388).

Sister Partlet with her hooded head, the cloistered community of nuns; the Roman Catholic clergy being the "barn-door fowls."—Dryden, Hind and Panther (1687).

Partridge. Talus was changed into a partridge.

Partridge, cobbler, quack, astrologer, and almanac-maker (died 1708). Dean Swift wrote an elegy on him.

Here five feet deep, lies on his back, A cobbler, starmonger, and quack, Who, to the stars in pure gold will, Does to his best look upward still, Weep all you customers that use His pills, his almanacs, or shoes.

Partridge, the attendant of Tom Jones, as Strap, is of Smollett's "Roderick Random." Faithful, shrewd, and of child-like simplicity. He is half-barber and half-schoolmaster. His excitement in the play-house when he went to see Garrick in "Hamlet" is charming.—Fielding, The History of Tom Jones (1749).

The humor of Smollett, although genuine and hearty, is coarse and vulgar. He was superficial where Fielding showed deep insight; but he had a rude conception of generosity of which Fielding seems incapable. It is owing to this that "Strap" is superior to "Partridge."—Hazlitt, Comic Writers.

Parvenue. One of the O'Neals, being told that Barrett of Castlemone had only been 400 years in Ireland, replied, "I hate the upstart, which can only look back to yesterday."

Parviz ("victorious"), surname of Khosrou II. of Persia. He kept 15,000 female musicians, 6000 household officers, 20,500 saddle-mules, 960 elephants, 200 slaves to scatter perfumes when he went abroad, and 1000 sekabers to water the roads before him. His horse, Shibdiz, was called "the Persian Bucephălus."

The reigns of Khosrou I. and II. were the golden period of Persian history.

Parzival, the hero and title of a metrical romance, by Wolfram v. Eschenbach. Parzival was brought up by a widowed mother, in solitude, but when grown to manhood, two wandering knights persuaded him to go to the court of King Arthur. His mother, hoping to deter him, consented to his going if he would wear the dress of a common jester. This he did, but soon achieved such noble deeds that Arthur made him a knight of the Round Table. Sir Parzival went in quest of the Holy Graal, which was kept in a magnificent castle called Graalburg, in Spain, built by the royal priest Titurel. He reached the castle, but having neglected certain conditions, was shut out, and, on his return, the priestess of Graalburg insisted on his being expelled the court and degraded from knighthood. Parzival then led a new life of abstinence and self-abnegation, and a wise hermit became his instructor. At length he reached such a state of purity and sanctity that the priestess of Graalburg declared him worthy to become lord of the castle (1205).

[Asterism] This, of course, is an allegory of a Christian giving up everything in order to be admitted a priest and king in the city of God, and becoming a fool in order to learn true wisdom (see 1 Cor. iii. 18).

Pasquin, a Roman cobbler of the latter half of the fifteenth century, whose shop stood in the neighborhood of the Braschi palace near the Piazza Navoni. He was noted for his caustic remarks and bitter sayings. After his death, a mutilated statue near the shop was called by his name, and made the repository of all the bitter epigrams and satirical verses of the city; hence called pasquinades (3 syl.).

Passamonte (Gines de), the galley-slave set free by Don Quixote. He returned the favor by stealing Sancho's wallet and ass. Subsequently he reappeared as a puppet-showman.—Cervantes, Don Quixote.

Passatore (Il), a title assumed by Belli'no, an Italian bandit chief who died 1851.

Passel'yon, a young foundling brought up by Morgan la Fée. He was detected in an intrigue with Morgan's daughter. The adventures of this amorous youth are related in the romance called Perceforest, iii.

Passe Rose, fair orphan girl, warm of heart and single of purpose. Ingenuous as a babe, and made strong by love. Her adventures are the theme of the novel bearing her name.—Arthur Sherburne Hardy, Passe Rose (1889).

Passetreul, the name of Sir Tristram's horse.

Passe-tyme of Plesure, an allegorical poem in forty-six capitulos and in seven-line stanzas, by Stephen Hawes (1506)[TN-66] The poet supposes that while Graunde Amoure was walking in a meadow he encountered Fame, "enuyroned with tongues of fyre," who told him about La bell Pucell, a ladye fair, living in the Tower of Musike, and then departed, leaving him under the charge of Gouernaunce and Grace, who conducted him to the Tower of Doctrine. Countenaunce, the portress, showed him over the tower, and Lady Science sent him to Gramer. Afterwards he was sent to Logyke, Rethorike, Inuention, Arismetrike and Musike. In the Tower of Musike he met La bell Pucell, pleaded his love, and was kindly entreated; but they were obliged to part for the time being, while Graunde Amoure continued his "passe-tyme of plesure." On quitting La bell Pucell he went to Geometrye and then to Dame Astronomy. Then, leaving the Tower of Science, he entered that of Chyualry. Here Mynerue introduced him to Kyng Melyzyus, after which he went to the temple of Venus, who sent a letter on his behalf to La bell Pucell. Meanwhile the giant False Report (or Godfrey Gobilyue) met him, and put him to great distress in the house of Correction, but Perceueraunce at length conducted him to the manor-house of Dame Comfort. After sundry trials Graunde Amoure married La bell Pucell, and, after many a long day of happiness and love, was arrested by Age, who took him before Policye and Auarice. Death in time came for him, and Remembraunce wrote his epitaph.

Pastor Fi'do (Il), a pastoral by Giovanni Battista Guari'ni of Ferrara (1585).

Pastoral Romance (The Father of), Honoré d'Urfé (1567-1625).

Pastorella, the fair shepherdess (bk. vi. 9), beloved by Corydon, but "neither for him nor any other did she care a whit." She was a foundling, brought up by the shepherd Melibee. When Sir Calidore (3 syl.) was the shepherd's guest, he fell in love with the fair foundling, who returned his love. During the absence of Sir Calidore in a hunting expedition, Pastorella, with Melibee and Corydon, were carried off by brigands. Melibee was killed, Corydon effected his escape, and Pastorella was wounded. Sir Calidore went to rescue his shepherdess, killed the brigand chief, and brought back the captive in safety (bk. vi. 11). He took her to Belgard Castle, and it turned out that the beautiful foundling was the daughter of Lady Claribel and Sir Bellamour (bk, vi. 12).—Spenser, Faëry Queen, vi. 9-12 (1596).

"Pastorella" is meant for Frances Walsingham, daughter of Sir Francis Walsingham, whom Sir Philip Sidney ("Sir Calidore") married. After Sidney's death the widow married the earl of Essex (the queen's favorite). Sir Philip being the author of a romance called Arcadia suggested to the poet the name Pastorella.

Patch, the clever, intriguing waiting-woman of Isabinda, daughter of Sir Jealous Traffick. As she was handing a love-letter in cipher to her mistress, she let it fall, and Sir Jealous picked it up. He could not read it, but insisted on knowing what it meant. "O," cried the ready wit, "it is a charm for the toothache!" and the suspicions of Sir Jealous were diverted (act iv. 2).—Mrs. Centlivre, The Busy Body (1709).

Patch (Clause), king of the beggars. He died in 1730, and was succeeded by Bampfylde Moore Carew.

Patche (1 syl.), Cardinal Wolsey's jester. When the cardinal felt his favor giving way, he sent Patche as a gift to the king, and Henry VIII. considered the gift a most acceptable one.

We call one Patche or Cowlson, whom we see to do a thing foolishly, because these two in their time were notable fools.—Wilson, Art of Rhetorique (1553).

Patelin (2 syl.), the hero of an ancient French comedy. He contrives to obtain on credit six ells of cloth from William Josseaume, by artfully praising the tradesman's father. Any subtle, crafty fellow, who entices by flattery and insinuating arts, is called a Patelin.—P. Blanchet, L'Avocat Patelin (1459-1519).

On lui attribue, mais à tort, la farce de L'Avocat Patelin, qui est plus ancienne que lui.—Bouillet, Dictionary Universel d'Histoire, etc., art. "Blanchet."

Consider, sir, I pray you, how the noble Patelin, having a mind to extol to the third heavens, the father of William Josseaume, said no more than this: he did lend his goods freely to those who were desirous of them.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, iii. 4 (1545).

Pater Patrum. St. Gregory, of Nyssa is so called by the council of Nice (332-395).

Paterson (Pate), serving-boy to Bryce Snailsfoot, the pedlar.—Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

Pathfinder (The), Natty Bumpo; also called "The Deerslayer"[TN-67] "The Hawk-eye," and "The Trapper."—Fenimore Cooper, (five novels called The Pathfinder, The Pioneers, The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, and The Prairie).

Pathfinder of the Rocky Mountains.[TN-68] (The), Major-General John Charles Fremont, who conducted four exploring expeditions across the Rocky Mountains in 1842.

Patient Griselda or Grisildis, the wife of Wautier, marquis of Salucês. Boccaccio says she was a poor country lass, who became the wife of Gualtiere, marquis of Saluzzo. She was robbed of her children by her husband, reduced to abject poverty, divorced, and commanded to assist in the marriage of her husband with another woman; but she bore every affront patiently, and without complaint.—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Clerk's Tale," 1388); Boccaccio, Decameron, x. 10 (1352).

Patience Strong. Delightful old maid, who, after passing most of her life in a quiet New England township, goes abroad and tells her experiences in Sights and Insights.—A. D. T. Whitney (1860).

She is also the central figure in a quiet story of domestic life, entitled Patience Strong's Outings (1858).

Patin, brother of the emperor of Rome. He fights with Am'adis of Gaul, and has his horse killed under him.—Vasco de Lobeira, Amadis de Gaul (thirteenth century).

Patison, licensed jester to Sir Thos. More. Hans Holbein has introduced this jester in his famous picture of the lord chancellor.

Patriarch of Dorchester,[TN-69] John White, of Dorchester, a puritan divine (1574-1648).

Patriarchs (The Last of the). So Christopher Casby, of Bleeding-heart Yard was called. "So grey, so slow, so quiet, so impassionate, so very bumpy in the head, that patriarch was the word for him." Painters implored him to be a model for some patriarch they designed to paint. Philanthropists looked on him as famous capital for a platform. He had once been town agent in the Circumlocution Office, and was well-to-do.

His face had a bloom on it like ripe wall-fruit, and his blue eyes seemed to be the eyes of wisdom and virtue. His whole face teemed with the look of benignity. Nobody could say where the wisdom was, or where the virtue was, or where the benignity was, but they seemed to be somewhere about him.... He wore a long wide-skirted bottle-green coat, and a bottle-green pair of trousers, and a bottle-green waistcoat. The patriarchs were not dressed in bottle-green broadcloth, and yet his clothes looked patriarchal.—C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857).

Patrick, an old domestic at Shaw's Castle.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.).

Patrick (St.), the tutelar saint of Ireland. Born at Kirk Patrick, near Dumbarton. His baptismal name was "Succeath" ("valor in war"), changed by Milcho, to whom he was sold as a slave into "Cotharig" (four families or four masters, to whom he had been sold). It was Pope Celestine who changed the name to "Patricius," when he sent him to convert the Irish.

Certainly the most marvellous of all the miracles ascribed to the saints is that recorded of St. Patrick. "He swam across the Shannon with his head in his mouth!"

Saint Patrick and King O'Neil. One day, the saint set the end of his crozier on the foot of O'Neil, king of Ulster, and, leaning heavily on it, hurt the king's foot severely; but the royal convert showed no indication of pain or annoyance whatsoever.

A similar anecdote is told of St. Areed, who went to show the king of Abyssinia a musical instrument he had invented. His majesty rested the head of his spear on the saint's foot, and leaned with both his hands on the spear while he listened to the music. St. Areed, though his great toe was severely pierced, showed no sign of pain, but went on playing as if nothing was the matter.

St. Patrick and the Serpent. St[TN-70] Patrick cleared Ireland of vermin. One old serpent resisted, but St. Patrick overcame it by cunning. He made a box, and invited the serpent to enter in. The serpent insisted it was too small; and so high the contention grew that the serpent got into the box to prove that he was right, whereupon St. Patrick slammed down the lid, and cast the box into the sea.

This tradition is marvellously like an incident of the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. A fisherman had drawn up a box or vase in his net, and on breaking it open a genius issued therefrom, and threatened the fisherman with immediate destruction because he had been enclosed so long. Said the fisherman to the genius, "I wish to know whether you really were in that vase." "I certainly was," said the genius. "I cannot believe it," replied the fisherman, "for the vase could not contain even one of your feet." Then the genius, to prove his assertion, changed into smoke, and entered into the vase, saying, "Now, incredulous fisherman, dost thou believe me?" But the fisherman clapped the leaden cover on the vase, and told the genius that he was about to throw the box into the sea, and that he would build a house on the spot to warn others not to fish up so wicked a genius.—Arabian Nights ("The Fisherman," one of the early tales).

[Asterism] St. Patrick, I fear, had read the Arabian Nights, and stole a leaf from the fisherman's book.

St. Patrick a Gentleman.

Oh, St. Patrick was a gentleman, Who came of dacent people ...

This song was written by Messrs. Bennet and Toleken, of Cork, and was first sung by them at a masquerade in 1814. It was afterwards lengthened for Webbe, the comedian, who made it popular.

Patriot King (The), Henry St. John, Viscount Bolingbroke (1678-1751). He hired Mallet to traduce Pope after his decease, because the poet refused to give up certain copies of a work which the statesman wished to have destroyed.

Write as if St. John's soul could still inspire, And do from hate what Mallet did for hire.

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809).

Patriot of Humanity. So Byron calls Henry Grattan (1750-1820).—Don Juan (preface to canto vi., etc..[TN-71] 1824).

Patron (The), a farce by S. Foote (1764). The patron is Sir Thomas Lofty, called by his friends, "sharp-judging Adriel, the Muse's friend, himself a Muse," but by those who loved him less, "the modern Midas." Books without number were dedicated to him, and the writers addressed him as the "British Pollio, Atticus, the Maecēnas of England, protector of arts, paragon of poets, arbiter of taste, and sworn appraiser of Apollo and the Muses." The plot is very simple: Sir Thomas Lofty has written a play called Robinson Crusoe, and gets Richard Bever to stand godfather to it. The play is damned past redemption, and to soothe Bever, Sir Thomas allows him to marry his niece, Juliet.

Horace Walpole, earl of Orford, is the original of "Sir Thomas Lofty" (1717-1797).

Patten, according to Gay, is so called from Patty, the pretty daughter of a Lincolnshire farmer, with whom the village blacksmith fell in love. To save her from wet feet when she went to milk the cows, he mounted her clogs on an iron eke.

The patten now supports each frugal dame, Which from the blue-eyed Patty takes its name.

Gay, Trivia, i. (1712).

(Of course, the word is the French patin, "a skate or high-heeled shoe," from the Greek, patein, "to walk.")

Pattieson (Mr. Peter), in the introduction of The Heart of Midlothian, by Sir W. Scott, and again in the introduction of The Bride of Lammermoor. He is a hypothetical assistant teacher at Gandercleuch, and the feigned author of The Tales of My Landlord, which Sir Walter Scott pretends were published by Jedediah Cleishbotham, after the death of Pattieson.

Patton (Mrs.). Tailoress and talker, otherwise known as "the Widow Jim," who has all genealogy and relationship at her tongue's end. "She chatters all day as the swallows chatter, and you do not tire of her."—Sarah Orne Jewett, Deephaven (1877).

Patterson (Elizabeth). One of the most remarkable women of this century. The beautiful daughter of a Baltimore merchant prince, she captivated Jerome Bonaparte, (then a minor, and dependent on his brother), who was visiting America. In the face of parental opposition, she married him Dec. 24, 1803. Napoleon (First Consul) promptly repudiated the marriage, ordered his brother home, and forbade all French vessels to receive as a passenger, "the young person with whom Citizen Joseph has connected himself." In October, 1804, the young couple sailed for France in the ship Philadelphia, but were blown ashore at Lewes, Del. In March, 1805, they embarked again, reaching Lisbon, April 2. Napoleon (now emperor) refused to allow them to enter France, but sent to know "what he could do for Miss Patterson." She replied that "Madame Bonaparte demanded her rights as one of the imperial family." The contest was unequal. She was sent back to America, and the marriage declared null and void. Her son, Jerome, was born in England, July 7, 1805. She was never allowed to see her husband again, yet her ambitious projects for "Bo," as she called her son, were unremitting until the downfall of the Bonarparte[TN-72] family. After this, she aimed to ally him with the English nobility, a design thwarted by his love-match with a lovely Baltimorean. She was an able financier, and became one of the richest women in Baltimore. Retaining her mind and many traces of her extraordinary beauty to the last, she died, April 3, 1879, at the age of ninety-four.

"By the laws of justice and of the Church she was a queen, although she was never allowed to reign.... There was about her the brilliancy of courts and palaces, the enchantment of a love-story, the suffering of a victim of despotic power."—Eugene Dìdier, Life and Letters of Madame Bonaparte (1879).

Patty, "the maid of the mill," daughter of Fairfield, the miller. She was brought up by the mother of Lord Aimworth, and was promised by her father in marriage to Farmer Giles; but she refused to marry him, and became the bride of Lord Aimworth. Patty was very clever, very pretty, very ingenuous, and loved his lordship to adoration.—Bickerstaff, The Maid of the Mill (1765).

Pattypan (Mrs.), a widow who keeps lodgings, and makes love to Tim Tartlet, to whom she is ultimately engaged.

By all accounts, she is just as loving now as she was thirty years ago.—James Cobb, The First Floor, i. 2 (1756-1818).

Patullo (Mrs.), waiting-woman to Lady Ashton.—Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Pau-Puk-Keewis, a cunning mischief-maker, who taught the North American Indians the game of hazard, and stripped them, by his winnings, of all their possessions. In a mad freak Pau-Puk-Keewis entered the wigwam of Hiawatha and threw everything into confusion; so Hiawatha resolved to slay him. Pau-Puk-Keewis, taking to flight, prayed the beavers to make him a beaver ten times their own size. This they did; but when the other beavers made their escape, at the arrival of Hiawatha, Pau-Puk-Keewis was hindered from getting away by his great size; and Hiawatha slew him. His spirit, escaping, flew upwards, and prayed the storm-fools to make him a "brant" ten times their own size. This was done, and he was told never to look downwards, or he would lose his life. When Hiawatha arrived, the "brant" could not forbear looking at him; and immediately he fell to earth, and Hiawatha transformed him into an eagle.

Now in winter, when the snowflakes Whirl in eddies round the lodges,... "There," they cry, "comes Pau-Puk-Keewis; He is dancing thro' the village, He is gathering in his harvest."

Longfellow, Hiawatha, xvii. (1855).

Paul, the love-child of Margaret, who retired to Port Louis, in the Mauritius, to bury herself, and bring up her only child. Hither came Mde. de la Tour, a widow, and was confined of a daughter, whom she named Virginia. Between these neighbors a mutual friendship arose, and the two children became playmates. As they grew in years their fondness for each other developed into love. When Virginia was 15, her mother's aunt adopted her, and begged she might be sent to France to finish her education. She was above two years in France; and as she refused to marry a count of the "aunt's" providing, she was disinherited and sent back to her mother. When within a cable's length of the island a hurricane dashed the ship to pieces, and the dead body of Virginia was thrown upon the shore. Paul drooped from grief, and within two months followed her to the grave.—Bernardin de St. Pierre, Paul et Virgine (1788).

In Cobb's dramatic version, Paul's mother (Margaret) is made a faithful domestic of Virginia's parents. Virginia's mother dies, and commits her infant daughter to the care of Dominique, a faithful old negro servant, and Paul and Virginia are brought up in the belief that they are brother and sister. When Virginia is 15 years old, her aunt, Leonora de Guzman, adopts her, and sends Don Antonio de Guardes to bring her to Spain and make her his bride. She is taken by force on board ship; but scarcely has the ship started, when a hurricane dashes it on rocks, and it is wrecked. Alhambra, a runaway slave whom Paul and Virginia had befriended, rescues Virginia, who is brought to shore and married to Paul; but Antonio is drowned (1756-1818).

Paul (Father), Paul Sarpi (1552-1628).

Paul (St.). The very sword which cut off the head of this apostle is preserved at the convent of La Lisla, near Tolēdo, in Spain. If any one doubts the fact he may, for a gratuity, see a "copper sword, twenty-five inches long and three and a half broad, on one side of which is the word MUCRO ('a sword'), and on the other PAULUS ... CAPITE." Can anything be more convincing?