Sa'kia, the dispenser of rain, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 syl.).

Sakia, we invoked for rain; We called on Razeka for food; They did not hear our prayers—they could not hear. No cloud appeared in heaven, No nightly dews came down.

Southey, Thalaba, the Destroyer, i. 24 (1797).

Sakunta'la, daughter of Viswamita and a water-nymph, abandoned by her parents, and brought up by a hermit. One day, King Dushyanta came to the hermitage, and persuaded Sakuntala to marry him. In due time a son was born, but Dushyanta left his bride at the hermitage. When the boy was six years old, his mother took him to the king, and Dushyanta recognized his wife by a ring which he had given her. Sakuntala was now publicly proclaimed queen, and the boy (whose name was Bhârata) became the founder of the glorious race of the Bhâratas.

This story forms the plot of the famous drama, Sakuntala, by Kâlidasa, well known to us through the translation of Sir W. Jones.

Sakya-Muni, the founder of Buddhism. Sakya is the family name of Siddharta, and muni means "a recluse." Buddha ("perfection") is a title given to Siddharta.

Sal'ace (3 syl.) or SALACIA, wife of Neptune, and mother of Triton.

Triton, who boasts his high Neptunian race, Sprung from the god by Salace's embrace.

Camoens, Lusiad, vi. (1672).

Sal'adin, the soldan of the East. Sir W. Scott introduces him in The Talisman, first as Sheerkohf, emir of Kurdistan, and subsequently as Adonbeck el Hakim, the physician.

Salamanca (The Bachelor of), the title and hero of a novel by Lesage. The name of the bachelor is Don Cherubim, who is placed in all sorts of situations suitable to the author's vein of satire (1704)[TN-151]

Sala'nio, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.—Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1598).

Salari'no, a friend to Antonio and Bassānio.—Shakespeare, Merchant of Venice (1598).

Sa'leh. The Thamûdites (3 syl.), proposed that Sâleh should, by miracle, prove that Jehovah was a God superior to their own. Prince Jonda said he would believe it if Sâleh made a camel, big with young, come out of a certain rock which he pointed out. Sâleh did so, and Jonda was converted.

(The Thamûdites were idolaters, and Sâleh, the prophet, was sent to bring them back to the worship of Jehovah.)

Sâleh's Camel. The camel thus miraculously produced, used to go about the town, crying aloud, "Ho! every one that wanteth milk, let him come, and I will give it him."—Sale, Al Korân, vii. notes. (See Isaiah lv. 1).

Saleh, a son of Faras'chê (3 syl.) queen of a powerful under-sea empire. His sister was Gulna'rê (3 syl.), empress of Persia. Saleh asked the king of Samandal, another under-sea emperor, to give his daughter, Giauha'rê, in marriage to Prince Beder, son of Gulnarê; but the proud, passionate despot ordered the prince's head to be cut off for such presumptuous insolence. However, Saleh made his escape, invaded Samandal, took the king prisoner, and the marriage between Beder and the Princess Giauharê was duly celebrated.—Arabian Nights ("Beder and Giauharê").

Sa'lem, a young seraph, one of the two tutelar angels of the Virgin Mary and of John the Divine, "for God had given to John two tutelar angels, the chief of whom was Raph'ael, one of the most exalted seraphs of the hierarchy of heaven."—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Sal'emal, the preserver in sickness, one of the four gods of the Adites (2 syl.).—D'Herbelot, Bibliothèques Orientale[TN-152] (1697).

Salian Franks. So called from the Isăla or Yssel, in Holland. They were a branch of the Sicambri; hence, when Clovis was baptized at Rheims, the old prelate addressed him as "Sigambrian," and said that "he must henceforth set at naught what he had hitherto worshipped, and worship what he had hitherto set at naught."

Salisbury (Earl of), William Longsword, natural son of Henry II. and Jane Clifford, "The Fair Rosamond."—Shakespeare, King John (1596); Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Sallust of France (The). César Vichard (1639-1692) was so called by Voltaire.

Salmigondin, or "Salmygondin," a lordship of Dipsody, given by Pantagruel to Panurge (2 syl.). Alcofribas, who had resided six months in the giant's mouth without his knowing it, was made castellan of the castle.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 32; iii. 2 (1533-45).

The lordship of Salmygodin was worth 67 million pounds sterling, per annum, in "certain rent," and an annual revenue for locusts and periwinkles, varying from [pounds]24,357 to 12 millions in a good year, when the exports of locusts and periwinkles were flourishing. Panurge, however, could not make the two ends meet. At the close of "less than fourteen days" he had forestalled three years' rent and revenue, and had to apply to Pantagruel to pay his debts.—Pantagruel, iii. 2.

Salmo'neus (3 syl.), king of Elis, wishing to be thought a god, used to imitate thunder and lightning by driving his chariot over a brazen bridge, and darting burning torches on every side. He was killed by lightning for his impiety and folly[TN-153]

Salmoneus, who while he his carroach drave Over the brazen bridge of Elis' stream, And did with artificial thunder brave Jove, till he pierced him with a lightning beam.

Lord Brooke, Treatise on Monarchie, vi.

It was to be the literary Salmoneus of the political Jupiter.—Lord Lytton.

Sally in our Alley, subject of popular ballad of same name, by Henry Carew (1663-1743).

Sally (red haired), remembered love of a poor pioneer, whom the Indians have scalped and blinded. As he lies by the camp-fire, he bemoans his hard lot and wishes he had been left to die.

"It's twice dead not to see."

Rose Terry Cooke, Poems (1888).

Sally (Kittredge), black-eyed, rosy-cheeked country girl, Mara Linnotti's friend, and finally, the wife of Moses Pennell.—Harriet Beecher Stowe, The Pearl of Orr's Island (1860).

Salome and the Baptist. When Salomê delivered the head of John the Baptist to her mother, Herodias pulled out the tongue and stabbed it with her bodkin.

When the head of Cicero was delivered to Marc Antony, his wife, Fulvia, pulled out the tongue and stabbed it repeatedly with her bodkin.

Salvage Knight (The), Sir Arthegal, called Artegal, from bk. iv. 6. The hero of bk. v. (Justice).—Spenser, Faëry Queen (1596).

Salva'tor Rosa (The English)[TN-154] John Hamilton Mortimer (1741-1779.[TN-155]

Salvato're (4 syl.), Salva'tor Rosa, an Italian painter, especially noted for his scenes of brigands, etc. (1615-1673).

But, ever and anon, to soothe your vision, Fatigued with these hereditary glories, There rose a Carlo Dolce or a Titian, Or wilder group of savage Salvatore's.

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 71 (1824).

Sam, a gentleman, the friend of Francis'co.—Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (1619).

Sam; one of the Know-Nothings, or Native American party. One of "Uncle Sam's" sons.

Sam (Dicky), a Liverpool man.

Sam (Uncle), the United States of North America, or rather the government of the states personified. So called from Samuel Wilson, uncle of Ebenezer Wilson. Ebenezer was inspector of Elbert Anderson's store on the Hudson, and Samuel superintended the workmen. The stores were marked E.A. U.S. ("Elbert Anderson, United States"), but the workmen insisted that U.S. stood for Uncle[TN-156] Sam."—Mr. Frost.

Sam Kimper. Reformed convict who sets himself earnestly to work to lead a new life, toiling steadily at the shoemaker's bench, and acting his new religion. His only creed is to believe simply in the Saviour of sinners. "He" (the chaplain) "says to me—'Just believe in Jesus like you do in Andrew Jackson and you'll be right in the course of time. Believe that what He said was true, an' get your mind full of what He said, an' keep it full.'"—John Habberton, All He Knew (1890).

Sam Silverquill, one of the prisoners at Portanferry.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Sam Weller, servant of Mr. Pickwick. The impersonation of the shrewdness, quaint humor, and best qualities of cockney low life.—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836).

Sa'mael (3 syl.), the prince of demons, who, in the guise of a serpant,[TN-157] tempted Eve in paradise. (See SAMIEL.)

Samarcand Apple, a perfect panacea of all diseases. It was bought by Prince Ahmed, and was instrumental in restoring Nouroun'nihar to perfect health, although at the very point of death.

In fact sir, there is no disease, however painful or dangerous, whether fever, pleurisy, plague, or any other disorder, but it will instantly cure; and that in the easiest possible way; it is simply to make the sick person smell of the apple.—Arabian Nights, ("Ahmed and Pari-Banou").

Sam'benites [Sam'.be.neetz], persons dressed in the sambenĭto, a yellow coat without sleeves, having devils painted on it. The sambenito was worn by "heretics" on their way to execution.

And blow us up i' the open streets. Disguised in rumps, like sambenites.

S. Butler, Hudibras, iii. 2 (1678).

Sambo, any male of the negro race.

No race has shown such capabilities of adaptation to varying soil and circumstances as the negro. Alike to them the snows of Canada, the rocky land of New England or the gorgeous profusion of the Southern States. Sambo and Cuffey expand under them all.—Harriet Beecher Stowe.

Sam'eri (Al), the proselyte who cast the golden calf at the bidding of Aaron. After he had made it, he took up some dust on which Gabriel's horse had set its feet, threw it into the calf's mouth, and immediately the calf became animated and began to low. Al Beidâwi says that Al Sâmeri was not really a proper name, but that the real name of the artificer was Mûsa ebn Dhafar. Selden says Al Sameri means "keeper," and that Aaron was so called, because he was the keeper or "guardian of the people."—Selden, De Diis Syris, i. 4 (see Al Korân, ii. notes).

Sa'mian (The Long-Haired), Pythagoras or Budda Ghooroos, a native of Samos (sixth century B.C.).

Samian He'ra. Hera or Herê, wife of Zeus, was born at Samos. She was worshipped in Egypt as well as in Greece.

Samian Sage (The)[TN-158] Pythagoras, born at Samos (sixth century B.C.).

'Tis enough In this late age, adventurous to have touched Light on the numbers of the Samian Sage.

Thomson.

Samias'a, a seraph, in love with Aholiba'mah, the granddaughter of Cain. When the Flood came, the seraph carried off his innamorata to another planet.—Byron, Heaven and Earth (1819).

Sa'miel, the Black Huntsman of the Wolf's Glen, who gave to Der Freischütz seven balls, six of which were to hit whatever the marksman aimed at, but the seventh was to be at the disposal of Samiel. (See SAMAEL.)—Weber, Der Freischütz (libretto by Kind, 1822).

Samient, the female ambassador of Queen Mercilla to Queen Adicia (wife of the soldan). Adicia treated her with great contumely, thrust her out of doors, and induced two knights to insult her; but Sir Artegal, coming up, drove at one of the unmannerly knights with such fury as to knock him from his horse and break his neck.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. (1596).

(This refers to the treatment of the deputies sent by the states of Holland to Spain for the redress of grievances. Philip ("the soldan") detained the deputies as prisoners, disregarding the sacred rights of their office as ambassadors).

Sam'ma, the demoniac that John "the Beloved," could not exorcise. Jesus, coming from the Mount of Olives, rebuked Satan, who quitted "the possessed," and left him in his right mind.—Klopstock, The Messiah, ii. (1748).

Sammy Craddock, oracle of the Riggan coal-pits. Crabbed, wrinkled, sarcastic old fellow, whose self-conceit is immeasurable. "The biggest trouble I ha' is settlin' i' my moind what the world'll do when I turn up my toes to th' daisies, an' how the government'll mak' up their moinds who shall ha' th' honer o' payin' fer th' moniment."—Frances Hodgson Burnett, That Lass o' Lowrie's (1877).

Sampson, one of Capulet's servants.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1597).

Sampson, a foolish advocate, kinsman of Judge Vertaigne (2 syl.).—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Little French Lawyer (1647).

Sampson (Mrs. Amanda Welsh), well-born Bohemian, financial adventurer and lobbyist. "She was still accustomed to at least a fair semblance of respect from the men who came to see her; women, it is to be noted, being not often seen within her walls."—Arlo Bates, The Philistines (1888).

Sampson (Dominie), or Abel Sampson, tutor to Harry Bertram, son of the laird of Ellangowan. One of the best creations of romance. His favorite exclamation is "Prodigious!" Dominie Sampson is very learned, simple and green. Sir Walter describes him as "a poor, modest, humble scholar, who had won his way through the classics, but fallen to the leeward in the voyage of life."—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

His appearance puritanical. Ragged black clothes, blue worsted stockings, pewter-headed long cane.—Guy Mannering (dramatized), i. 2.

Sampson (Dr.), eccentric Irish physician; inventor of Chronothermalism.—Charles Reade, Very Hard Cash.

Sampson (George), a friend of the Wilfer family. He adored Bella Wilfer, but married her youngest sister, Lavinia.—C. Dickens, Our Mutual Friend (1864).

Sampson (Nurse), dry-visaged, soft-hearted sick-nurse, whose adage is, "Somebody must eat drumsticks," and whose practice is based upon the formula.—A. D. T. Whitney, Faith Gartney's Girlhood (1863).

Samson (The British), Thomas Topham (1710-1749).

Samson Agonistes (4 syl.), "Samson, the Combatant," a sacred drama by Milton, showing Samson blinded and bound, but triumphant over his enemies, who sent for him to make sport by feats of strength on the feast of Dagon. Having amused the multitude for a time, he was allowed to rest awhile against the "grand stand," and, twining his arms round two of the supporting pillars, he pulled the whole edifice down, and died himself in the general devastation (1632).

Samson's Crown, an achievement of great renown, which costs the life of the doer thereof. Samson's greatest exploit was pulling down the "grand stand" occupied by the chief magnates of Philistia at the feast of Dagon. By this deed "he slew at his death more than [all] they which he slew in his life."—Judges xvi. 30.

And by self-ruin seek a Samson's crown.

Lord Brooke, Inquisition upon Fame, etc. (1554-1628).

San Bris (Conte di), father of Valenti'na. During the Bartholomew slaughter his daughter and her husband (Raoul) were both shot by a party of musketeers, under the count's command.—Meyerbeer, Les Huguenots (opera, 1836).

Sancha, daughter of Garcias, king of Navarre, and wife of Fernan Gonsalez, of Castile. Sancha twice saved the life of her husband: when he was cast into a dungeon by some personal enemies who waylaid him, she liberated him by bribing the jailer; and when he was incarcerated at Leon she effected his escape by changing clothes with him.

The countess of Nithsdale effected the escape of her husband from the Tower, in 1715, by changing clothes with him.

The Countess de Lavalette, in 1815, liberated her husband, under sentence of death, in the same way; but the terror she suffered so affected her nervous system that she lost her senses, and never afterwards recovered them.

San'chez II. of Castile, was killed at the battle of Zamo'ra, 1065.

It was when brave King Sanchez Was before Zamora slain.

Longfellow, The Challenge.

Sanchi'ca, eldest daughter of Sancho and Teresa Panza.—Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605-15)[TN-159]

Sancho (Don), a rich old beau, uncle to Victoria. "He affects the misdemeanors of a youth, hides his baldness with amber locks, and complains of toothache, to make people believe that his teeth are not false ones." Don Sancho "loves in the style of Roderigo I."—Mrs. Cowley, A Bold Stroke for a Husband (1782).

Sancho Panza, the squire of Don Quixote. A short, pot-bellied peasant, with plenty of shrewdness and good common sense. He rode upon an ass which he dearly loved, and was noted for his proverbs.

Sancho Panza's Ass, Dapple.

Sancho Panza's Island-City, Barataria, where he was for a time governor.

Sancho Panza's Wife, Teresa [Cascajo] (pt. II. i. 5); Maria or Mary [Gutierez] (pt. II. iv. 7); Dame Juana [Gutierez] (pt. I. i. 7); and Joan (pt. I. iv. 21).—Cervantes, Don Quixote (1605-15).

[Asterism] The model painting of Sancho Panza is by Leslie; it is called "Sancho and the Duchess."

Sanchoni'athon or SANCHONIATHO. Nine books ascribed to this author are published at Bremen in 1838. The original was said to have been discovered in the convent of St. Maria de Merinhâo, by Colonel Pereira, a Portuguese; but it was soon ascertained that no such convent existed, that there was no colonel of the name Pereira in the Portuguese service, and that the paper bore the water-mark of the Osnabrück paper-mills. (See IMPOSTORS, LITERARY.)

Sanct-Cyr (Hugh de), the seneschal of King René, at Aix.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Sancy Diamond (The) weighs 53-1/2 carats, and belonged to Charles "the Bold" of Burgundy. It was bought, in 1495, by Emmanuel of Portugal, and was sold, in 1580, by Don Antonio to the Sieur de Sancy, in whose family it remained for a century. The sieur deposited it with Henri IV. as a security for a loan of money. The servant entrusted with it, being attacked by robbers, swallowed it, and being murdered, the diamond was recovered by Nicholas de Harlay. We next hear of it in the possession of James II. of England, who carried it with him in his flight, in 1688. Louis XIV. bought it of him for [pounds]25,000. It was sold in the Revolution; Napoleon I. rebought it; in 1825 it was sold to Paul Demidoff for [pounds]80,000. The prince sold it, in 1830, to M. Levrat, administrator of the Mining Society; but as Levrat failed in his engagement, the diamond became, in 1832, the subject of a lawsuit, which was given in favor of the prince. We next hear of it in Bombay; in 1867 it was transmitted to England by the firm of Forbes and Co.; in 1873 it formed part of "the crown necklace," worn by Mary of Sachsen Altenburg, on her marriage with Albert of Prussia; 1876, in the investiture of the Star of India by the Prince of Wales, in Calcutta, Dr. W. H. Russel tells us it was worn as a pendant by the maharajah of Puttiala.

[Asterism] Streeter, in his book of Precious Stones and Gems, 120 (1877), tells us it belongs to the Czar of Russia, but if Dr. Russel is correct, it must have been sold to the maharajah.

Sand (George). Her birth name was Amantine Lucile Aurore Dupin, afterwards Dudevant (1803-1877).

San'dabar, an Arabian writer, about a century before the Christian era, famous for his parables.

It was rumored he could say The parables of Sandabar.

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude 1863).

Sanford (Marion). Truth-loving, sincere, and simple-hearted woman, loyal in deed and thought to her traduced lover until time establishes his innocence.

A marked woman in general society; a woman who reigned, queen-like, over every heart, but among the circle of her relatives ... she was held to be little less than the angels.—Charles King, Marion's Faith (1886).

Sandford (Harry), the companion of Tommy Merton.—Thomas Day, History of Sandford and Merton (1783-9).

Sandpiper (The).

"Comrade, where wilt thou be to-night? When the loosed storm breaks furiously? My driftwood fire will burn so bright! To what warm shelter can'st thou fly? I do not fear for thee, 'though wroth The tempest rushes through the sky. For are we not GOD'S children both, Thou little sandpiper and I?"

Celia Thaxter, Drift-weed (1878).

San'glamore (3 syl.), the sword of Braggadochio.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iii. (1590).

Sanglier (Sir), a knight who insisted on changing wives with a squire, and when the lady objected, he cut off her head, and rode off with the squire's wife. Being brought before Sir Artegal, Sir Sanglier insisted that the living lady was his wife, and that the dead woman was the squire's wife. Sir Artegal commanded that the living and dead women should both be cut in twain, and half of each be given to the two litigants. To this Sir Sanglier gladly assented; but the squire objected, declaring it would be far better to give the lady to the knight than that she should suffer death. On this, Sir Artegal pronounced the living woman to be the squire's wife, and the dead one to be the knight's.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. 1 (1596).

("Sir Sanglier" is meant for Shan O'Neil, leader of the Irish insurgents in 1567. Of course this judgment is borrowed from that of Solomon, 1 Kings iii. 16-27.)

Sanglier des Ardennes, Guillaume de la Marck (1446-1485).

Sangraal, Sancgreal, etc., generally said to be the holy plate from which Christ ate at the Last Supper, brought to England by Joseph of Arimathy. Whatever it was, it appeared to King Arthur and his 150 knights of the Round Table, but suddenly vanished, and all the knights vowed they would go in quest thereof. Only three, Sir Bors, Sir Percivale and Sir Galahad, found it, and only Sir Galahad had touched it, but he soon died, and was borne by angels up into heaven. The Sangraal of Arthurian romance is "the dish" containing Christ transubstantiated by the sacrament of the Mass, and made visible to the bodily eye of man. This will appear quite obvious to the reader by the following extracts:—

Then anon they heard cracking and crying of thunder.... In the midst of the blast entered a sunbeam more clear by seven times than the day, and all they were alighted of the grace of the Holy Ghost.... Then there entered into the hall the Holy Grale covered with white samite, but there was none that could see it, nor who bare it, but the whole hall was full filled with good odors, and every knight had such meat and drink as he best loved in the world, and when the Holy Grale had been borne through the hall, then the holy vessel departed suddenly, and they wist not where it became.—Ch. 35.

Then looked they and saw a man come out of the holy vessel, that had all the signs of the passion of Christ, and he said ... "This is the holy dish wherein I ate the lamb on Sher-Thursday, and now hast thou seen it ... yet hast thou not seen it so openly as thou shalt see it in the city of Sarras ... therefore thou must go hence and bear with thee this holy vessel, for this night it shall depart from the realm of Logris ... and take with thee ... Sir Percivale and Sir Bors."—Ch. 101.

So departed Sir Galahad, and Sir Percivale and Sir Bors with him. And so they rode three days, and came to a river, and found a ship ... and when on board, they found in the midst the table of silver and the Sancgreall covered with red samite.... Then Sir Galahad laid him down and slept ... and when he woke ... he saw the city of Sarras (ch. 103).... At the year's end ... he saw before him the holy vessel, and a man kneeling upon his knees in the likeness of the bishop, which had about him a great fellowship of angels, as it had been Christ Himself ... and when he came to the sakering of the Mass, and had done, anon he called Sir Galahad, and said unto him, "Come forth ... and thou shalt see that which thou hast much desired to see" ... and he beheld spiritual things ... (ch. 104).—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 35, 101, 104 (1470).

The earliest story of the Holy Graal was in verse (A.D. 1100), author unknown.

Chrétien de Troyes has a romance in eight-syllable verse on the same subject (1170).

Guiot's tale of Titurel, founder of Graalburg, and Parzival, prince thereof, belongs to the twelfth century.

Wolfram von Eschenbach, a minnesinger, took Guiot's tale as the foundation of his poem (thirteenth century).

In Titurel the Younger the subject is very fully treated.

Sir T. Malory (in pt. iii. of the History of Prince Arthur, translated in 1470 from the French) treats the subject in prose very fully.

R. S. Hawker has a poem on the Sangraal, but it was never completed.

Tennyson has an idyll called The Holy Grail (1858).

Boisserée published, in 1834, at Munich, a work On the Description of the Temple of the Holy Graal.

Sangra'do (Doctor), of Valladolid. This is the "Sagredo" of Espinel's romance called Marcos de Obregon. "The doctor was a tall, meagre, pale man, who had kept the shears of Clotho employed for forty years at least. He had a very solemn appearance, weighed his discourse, and used 'great pomp of words.' His reasonings were geometrical, and his opinions his own." Dr. Sangrado considered that blood was not needful for life, and that hot water could not be administered too plentifully into the system. Gil Blas became his servant and pupil, and was allowed to drink any quantity of water, but to eat only sparingly of beans, peas and stewed apples.

Dr. Hancock prescribed cold water and stewed prunes.

Dr. Rezio, of Barataria, allowed Sancho Panza to eat "a few wafers and a thin slice or two of quince."—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 10 (1615).

Sansculottes (3 syl.), a low, riff-raff party in the great French Revolution, so shabby in dress that they were termed "the trouser-less." The culotte is the breeches, called braeck by the ancient Gauls, and hauts-de-chausses in the reign of Charles IX.

Sansculottism, red republicanism, or the revolutionary platform of the Sansculottes.

The duke of Brunswick, at the head of a large army, invaded France to restore Louis XVI. to the throne, and save legitimacy from the sacrilegious hands of sansculottism.—G. H. Lewes, Story of Goethe's Life.

Literary Sansculottism, literature of a low character, like that of the "Minerva Press," the "Leipsic Fair," "Hollywell Street," "Grub Street," and so on.

Sansfoy, a "faithless Saracen," who attacked the Red Cross Knight, but was slain by him. "He cared for neither God nor man." Sansfoy personifies infidelity.

Sansfoy, full large of limb and every joint He was, and carëd not for God or man a point.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 2 (1590).

Sansjoy, brother of Sansfoy. When he came to the court of Lucifĕra, he noticed the shield of Sansfoy on the arm of the Red Cross Knight, and his rage was so great that he was with difficulty restrained from running on the champion there and then, but Lucifera bade him defer the combat to the following day. Next day, the fight began, but just as the Red Cross Knight was about to deal his adversary a death-blow, Sansjoy was enveloped in a thick cloud, and carried off in the chariot of Night to the infernal regions, where AEsculapius healed him of his wounds.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. 4, 5 (1590).

(The reader will doubtless call to mind the combat of Menalāos and Paris, and remember how the Trojan was invested in a cloud and carried off by Venus under similar circumstances.—Homer, Iliad, iii.)

Sansloy ("superstition"), the brother of Sansfoy and Sansjoy. He carried off Una to the wilderness, but when the fauns and satyrs came to her rescue, he saved himself by flight.

[Asterism] The meaning of this allegory is this; Una (_truth_), separated from St. George (_holiness_), is deceived by Hypocrisy; and immediately Truth joins Hypocrisy it is carried away by Superstition. Spenser says the "simplicity of truth" abides with the common people, especially of the rural districts, it is lost to towns and the luxurious great. The historical reference is to Queen Mary, in whose reign Una (_the Re_formation_) was carried captive, and religion, being mixed up with hypocrisy, degenerated into superstition, but the rural population adhered to the simplicity of the Protestant faith.—Spenser, _Faëry Queen_, i. 2 (1590).

Sansonetto, a Christian regent of Mecca, vicegerent of Charlemagne.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Santa Klaus (1 syl.), the Dutch name of St. Nicholas, the patron saint of youth.

Santiago [Sent.yah'.go], the war-cry of Spain; adopted because St. James (Sant Iago) rendered, according to tradition, signal service to a Christian king of Spain in a battle against the Moors.

Santiago for Spain. This saint was James, son of Zebedee, brother of John. He was beheaded, and caught his head in his hands as it fell. The Jews were astonished, but when they touched the body they found it so cold that their hands and arms were paralyzed.—Francisco Xavier, Añales de Galicia (1733).

Santiago's Head. When Santiago went to Spain in his marble ship, he had no head on his body. The passage took seven days, and the ship was steered by the "presiding hand of Providence."—España Sagrada, xx. 6.

Santiago had two heads. One of his heads is at Braga, and one at Compostella.

Santiago lead the armies of Spain. Thirty-eight instances of the interference of this saint are gravely set down as facts in the Chronicles of Galicia, and this is super-added: "These instances are well known, but I hold it for certain that the appearances of Santiago in our victorious armies have been much more numerous, and in fact that every victory obtained by the Spaniards has been really achieved by this great captain." Once when the rider on the white horse was asked in battle who he was, he distinctly made answer, "I am the soldier of the King of kings, and my name is James."—Don Miguel Erce Gimenez, Armas i Triunfos del Reino de Galicia, 648-9.

The true name of this saint was Jacobo.... We have first shortened Santo Jacobo into Santo Jac'o. We clipped it again into Sant' Jaco, and by changing the J into I and the c into g, we get Sant-Iago. In household names we convert Iago into D'iago or Diago, which we soften into Diego.—Ambrosio de Morales, Coronica General de España, ix. 7 sect. 2 (1586).

Santons, a body of religionists, also called Abdals, who pretended to be inspired with the most enthusiastic raptures of divine love. They were regarded by the vulgar as saints. Olearius, Reisebeschreibung, i. 971 (1647).

Sapphi'ra, a female liar.—Acts v. 1.

She is called the village Sapphira.—Crabbe.

Sappho, Greek poetess of the sixth century B.C., called "The Tenth Muse." Fragments of her verse remain which are very beautiful. She was the victim of unrequited love, and leaped to her death from the Leucadian Rock into the sea.

Sappho (The English), Mrs. Mary D. Robinson (1758-1800).

Sappho (The French), Mdlle. Scudéri (1607-1704).

Sappho (The Scotch), Catherine Cockburn (1679-1749).

Sappho of Toulouse, Clémence Isaure (2 syl.), who instituted, in 1490, Les Jeux Floraux. She is the authoress of a beautiful Ode to Spring (1463-1513).

Sapskull, a raw Yorkshire tike, son of Squire Sapskull, of Sapskull Hall. Sir Penurious Muckworm wishes him to marry his niece and ward, Arbella, but as Arbella loves Gaylove, a young barrister, the tike is played upon thus: Gaylove assumes to be Muckworm, and his lad, Slango, dresses up as a woman to pass for Arbella; and while Sapskull "marries" Slango, Gaylove, who assumes the dress and manners of the Yorkshire tike, marries Arbella. Of course, the trick is then discovered, and Sapskull returns to the home of his father, befooled but not married.—Carey, The Honest Yorkshireman (1736).

Saracen (A), in Arthurian romance, means any unbaptized person, regardless of nationality. Thus, Priamus, of Tuscany, is called a Saracen (pt. i. 96, 97); so is Sir Palomides, simply because he refused to be baptized till he had done some noble deed (pt. ii.).—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

Sara Carroll. Devoted daughter of Major Carroll and firm ally of her dainty stepmother, Madame Carroll, in the latter's renewal of intercourse with her eldest son and concealment of his existence from her husband. Sara contrives that the mother shall be with the young man when he dies, and by becoming the go-between for the two, incurs the suspicions of her lover.—Constance Fenimore Woolson, For the Major.

Saragossa (The Maid of), Augustina Saragossa or Zaragoza, who, in 1808, when the city was invested by the French, mounted the battery in the place of her lover who had been shot. Lord Byron says, when he was at Seville, "the maid" used to walk daily on the prado, decorated with medals and orders, by command of the junta. Southey, History of the Peninsular War (1832).

Her lover sinks—she sheds no ill timed tear; Her chief is slain—she fills his fatal post; Her fellows flee—she checks their base career; The foe retires—she heads the sallying host. ... the flying Gaul, Foiled by a woman's hand before a battered wall.

Byron, Childe Harold, i. 56 (1809).

Sardanapa'lus, king of Nineveh and Assyria, noted for his luxury and voluptuousness. Arbācês, the Mede, conspired against him, and defeated him; whereupon his favorite slave, Myrra, induced him to immolate himself on a funeral pile. The beautiful slave, having set fire to the pile, leaped into the blazing mass, and was burnt to death with the king, her master (B.C. 817).—Byron, Sardanapalus (1619).

Sardanapa'lus of China (The), Cheo-tsin, who shut himself up in his palace with his queen, and then set fire to the building, that he might not fall into the hands of Woo-wong (B.C. 1154-1122).

(Cheo-tsin invented the chopsticks, and Woo-wong founded the Tchow dynasty.)

Sardanapa'lus of Germany (The), Wenceslas VI. or (IV.), king of Bohemia and emperor of Germany (1359, 1378-1419).

Sarell Gately. Shrewd, "capable" girl who "lives out" on the Heybrook farm.

"She was a young woman to take up responsibilities as she went along. She liked them. She became naturally a part of whatever was happening in her Troy; and wherever her temporary Troy might be, there was pretty sure to be something happening."—A. D. T. Whitney, Odd or Even? (1880).

Sassenach, a Saxon, an Englishman. (Welsh, saesonig adj. and saesoniad noun.)

I would, if I thought I'd be able to catch some of the Sassenachs in London.—Very Far West Indeed.

Satan, according to the Talmud, was once an archangel, but was cast out of heaven with one-third of the celestial host for refusing to do reverence to Adam.

In mediaeval mythology, Satan holds the fifth rank of the nine demoniacal orders.

Johan Wier, in his Praestigiis Daemonum (1564), makes Beëlzebub the sovereign of hell, and Satan leader of the opposition.

In legendary lore, Satan is drawn with horns and tail, saucer eyes, and claws; but Milton makes him a proud, selfish, ambitious chief, of gigantic size, beautiful, daring, and commanding. He declares his opinion that it is "better to reign in hell than serve in heaven." Defoe has written a Political History of the Devil (1726).

Satan, according to Milton, monarch of hell. His chief lords are Beëlzebub, Moloch, Chemos, Thammuz, Dagon, Rimmon, and Belial. His standard-bearer is Azaz'el.

He, above the rest In shape and gesture proudly eminent, Stood like a tower. His form had not yet lost All her original brightness; nor appeared Less than archangel ruined, and the excess Of glory obscured ... but his face Deep scars of thunder had intrenched, and care Sat on his faded cheek ... cruel his eye, but cast Signs of remorse.

Milton, Paradise Lost, i. 589, etc. (1665).

[Asterism] The word Satan means "enemy;" hence Milton says:

To whom the arch-enemy, ... in heaven called Satan.

Paradise Lost, i. 81 (1665).

Satanic School (The), a class of writers in the earlier part of the nineteenth century, who showed a scorn for all moral rules and the generally received dogmas of the Christian religion. The most eminent English writers of this school were Bulwer (afterwards Lord Lytton), Byron, Moore, and P. B. Shelley. Of French writers: Paul de Kock, Rousseau, George Sand, and Victor Hugo.

Satire (Father of), Archilŏchos of Paros (B.C. seventh century).

Satire (Father of French), Mathurin Regnier (1573-1613).

Satire (Father of Roman), Lucilius (B.C. 148-103).

Satiro-mastix, or The Untrussing of the Humorous Poet, a comedy by Thomas Dekker (1602). Ben Jonson, in 1601, had attacked Dekker in The Poetaster, where he calls himself "Horace," and Dekker "Cris'pinus." Next year (1602), Dekker replied with spirit to this attack, in a comedy entitled Satiro-mastix, where Jonson is called "Horace, junior."

Saturday. To the following English sovereigns from the establishment of the Tudor dynasty, Saturday has proved a fatal day:—

HENRY VII. died Saturday, April 21, 1509.

GEORGE II. died Saturday, October 27, 1760.

GEORGE III. died Saturday, January 29, 1820, but of his fifteen children only three died on a Saturday.

GEORGE IV. died Saturday, June 26, 1830, but the Princess Charlotte died on a Tuesday.

PRINCE ALBERT died Saturday, December 14, 1861. The duchess of Kent and the Princess Alice also died on a Saturday.

[Asterism] William III., Anne, and George I., all died on a Sunday; William IV. on a Tuesday.

Saturn, son of Heaven and Earth. He always swallowed his children immediately they were born, till his wife, Rhea, not liking to see all her children perish, concealed from him the birth of Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, and gave her husband large stones instead, which he swallowed without knowing the difference.

Much as old Saturn ate his progeny; For when his pious consort gave him stones In lieu of sons, of those he made no bones.

Byron, Don Juan, xiv. 1 (1824).

Saturn, an evil and malignant planet.

He is a genius full of gall, an author born under the planet Saturn, a malicious mortal whose pleasure consists in hating all the world.—Lesage, Gil Blas, v. 12 (1724).

The children born under the sayd Saturne shall be great jangeleres and chyders ... and they will never forgyve tyll they be revenged of theyr quarrell.—Ptholomeus, Compost.

Satyr. T. Woolner calls Charles II. "Charles the Satyr."

Next flared Charles Satyr's saturnalia Of lady nymphs.

My Beautiful Lady.

[Asterism] The most famous statue of the satyrs is that by Praxitĕlês, of Athens, in the fourth century.

Satyrane (Sir), a blunt, but noble knight, who helps Una to escape from the fauns and satyrs.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, i. (1590).

And passion erst unknown, could gain The breast of blunt Sir Satyrane.

Sir W. Scott.

[Asterism] "Sir Satyrane" is meant for Sir John Perrot, a natural son of Henry VIII., and lord deputy of Ireland, from 1583 to 1588; but, in 1590, he was in prison in the Tower for treason, and was beheaded in 1592.

Satyr'icon, a comic romance in Latin, by Petro'nius Ar'biter, in the first century. Very gross, but showing great power, beauty, and skill.

Saul, in Dryden's satire of Absalom and Achitophel, is meant for Oliver Cromwell. As Saul persecuted David, and drove him from Jerusalem, so Cromwell persecuted Charles II., and drove him from England.

... ere Saul they chose, God was their king, and God they durst depose.

Pt. i. (1681).

[Asterism] This was the "divine right" of kings.

Saunders, groom of Sir Geoffrey Peveril of the Peak.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Saunders (Richard), the pseudonym of Dr. Franklin, adopted in Poor Richard's Almanac, begun in 1732.

Saunders Sweepclean, a king's messenger, at Knockwinnock Castle.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary (time George III.).

Saunderson (Saunders), butler, etc., to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Saurid, king of Egypt, say the Coptites (2 syl.) built the pyramids 300 years before the Flood, and according to the same authority, the following inscription was engraved upon one of them:—

I, King Saurid, built the pyramids ... and finished them in six years. He that comes after me ... let him destroy them in 600 if he can ... I also covered them ... with satin, and let him cover them with matting.—Greaves, Pyramidographia, (seventeenth century).

Savage (Captain), a naval commander.—Captain Marryat, Peter Simple (1833).

Sav'il, steward to the elder Loveless.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Scornful Lady (1616).

Sav'ille (2 syl.), the friend of Doricourt. He saves Lady Frances Touchwood from Courtall, and frustrates his infamous designs on the lady's honor.—Mrs. Cowley, The Belle's Stratagem (1780).

Saville (Lord), a young nobleman with Chiffinch (emissary of Charles II.).—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time Charles II.).

Saviour of Rome. C. Marĭus was so called after the overthrow of the Cimbri, July 30, B.C. 101.

Saviour of the Nations. So the duke of Wellington was termed after the overthrow of Bonaparte (1769-1852).

Oh, Wellington ... called "Saviour of the Nations!"

Byron, Don Juan, ix. 5 (1824).

Sawney, a corruption of Sandie, a contracted form of Alexander. Sawney means a Scotchman, as David a Welshman, John Bull an Englishman, Cousin Michael a German, Brother Jonathan a native of the United States, Macaire a Frenchman, Colin Tampon a Swiss, and so on.

Sawyer (Bob), a dissipated, struggling young medical practitioner, who tries to establish a practice at Bristol, but without success. Sam Weller calls him "Mr. Sawbones."—C. Dickens, The Pickwick Papers (1836)

Saxon Duke (The), mentioned by Butler in his Hudibras, was John Frederick, duke of Saxony, of whom Charles V. said, "Never saw I such a swine before."

Sboga (Jean), the hero of a romance by C. Nodier (1818), a leader of bandits, in the spirit of Lord Byron's Corsair and Lara.

Scadder (General), agent in the office of the "Eden Settlement." His peculiarity consisted in the two distinct expressions of his profile, for "one side seemed to be listening to what the other side was doing."—C. Dickens, Martin Chuzzlewit (1844).

Scalds, court poets and chroniclers of the ancient Scandinavians. They resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, and attended the king in all his wars. They also acted as ambassadors between hostile tribes, and their persons were held sacred. These bards celebrated in song the gods, the kings of Norway, and national heroes. Their lays or vyses were compiled in the eleventh century by Saemund Sigfusson, a priest and scald of Iceland, and the compilation is called the Elder or Rythmical Edda.

Scallop-Shell (The). Every one knows that St. James's pilgrims are distinguished by scallop-shells, but it is a blunder to suppose that other pilgrims are privileged to wear them. Three of the popes have, by their bulls, distinctly confirmed this right to the Compostella pilgrim alone: viz., Pope Alexander III., Pope Gregory IX. and Pope Clement V.

Now, the escallop or scallop, is a shell-fish, like an oyster or large cockle; but Gwillim tells us what ignorant zoölogists have omitted to mention, that the bivalve is "engendered solely of dew and air. It has no blood at all; yet no food that man eats turns so soon into life-blood as the scallop."—Display of Heraldy, 171.

Scallop-shells used by Pilgrims. The reason why the scallop-shell is used by pilgrims is not generally known. The legend is this: When the marble ship which bore the headless body of St. James approached Bouzas, in Portugal, it happened to be the wedding day of the chief magnate of the village; and while the bridal party was at sport, the horse of the bridegroom became unmanageable, and plunged into the sea. The ship passed over the horse and its rider, and pursued its onward course, when, to the amazement of all, the horse and its rider emerged from the water uninjured, and the cloak of the rider was thickly covered with scallop-shells. All were dumbfounded, and knew not what to make of these marvels, but a voice from heaven exclaimed, "It is the will of God that all who henceforth make their vows to St. James, and go on pilgrimage, shall take with them scallop-shells; and all who do so shall be remembered in the day of judgment." On hearing this, the lord of the village, with the bride and bridegroom, were duly baptized, and Bouzas became a Christian Church.—Sanctoral Portugues (copied into the Breviaries of Alcobaça and St. Cucufate).

Cunctis mare cernentibus, Sed a profundo ducitur; Natus Regis submergitur, Totus plenus conchilibus.

Hymn for St. James's day.

In sight of all the prince went down, Into the deep sea dells; In sight of all the prince emerged, Covered with scallop-shells.

Scalping (Rules for). The Cheyennes, in scalping, remove from the part just over the left ear a piece of skin not larger than a silver dollar. The Arrapahoes take a similar piece from the region of the right ear. Others take the entire skin from the crown of the head, the forehead, or the nape of the neck. The Utes take the entire scalp from ear to ear, and from the forehead to the nape of the neck.

Scambister (Eric), the old butler of Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland.—Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

[Asterism] A udaller is one who holds his lands by allodial tenure.

Scandal, a male character in Love for Love, by Congreve (1695).

Scandal (School for), a comedy by Sheridan (1777).

Scanderbeg. So George Castriota, an Albanian hero, was called. Amurath II. gave him the command of 5000 men, and such was his daring and success, that he was called Skander (Alexander). In the battle of Morava (1443) he deserted Amurath, and, joining the Albanians, won several battles over the Turks. At the instigation of Pius II. he headed a crusade against them, but died of a fever, before Mahomet II. arrived to oppose him (1404-1467). (Beg or Bey is the Turkish for "prince.")

Scanderbeg's sword needs Scanderbeg's arm. Mahomet II. "the Great" requested to see the scimitar which George Castriota used so successfully against the Ottomans in 1461. Being shown it, and wholly unable to draw it, he pronounced the weapon to be a hoax, but received for answer, "Scanderbeg's sword needs Scanderbeg's arm to wield it."

The Greeks had a similar saying, "None but Ulysses can draw Ulysses's bow."

Scapegoat (The), a farce by John Poole. Ignatius Polyglot, a learned pundit, master of seventeen languages, is the tutor of Charles Eustace, aged 24 years. Charles has been clandestinely married for four years, and has a little son named Frederick. Circumstances have occurred which render the concealment of this marriage no longer decorous or possible, so he breaks it to his tutor, and conceals his young wife for the nonce in Polyglot's private room. Here she is detected by the housemaid, Molly Maggs, who tells her master, and old Eustace says, the only reparation a man can make in such circumstances is to marry the girl at once. "Just so," says the tutor. "Your son is the husband, and he is willing at once to acknowledge his wife and infant son."

Scapin, valet of Léandre, son of Seignior Géronte. (See FOURBERIES.)—Molière, Les Fourberies de Scapin (1671).

(Otway has made an English version of this play, called The Cheats of Scapin, in which Léandre is Anglicized into "Leander," Géronte is called "Gripe," and his friend, Argante, father of Zerbinette, is called "Thrifty," father of "Lucia."[TN-160]

Scapi'no, the cunning, knavish servant of Gratiano, the loquacious and pedantic Bolognese doctor.—Italian Mask.

Scar (Little), son of Major and Madam Carroll, believed by his father to be legitimate, known by his mother to have been born during the lifetime of her first husband, although she had married the major, supposing herself a widow.—Constance Fenimore Woolson, For the Major.

Scar'amouch, a braggart and fool, most valiant in words, but constantly being drubbed by Harlequin. Scaramouch is a common character in Italian farce, originally meant in ridicule of the Spanish don, and therefore dressed in Spanish costume. Our clown is an imbecile old idiot, and wholly unlike the dashing poltroon of Italian pantomime. The best "Scaramouches" that ever lived were Tiberio Fiurelli, a Neapolitan (born 1608), and Gandini (eighteenth century).

Scar'borough Warning (A), a warning given too late to be taken advantage of. Fuller says the allusion is to an event which occurred in 1557, when Thomas Stafford seized upon Scarborough Castle, before the townsmen had any notice of his approach. Heywood says a "Scarborough warning" resembles what is now called Lynch law: punished first, and warned afterwards. Another solution is this: If ships passed the castle without saluting it by striking sail, it was customary to fire into them a shotted gun, by way of warning.

Be suërly seldom, and never for much ... Or Scarborow warning, as ill I believe, When ("Sir, I arrest ye") gets hold of thy sleeve.

T. Tusser, Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry, x. 28 (1557).

Scarlet (Will), Scadlock or Scathelocke, one of the companions of Robin Hood.

"Take thy good bowe in thy hande," said Robyn. "Let Moche wend with the And so shall Wyllyam Scathelocke, And no man abyde with me."

Ritson, Robin Hood Ballads, i. 1 (1520).

The tinker looking him about, Robin his horn did blow; Then came unto him Little John And William Scadlock, too.

Ditto, ii. 7 (1656).

And there of him they made a Good yeoman Robin Hood, Scarlet and Little John, And Little John, hey ho!

Ditto, appendix 2 (1790).

In the two dramas called The First and Second Parts of Robin Hood, by Anthony Munday and Henry Chettle, Scathlock or Scadlock, is called the brother of Will Scarlet.

... possible that Warman's spite ... doth hunt the lives Of bonnie Scarlet and his brother, Scathlock.

Pt. i. (1597).

Then "enter Warman, with Scarlet and Scathlock bounde," but Warman is banished, and the brothers are liberated and pardoned.

Scarlet Woman (The), popery (Rev. xvii. 4).

And fulminated Against the scarlet woman and her creed.

Tennyson, Sea Dreams.

Scathelocke (2 syl.) or Scadlock, one of the companions of Robin Hood. Either the brother of Will Scarlet or another spelling of the name. (See SCARLET.)

Scatterbury (Juliet). Ambitious New York woman, who lives in a flat and pretends to distant friends that she lives in a Fifth Avenue brown stone front; "an egregious follower of Ananias and Sapphira."—William Henry Bishop, The Brown Stone Boy and Other Stories (1888).

Scavenger's Daughter (The), an instrument of torture, invented by Sir William Skevington, lieutenant of the Tower in the reign of Henry VIII. "Scavenger" is a corruption of Skevington.

To kiss the scavenger's daughter, to suffer punishment by this instrument of torture, to be beheaded by a guillotine or some similar instrument.

Sceaf [Sheef], one of the ancestors of Woden. So called because in infancy he was laid on a wheatsheaf, and cast adrift in a boat; the boat stranded on the shores of Sleswig, and the infant, being considered a gift from the gods, was brought up for a future king.—Beowulf (an Anglo-Saxon epic, sixth century).

Scepticism (Father of Modern), Pierre Bayle (1647-1706).

Schacabac, "the hare-lipped," a man reduced to the point of starvation, invited to a feast by the rich Barmecide. Instead of victuals and drink, the rich man set before his guest empty dishes and empty glasses, pretending to enjoy the imaginary foods and drinks. Schacabac entered into the spirit of the joke, and did the same. He washed in imaginary water, ate of the imaginary delicacies, and praised the imaginary wine. Barmecide was so delighted with his guest, that he ordered in a substantial meal, of which he made Schacabac a most welcome partaker.—Arabian Nights ("The Barber's Sixth Brother"). (See SHACCABAC.)

Schah'riah, sultan of Persia. His wife being unfaithful, and his brother's wife too, Schahriah imagined that no woman was virtuous. He resolved, therefore, to marry a fresh wife every night, and to have her strangled at daybreak. Scheherazādê, the vizier's daughter, married him notwithstanding, and contrived, an hour before daybreak, to begin a story to her sister, in the sultan's hearing, always breaking off before the story was finished. The sultan got interested in these tales; and, after a thousand and one nights, revoked his decree, and found in Scheherazadê a faithful, intelligent, and loving wife.—Arabian Nights' Entertainments.

Schah'zaman, sultan of the "Island of the children of Khal'edan," situated in the open sea, some twenty day's sail from the coast of Persia. The sultan had a son, an only child, named Camaral'zaman, the most beautiful of mortals. Camaralzaman married Badoura, the most beautiful of women, the only daughter of Gaiour (2 syl.), emperor of China.—Arabian Nights ("Camaralzaman and Badoura").

Schaibar (2 syl.), brother of the fairy Pari-Banou. He was only eighteen inches in height, and had a huge hump both before and behind. His beard, though thirty feet long, never touched the ground, but projected forwards. His moustaches went back to his ears, and his little pig's eyes were buried in his enormous head. He wore a conical hat, and carried for quarterstaff an iron bar of 500 lbs. weight at least.—Arabian Nights ("Ahmed and Pari-Banou").

Schamir (The) that instrument or agent with which Solomon wrought the stones of the Temple, being forbidden to use any metal instrument for the purpose. Some say the Schamir' was a worm; some that it was a stone; some that it was "a creature no bigger than a barleycorn, which nothing could resist."

Scheherazade [Sha.ha'.ra.zah'.de], the hypothetical relater of the stories in the Arabian Nights. She was the elder daughter of the vizier of Persia. The sultan, Schahriah, exasperated at the infidelity of his wife, came to the hasty conclusion that no woman could be faithful; so he determined to marry a new wife every night, and strangle her at daybreak. Scheherazādê, wishing to free Persia of this disgrace, requested to be made the sultan's wife, and succeeded in her wish. She was young and beautiful, of great courage and ready wit, well read, and an excellent memory, knew history, philosophy, and medicine, was besides a good poet, musician, and dancer. Scheherazadê obtained permission of the sultan for her younger sister, Dinarzadê, to sleep in the same chamber, and instructed her to say, one hour before daybreak, "Sister, relate to me one of those delightful stories which you know, as this will be the last time." Scheherazadê then told the sultan (under pretence of speaking to her sister) a story, but always contrived to break off before the story was finished. The sultan, in order to hear the end of the story, spared her life till the next night. This went on for a thousand and one nights, when the sultan's resentment was worn out, and his admiration of his sultana was so great that he revoked his decree.—Arabian Nights' Entertainments. (See MORADBAK.)

Roused like the Sultana Scheherazadê, and forced into a story.—C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Schemseddin Mohammed, elder son of the vizier of Egypt, and brother of Noureddin Ali. He quarrelled with his brother on the subject of their two children's hypothetical marriage; but the brothers were not yet married, and children "were only in supposition." Noureddin Ali quitted Cairo, and travelled to Basora, where he married the vizier's daughter, and on the very same day Schemseddin married the daughter of one of the chief grandees of Cairo. On one and the same day a daughter was born to Schemseddin, and a son to his brother, Noureddin Ali. When Schemseddin's daughter was 20 years old, the sultan asked her in marriage, but the vizier told him she was betrothed to his brother's son, Bed'reddin Ali. At this reply, the sultan, in anger, swore she should be given in marriage to the "ugliest of his slaves;" and accordingly betrothed her to Hunchback, a groom, both ugly and deformed. By a fairy trick, Bedreddin Ali was substituted for the groom, but at daybreak was conveyed to Damascus. Here he turned pastry-cook, and was discovered by his mother by his cheese-cakes. Being restored to his country and his wife, he ended his life happily.—Arabian Nights ("Noureddin Ali," etc.). (See CHEESE-CAKES.)

Schemsel'nihar, the favorite sultana of Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph of Bagdad. She fell in love with Aboulhassan Ali ebn Becar, prince of Persia. From the first moment of their meeting they began to pine for each other, and fell sick. Though miles apart, they died at the same hour, and were both buried in the same grave.—Arabian Nights ("Aboulhassen and Schemselnihar").

Schlemihl (Peter), the hero of a popular German legend. Peter sells his shadow to an "old man in grey," who meets him while fretting under a disappointment. The name is a household term for one who makes a desperate and silly bargain.—Chamisso, Peter Schlemihl (1813).

Schmidt (Mr.), a German of kindly spirit and refined tastes, "in his talk gently cynical." "To know him a little was to dislike him, but to know him well was to love him." At the feet of a pretty Quaker dame, he laid an homage, which he felt to be hopeless of result, while he was schooled by sorrowful fortunes to accept the position as one which he hardly ever wished to change.—Silas Weir Mitchell, Hephzibah Guinness (1880).

Scholastic (The), Epipha'nius, an Italian scholar (sixth century).

Scholastic Doctor (The), Anselm, of Laon (1050-1117).

Scholey (Lawrence), servant at Burgh-Westra. His master is Magnus Troil, the udaller of Zetland.—Sir W. Scott, The Pirate (time, William III.).

[Asterism] Udaller, one who holds land by allodial tenure.

Schonfelt, lieutenant of Sir Archibald von Hagenbach, a German noble.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

School of Husbands, (L'école des Maris, "wives trained by men"), a comedy by Molière (1661). Ariste and Sganarelle, two brothers, bring up Léonor and Isabelle, two orphan sisters, according to their systems for making them in time their model wives. Sganarelle's system was to make the women dress plainly, live retired, attend to domestic duties, and have few indulgences. Ariste's system was to give the woman great liberty, and trust to her honor. Isabelle, brought up by Sganarelle, deceived him and married another; but Léonor, brought up by Ariste, made him a fond and faithful wife.

Sganarelle's plan:

J'entend que la mienne vive à ma fantaisie— Que d'une serge honnête elle ait son vêtement, Et ne porte le noir, qu' aux bons jours seulement; Qu' enfermée au logis, en personne bien sage, Elle s'applique toute aux choses du ménage, A recoudre mon linge aux heures de loisir, Ou bien à tricoter quelques bas par plasir;[TN-161] Qu' aux discours des muguets elle ferme l'oreille, Et ne sorte jamais sans avoir qui la veille.

Ariste's plan:

Leur sexe aime à jouir d'un peu de liberté; On le retient fort mal par tant d'austérité; Et les soins défiants les verroux et les grilles, Ne font pas la vertu des femmes ni des filles; C'est l'honneur qui les doit tenir dans le devoir, Non la sévérité que nous leur faisons voir ... Je trouve que le coeur est ce qu'il faut gagner.

Act i. 2.

School for Wives (L'école des Femmes, "training for wives"), a comedy by Molière (1662). Arnolphe has a crotchet about the proper training of girls to make good wives, and tries his scheme upon Agnes, whom he adopts from a peasant's cottage, and designs in due time to make his wife. He sends her from early childhood to a convent, where difference of sex and the conventions of society are wholly ignored. When removed from the convent she treats men as if they were schoolgirls, kisses them, plays with them, and treats them with girlish familiarity. The consequence is, a young man named Horace falls in love with her and makes her his wife, but Arnolphe loses his pains.

Schoolmen. (For a list of the schoolmen of each of the three periods, see Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, 794.)

Schoolmistress (The), a poem in Spenserian metre, by Shenstone (1758). The "schoolmistress" was Sarah Lloyd, who taught the poet himself in infancy. She lived in a thatched cottage, before which grew a birch tree, to which allusion is made in the poem.

There dwells, in lowly shed and mean attire, A matron old, whom we schoolmistress name ... And all in sight doth rise a birchen tree.

Stanzas 2, 3.

Schreckenwald (Ital.), steward of Count Albert.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Schwaker (Jonas), jester of Leopold, archduke of Austria.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Scian Muse (The), Simon'dês, born at Scia, or Cea, now Zia, one of the Cyclades.

The Scian and the Teian Muse [Anacreon] ... Have found the fame your shores refuse.

Byron, Don Juan, iii. ("The Isles of Greece," 1820).

Science (The prince of), Tehuhe, "The Aristotle of China" (died A.D. 1200).

Scio (now called Chios), one of the seven cities which claimed to be the birthplace of Homer. Hence he is sometimes called "Scio's Blind Old Bard." The seven cities referred to make an hexameter verse:

Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Salamis, Rhodos, Argos, Athenae; or Smyrna, Chios, Colophôn, Ithacâ, Pylos, Argos, Athenae.

Antipater Sidonius, A Greek Epigram.

Sciol'to (3 syl.), a proud Genoese nobleman, the father of Calista. Calista was the bride of Altamont, a young man proud and fond of her, but it was discovered on the wedding day that she had been seduced by Lothario. This led to a series of calamities: (1) Lothario was killed in a duel by Altamont; (2) a street riot was created, in which Sciolto received his death-wound; and (3) Calista stabbed herself.—N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (1703).

(In Italian, Sciolto forms but two syllables, but Rowe has made it three in every case.)

Scipio "dismissed the Iberian maid" (Milton, Paradise Regained, ii.). The poet refers to the tale of Scipio's restoring a captive princess to her lover, Allucius, and giving to her, as a wedding present, the money of her ransom. (See CONTINENCE.)

During his command in Spain a circumstance occurred which contributed more to his fame and glory than all his military exploits. At the taking of New Carthage, a lady of extraordinary beauty was brought to Scipio, who found himself greatly affected by her charms. Understanding, however, that she was betrothed to a Celtibērian prince named Allucius, he resolved to conquer his rising passion, and sent her to her lover without recompense. A silver shield, on which this interesting event is depicted, was found in the river Rhone by some fishermen in the seventeenth century.—Goldsmith, History of Rome, xiv. 3. (Whittaker's improved edition contains a fac-simile of the shield on p. 215.)

Scipio, son of the gypsy woman, Coscolīna, and the soldier, Torribio Scipio. Scipio becomes the secretary of Gil Blas, and settles down with him at "the castle of Lirias." His character and adventures are very similar to those of Gil Blas himself, but he never rises to the same level. Scipio begins by being a rogue, who pilfered and plundered all who employed him, but in the service of Gil Blas he was a model of fidelity and integrity.—Lesage, Gil Blas (1715).

Sciro'nian Rocks, between Meg'ara and Corinth. So called because the bones of Sciron, the robber of Attica, were changed into these rocks when Theseus (2 syl.) hurled him from a cliff into the sea. It was from these rocks that Ino cast herself into the Corinthian bay.—Greek Fable.

Scirum. The men of Scirum used to shoot against the stars.

Like ... men of wit bereaven, Which howle and shoote against the lights of heaven.

Wm. Browne, Britannia's Pastorals, iv. (1613).

Scogan (Henry), M.A., a poet, contemporary with Chaucer. He lived in the reigns of Richard II., Henry IV., and probably Henry V. Among the gentry who had letters of protection to attend Richard II. in his expedition into Ireland, in 1399, is "Henricus Scogan, Armiger."—Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, v. 15 (1773).

Scogan? What was he? Oh, a fine gentleman and a master of arts Of Henry the Fourth's time, that made disguises For the king's sons, and writ in ballad royal Daintily well.

Ben Jonson, The Fortunate Isles (1626).

Scogan (John), the favorite jester and buffoon of Edward IV. "Scogan's jests" were published by Andrew Borde, a physician in the reign of Henry VIII.

The same Sir John [Falstaff], the very same. I saw him break Skogan's head at the court-gate, when he was a crack not thus high.—Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act iii. sc. 2.

[Asterism] Shakespeare has confounded Henry Scogan, M.A., the poet, who lived in the reign of Henry IV., with John Scogan, the jester, who lived about a century later, in the reign of Edward IV.; and, of course, Sir John Falstaff, could not have known him when "he was a mere crack."

Scogan's Jest. Scogan and some companions, being in lack of money, agreed to the following trick: A peasant, driving sheep, was accosted by one of the accomplices, who laid a wager that his sheep were hogs, and agreed to abide by the decision of the first person they met. This, of course, was Scogan, who instantly gave judgment against the herdsman.

A similar joke is related in the Hitopadesa, an abridged version of Pilpay's Fables. In this case, the "peasant" is represented by a Brahmin carrying a goat, and the joke was to persuade the Brahmin that he was carrying a dog. "How is this, friend," says one, "that you, a Brahmin, carry on your back such an unclean animal as a dog?" "It is not a dog," says the Brahmin, "but a goat;" and trudged on. Presently another made the same remark, and the Brahmin, beginning to doubt, took down the goat to look at it. Convinced that the creature was really a goat, he went on, when presently a third made the same remark. The Brahmin, now fully persuaded that his eyes were befooling him, threw down the goat and went away without it; whereupon the three companions took possession of it and cooked it.

In Tyll Eulenspiegel we have a similar hoax. Eulenspiegel sees a man with a piece of green cloth, which he resolves to obtain. He employs two confederates, both priests. Says Eulenspiegel to the man, "What a famous piece of blue cloth! Where did you get it?" "Blue, you fool! why, it is green." After a short contention, a bet is made, and the question in dispute is referred to the first comer. This was a confederate, and he at once decided that the cloth was blue. "You are both in the same boat," says the man, "which I will prove by the priest yonder." The question being put to the priest, is decided against the man, and the three rogues divide the cloth amongst them.

Another version is in novel 8 of Fortini. The joke was that certain kids he had for sale were capons.—See Dunlop, History of Fiction, viii. art. "Ser Giovanni."

Scone [Skoon], a palladium stone. It was erected in Icolmkil for the coronation of Fergus Eric, and was called the Lia-Fail of Ireland. Fergus, the son of Fergus Eric, who led the Dalriads to Argyllshire, removed it to Scone; and Edward I. took it to London. It still remains in Westminster Abbey, where it forms the support of Edward the Confessor's chair, which forms the coronation chair of the British monarchs.

Ni fallat fatum, Scoti, quocunque locatum Invenient lapidem, regnare tenentur ibidem.

Lardner, History of Scotland, i. 67 (1832).

Where'er this stone is placed, the fates decree, The Scottish race shall there the sovereigns be.

[Asterism] Of course, the "Scottish race" is the dynasty of the Stuarts and their successors.

Scotch Guards, in the service of the French kings, were called his garde du corps. The origin of the guard was this: When St. Louis entered upon his first crusade, he was twice saved from death by the valor of a small band of Scotch auxiliaries under the commands of the earls of March and Dunbar, Walter Stuart, and Sir David Lindsay. In gratitude thereof, it was resolved that "a standing guard of Scotchmen, recommended by the king of Scotland, should ever more form the body-guard of the king of France." This decree remained in force for five centuries.—Grant, The Scottish Cavalier, xx.

Scotland. So called, according to legend, from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. What gives this legend especial interest is, that when Edward I. laid claim to the country as a fief of England, he pleaded that Brute, the British king, in the days of Eli and Samuel, had conquered it. The Scotch, in their defence, pleaded their independence in virtue of descent from Scota, daughter of Pharaoh. This is not fable, but sober history.—Rymer, Foedera, I. ii. (1703).

Scotland a Fief of England. When Edward I. laid claim to Scotland as a fief of the English crown, his great plea was that it was awarded to Adelstan, by direct miracle, and, therefore, could never be alienated. His advocates seriously read from The Life and Miracles of St. John of Beverley, this extract: Adelstan went to drive back the Scotch, who had crossed the border, and, on reaching the Tyne, St. John of Beverley appeared to him, and bade him cross the river at daybreak. Adelstan obeyed, and reduced the whole kingdom to submission. On reaching Dunbar, in the return march, Adelstan prayed that some sign might be given, to testify to all ages that God had delivered the kingdom into his hands. Whereupon he was commanded to strike the basaltic rock with his sword. This did he, and the blade sank into the rock "as if it had been butter," cleaving it asunder for "an ell or more." As the cleft remains to the present hour, in testimony of this miracle, why, of course, cela va sans dire.—Rymer, Foedera, I. ii. 771 (1703).

Scotland's Scourge, Edward I. His son, Edward II., buried him in Westminster Abbey, where his tomb is still to be seen, with the following inscription:—

Edwardus Longus, Scotorum Malleus, hic est. (Our Longshanks, "Scotland's Scourge," lies here).

Drayton, Polyolbion, xvii. (1613).

So Longshanks, Scotland's Scourge, the land laid waste.

Ditto, xxix. (1622).

Scots (scuite, "a wanderer, a rover"), the inhabitants of the western coast of Scotland. As this part is very hilly and barren, it is unfit for tillage; and the inhabitants used to live a roving life on the produce of the chase, their chief employment being the rearing of cattle.

Scots (The Royal). The hundred cuirassiers, called hommes des armes, which formed the body-guard of the French king, were sent to Scotland in 1633, by Louis XIII., to attend the coronation of Charles I., at Edinburgh. On the outbreak of the civil war, eight years afterwards, these cuirassiers loyally adhered to the crown, and received the title of "The Royal Scots." At the downfall of the king, the hommes des armes returned to France.

Scott (The Southern). Ariosto is so called by Lord Byron.

First rose The Tuscan father's "comedy divine" [Dantê]; Then, not unequal to the Florentine, The southern Scott, the minstrel who called forth A new creation with his magic line, And, like the Ariosto of the north [Sir W. Scott], Sang ladye-love and war, romance and knightly worth.

Byron, Childe Harold, iv. 40 (1817).

[Asterism] Dante was born at Florence.

Scott of Belgium (The Walter), Hendrick Conscience (1812- ).

Scottish Anacreon (The), Alexander Scot is so called by Pinkerton.

Scottish Boanerges (The), Robert and James Haldane (nineteenth century). Robert died 1842, aged 79, and James 1851.

Scottish Hogarth (The), David Allan (1744-1796).

Scottish Homer (The), William Wilkie, author of an epic poem in rhyme, entitled The Epigoniad (1753).

Scottish Solomon (The), James VI. of Scotland, subsequently called James I. of England (1566, 1603-1625).

[Asterism] The French king called him far more aptly, "The Wisest Fool in Christendom."

Scottish Terriers (The), Sir David Wilkie (1785-1841).

Scottish Theoc'ritos (The), Allan Ramsay (1685-1758).

Scotus. There were two schoolmen of this name: (1) John Scotus Erigena, a native of Ireland, who died 886, in the reign of King Alfred; (2) John Duns Scotus, a Scotchman, who died 1308. Longfellow confounds these two in his Golden Legend when he attributes the Latin version of St. Dionysius, the Areopagite, to the latter schoolman.

And done into Latin by that Scottish beast, Erigena Johannes.

Longfellow, The Golden Legend (1851).

Scourers, a class of dissolute young men, often of the better class, who infested the streets of London, in the seventeenth century, and thought it capital fun to break windows, upset sedan-chairs, beat quiet citizens, and molest young women. These young blades called themselves at different times, Muns, Hectors, Scourers, Nickers, Hawcabites, and Mohawks or Mohocks.

Scourge of Christians (The), Noureddin-Mahmûd, of Damascus (1116-1174).

Scourge of God (The), Attila, king of the Huns, called Flagellum Dei (died A.D. 453). Gensĕric, king of the Vandals, called Virga Dei (*, reigned 429-477).

Scourge of Princes (The), Pietro Aretino, of Arezzo, a merciless satirist of kings and princes, but very obscene and licentious. He called himself "Aretino the Divine" (1492-1557).

Thus Aretin of late got reputation By scourging kings, as Lucian did of old By scorning gods.

Lord Brooke, Inquisition Upon Fame (1554-1628).

Suidas called Lucian "The Blasphemer;" and he added that he was torn to pieces by dogs for his impiety. Some of his works attack the heathen philosophy and religion. His Jupiter Convicted shows Jupiter to be powerless, and Jupiter, the Tragedian, shows Jupiter and the other gods to be myths (120-200).

Scourge of Scotland, Edward I., Scotōrum Malleus (1239, 1272-1307).

Scrape-All, a soapy, psalm-singing hypocrite, who combines with Cheatly to supply young heirs with cash at most exorbitant usury. (See CHEATLY.)—Shadwell, Squire of Alsatia (1688).

Scrape on, Gentlemen. Hadrian went once to the public baths, and, seeing an old soldier scraping himself with a potsherd, for want of a flesh-brush, sent him a sum of money. Next day the bath was crowded with potsherd scrapers; but the emperor said when he saw them, "Scrape on, gentlemen, but you will not scrape an acquaintance with me."

Scribble, an attorney's clerk, who tries to get married to Polly Honeycombe, a silly, novel-struck girl, but well off. He is happily foiled in his scheme, and Polly is saved from the consequences of a most unsuitable match.—G. Colman, the elder, Polly Honeycombe (1760).

Scrible'rus (Cornelius), father of Martinus. He was noted for his pedantry, and his odd whims about the education of his son.

Martīnus Scriblērus, a man of capacity, who had read everything; but his judgment was worthless, and his taste perverted.—(?) Arbuthnot, Memoirs of the Extraordinary Life, Works, and Discoveries of Martin Scriblerus.

[Asterism] These "memoirs" were intended to be the first instalment[TN-162] of a general satire on the false taste in literature prevalent in the time of Pope. The only parts of any moment that were written of this intended series, were Pope's Treatise of the Bathos, or Art of Sinking in Poetry, and his Memoirs of P. P., Clerk of this Parish (1727), in ridicule of Dr. Burnett's History of His Own Time. The Dunciad is, however, preceded by a Prolegomena, ascribed to Martinus Scriblerus, and contains his notes and illustrations on the poem, thus connecting this merciless satire with the original design.

Scriever (Jock), the apprentice of Duncan Macwheeble (bailie at Tully Veolan to Mr. Cosmo Comyne Bradwardine, baron of Bradwardine and Tully Veolan).—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time George II.).

Scriptores Decem, a collection of ten ancient chronicles on English history, in one vol., folio, London, 1652, edited by Roger Twysden and John Selden. The volume contains: (1) Simeon Dunelmensis [Simeon of Durham], Historia; (2) Johannes Hagustaldensis [John of Hexham], Historia Continuata; (3) Richardus Hagustaldensis [Richard of Hexham], De Gestis Regis Stephani; (4) Ailredus Rievallensis [Ailred of Rieval], Historia (genealogy of the kings); (5) Radulphus de Diceto [Ralph of Diceto], Abbreviationes Chronicorum and Ymagines Historiarum; (6) Johannes Brompton, Chronicon; (7) Gervasius Dorobornensis [Gervais of Dover], Chronica, etc. (burning and repair of Dover Church; contentions between the monks of Canterbury and Archbishop Baldwin; and lives of the archbishops of Canterbury); (8) Thomas Stubbs (a Dominican), Chronica Pontificum ecc. Eboraci [i.e. York]; (9) Guilielmus Thorn Cantuariensis [of Canterbury], Chronica; and (10) Henricus Knighton Leicestrensis [of Leicester], Chronica. (The last three are chronicles of "pontiffs" or archbishops.)

Scriptores Quinque, better known as Scriptores Post Bedam, published at Frankfürt, 1601, in one vol., folio, and containing: (1) Willielm Malmesburiensis, De Gestis Regum Anglorum, Historiae Novellae, and De Gestis Pontificum Anglorum; (2) Henry Huntindoniensis, Historia; (3) Roger Hovedeni [Hoveden], Annales; (4) Ethelwerd, Chronica; and (5) Ingulphus Croylandensis [of Croyland], Historia.

Scriptores Tres, three "hypothetical" writers on ancient history, which Dr. Bertram professed to have discovered between the years 1747 and 1757. They are called Richardus Corinensis [of Cirencester], De Situ Britanniae; Gildas Badonĭcus; and Nennius Banchorensis [of Bangor].—J. E. Mayor, in his preface to Ricardi de Cirencestria Speculum Historiale, has laid bare this literary forgery.

Scripture. Parson Adams's wife said to her husband that in her opinion "it was blasphemous to talk of Scriptures out of church."—Fielding, Joseph Andrews.

A great impression in my youth Was made by Mrs. Adams, where she cries, "That Scriptures out of church are blasphemous."

Byron, Don Juan, xiii. 96 (1824).

Scroggen, a poor hack author, celebrated by Goldsmith in his Description of an Author's Bedchamber.

Scroggens, (Giles), a peasant, who courted Molly Bawn, but died just before the wedding day. Molly cried and cried for him, till she cried herself fast asleep. Fancying that she saw Giles Scroggens's ghost standing at her bedside, she exclaimed in terror, "What do you want?" "You for to come for to go along with me," replied the ghost. "I ben't dead, you fool!" said Molly; but the ghost rejoined, "Why, that's no rule." Then, clasping her round the waist, he exclaimed, "Come, come with me, ere morning beam." "I won't!" shrieked Molly, and woke to find "'twas nothing but a dream."—A Comic Ballad.

Scroggs (Sir William), one of the judges.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Scrooge (Ebenezer), partner, executor, and heir of old Jacob Marley, stock-broker. When first introduced, he is "a squeezing, grasping, covetous old hunks, sharp and hard as a flint;" without one particle of sympathy, loving no one, and by none beloved. One Christmas Day Ebenezer Scrooge sees three ghosts; The Ghost of Christmas Past; Ghost of Christmas Present; and the Ghost of Christmas To-come. The first takes him back to his young life, shows him what Christmas was to him when a schoolboy, and when he was an apprentice; reminds him of his courting a young girl, whom he forsook as he grew rich; and shows him that sweetheart of his young days married to another, and the mother of a happy family. The second ghost shows him the joyous home of his clerk, Bob Cratchit, who has nine people to keep on 15s. a week, and yet could find wherewithal to make merry on this day; it also shows him the family of his nephew, and of others. The third ghost shows him what would be his lot if he died as he then was, the prey of harpies, the jest of his friends on 'Change, the world's uncared-for waif. These visions wholly changed his nature, and he becomes benevolent, charitable, and cheerful, loving all, and by all beloved.—C. Dickens, A Christmas Carol (in five staves, 1843).

Scrow, the clerk of Lawyer Glossin.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time George II.).

Scrub, a man-of-all-work to Lady Bountiful. He describes his duties thus;

Of a Monday I drive the coach, of a Tuesday I drive the plough, on Wednesday I follow the hounds, on Thursday I dun the tenants, on Friday I go to market, on Saturday I draw warrants, and on Sunday I draw beer.—Geo. Farquhar, The Beaux' Stratagem, iii. 4 (1707).

Scrubin'da, the lady who "lived by the scouring of pots in Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square."

Oh, was I a quart, pint, or gill, To be scrubbed by her delicate hands!... My parlor that's next to the sky I'd quit, her blest mansion to share; So happy to live and to die In Dyot Street, Bloomsbury Square.

W. B. Rhodes, Bombastes Furioso (1790).

Scruple, the friend of Random. He is too honest for a rogue, and too conscientious for a rake. At Calais he met Harriet, the elder daughter of Sir David Dunder, of Dunder Hall, near Dover, and fell in love with her. Scruple subsequently got invited to Dunder Hall, and was told that his Harriet was to be married next day to Lord Snolt, a stumpy, "gummy" fogey of five and forty. Harriet hated the idea, and agreed to elope with Scruple; but her father discovered by accident the intention, and intercepted it. However, to prevent scandal, he gave his consent to the union, and discovered that Scruple, both in family and fortune, was quite suitable for a son-in-law.—G. Colman, Ways and Means (1788).

Scu'damour (Sir), the knight beloved by Am'oret (whom Britomart delivered from Busyrane, the enchanter), and whom she ultimately married. He is called Scudamour (3 syl.) from [e]scu d'amour ("the shield of love"), which he carried (bk. iv. 10). This shield was hung by golden bands in the temple of Venus, and under it was written: "WHOSOEVER BE THIS SHIELD, FAIRE AMORET BE HIS." Sir Scudamour, determined to win the prize, had to fight with twenty combatants, overthrew them all, and the shield was his. When he saw Amoret in the company of Britomart, dressed as a knight, he was racked with jealousy, and went on his wanderings, accompanied by nurse Glaucê for "his squire;" but somewhat later, seeing Britomart, without her hemlet,[TN-163] he felt that his jealousy was groundless (bk. iv. 6). His tale is told by himself (bk. iv. 10).—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iii., iv. (1590-6).

Sculpture (Father of French), Jean Goujon (1510-1572). G. Pilon is so called also (1515-1590).

Scyld, the king of Denmark preceding Beowulf. The Anglo-Saxon epic poem called Beowulf (sixth century) begins with the death of Scyld.

At his appointed time, Scyld deceased, very decrepit, and went into the peace of the Lord. They ... bore him to the sea-shore as he himself requested.... There on the beach stood the ring-prowed ship, the vehicle of the noble ... ready to set out. They laid down the dear prince, the distributer of rings, in the bosom of the ship, the mighty one beside the mast ... they set up a golden ensign high overhead ... they gave him to the deep. Sad was their spirit, mournful their mood.—Kemble, Beowulf (an Anglo-Saxon poem, 1833).

Scylla and Charybdis. The former was a rock, in which dwelt Scylla, a hideous monster, encompassed with dogs and wolves. The latter was a whirlpool, into which Charybdis was metamorphosed.—Classic Fable.

Scythian (That Brave), Darius, the Persian. According to Herod'otus, all the south-east of Europe used to be called Scythia, and Xenophon calls the dwellers south of the Caspian Sea "Scythians," also. In fact, by Scythia was meant the south of Russia and west of Asia; hence, the Hungarians, a Tartar horde, settled on the east coast of the Caspian Sea, who, in 889, crossed into Europe, are spoken of as "Scythians," and Lord Brooke calls the Persians "Scythians." The reference below is to the following event in Persian history:—The death of Smerdis was kept for a time a profound secret, and one of the officers about the court who resembled him usurped the crown, calling himself brother of the late monarch. Seven of the high nobles conspired together, and slew the usurper, but it then became a question to which of the seven the crown should be offered. They did not toss for it, but they did much the same thing. They agreed to give the crown to him whose horse neighed first. Darius's horse won, and thus Darius became king of the Persian empire.

That brave Scythian, Who found more sweetness in his horse's neighing Than all the Phrygian, Dorian, Lydian playing.

Lord Brooke, (1554-1628).

[Asterism] Marlowe calls Tamburlaine of Tartary "a Scythian."

You shall hear the Scythian Tamburlaine Threatening the world with high astounding terms.

Marlowe, Tamburlaine (prologue, 1587).

Scythian's Name (The). Humber or Humbert, king of the Huns, invaded England during the reign of Locrin, some 1000 years B.C. In his flight, he was drowned in the river Abus, which has ever since been called the Humber, after "the Scythian's name."—Geoffrey, British History, ii. 2 (1142); and Milton's History of England.

Or Humber loud that keeps the Scythian's name.

Milton, Vacation Exercise (1627).

Sea-Captain (The), a drama by Lord Lytton (1839). Norman, "the sea-captain," was the son of Lady Arundel by her first husband, who was murdered. He was born three days after his father's murder, and was brought up by Onslow, a village priest. At 14 he went to sea, and became the captain of a man-of-war. Lady Arundel married again, and had another son named Percy. She wished to ignore Norman, and to settle the title and estates on Percy, but it was not to be. Norman and Percy both loved Violet, a ward of Lady Arundel. Violet, however, loved Norman only. A scheme was laid to murder Norman, but failed; and at the end Norman was acknowledged by his mother, reconciled to his brother, and married to the ward.

Seaforth (The earl of), a royalist, in the service of King Charles I.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose (time, Charles I.).

Seasons (The), a descriptive poem in blank verse, by James Thomson, "Winter" (1726), "Summer" (1727), "Spring" (1728), "Autumn" (1730). "Winter" is inscribed to the earl of Wilmington; "Summer" to Mr. Doddington; "Spring" to the countess of Hertford; and "Autumn" to Mr. Onslow.

1. In "Winter," after describing the season, the poet introduces his episode of a traveller lost in a snowstorm, "the creeping cold lays him along the snow, a stiffened corse,"[TN-164] of wife, of children, and of friends unseen. The whole book containing 1069 lines.

2. "Summer" begins with a description of the season, and the rural pursuits of haymaking and sheep-shearing; passes on to the hot noon, when "nature pants, and every stream looks languid." After describing the tumultuous character of the season in the torrid zone, he returns to England, and describes a thunder-storm, in which Celădon and Amelia are overtaken. The thunder growls, the lightnings flash, louder and louder crashes the aggravated roar, "convulsing heaven and earth." The maiden, terrified, clings to her lover for protection. "Fear not, sweet innocence," he says. "He who involves yon skies in darkness ever smiles on thee. 'Tis safety to be near thee, sure, and thus to clasp protection." As he speaks the words, a flash of lightning strikes the maid, and lays her a blackened corpse at the young man's feet. The poem concludes with the more peaceful scenery of a summer's evening, when the story of Damon and Musidōra is introduced. Damon had long loved the beautiful Musidora, but met with scant encouragement. One summer's evening he accidently[TN-165] came upon her bathing, and the respectful modesty of his love so won upon the damsel that she wrote upon a tree, "Damon, the time may come when you need not fly." The whole book contains 1804 lines.

3. In "Spring" the poet describes its general features, and its influence on the vegetable and animal world. He describes a garden with its harem of flowers, a grove with its orchestry of song-birds making melody in their love, the rough world of brutes, furious and fierce with their strong desire, and lastly man tempered by its infusive influence. The book contains 1173 lines.

4. In "Autumn" we are taken to the harvest-field, where the poet introduces a story similar to that of Ruth and Boaz. His Ruth he calls "Lavinia," and his Boaz "Palēmon." He then describes partridge and pheasant shooting, hare and fox hunting, all of which he condemns. After luxuriating in the orchard and vineyard, he speaks of the emigration of birds, the falling of the sear and yellow leaf, and concludes with a eulogy of country life. The whole book contains 1371 lines.

[Asterism] It is much to be regretted that the poet's order has not been preserved. The arrangement of the seasons into Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, is unnatural, and mars the harmony of the poet's plan.

Seatonian Prize. The Rev. Thomas Seaton, Fellow of Clare Hall, Cambridge University, bequeathed the rents of his Kislingbury estate for a yearly prize of [pounds]40 to the best English poem on a sacred subject announced in January, and sent in on or before September 29 following.

Shall hoary Granta call her sable sons.... Shall these approach the Muse? Ah, no! she flies, And even spurns the great Seatonian prize.

Byron, English Bards and Scotch Reviewers (1809).

Sebastes of Mytile'ne (4 syl.), the assassin in the "Immortal Guards."—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Sebastian, a young gentleman of Messalinê, brother to Viola. They were twins, and so much alike that they could not be distinguished except by their dress. Sebastian and his sister, being shipwrecked, escaped to Illyria. Here Sebastian was mistaken for his sister (who had assumed man's apparel), and was invited by the Countess Olivia to take shelter in her house from a street broil. Olivia was in love with Viola, and thinking Sebastian to be the object of her love, married him.—Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614).

Sebastian, brother of Alonso, king of Naples, in The Tempest (1609).

Sebastian, father of Valentine and Alice.—Beaumont and Fletcher, Mons. Thomas (1619).

Sebastian (Don), king of Portugal, is defeated in battle and taken prisoner by the Moors (1574). He is saved from death by Dorax, a noble Portuguese, then a renegade in the court of the emperor of Barbary. The train being dismissed, Dorax takes off his turban, assumes his Portuguese dress, and is recognized as Alonzo of Alcazar.—Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690).

The quarrel and reconcilation[TN-166] of Sebastian and Dorax [alias Alonzo of Alcazar] is a masterly copy from a similar scene between Brutus and Cassius [in Shakespeare's Julius Caesar].—R. Chambers, English Literature, i. 380.

Don Sebastian, a name of terror to Moorish children.

Nor shall Sebastian's formidable name Be longer used to still the crying babe.

Dryden, Don Sebastian (1690).

Sebastian I. of Brazil, who fell in the battle of Alcazarquebir in 1578. The legend is that he is not dead, but is patiently biding the fulness of time, when he will return, and make Brazil the chief kingdom of the earth. (See BARBAROSSA.)

Sebastoc'rator (The), the chief officer of state in the empire of Greece. Same as Protosebastos.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Sebile (2 syl.), la Dame du Lac, in the romance called Perceforest. Her castle was surrounded by a river, on which rested so thick a fog that no one could see across it. Alexander the Great abode with her a fortnight to be cured of his wounds, and King Arthur was the result of this amour (vol. i. 42).

Secret Hill (The). Ossian said to Oscar, when he resigned to him the command of the morrow's battle, "Be thine the secret hill to-night," referring to the Gaelic custom of the commander of an army retiring to a secret hill the night before a battle, to hold communion with the ghosts of departed heroes.—Ossian, Cathlin of Clutha.

Secret Tribunal (The), the count of the Holy Vehme.—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).