"Rosalinde" is an anagram for Rose Daniel, evidently a well-educated young lady of the north, and probably the "Lady Mirabella" of the Faëry Queen, vi. 7, 8. Spenser calls her "the widow's daughter of the glen" (ecl. iv.), supposed to be either Burnley or Colne, near Hurstwood, in Yorkshire. Ecl. i. is the plaint of Colin for the loss of Rosalind. Ecl. vi. is a dialogue between Colin and Hobbinol, his friend, in which Colin laments, and Hobbinol tries to comfort him. Ecl. xii. is a similar lament to ecl. i. Rose Daniel married John Florio, the lexicographer, the "Holofernês" of Shakespeare.

Rosalind, daughter of the banished duke who went to live in the forest of Arden. Rosalind was retained in her uncle's court as the companion of his daughter, Celia; but when the usurper banished her, Celia resolved to be her companion, and, for greater security, Rosalind dressed as a boy, and assumed the name of Ganymede, while Celia dressed as a peasant girl, and assumed the name of Aliēna. The two girls went to the forest of Arden, and lodged for a time in a hut; but they had not been long there when Orlando encountered them. Orlando and Rosalind had met before at a wrestling match, and the acquaintance was now renewed; Ganymede resumed her proper apparel, and the two were married, with the sanction of the duke.—Shakespeare, As You Like It (1598).

Nor shall the griefs of Lear be alleviated, or the charms and wit of Rosalind be abated by time.—N. Drake, M.D., Shakespeare and His Times, ii. 554 (1817).

Rosaline, the niece of Capulet, with whom Romeo was in love before he saw Juliet. Mercutio calls her "a pale-hearted wench," and Romeo says she did not "grace for grace and love for love allow," like Juliet.—Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet (1598).

[Asterism] Rosaline is frequently mentioned in the first act of the play, but is not one of the dramatis personae.

Rosaline, a lady in attendance on the princess of France. A sharp wit was wedded to her will, and "two pitch balls were stuck in her face for eyes." Rosaline is called "a merry, nimble, stirring spirit." Biron, a lord in attendance on Ferdinand, king of Navarre, proposes marriage to her, but she replies:

You must be purged first, your sins are racked ... Therefore if you my favor mean to get, A twelvemonth shall you spend, and never rest, But seek the weary beds of people sick.

Shakespeare, Love's Labor's Lost (1594).

Rosalu'ra, the airy daughter of Nantolet, beloved by Belleur.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Wild-goose Chase (1652).

Ros'amond (The Fair), Jane Clifford, daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford. The lady was loved, not wisely, but too well, by Henry II., who kept her for concealment in a labyrinth at Woodstock. Queen Eleanor compelled the frail fair one to swallow poison (1777).

She was the fayre daughter of Walter, Lord Clifford.... Henry made for her a house of wonderfull working, so that no man or woman might come to her. This house was named "Labyrinthus," and was wrought like unto a knot, in a garden called a maze. But the queen came to her by a clue of thredde, and so dealt with her that she lived not long after. She was buried at Godstow, in a house of nunnes, with these verses upon her tombe:

Hic jacet in tumba Rosa mundi, non Rosa munda; Non redolet, sed olet, quae redolere solet.

Here Rose the graced, not Rose the chaste, reposes; The smell that rises is no smell of roses.

[Asterism] The subject has been a great favorite with poets. We have in English the following tragedies:—The Complaint of Rosamond, by S. Daniel (before 1619); Henry II.... with the Death of Rosamond, either Bancroft or Mountford (1693); Rosamond, by Addison (1706); Henry and Rosamond, by Hawkins (1749); Fair Rosamond, by Tennyson (1879). In Italian, Rosmonda, by Rucellai (1525). In Spanish, Rosmunda, by Gil y Zarate (1840). We have also Rosamond, an opera, by Dr. Arne (1733); and Rosamonde, a poem in French, by C. Briffaut (1813). Sir Walter Scott has introduced the beautiful soiled dove in two of his novels—The Talisman and Woodstock.

[Asterism] Dryden says her name was Jane:

Jane Clifford was her name, as books aver: "Fair Rosamond" was but her nom de guerre.

We rede that in Englande was a king that had a concubyne whose name was Rose, and for hir greate bewtye he cleped hir Rose à mounde (Rosa mundi), that is to say, Rose of the world, for him thought that she passed al wymen in bewtye.—R. Pynson (1493), subsequently printed by Wynken de Worde in 1496.

The Rosemonde of Alfieri is quite another person. (See ROSEMOND.)

Rosa'na, daughter of the Armenian queen who helped St. George to quench the seven lamps of the knight of the Black Castle.—R. Johnson, The Seven Champions of Christendom, ii. 8, 9 (1617).

Roscius (Quintus), the greatest of Roman actors (died B.C. 62).

What scene of death hath Roscius now to act?

Shakespeare, 3 Henry VI. act v. sc. 6 (1592).

Roscius (The British), Thomas Betterton (1635-1710), and David Garrick (1716-1779).

[Asterism] The earl of Southampton says that Richard Burbage "is famous as our English Roscius" (1566-1619).

Roscius (The Irish), Spranger Barry, "The Silver Tongued" (1719-1777).

Roscius (The Young), William Henry West Betty, who, in 1803, made his début in London. He was about 12 years of age, and in fifty-six nights realized [pounds]34,000. He died, aged 84, in 1874.

Roscius of France (The), Michel Boyron or Baron (1653-1729).

Roscrana, daughter of Cormac, king of Ireland (grandfather of that Cormac murdered by Cairbar). Roscra'na is called "the blue-eyed and white-handed maid," and was "like a spirit of heaven, half folded in the skirt of a cloud." Subsequently she was the wife of Fingal, king of Morven, and mother of Ossian, "king of bards."—Ossian, Temora, vi.

[Asterism] Cormac, the father of Roscrana, was great-grandfather of that Cormac who was reigning when Swaran made his invasion. The line ran thus: (1) Cormac I., (2) Cairbre, his son, (3) Artho, his son, (4) Cormac II., father-in-law of Fingal.

Rose, "the gardener's daughter," a story of happy first love, told in later years by an old man who had, in his younger days, trifled with the passion of love; but, like St. Augustin, was always "loving to love" (amans amāre), and was at length heart-smitten with Rose, whom he married. (See ALICE.)—Tennyson, The Gardener's Daughter.

Rose. Sir John Mandeville says that a Jewish maid of Bethlehem (whom Southey names Zillah) was beloved by one Ham'uel, a brutish sot. Zillah rejected his suit, and Hamuel, in revenge, accused the maiden of offences for which she was condemned to be burned alive. When brought to the stake, the flames burnt Hamuel to a cinder, but did no harm to Zillah. There she stood, in a garden of roses, for the brands which had been kindled became red roses, and those which had not caught fire became white ones. These are the first roses that ever bloomed on earth since the loss of paradise.

As the fyre began to brenne about hire, she made her preyeres to oure Lord ... and anon was the fayer quenched and oute, and brondes that weren brennynge becomen white roseres ... and theise werein the first roseres that ever ony man saughe.—Sir John Maundeville, Voiage and Traivaile.

Rose. According to Mussulman tradition, the rose is thus accounted for: When Mahomet took his journey to heaven, the sweat which fell on the earth from the prophet's forehead produced White roses, and that which fell from Al Borak' (the animal he rode) produced yellow ones.

Rose.

The gentle name that shows Her love, her loveliness, and bloom (Her only epitaph a rose) Is growing on her tomb!

John James Piatt, Poems of House and Home (1879).

Rose of Aragon (The), a drama by S. Knowles (1842). Olivia, daughter of Ruphi'no (a peasant), was married to Prince Alonzo of Aragon. The king would not recognize the match, but sent his son to the army, and made the cortez pass an act of divorce. A revolt having been organized, the king was dethroned, and Almagro was made regent. Almagro tried to marry Olivia, and to murder her father and brother, but the prince returning with the army made himself master of the city, Almagro died of poison, the marriage of the prince and peasant was recognized, the revolt was broken up, and order was restored.

Rose of Har'pocrate (3 syl.). Cupid gave Harpocrate a rose, to bribe him not to divulge the amours of his mother, Venus.

Red as a rose of Harpocrate.

E. B. Browning, Isobel's Child, iii.

Rose of Paradise. The roses which grew in paradise had no thorns. "Thorns and thistles" were unknown on earth till after the Fall (Gen. iii. 18). Both St. Ambrose and St. Basil note that the roses in Eden had no thorns, and Milton says, in Eden bloomed "Flowers of all hue, and without thorn the rose."—Paradise Lost, iv. 256 (1665).

Rose of Raby, the mother of Richard III. This was Cicely, daughter of Ralph de Nevill of Raby, earl of Westmoreland.

Rose Vaughan. Lover of "Yone" Willoughby, in The Amber Gods. He has super-refined and poetical tastes; delights and revels in beauty, and until he met Yone had admired her gentle sister. The siren, Yone, sets herself to win him and succeeds. Marriage disenchants him and the knowledge of this maddens her into something akin to hatred. Yet she dies begging him to kiss her. "I am your Yone! I forgot a little while,—but I love you, Rose, Rose!"—Harriet Prescott Spofford, The Amber Gods (1863).

Rose of York, the heir and head of the York faction.

When Warwick perished, Edmund de la Pole became the Rose of York, and if this foolish prince should be removed by death ... his young and clever brother [Richard] would be raised to the rank of Rose of York.—W. H. Dixon, Two Queens.

Roses (War of the). The origin of this expression is thus given by Shakepeare:[TN-136]

Plant. Let him that is a true-born gentleman ... If he supposes that I have pleaded truth, From off this briar pluck a white rose with me.

Somerset. Let him that is no coward, nor no flatterer, But dare maintain the party of the truth, Pluck a red rose from off this thorn with me.

Whereupon Warwick plucked a white rose and joined the Yorkists, while Suffolk plucked a red one and joined the Lancastrians.—Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act ii. sc. 4 (1589).

Rosemond, daughter of Cunimond, king of the Gepidae. She was compelled to marry Alboin, king of the Lombards, who put her father to death A.D. 567. Alboin compelled her to drink from the skull of her own father, and Rosemond induced Peride'us (the secretary of Helmichild, her lover), to murder the wretch (573). She then married Helmichild, fled Ravenna, and sought to poison her second husband, that she might marry Longin, the exarch; but Helmichild, apprised of her intention, forced her to drink the mixture she had prepared for him. This lady is the heroine of Alfieri's tragedy called Rosemonde (1749-1803). (See ROSAMOND.)

Ro'sencrantz, a courtier in the court of Denmark, willing to sell or betray his friend and schoolfellow, Prince Hamlet, to please a king.—Shakespeare, Hamlet (1596).

Rosetta, the wicked sister of Brunetta and Blon'dina, the mothers of Cherry and Fairstar. She abetted the queen-mother in her wicked designs against the offspring of her two sisters, but, being found out, was imprisoned for life.—Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("Princess Fairstar," 1682).

Rosetta, a bright, laughing little coquette, who runs away from home because her father wants her to marry young Meadows, whom she has never seen. She enters the service of Justice Woodcock. Now, it so happens that Sir William Meadows wishes his son to marry Rosetta, whom he has never seen, and he also runs away from home, and under the name of Thomas becomes gardener to Justice Woodcock. Rosetta and young Meadows here fall in love with each other, and the wishes of the two fathers are accomplished.—Isaac Bickerstaff, Love in a Village (1763).

In 1786 Mrs. Billington made her début in "Rosetta," at once dazzling the town with the brilliancy of her vocalization and the flush of her beauty.—C. R. Leslie.

Rosetta [Belmont], daughter of Sir Robert Belmont. Rosetta is high-spirited, witty, confident, and of good spirits. "If you told her a merry story, she would sigh; if a mournful one, she would laugh. For yes she would say 'no,' and for no, 'yes.'" She is in love with Colonel Raymond, but shows her love by teasing him, and Colonel Raymond is afraid of the capricious beauty.—Edward Moore, The Foundling (1748).

Rosiclear and Donzel del Phebo, the heroine and hero of the Mirror of Knighthood, a mediaeval romance.

Rosinan'te (4 syl.), the steed of Don Quixote. The name implies "that the horse had risen from a mean condition to the highest honor a steed could achieve, for it was once a cart-horse, and was elevated into the charger of a knight-errant."—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. ii. 1 (1605).

Rosinante was admirably drawn, so lean, lank, meagre, drooping, sharp-backed, and raw-boned, as to excite much curiosity and mirth.—Pt. I. ii. 1.

Rosiphele (3 syl.), princess of Armenia; of surpassing beauty, but insensible to love. She is made to submit to the yoke of Cupid, by a vision which befalls her on a May-day ramble.—Gower, Confessio Amantis (1393).

Rosmonda, a tragedy in Italian, by John R. Ruccellai (1525). This is one of the first regular tragedies of modern times. Sophonisba, by Trissino, preceded it, being produced in 1514, and performed in 1515.

Rosny (Sabina), the young wife of Lord Sensitive. "Of noble parents, who perished under the axe in France." The young orphan, "as much to be admired for her virtues, as to be pitied for her misfortunes," fled to Padua, where she met Lord Sensitive.—Cumberland, First Love (1796).

Ross (Lord), an officer in the king's army, under the duke of Monmouth.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Ross (The Man of), John Kyrle, of Whitehouse, in Gloucestershire. So called because he resided in the village of Ross, Herefordshire. Kyrle was a man of unbounded benevolence, and beloved by all who knew him.

[Asterism] Pope celebrates him in his Moral Essays, iii. (1709).

Rosse (2 syl.), the sword which the dwarf Elberich gave to Otwit, king of Lombardy. It was so keen that it left no gap where it cut.

Balmung, the sword forged by Wieland, and given to Siegfried, was so keen that it clove Amilias in two without his knowing it, but when he attempted to move he fell asunder.

This sword to thee I give; it is all bright of hue, Whatever it may cleave, no gap will there ensue. From Almari I brought it, and Rossê is its name.

The Heldenbuch.

Rostocostojambedanesse (M. N.), author of After Beef, Mustard.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 7 (1533).

Rothmar, chief of Tromlo. He attacked the vassal kingdom of Croma, while the under-king, Crothar, was blind with age, resolving to annex it to his own dominion. Crothar's son, Fovar-Gormo, attacked the invader, but was defeated and slain. Not many days after, Ossian (one of the sons of Fingal) arrived with succors, renewed the battle, defeated the victorious army, and slew the invader.—Ossian, Croma.

Rothsay (The duke of) prince Robert, eldest son of Robert III. of Scotland.

Margaret, duchess of Rothsay.—Sir W. Scott, Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Rou (Le Roman de), a metrical and mythical history, in Norman-French, of the dukes of Normandy, from Rollo downwards, by Robert Wace (author of Le Brut).

[Asterism] Rou', that is, Roul, the same as Rollo.

Roubigné (Julie de), the heroine and title of a novel by Henry Mackenzie (1783).

Rougedragon (Lady Rachel), the former guardian of Lilias Redgauntlet.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Rouncewell (Mrs.), housekeeper at Chesney Wold to Lord and Lady Dedlock, to whom she is most faithfully attached.—C. Dickens, Bleak House (1823).

Round Table (The), a table made at Carduel, by Merlin, for Uther, the pendragon. Uther gave it to King Leodegraunce, of Camelyard, and when Arthur married Guinever (the daughter of Leodegraunce), he received the table with a hundred knights as a wedding present (pt. i. 45). The table would seat 150 knights (pt. iii. 36), and each seat was appropriated. One of them was called the "Siege Perilous," because it was fatal for any one to sit therein, except the knight who was destined to achieve the Holy Graal (pt. iii. 32). King Arthur instituted an order of knighthood called "the knights of the Round Table," the chief of whom were Sir Launcelot, Sir Tristram, and Sir Lamerock, or Lamorake. The "Siege Perilous" was reserved for Sir Galahad, the son of Sir Launcelot by Elaine.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur (1470).

[Asterism] There is a table shown at Winchester, as "Arthur's Round Table," but it corresponds in no respect with the Round Table described in the History of Prince Arthur. Round Tables are not unusual, as Dr. Percy has shown, with other kings in the times of chivalry. Thus, the king of Ireland, father of Christabelle, had his "knights of the Round Table."—See "Sir Cauline," in Percy's Reliques.

In the eighth year of Edward I., Roger de Mortimer established at Kenilworth, a Round Table for "the encouragement of military pastimes." Some seventy years later, Edward III. had his Round Table at Windsor; it was 200 feet in diameter.

Rousseau (Jean Jacques) used to say that all fables which ascribe speech and reason to dumb animals ought to be withheld from children, as being only vehicles of deception.

I shall not ask Jean Jacques Rousseau If birds confabulate or no; 'Tis clear that they were always able To hold discourse—at least in fable.

Cowper, Pairing-Time Anticipated (1782).

Roustam or Rostam, the Persian Herculês. He was the son of Zal, and a descendant of Djamshid At one time Roustam killed 1000 Tartars at a blow; he slew dragons, overcame devils, captured cities, and performed other marvellous exploits. This mighty man of strength fell into disgrace for refusing to receive the doctrines of Zoroaster, and died by the hand of one of his brothers named Scheghad (sixth century B.C.).

Routledge (Harold). First love of Lilian Westbrook, in The Banker's Daughter. They have a lover's quarrel and separate. Lilian, to save her father from poverty, marries another man. Meeting Harold in after years, her love revives. When he challenges a Frenchman who has spoken lightly of her, she follows him to the field in time to receive his last breath and sob in his ear—"I have loved you—you only—from the first."—Bronson Howard, The Banker's Daughter, (1878).

Rover, a dissolute young spark, who set off vice "as naughty but yet nice."—Mrs. Behn, The Rover (1680).

William Mountford [1660-1692] had so much in him of the agreeable, that when he played "The Rover," it was remarked by many, and particularly by Queen Mary, that it was dangerous to see him act—he made vice so alluring.—C. Dibdin, History of the Stage.

Rovewell (Captain), in love with Arethusa, daughter of Argus. The lady's father wanted her to marry Squire Cuckoo, who had a large estate; but Arethusa contrived to have her own way and marry Captain Rovewell, who turned out to be the son of Ned Worthy, who gave the bridegroom [pounds]30,000.—Carey, Contrivances (1715).

Rowe (Nicholas), poet-laureate (1673, 1714-1718). The monument in Westminster Abbey to this poet was by Rysbrack.

Rowena (The lady), of Hargettstanstede, a ward of Cedric the Saxon, of Rotherwood. She marries Ivanhoe.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Rowland (Childe), youngest brother of Helen. Under the guidance of Merlin, he undertook to bring back his sister from elf land, whither the fairies had carried her, and he succeeded in his perilous exploit.—An Ancient Scotch Ballad.

Rowland for an Oliver (A), a tit for tat; getting as good as you gave. Rowland (or Roland) and Oliver were two of Charlemagne's paladins, so much alike in prowess and exploits that they might be described as "fortemque Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum" (AEneid, i. 222).

Och! Mrs. Mustard-pot, have you found a Rowland for your Oliver at last?—T. Knight, The Honest Thieves.

Rowley, one of the retainers of Julia Avenel (2 syl.).—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Rowley (Master), formerly steward of Mr. Surface, Sr., the friend of Charles Surface, and the fidus Achātês of Sir Oliver Surface, the rich uncle.—Sheridan, School for Scandal (1777).

Rowley (Thomas), the hypothetical priest of Bristol, said by Chatterton to have lived in the reigns of Henry VI. and Edward IV., and to have written certain poems, of which Chatterton himself was the author.

Rowley Overdees, a highwayman.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Roxa'na, daughter of Oxyartês of Bactria, and wife or concubine of Alexander the Great. Proud, imperious, and relentless, she loved Alexander with a madness of love; and being jealous of Statīra, daughter of King Darius, and wife of Alexander, she stabbed her and slew her.—N. Lee, Alexander the Great (1678).

So now am I as great as the famed Alexander; but my dear Statīra and Roxana, don't exert yourselves so much about me.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Wonder, iii. 1 (1714).

Roxa'na and Stati'ra. Dr. Doran says that Peg Woffington (as "Roxana"), jealous of Mrs. Bellamy (as "Statira") because she was better dressed, pulled her to the floor when she left the stage, and pummeled her with the handle of her dagger, screaming as she did so:

Nor he, nor heaven, shall shield thee from my justice. Die, sorceress, die! and all my wrongs die with thee?

Table Traits.

Campbell tells a very similar story of Mrs. Barry ("Roxana") and Miss Boutwell ("Statira"). The stage-manager had given to Miss Boutwell a lace veil, and Mrs. Barry, out of jealousy, actually stabbed her rival in acting, and the dagger went a quarter of an inch through the stays into the flesh.

Royal Mottoes or LEGENDS.

Dieu et mon droit, Richard I.

Honi soit qui mal y pense, Edward III.

Semper eadem, Elizabeth and Anne.

Je maintiendrai, William III.

Royal Style of Address.

"My Liege," the usual style till the Lancastrian usurpation.

"Your Grace," Henry IV.

"Your Excellent Grace," Henry VI.

"Most High and Mighty Prince," Edward IV.

"Your Highness," Henry VII.

"Your Majesty," Henry VIII. So addressed in 1520, by François I.

"The King's Sacred Majesty," James I.

"Your Most Excellent Majesty," Charles II.

"Your Most Gracious Majesty," the present style.

Royal Titles.

WILLIAM I. called himself "Rex Anglorum, comes Normannorum et Cinomanentium."

WILLIAM II. called himself "Rex Anglorum," or "Monarchicus Britanniae."

HENRY I. called himself "Rex Anglorum et dux Normannorum." Subsequent to 1106 we find "Dei gratia" introduced in charters.

HENRY II. called himself "Rex Anglorum, et dux Normannorum et Aquitannorum, et comes Andegavorum;" or "Rex Angliae, dux Normanniae et Aquitaniae, et comes Andegaviae."

RICHARD I. began his charters with "Dei gratia, rex Angliae, et dux Normaniae et Aquitaniae, et comes Andegaviae."

JOHN headed his charters with "Johannes, D.G. rex Angliae, dominus Hiberniae, dux Normanniae et Aquitaniae, et comes Andegaviae." Instead of "Hiberniae" we sometimes find "Iberniae," and sometimes "Yberniae."

HENRY III. followed the style of his father till October, 1259, when he adopted the form "D.G. rex Angliae, dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae."

EDWARD I. adopted the latter style. So did Edward II.[TN-137] till 1326, when he used the form "Rex Angliae et dominus Hiberniae." Edward I.[TN-137] for thirteen years headed his charters with "Edwardus, Dei gratia rex Angliae, dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae." But after 1337 the form ran thus: "Edwardus, D.G. rex Angliae et Franciae, dominus Hiberniae, et dux Aquitaniae;" and sometimes "Franciae" stands before "Angliae."

RICHARD II. began thus: "Richardus, D.G. rex Angliae et Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae."

HENRY IV. continued the same style. So did HENRY V. till 1420, after which date he adopted the form, "Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae, haeres et regens Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae."

HENRY VI. began, "Henricus, D.G. rex Angliae et Franciae, et dominus Hiberniae."

EDWARD IV., EDWARD V., RICHARD III., HENRY VII. continued the same style.

From HENRY VIII. (1521) to GEORGE III. (1800) the royal style and title was "* by the grace of God, of Great Britain, France and Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith."

From GEORGE III. (1800) to the present day it has been, "* by the grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, king, Defender of the Faith."

Ru'bezahl, Number Nip, a famous mountain-spirit of Germany corresponding to our Puck.

Rubi, one of the cherubs or spirits of wisdom who was with Eve in Paradise. He loved Liris, who was young, proud, and most eager for knowledge. She asked her angel lover to let her see him in his full glory; so Rubi came to her in his cherubic splendor. Liris, rushing into his arms, was burnt to ashes; and the kiss she gave him became a brand upon his forehead, which shot unceasing agony into his brain.—T. Moore, Loves of the Angels, ii. (1822).

Ru'bicon (Napoleon's), Moscow. The invasion of Moscow was the beginning of Napoleon's fall.

Thou, Rome, who saw'st thy Caesar's deeds outdone! Alas! why passed he [Napoleon] too the Rubicon ... Moscow! thou limit of his long career, For which rude Charles had wept his frozen tear.

Byron, Age of Bronze, v. (1821).

[Asterism] Charles XII. of Sweden formed the resolution of humbling Peter the Great (1709).

Rubo'nax, a man who hanged himself from mortification and annoyance at some verses written upon him by a poet.—Sir P. Sidney, Defence of Poesie (1595).

Rubrick (The Rev. Mr.), chaplain to the baron of Bradwardine.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Ruby (Lady), the young widow of Lord Ruby. Her "first love" was Frederick Mowbray, and when a widow she married him. She is described as "young, blooming and wealthy, fresh and fine as a daisy."—Cumberland, First Love (1796).

Rucellai (John), i.e. Oricellarius, poet (1475-1525), son of Bernard Rucellai, of Florence, historian and diplomatist.

As hath been said by Rucellai.

Longfellow, The Wayside Inn (prelude, 1863).

Ruddymane (3 syl.), the name given by Sir Guyon to the babe rescued from Amavia, who had stabbed herself in grief at the death of her husband. So called because:

... in her streaming blood he [the infant] did embay his little hands.

Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 1, 3 (1590).

Rudge (Barnaby), a half-witted young man of three and twenty years old; rather spare, of a fair height and strong make. His hair, of which he had a great profusion, was red and hung in disorder about his face and shoulders. His face was pale, his eyes glassy and protruding. His dress was green, clumsily trimmed here and there with gaudy lace. A pair of tawdry ruffles dangled at his wrists, while his throat was nearly bare. His hat was ornamented with a cluster of peacock's feathers, limp, broken, and trailing down his back. Girded to his side was the steel hilt of an old sword, without blade or scabbard; and a few knee-ribbons completed his attire. He had a large raven named Grip, which he carried at his back in a basket, a most knowing imp, which used to cry out in a hoarse voice, "Halloa!" "I'm a devil!" "Never say die!" "Polly, put the kettle on!"

Barnaby joined the Gordon rioters for the proud pleasure of carrying a flag and wearing a blue bow. He was arrested and lodged in Newgate, from whence he made his escape, with other prisoners, when the jail was burnt down by the rioters; but both he and his father and Hugh, being betrayed by Dennis, the hangman, were recaptured, brought to trial, and condemned to death, but by the influence of Gabriel Varden, the locksmith, the poor half-witted lad was reprieved, and lived the rest of his life with his mother in a cottage and garden near the Maypole.

Here he lived, tending the poultry and the cattle, working in a garden of his own, and helping every one. He was known to every bird and beast about the place, and had a name for every one. Never was there a lighter-hearted husbandman, a creature more popular with young and old, a blither and more happy soul than Barnaby.—Ch. lxxxii.

Mr. Rudge, the father of Barnaby, supposed to have been murdered the same night as Mr. Haredale, to whom he was steward. The fact is that Rudge himself was the murderer both of Mr. Haredale and also of his faithful servant, to whom the crime was falsely attributed. After the murder, he was seen by many haunting the locality, and was supposed to be a ghost. He joined the Gordon rioters when they attacked and burnt to the ground the house of Mr. Haredale, the son of the murdered man, and being arrested (ch. lvi.), was sent to Newgate, but made his escape with the other prisoners when it was burnt down by the rioters. Being betrayed by Dennis, he was brought to trial for murder, but we are not told if he was executed (ch. lxxiii.). His name is not mentioned again, and probably he suffered death.

Mrs. [Mary] Rudge, mother of Barnaby, and very like him, "but where in his face there was wildness and vacancy, in hers there was the patient composure of long effort and quiet resignation." She was a widow. Her husband (steward at the Warren), who murdered his master, Mr. Haredale, and his servant, told her of his deed of blood a little before the birth of Barnaby, and the woman's face ever after inspired terror. It was thought for many years that Rudge had been murdered in defending his master, and Mrs. Rudge was allowed a pension by Mr. Haredale, son and heir of the murdered man. This pension she subsequently refused to take. After the reprieve of Barnaby, Mrs. Rudge lived with him in a cottage near the Maypole, and her last days were her happiest. C. Dickens, Barnaby Rudge (1841).

Ru'diger, a wealthy Hun, liegeman of Etzel, sent to conduct Kriemhild to Hungary. When Günther and his suite went to visit Kriemhild, Rudiger entertained them all most hospitably, and gave his daughter in marriage to Giselher (Kriemhild's brother). In the broil which ensued, Rudiger was killed fighting against Gernot, but Gernot dropped down dead at the same moment, "each by the other slain."—Nibelungen Lied (by the minnesingers, 1210).

Rudiger, a knight who came to Waldhurst in a boat drawn by a swan. Margaret fell in love with him. At every tournament he bore off the prize, and in everything excelled the youths about him. Margaret became his wife. A child was born. On the christening day, Rudiger carried it along the banks of the Rhine, and nothing that Margaret said could prevail on him to go home. Presently, the swan and boat came in sight, and carried all three to a desolate place, where was a deep cavern. Rudiger got on shore, still holding the babe, and Margaret followed. They reached the cave, two giant arms clasped Rudiger, Margaret sprang forward and seized the infant, but Rudiger was never seen more.—R. Southey, Rudiger (a ballad from Thomas Heywood's notes).

Rufus (or the Red), William II. of England (1057, 1087-1100).

Rugby, servant to Dr. Caius, in Merry Wives of Windsor, by Shakespeare.

Rugg, (Mr.) a lawyer living at Pentonville. A red-haired man, who wore a hat with a high crown and narrow brim. Mr. Pancks employed him to settle the business pertaining to the estate which had long lain unclaimed, to which Mr. Dorrit was heir-at-law. Mr. Rugg delighted in legal difficulties as much as a housewife in her jams and preserves.—C. Dickens, Little Dorrit (1857).

Ruggie'ro, a young Saracen knight, born of Christian parents. He fell in love with Bradamant (sister of Rinaldo), whom he ultimately married. Ruggiero is especially noted for possessing a hippogriff, or winged horse, and a shield of such dazzling splendor that it blinded those who looked on it. He threw away this shield into a well, because it enabled him to win victory too cheaply.—Orlando Innamarato[TN-138] (1495), and Orlando Furioso (1516).

Rukenaw (Dame), the ape's wife, in the beast-epic called Reynard the Fox (1498).

Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1640). Donna Margaritta, a lady of great wealth, wishes to marry in order to mask her intrigues, and seeks for a husband a man without spirit, whom she can mould to her will. Leon, the brother of Altea, is selected as the "softest fool in Spain," and the marriage takes place. After marriage, Leon shows himself firm, courageous, high-minded, but most affectionate. He "rules his wife" and her household with a masterly hand, wins the respect of every one, and the wife, wholly reclaimed, "loves, honors, and obeys" him.

Rumolt, the chief cook of Prince Günther of Burgundy.—Nibelungen Lied, 800 (1210).

Rumpelstilzchen [Rumple.stiltz.skin], an irritable, deformed dwarf. He aided a miller's daughter, who had been enjoined by the king to spin straw into gold; and the condition he made with her for this service, was that she should give him for wife her first daughter. The miller's daughter married the king, and when her first daughter was born, the mother grieved so bitterly that the dwarf consented to absolve her of her promise, if, within three days she could find out his name. The first day passed, but the secret was not discovered; the second passed with no better success; but on the third day, some of the queen's servants heard a strange voice singing:

Little dreams my dainty dame Rumpelstilzchen is my name.

The queen, being told thereof, saved her child, and the dwarf killed himself from rage.—German Popular Stories.

Runa, the dog of Argon and Ruro, sons of Annir, king of Inis-Thona, an island of Scandinavia.—Ossian, The War of Inis-Thorna.[TN-139]

Runners.

1. Iphiclês, son of Phylakos and Klymĕnê. Hesiod says he could run over ears of corn without bending the stems; and Demarātos says he could run on the surface of the sea.—Argonauts, i. 60.

2. Camilla, queen of the Volsci, was so swift of foot that she could run over standing corn, without bending the ears, and over the sea without wetting her feet.—Virgil, AEneid, vii. 303; xi. 433.

Not so when swift Camilla scours the plain, Flies o'er th' unbending corn, and skims along the main.

Pope.

3. Lădas, the swift runner of King Alexander. He ran so fast that he never left a foot-print on the ground.

4. Phidippĭdês, a professional courier, ran from Athens to Sparta (150 miles) in two days.

5. Theagĕnês, a native of Thasos, was noted for his swiftness of foot.

[Asterism] The Greek hemerodromos would run from twenty to thirty-six leagues in a day.

Runnymede, the nom de plume of Benj. Disraeli, in the Times (1805-1881).

Rupert, i.e. Major Roselheim, the betrothed of Meeta, "the maid of Mariendorpt."—S. Knowles, The Maid of Mariendorpt (1838).

Rupert (Prince), in the service of Charles II. Introduced by Sir W. Scott, in three of his novels.—Woodstock, Legend of Montrose, and Peveril of the Peak.

Rupert (Sir), in love with Catharine.—S. Knowles, Love (1840).

Rupert of Debate. Edward Geoffrey, earl of Derby, when he was Mr. Stanley, was so called by Lord Lytton (1799-1869).

Rupert Clare. Desperate lover, who skates with "handsome Madge" straight toward the rotten ice. Seeing their danger and his revengeful resolve, she shrieks out the name of her betrothed who, unknown to her and the rejected suitor, has followed them. "He hurls himself upon the pair," and rescues his affianced.

"The lovers stand with heart to heart, 'No more,' they cry, 'no more to part!"[TN-140] But still along the lone lagoon The steel skates ring a ghostly tune, And in the moonlight, pale and cold, The panting lovers still behold The self-appointed sacrifice Skating toward the rotten ice!"

Fitz-James O'Brien, Poems and Stories.

Rush (Friar), a house-spirit, sent from the infernal regions in the seventeenth century to keep the monks and friars in the same state of wickedness they then were.

[Asterism] The legends of this roistering friar are of German origin. (Bruder Rausch means "Brother Tipple.")

Milton confounds "Jack-o'-Lantern" with Friar Rush. The latter was not a field bogie at all, and was never called "Jack." Probably Milton meant a friar[TN-141] with a rush-[light]." Sir Walter Scott also falls into the same error:

Better we had thro' mire and bush Been lantern-led by Friar Rush.

Marmion (1808).

Rusil'la, mother of Roderick, the last of the Goths, and wife of Theodofred, rightful heir to the Spanish throne.—Southey, Roderick, etc. (1814).

Rusport (Lady), second wife of Sir Stephen Rusport, a City knight, and step-mother of Charlotte Rusport. Very proud, very mean, very dogmatical, and very vain. Without one spark of generosity or loving charity in her composition. She bribes her lawyer to destroy a will, but is thwarted in her dishonesty. Lady Rusport has a tendresse for Major O'Flaherty; but the major discovers the villainy of the old woman, and escapes from this Scylla.

Charlotte Rusport, step-daughter of Lady Rusport. An amiable, ingenuous, animated, handsome girl, in love with her cousin, Charles Dudley, whom she marries.—R. Cumberland, The West Indian (1771).

Russet (Mr.), the choleric old father of Harriot, on whom he dotes. He is so self-willed that he will not listen to reason, and has set his mind on his daughter marrying Sir Harry Beagle. She marries, however, Mr. Oakly.—(See HARRIOT.)—George Colman, The Jealous Wife (1761).

Russian Byron (The), Alexander Sergeiwitch Pushkin (1799-1837).

Russian History (The Father of), Nestor, a monk of Kiev. His Chronicle includes the years between 862 and 1116 (twelfth century).

Russian Murat (The), Michael Miloradowith (1770-1820).

Rust (Martin), an absurd old antiquary. "He likes no coins but those which have no head on them." He took a fancy to Juliet, the niece of Sir Thomas Lofty, but preferred his "AEnēas, his precious relic of Troy," to the living beauty; and Juliet preferred Richard Bever to Mr. Rust; so matters were soon amicably adjusted.—Foote, The Patron (1764).

Rustam, chief of the Persian mythical heroes, son of Zâl "the Fair," king of India, and regular descendant of Benjamin, the beloved son of Jacob, the patriarch. He delivered King Caïcāus (4 syl.) from prison, but afterwards fell into disgrace because he refused to embrace the religious system of Zoroaster. Caïcaus sent his son, Asfendiar (or Isfendiar) to convert him, and, as persuasion availed nothing, the logic of single combat was resorted to. The fight lasted two days, and then Rustam discovered that Asfendiar bore a "charmed life," proof against all wounds. The valor of these two heroes is proverbial, and the Persian romances are full of their deeds of fight.

Rustam's Horse, Reksh.—Chardin, Travels (1686-1711).

In Matthew Arnold's poem, Sohrab and Rustum, Rustum fights with and overcomes Sohrab, and finds too late that he has slain his own son.

Rustam, son of Tamur, king of Persia. He had a trial of strength with Rustam, son of Zâl, which was to pull away from his adversary an iron ring. The combat was never decided, for Rustam could no more conquer Rustam than Roland could overcome Oliver.—Chardin, Travels (1686-1711).

Rusticus's Pig, the pig on which Rusticus fed daily, but which never diminished.

Two Christians, travelling in Poland, ... came to the door of Rustĭcus, a heathen peasant, who had killed a fat hog to celebrate the birth of a son. The pilgrims, being invited to partake of the feast, pronounced a blessing on what was left, which never diminished in size or weight from that moment, though all the family fed on it freely every day.—J. Brady, Clavis Calendaria, 183.

This, of course, is a parallelism to Elijah's miracle (1 Kings xvii. 11-16).

Rut (Doctor), in The Magnetic Lady, by Ben Jonson (1632).

Ruth, the friend of Arabella, an heiress, and ward of Justice Day. Ruth also is an orphan, the daughter of Sir Basil Thoroughgood, who died when she was two years old, leaving Justice Day trustee. Justice Day takes the estates, and brings up Ruth as his own daughter. Colonel Careless is her accepted amé de coeur.—T. Knight, The Honest Thieves.

Ruthven (Lord), one of the embassy from Queen Elizabeth to Mary Queen of Scots.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Rutil'io, a merry gentleman, brother of Arnoldo.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Custom of the Country (1647).

Rutland (The Countess of), wife of the earl of Essex, whom he married when he started for Ireland. The queen knew not of the marriage, and was heart-broken when she heard of it.—Henry Jones, The Earl of Essex (1745).

Rutland (The duchess of), of the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time Elizabeth).

Rutledge (Archie), constable at Osbaldistone Hall. Sir W. Scott, Rob Roy (time, George I.).

Rutledge (Job), a smuggler.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George III.).

Rut'terkin, name of a cat, the spirit of a witch, sent at one time to torment the countess of Rutland (sixteenth century).

Ruy'dera, a duenna who had seven daughters and two nieces. They were imprisoned for 500 years in the cavern of Montesi'nos, in La Mancha, of Spain. Their ceaseless weeping stirred the compassion of Merlin, who converted them into lakes in the same province.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. ii. 6 (1615).

Ryence (Sir), king of Wales, Ireland, and many of the isles. When Arthur first mounted the throne, King Ryence, in scorn, sent a messenger to say "he had purfled a mantel with the beards of kings; but the mantel lacked one more beard to complete the lining, and he requested Arthur to send his beard by the messenger, or else he would come and take head and beard too." Part of the insolence was in this: Arthur at the time was too young to have a beard at all; and he made answer, "Tell your master, my beard at present is all too young for purfling; but I have an arm quite strong enough to drag him hither, unless he comes without delay to do me homage." By the advice of Merlin, the two brothers, Balin and Balan, set upon the insolent king, on his way to Lady De Vauce, overthrew him, slew "more than forty of his men, and the remnant fled." King Ryence craved for mercy; so "they laid him on a horse-litter, and sent him captive to King Arthur."—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, i. 24, 34 (1470).

Rymar (Mr. Robert), poet at the Spa.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.).

Ryno, youngest of the sons of Fingal, king of Morven. He fell in the battle of Lena between the Norsemen led by Swaran and the Irish led by Fingal.

"Rest!" said Fingal; "youngest of my sons, rest! Rest, O Ryno, on Lena! We, too, shall be no more. Warriors must one day fall."—Ossian, Fingal, v.

Ryparog'rapher of Wits, Rabelais (1495-1553).

[Asterism] Greek, rupăros ("foul, nasty"). Pliny calls Pyrĭcus the painter a "ryparographer."

Rython, a giant of Brittany, slain by King Arthur. (See RITHO.)

Rython, the mighty giant, slain, By his good brand relieved Bretagne.

Sir W. Scott, Bridal of Triermain, ii. 11 (1813).



Saadi or Sadi, the Persian poet, called "The Nightingale of a Thousand Songs." His poems are The Gulistan or "Garden of Roses," The Boston or "Garden of Fruits," and The Pend Nâmeh, a moral poem. Saadi (1184-1263) was one of the "Four Monarchs of Eloquence."

Saba or Zaba (The Queen of), called Balkis. She came to the court of Solomon, and had by him a son named Melech. This queen of Ethiopia or Abyssinia is sometimes called Maqueda.—Zaga Zabo, Ap. Damian. a Goes.

The Korân (ch. xxvii.) tells us that Solomon summoned before him all the birds to the valley of ants, but the lapwing did not put in an appearance. Solomon was angry, and was about to issue an order of death, when the bird presented itself, saying, "I come from Saba, where I found a queen reigning in great magnificence, but she and her subjects worship the sun." On hearing this, Solomon sent back the lapwing to Saba with a letter, which the bird was to drop at the foot of the queen, commanding her to come at once, submit herself unto him, and accept from him the "true religion." So she came in great state, with a train of 500 slaves of each sex, bearing 500 "bricks of solid gold," a crown, and sundry other presents.

Sabbath-Breakers. The fish of the Red Sea used to come ashore on the eve of the Sabbath, to tempt the Jews to violate the day of rest. The offenders at length became so numerous that David, to deter others, turned the fish into apes.—Jallâlo'ddin.—Al Zamakh.

Sabellan Song, incantation. The Sabelli or Samnites were noted for their magic art and incantations.

Sabine (The). Numa, the Sabine, was taught the way to govern by Egĕrĭe, one of the Camēnae (prophetic nymphs of ancient Italy). He used to meet her in a grove, in which was a well, afterwards dedicated by him to the Camenae.

Our statues—she That taught the Sabine how to rule.

Tennyson, The Princess, ii. (1830).

Sablonnière (La), the Tuilleries. The word means the "sand-pit." The tuilleries means the "tile-works." Nicolas de Neuville, in the fifteenth century, built a mansion in the vicinity, which he called the "Hotel des Tuilleries," and François I. bought the property for his mother in 1518.

Sabra, daughter of Ptolemy, king of Egypt. She was rescued by St. George from the hands of a giant, and ultimately married her deliverer. Sabra had three sons at a birth: Guy, Alexander, and David.

Here come I, St. George, the valiant man, With naked sword and spear in han', Who fought the dragon and brought him to slaughter, And won fair Sabra thus, the king of Egypt's daughter.

Notes and Queries, December 21, 1878.

Sabreur (Le Beau), Joachim Murat (1767-1815).

Sab'rin, Sabre, or Sabri'na, the Severn, daughter of Locrine (son of Brute) and his concubine, Estrildis. His queen, Guendolen, vowed vengeance, and, having assembled an army, made war upon Locrine, who was slain. Guendolen now assumed the government, and commanded Estrildis and Sabrin to be cast into a river, since then called the Severn.—Geoffrey of Monmouth, British History, ii. 5 (1142).

(An exqusite[TN-142] description of Sabine, sitting in state as a queen, is given in the opening of song v. of Drayton's Polyolbion, and the tale of her metamorphosis is recorded at length in song vi. Milton in Comus, and Fletcher in The Faithful Shepherdess, refer to the transformation of Sabrina into a river.[TN-143]

Sabrina (Aunt). "Grim old maid in rusty bombazine gown and cap," whose strongest passion is family pride in the old homestead and farm which "her grandfather, a revolted cobbler from Rhode Island, had cleared and paid for at ten cents an acre."—Harold Frederic, Seth's Brother's Wife (1886).

Sabrinian Sea or Severn Sea, i.e. the Bristol Channel. Both terms occur not unfrequently in Drayton's Polyolbion.

Sacchini (Antonio Maria Gaspare), called "The Racine of Music," contemporary with Glück and Piccini (1735-1786).

Sacharissa. So Waller calls the Lady Dorothea Sidney, eldest daughter of the earl of Leicester, to whose hand he aspired. Sacharissa married the earl of Sunderland. (Greek, sakchar, "sugar.")

Sackbut, the landlord of a tavern, in Mrs. Centlivre's comedy, A Bold Stroke for a Wife (1717).

Sackingen (The Trumpeter of). Werner, a trumpeter, discourses such divine music upon his instrument as gains him access to a baronial castle, the good-will of the baron and the love of Margaret, the baron's daughter.—Victor Hugo, The Trumpeter of Sackingen.

Sacred Nine (The), the Muses, nine in number.

Fair daughters of the Sun, the Sacred Nine, Here wake to ecstasy their harps divine.

Falconer, The Shipwreck, iii. 3 (1756).

Sacred War (The), a war undertaken by the Amphictyonic League for the defence of Delphi, against the Cirrhaeans (B.C. 595-587).

The Sacred War, a war undertaken by the Athenians for the purpose of restoring Delphi to the Phocians (B.C. 448-447).

The Sacred War, a war undertaken by Philip of Macedon, as chief of the Amphictyonic League, for the purpose of wresting Delphi from the Phocians (B.C. 357).

Sa'cripant (King), king of Circassia, and a lover of Angelica.—Bojardo, Orlando Innamorato (1495); Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

With the same stratagem, Sacripant had his steed stolen from under him, by that notorious thief Brunello, at the siege of Albracca.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 9 (1605).

[Asterism] The allusion is to Sancho Panza's ass, which was stolen from under him by the galley-slave, Gines de Passamonte.

Sacripant, a false, noisy, hectoring braggart; a kind of Pistol or Bobadil.—Tasso, Secchia Rapita (i.e. "Rape of the Bucket").

Sa'dak and Kalasra'de (4 syl.), Sadak, general of the forces of Am'urath, sultan of Turkey, lived with Kalasradê in retirement, and their home life was so happy that it aroused the jealousy of the sultan, who employed emissaries to set fire to their house, carry off Kalasradê to the seraglio, and seize the children. Sadak, not knowing who were the agents of these evils, laid his complaint before Amurath, and then learnt that Kalasradê was in the seraglio. The sultan swore not to force his love upon her till she had drowned the recollections of her past life by a draught of the waters of oblivion. Sadak was sent on this expedition. On his return, Amurath seized the goblet, and, quaffing its contents, found "that the waters of oblivion were the waters of death." He died, and Sadak was made sultan in his stead.—J. Ridley, Tales of the Genii ("Sadak and Kalasradê," ix. 1751).

Sadaroubay. So Eve is called in Indian mythology.

Saddletree (Mr. Bartoline), the learned saddler.

Mrs. Saddletree, the wife of Bartoline.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

Sadha-Sing, the mourner of the desert.—Sir W. Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (time, George II.).

Saemund Sigfusson, surnamed "the Wise," an Icelandic priest and scald. He compiled the Elder or Rythmical Edda, often called Saemund's Edda. This compilation contains not only mythological tales and moral sentences, but numerous sagas in verse or heroic lays, as those of Völung and Helgê, of Sigurd and Brynhilda, of Folsungs and Niflungs (pt. ii.). Probably his compilation contained all the mythological, heroic, and legendary lays extant at the period in which he lived (1054-1133).

Saga, the goddess of history.—Scandinavian Mythology.

Saga and Edda. The Edda is the Bible of the ancient Scandinavians. A saga is a book of instruction, generally, but not always, in the form of a tale, like a Welsh "mabinogi." In the Edda there are numerous sagas. As our Bible contains the history of the Jews, religious songs, moral proverbs, and religious stories, so the Edda contained the history of Norway, religious songs, a book of proverbs, and numerous stories. The original Edda was compiled and edited by Saemund Sigfusson, an Icelandic priest and scald, in the eleventh century. It contains twenty-eight parts or books, all of which are in verse.

Two hundred years later, Snorro Sturleson, of Iceland, abridged, re-arranged, and reduced to prose the Edda, giving the various parts a kind of dramatic form, like the dialogues of Plato. It then became needful to distinguish these two works; so the old poetical compilation is the Elder or Rythmical Edda, and sometimes the Saemund Edda, while the more modern work is called the Younger or Prose Edda, and sometimes the Snorro Edda. The Younger Edda is, however, partly original. Pt. i. is the old Edda reduced to prose, but pt. ii. is Sturleson's own collection. This part contains "The Discourse of Bragi" (the scald of the gods) on the origin of poetry; and here, too, we find the famous story called by the Germans the Nibelungen Lied.

Sagas. Besides the sagas contained in the Eddas, there are numerous others. Indeed, the whole saga literature extends over 200 volumes.

I. THE EDDA SAGAS. The Edda is divided into two parts and twenty-eight lays or poetical sagas. The first part relates to the gods and heroes of Scandinavia, creation, and the early history of Norway. The Scandinavian "Books of Genesis" are the "Voluspa Saga," or "prophecy of Vola" (about 230 verses), "Vafthrudner's Saga," and "Grimner's Saga." These three resemble the Sibylline books of ancient Rome, and give a description of chaos, the formation of the world, the creation of all animals (including dwarfs, giants and fairies), the general conflagration, and the renewal of the world, when, like the new Jerusalem, it will appear all glorious, and there shall in no wise enter therein "anything that defileth, neither whatsoever worketh abomination, or maketh a lie."

The "Book of Proverbs" in the Edda is called the "Hâvamâl Saga," and sometimes "The High Song of Odin."

The "Völsunga Saga" is a collection of lays about the early Teutonic heroes.

The "Saga of St. Olaf" is the history of this Norwegian king. He was a savage tyrant, hated by his subjects, but because he aided the priests in forcing Christianity on his subjects, he was canonized.

The other sagas in the Edda are "The Song of Lodbrok" or "Lodbrog," "Hervara Saga," the "Vilkina Saga," the "Blomsturvalla Saga," the "Ynglinga Saga" (all relating to Norway), the "Jomsvikingia Saga," and the "Knytlinga Saga" (which pertain to Denmark), the "Sturlunga Saga," and the "Eryrbiggia Saga" (which pertain to Iceland). All the above were compiled and edited by Saemund Sigfusson, and are in verse; but Snorro Sturleson reduced them to prose in his prose version of the old Edda.

II. SAGAS NOT IN THE EDDA. Snorro Sturleson, at the close of the twelfth century, made the second great collection of chronicles in verse, called the Heimskringla Saga, or the book of the kings of Norway, from the remotest period to the year 1177. This is a most valuable record of the laws, customs, and manners of the ancient Scandinavians. Samuel Laing published his English translation of it in 1844.

1. The Icelandic Sagas. Besides the two Icelandic sagas collected by Saemund Sigfusson, numerous others were subsequently embodied in the Landama Bok, set on foot by Ari hinn Frondê, and continued by various hands.

2. Frithjof's Saga contains the life and and[TN-144] adventures of Frithjof, of Iceland, who fell in love with Ingeborg, the beautiful wife of Hring, king of Norway. On the death of Hring, the young widow marries her Icelandic lover. Frithjof lived in the eighth century, and this saga was compiled at the beginning of the fourteenth century, a year or two after the Heimskringla. It is very interesting, because Tegnér, the Swedish poet, has selected it for his Idylls (1825), just as Tennyson has taken his idyllic stories from the Morte d'Arthur or the Welsh Mabinogion. Tegnér's Idylls were translated into English by Latham (1838), by Stephens (1841), and by Blackley (1857).

3. The Swedish Saga, or lay of Swedish "history," is the Ingvars Saga.

4. The Russian Saga, or lay of Russian legendary history, is the Egmunds Saga.

5. The Folks-Sagas are stories of romance. From this ancient collection we have derived our nursery tales of Jack and the Bean-Stalk, Jack the Giant-Killer, the Giant who smelt the Blood of an Englishman, Blue Beard, Cinderella, the Little Old Woman cut Shorter, the Pig that wouldn't go over the Bridge, Puss in Boots, and even the first sketches of Whittington and His Cat, and Baron Munchausen. (See Dasent, Tales from the Norse, 1859.)

6. Sagas of Foreign origin. Besides the rich stores of original tales, several foreign ones have been imported and translated into Norse, such as Barlaham and Josaphat, by Rudolph of Ems, one of the German minnesingers. On the other hand, the minnesingers borrowed from the Norse sagas their famous story embodied in the Nibelungen Lied, called the "German Iliad," which is from the second part of Snorro Sturleson's Edda.

Sagaman, a narrator of sagas. These ancient chroniclers differed from scalds in several respects. Scalds were minstrels, who celebrated in verse the exploits of living kings or national heroes; sagamen were tellers of legendary stories, either in prose or verse, like Scheherazādê, the narrator of the Arabian Nights, the mandarin, Fum-Hoam, the teller of the Chinese Tales, Moradbak, the teller of the Oriental Tales, Ferămorz, who told the tales to Lalla Rookh, and so on. Again, scalds resided at court, were attached to the royal suite, and followed the king in all his expeditions; but sagamen were free and unattached, and told their tales to prince or peasant, in lordly hall or at village wake.

Sage of Concord (The), Ralph Waldo Emerson, author of Literary Ethics (1838), Poems (1846), Representative Men (1850), English Traits (1856), and numerous other works (1803-1882).

In Mr. Emerson we have a poet and a profoundly religious man, who is really and entirely undaunted by the discoveries of science, past, present or prospective. In his case, poetry, with the joy of a Bacchanal, takes her graver brother, science, by the hand, and cheers him with immortal laughter. By Emerson scientific conceptions are continually transmuted into the finer forms and warmer lines of an ideal world.—Professor Tyndall, Fragments of Science.

Sage of Monticello (The), Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the United States, whose country seat was at Monticello.

As from the grave where Henry sleeps, From Vernon's weeping willow, And from the grassy pall which hides The Sage of Monticello ... Virginia, o'er thy land of slaves A warning voice is swelling.

Whittier, Voices of Freedom (1836).

Sage of Samos (The), Pythagŏras, a native of Samos (B.C. 584-506).

Sages (The Seven). (See SEVEN WISE MEN OF GREECE.)

Sag'ittary, a monster, half man and half beast, described as "a terrible archer, who neighs like a horse, and with eyes of fire which strike men dead like lightning." Any deadly shot is a sagittary.—Guido delle Colonna (thirteenth century), Historia Troyana Prosayce Composita (translated by Lydgate).

The dreadful Sagittary, Appals our numbers.

Shakespeare, Troilus and Cressida (1602).

(See also Othello, act i. sc. 1, 3. The barrack is so called from the figure of an archer over the door.)

Sagramour le De'sirus, a knight of the Round Table.—See Launcelot du Lac and Morte d'Arthur.

Sailor King (The), William IV. of Great Britain (1765, 1830-1837).

Saint (The), Kang-he, of China, who assumed the name of Chin-tsou-jin (1653, 1661-1722).

St. Aldobrand, the noble husband of Lady Imogine, murdered by Count Bertram, her quondam lover.—C. Maturin, Bertram (1816).

St. Alme (Captain), son of Darlemont, a merchant, guardian of Julio, count of Harancour. He pays his addresses to Marianne Franval, to whom he is ultimately married. Captain St. Alme is generous, high-spirited, and noble-minded.—Thomas Holcroft, The Deaf and Dumb (1785).

St. Andre, a fashionable dancing-master in the reign of Charles II.

St. Andre's feet ne'er kept more equal time.

Dryden, MacFlecknoe (1682).

St. Asaph (The dean of), in the court of Queen Elizabeth.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (1821).

St. Basil Outwits the Devil. (See SINNER SAVED.)

St. Botolph (The Prior of). Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

St. Cecili, Cecily, or Cecile (2 syl.), the daughter of noble Roman parents, and a Christian. She married Valirian. One day, she told her husband she had "an aungel ... that with gret love, wher so I wake or slepe, is redy ay my body for to kepe." Valirian requested to see this angel, and Cecile told him he must first go to St. Urban, and, being purged by him "fro synne, than [then] schul ye see that aungel." Valirian was accordingly "cristened" by St. Urban, returned home, and found the angel with two crowns, brought direct from paradise. One he gave to Cecile and one to Valirian, saying that "bothe with the palme of martirdom schullen come unto God's blisful feste." Valirian suffered martydom first; then Almachius, the Roman prefect, commanded his officers to "brenne Cecile in a bath of flammês red." She remained in the bath all day and night, yet, "sat she cold, and felte of it no woe." Then smote they her three strokes upon the neck, but could not smite her head off. She lingered on for three whole days, preaching and teaching, and then died. St. Urban buried her body privately by night, and the house he converted into a church, which he called the church of Cecily.—Chaucer, Canterbury Tales ("The Second Nun's Tale," 1388).

St. Christopher, a native of Lycia, very tall, and fearful to look at. He was so proud of his strength that he resolved to serve only the mightiest, and went in search of a worthy master. He first entered the service of the emperor; but one day, seeing his master cross himself for fear of the devil, he quitted his service for that of Satan. This new master he found was thrown into alarm at the sight of a cross; so he quitted him also, and went in search of the Saviour. One day, near a ferry, a little child accosted him, and begged the giant to carry him across the water. Christopher put the child on his back, but found every step he took the child grew heavier and heavier, till the burden was more than he could bear. As he sank beneath his load, the child told the giant he was Christ, and Christopher resolved to serve Christ and Him alone. He died three days afterwards, and was canonized. The Greek and Latin churches look on him as the protecting saint against floods, fire, and earthquake.—James de Voragine, Golden Legends, 100 (thirteenth century).

[Asterism] His body is said to be at Valencia, in Spain; one of his arms at Compostella; a jaw-bone at Astorga; a shoulder at St. Peter's, in Rome; and a tooth and rib at Venice. His day is May 9 in the Greek Church, and July 25 in the Latin. Of course, "the Christ-bearer" is an allegory. The gigantic bones called his relics may serve for "matters of faith" to give reality to the fable.

(His name before conversion was Offĕrus, but after he carried Christ across the ford, it was called Christ-Offerus, shortened into Christopher, which means "the Christ-bearer.")

St. Clare (Augustin), the kind, indulgent master of Uncle Tom. He was beloved by all his slaves.

Evangeline St. Clare, daughter of Mr. St. Clare. Evangeline was the good angel of the family, and was adored by Uncle Tom.

Miss Ophelia St. Clare, sister of Augustin.—Mrs. Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852).

St. Distaff, an imaginary saint to whom January 7, or Twelfth Day is consecrated.

Partly worke and partly play You must on St. Distaff's Day; Give St. Distaff all the right, Then give Christmas sport good night.

Wit Asporting in a Pleasant Grove of New Fancies (1657).

St. Filume'na or FILOMENA, a new saint of the Latin Church. Sabateli has a picture of this nineteenth-century saint, representing her as hovering over a group of sick and maimed, who are healed by her intercession. In 1802 a grave was found in the cemetery of St. Priscilla, and near it three tiles, with these words in red letters.

- - LUMENA PAXTE CVMFI - -

A re-arrangement of the tiles made the inscription, PAX TE-CUM, FI-LUMENA. That this was the correct rendering is quite certain, for the virgin martyr herself told a priest and a nun in a dream, that she was Fi[lia] Lumina, the daughter Lumina, i.e. the daughter of the Light of the world. In confirmation of this dream, as her bones were carried to Mugnano, the saint repaired her own skeleton, made her hair grow, and performed so many miracles, that those must indeed be hard of belief who can doubt the truth of the story.

St. George is the national saint of England, in consequence of the miraculous assistance rendered by him, to the arms of the Christians under Godfrey de Bouillon during the first crusade.

St. George's Sword, Askelon.

George he shaved the dragon's beard, And Askelon was his razor.

Percy's Reliques, III. iii. 15.

St. George (Le chevalier de), James Francis Edward Stuart, called "The Old (or elder) Pretender" (1688-1766).

St. Graal. (See SANGRAAL.)

St. Leon, the hero of a novel of the same name, by W. Goodwin (1799). St. Leon becomes possessed of the "elixir of life," and of the "philosopher's stone;" but this knowledge, instead of bringing him wealth and happiness, is the source of misery and endless misfortunes.

Saint Maur, one of the attendants of Sir Reginald Front de Boeuf (a follower of Prince John).—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

St. Nicholas, the patron saint of boys. He is said to have been bishop of Myra, in Lycia, and his death is placed in the year 326.

Under his triple names of St. Nicholas, Santa Claus and Kriss Kringle, he fills good children's stockings on Christmas Eve. Clement C. Moore has made the annual visit of this saint "in a miniature sleigh drawn by eight tiny reindeer," the subject of his famous nursery poem beginning:

"'Twas the night before Christmas, and all through the house, Not a creature was stirring, not even a mouse."

(1844).

St. Prieux, the amant of Julie, in Rousseau's novel entitled Julie ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (1760).

St. Ronan's Well, a novel by Sir W. Scott (1823). An inferior work; but it contains the character of Meg Dods, of the Clachan or Mowbray Arms inn, one of the very best low comic characters in the whole range of fiction.

St. Stephen's Chapel, properly the House of Commons, but sometimes applied to the two Houses of Parliament. So called by a figure of speech from St. Stephen's Chapel, built by King Stephen, rebuilt by Edward II. and III., and finally destroyed by fire in 1834. St. Stephen's Chapel was fitted up for the use of the House of Commons in the reign of Edward IV. The great council of the nation met before in the chapel-house of the abbey.

St. Swithin, tutor of King Alfred, and bishop of Winchester. The monks wished to bury him in the chancel of the minster; but the bishop had directed that his body should be interred under the open vault of heaven. Finding the monks resolved to disobey his injunction, he sent a heavy rain on July 15, the day assigned to the funeral ceremony, in consequence of which it was deferred from day to day for forty days. The monks then bethought them of the saint's injunction, and prepared to inter the body in the churchyard. St. Swithin smiled his approbation by sending a beautiful sunshiny day, in which all the robes of the heirarchy[TN-145] might be displayed without the least fear of being injured by untimely and untoward showers.

Saints (Island of), Ireland.

Saints (Royal).

David of Scotland (*, 1124-1153).

Edward the Confessor (1004, 1042-1066).

Edward the Martyr (961, 975-979).

Eric IX. of Sweden (*, 1155-1161).

Ethelred I., king of Wessex (*, 866-871).

Eugenius I., pope (*, 654-657).

Felix I., pope (*, 269-274).

Ferdinand III. of Castile and Leon (1200, 1217-1252).

Julius I., pope (*, 337-352).

Kâng-he, second of the Manchoo dynasty of China (*, 1661-1722).

Lawrence Justiniani, patriarch of Venice (1380, 1451-1465).

Leo IX., pope (1002, 1049-1054).

Louis IX. of France (1215, 1226-1270).

Olaus II. of Norway (992, 1000-1030).

Stephen I. of Hungary (979, 997-1038).

Saints for Diseases. These saints either ward off ills or help to relieve them, and should be invoked by those who trust their power:—

AGUE. St. Pernel cures.

BAD DREAMS. St. Christopher protects from.

BLEAR EYES. St. Otilic cures.

BLINDNESS. St. Thomas à Becket cures.

BOILS and BLAINS. St. Rooke cures.

CHASTITY. St. Susan protects.

CHILDREN'S DISEASES (All). St Blaise heals; and all cattle diseases. The bread consecrated on his day (February 3) and called "the Benediction of St. Blaise," should have been tried in the recent cattle plague.

CHOLERA. Oola Beebee is invoked by the Hindûs in this malady.

COLIC. St. Erasmus relieves.

DANCING MANIA. St. Vitus cures.

DEFILEMENT. St. Susan preserves from.

DISCOVERY OF LOST GOODS. St. Ethelbert and St Elian.

DOUBTS. St. Catherine resolves.

DYING. St. Barbara relieves.

EPILEPSY. St. Valentine cures.

FIRE. St. Agatha protects from it, but St. Florian should be invoked if it has already broken out.

FLOOD, FIRE, and EARTHQUAKE. St. Christopher saves from.

GOUT. St. Wolfgang, they say, is of more service than Blair's pills.

GRIPES. St. Erasmus cures.

IDIOCY. St. Gildas is the guardian angel of idiots.

INFAMY. St. Susan protects from.

INFECTION. St. Roque protects from.

LEPROSY. St. Lazarus, the beggar.

MADNESS. St. Dymphna cures.

MICE and RATS. St. Gertrude and St. Huldrick ward them off.

NIGHT ALARMS. St. Christopher protects from.

PLAGUE. St. Roch, they say, in this case is better than the "good bishop of Marseilles."

QUENCHING FIRE. St. Florian and St. Christopher should not be forgotten by fire-insurance companies.

QUINSY. St. Blaise will cure it sooner than tartarized antimony.

RICHES. St. Anne and St. Vincent help those who seek it. Gold-diggers should ask them for nuggets.

SCABS. St. Rooke cures.

SMALL-POX. St. Martin of Tours may be tried by those objecting to vaccination. In Hindûstan, Seetla wards it off.

SUDDEN DEATH. St. Martin saves from.

TEMPERANCE. Father Mathew is called "The Apostle of Temperance" (1790-1856).

TOOTH-ACHE. St. Appolline cures better than creosote.

VERMIN-DESTROYERS. St. Gertude and St. Huldrick.

WEALTH-BESTOWER. St. Anne, recommended to the sultan.

Saints of Places. The following are the patron saints of the cities, nations, or places set down:—

ABERDEEN, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

ABYSSINIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.

ALEXANDRIA, St. Mark, who founded the church there (died A.D. 52). His day is April 25th.

ALPS (The), Felix Neff (1798-1829).

ANTIOCH, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.

ARDENNES (The), St. Hubert (656-730). He is called "The Apostles of the Ardennes." His days are May 30 and November 3d.

ARMENIA, St. Gregory of Armenia (256-331). His day is September 30.

BATH, St. David, from whose benediction the waters of Bath received their warmth and medicinal qualities (480-544). His day is March 1.

BEAUVAIS, St. Lucian (died 290), called "The Apostle of Beauvais." His day is January 8.

BELGIUM, St. Boniface (680-755). His day is on June 5.

BOHEMIA, St. Wenceslaus.

BRUSSELS, the Virgin Mary; St. Gudule, who died 712. St. Gudule's day is January 8.

CAGLIARI (in Sardinia), St. Efisio or St. Ephesus.

CAPPADOCIA, St. Matthias (died A.D. 62). His day is February 24.

CARTHAGE, St. Perpetua (died 203). Her day is March 7.

COLOGNE, St. Ursula (died 452). Her day is October 21.

CORFU, St. Spiridion (fourth century). His day is December 14.

CREMONA, St. Margaret (died 275). Her day is July 20.

DENMARK, St. Anscharius (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St. Canute (died 1086), whose day is January 19.

EDINBURGH, St. Giles (died 550). His day is September 1.

ENGLAND, St. George (died 290). St. Bede calls Gregory the Great "The Apostle of England," but St. Augustin was "The Apostle of the English People" (died 607). St. George's day is April 23.

ETHIOPIA, St. Frumentius (died 360). His day is October 27.

FLANDERS, St. Peter (died 66). His day is June 29.

FLORENCE, St. John the Baptist (died A.D. 32). His days are June 24 and August 29.

Forests, St. Sylvester, because silva, in Latin, means "a wood." His day is June 20.

Forts, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

FRANCE, St. Denys (died 272). His day is October 9. St. Remi is called "The Great Apostle of the French" (439-535). His day is October 1.

FRANCONIA, St. Kilian (died 689). His day is July 8.

FRISELAND, St. Wilbrod or Willibrod (657-738), called "The Apostle of the Frisians." His day is November 7.

GAUL, St. Irenaeus (130-200), whose day is June 28; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 12; St. Denys is called "The Apostle of the Gauls."

GENOA, St. George of Cappadocia. His day is April 23.

GENTILES. St. Paul was "The Apostle of the Gentiles" (died A.D. 66). His days are January 25 and June 29.

GEORGIA, St. Nino, whose day is September 16.

GERMANY, St. Boniface, "Apostles of the Germans" (680-755), whose day is June 5; and St. Martin (316-397), whose day is November 11. (St. Boniface was called Winfred till Gregory II. changed the name.)

GLASGOW, St. Mungo, also called Kentigern (514-601).

Groves, St. Sylvester, because silva, in Latin, means "a wood." His day is June 20.

HIGHLANDERS, St. Columb (521-597). His day is June 9.

Hills, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

HOLLAND, the Virgin Mary. Her days are: her Nativity, November 21; Visitation, July 2; Conception, December 8; Purification, February 2; Assumption, August 15.

HUNGARY, St. Louis; Mary of Aquisgrana (Aix-la-Chapelle); and St. Anastatius (died 628), whose day is January 22.

INDIA, St. Bartolomé de las Casas (1474-1566):[TN-146] the Rev. J. Eliot (1603-1690); and Francis Xavier (1506-1552), called "The Apostle of the Indians," whose day is December 4.

IRELAND, St. Patrick (372-493). His day is March 17. (Some give his birth 387, and some his death 495).

ITALY, St. Anthony (251-356). His day is January 17.

LAPLAND, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

LICHFIELD, St. Chad, who lived there (died 672). His day is March 2.

LIEGE, St. Albert (died 1195). His day is November 21.

LISBON, St. Vincent (died 304). His translation to Lisbon is kept September 15.

LONDON, St. Paul, whose day is January 25; and St. Michael, whose day is September 29.

MOSCOW, St. Nicholas (died 342). His day is December 6.

Mountains, St. Barbara (died 335). Her day is December 4.

NAPLES, St. Januarius (died 291), whose day is September 19; and St. Thomas Aquīnas (1227-1274), whose days are March 7 and July 18.

NETHERLANDS, St. Armand (589-679).

NORTH (The), St. Ansgar (801-864), and Bernard Gilpin (1517-1583). NORWAY, St. Anscharius, called "The Apostle of the North" (801-864), whose day is February 3; and St. Olaus (992, 1000-1030).

OXFORD, St. Frideswide.

PADUA, St. Justina, whose day is October 7; and St. Anthony (1195-1231), whose day is June 13.

PARIS, St. Geneviève (419-512). Her day is January 3.

PEAK (The), Derbyshire, W. Bagshaw (1628-1702).

PICTS (The), St. Ninian (fourth century), whose day is September 16; and St. Columb (521-597), whose day is June 9.

PISA, San Ranieri.

POITIERS, St. Hilary (300-367). His day is January 14.

POLAND, St. Hedviga (1174-1243), whose day is October 15; and St. Stanislaus (died 1078), whose day is May 7.

PORTUGAL, St. Sebastian (250-288). His day is January 20.

PRUSSIA, St. Andrew, whose day is November 30; and St. Albert (died 1195), whose day is November 21.

ROCHESTER, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.

ROME, St. Peter and St. Paul. Both died on the same day of the month, June 29. The old tutelar deity was Mars.

RUSSIA, St. Nicholas, St. Andrew, St. George, and the Virgin Mary.

SARAGOSSA, St. Vincent, where he was born (died 304). His day is January 22.

SARDINIA, Mary the Virgin. Her days are: Nativity, November 21; Visitation, July 2; Conception, December 8; Purification, February 2; Assumption, August 15.

SCOTLAND, St. Andrew, because his remains were brought by Regulus into Fifeshire in 368. His day is November 30.

SEBASTIA (in Armenia), St. Blaise (died 316). His day is February 3.

SICILY, St. Agatha, where she was born (died 251.[TN-147] Her day is February 5. The old tutelar deity was Cerês.

SILESIA, St. Hedviga, also called Avoye (1174-1243). His day is October 15.

SLAVES or SLAVI, St. Cyril, called "The Apostle of the Slavi" (died 868). His day is February 14.

SPAIN, St. James the Greater (died A.D. 44). His day is July 24.

SWEDEN, St. Anscharius, St John, and St. Eric IX. (reigned 1155-1161).

SWITZERLAND, St. Gall (died 646). His day is October 16.

Valleys, St. Agatha (died 251). Her day is February 5.

VENICE, St. Mark, who was buried there. His day is April 25. St. Pantaleon, whose day is July 27; and St. Lawrence Justiniani (1380-1465).

VIENNA, St. Stephen (died A.D. 34). His day is December 26.

Vineyards, St. Urban (died 230). His day is May 25.

WALES, St. David, uncle of King Arthur (died 544). His day is March 1.

Woods, St. Silvester, because silva, in Latin, means "a wood." His day is June 20.

YORKSHIRE, St. Paulīnus (353-431). His day is June 22.

Saints for Special Classes of Persons, such as tradesmen, children, wives, idiots, students, etc.:—

ARCHERS, St. Sebastian, because he was shot by them.

ARMORERS, St. George of Cappadocia.

ARTISTS and the ARTS, St. Agatha; but St. Luke is the patron of painters, being himself one.

BAKERS, St. Winifred, who followed the trade.

BARBERS, St. Louis.

BARREN WOMEN. St. Margaret befriends them.

BEGGARS, St. Giles. Hence the outskirts of cities are often called "St. Giles."

BISHOPS, etc., St. Timothy and St. Titus (1 Tim. iii. 1; Titus i. 7).

BLIND FOLK, St. Thomas à Becket, and St. Lucy, who was deprived of her eyes by Paschasius.

BOOKSELLERS, St. John Port Latin.

BRIDES, St. Nicholas, because he threw three stockings, filled with wedding portions, into the chamber window of three virgins, that they might marry their sweethearts, and not live a life of sin for the sake of earning a living.

BURGLARS, St. Dismas, the penitent thief.

CANDLE and LAMP MAKERS, St. Lucy and Lucian. A pun upon lux lucis ("light").

CANNONEERS, St. Barbara, because she is generally represented in a fort or tower.

CAPTIVES, St. Barbara and St. Leonard.

CARPENTERS, St. Joseph, who was a carpenter.

CHILDREN, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas. This latter saint restored to life some children, murdered by an inkeeper,[TN-148] of Myra, and pickled in a pork-tub.

COBBLERS, St. Crispin, who worked at the trade.

CRIPPLES, St. Giles, because he refused to be cured of an accidental lameness, that he might mortify his flesh.

DIVINES, St. Thomas Aquinas, author of Somme de Theology.

DOCTORS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon in Cilicia.

DRUNKARDS. St. Martin, because St. Martin's Day (November 11) happened to be the day of the Vinalia, or feast of Bacchus. St. Urban protects.

DYING, St. Barbara.

FERRYMEN, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.

FISHERMEN, St. Peter, who was a fisherman.

FOOLS, St. Maturin because the Greek word matia or matê means "folly."

FREE TRADE. R. Cobden is called "The Apostle of Free Trade" (1804-1865).

FREEMEN, St. John.

FULLERS, St. Sever, because the place so called, on the Adour, is or was famous for its tanneries and fulleries.

GOLDSMITHS, St. Eloy, who was a goldsmith.

HATTERS, St. William, the son of a hatter.

HOG and SWINEHERDS, St. Anthony. Pigs unfit for food used anciently to have their ears slit, but one of the proctors of St. Anthony's Hospital once tied a bell about the neck of a pig whose ear was slit, and no one ever attempted to injure it.

HOUSEWIVES, St. Osyth, especially to prevent their losing the keys, and to help them in finding these "tiny tormentors;" St. Martha, the sister of Lazarus.

HUNTSMEN, St. Hubert, who lived in the Ardennes, a famous hunting forest; and St. Eustace.

IDIOTS. St. Gildas restores them to their right senses.

INFANTS, St. Felicitas and St. Nicholas.

INFIDELS. Voltaire is called "The Apostle of Infidels" (1694-1778).

INSANE FOLKS, St. Dymphna.

LAWYERS, St. Yves Helori (in Sicily), who was called "The Advocate of the Poor," because he was always ready to defend them in the law courts gratuitously (1233-1303).

LEARNED MEN, St. Catherine, noted for her learning, and for converting certain philosophers, sent to convince the Christians of Alexandria of the folly of the Christian faith.

MADMEN, St. Dymphna.

MAIDENS, the Virgin Mary.

MARINERS, St. Christopher, who was a ferryman; and St. Nicholas, who was once in danger of shipwreck, and who, on one occasion, lulled a tempest for some pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land.

MILLERS, St. ARNOLD,[TN-149] the son of a miller.

MERCERS, St. Florian, the son of a mercer.

MOTHERS, the Virgin Mary; St. Margaret, for those who wish to be so. The girdle of St. Margaret, in St. Germain's, is placed round the waist of those who wish to be mothers.

MUSICIANS, St. Cecilia, who was an excellent musician.

NAILERS, St. Cloud, because clou, in French means "a nail."

NETMAKERS, St. James and St. John (Matt. iv. 21).

NURSES, St. Agatha.

PAINTERS, St. Luke, who was a painter.

PARISH CLERKS, St. Nicholas.

PARSONS, St. Thomas Aquinas, doctor of theology, at Paris.

PHYSICIANS, St. Cosme, who was a surgeon; St. Luke (Col. iv. 14).

PILGRIMS, St. Julian, St. Raphael, St. James of Compostella.

PINMAKERS, St. Sebastian, whose body was as full of arrows in his martydom[TN-150] as a pincushion is of pins.

POOR FOLKS, St. Giles, who affected indigence, thinking "poverty and suffering" a service acceptable to God.

PORTRAIT-PAINTERS and PHOTOGRAPHERS, St. Veronica, who had a handkerchief with the face of Jesus stamped on it.

POTTERS, St. Gore, who was a potter.

PRISONERS, St. Sebastian and St. Leonard.

SAGES, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Katherine.

SAILORS, St. Nicholas and St. Christopher.

SCHOLARS, St. Katherine. (See "Learned Men.")

SCHOOL CHILDREN, St. Nicholas and St. Gregory.

SCOTCH REFORMERS. Knox is "The Apostle of the Scotch Reformers" (1505-72).

SEAMAN, St. Nicholas, who once was in danger of shipwreck; and St. Christopher, who was a ferryman.

SHEPHERDS and their FLOCKS, St. Windeline, who kept sheep, like David.

SHOEMAKERS, St. Crispin, who made shoes.

SILVERSMITHS, St. Eloy, who worked in gold and silver.

SLAVES, St. Cyril. This is a pun; he was "The Apostle of the Slavi."

SOOTHSAYERS, etc., St. Agabus (Acts xxi. 10).

SPORTSMEN, St. Hubert. (See "Huntsmen.")

STATUARIES, St. Veronica. (See above, "Portrait-painters.")

STONEMASONS, St. Peter, (John i. 42).

STUDENTS, St. Katherine, noted for her great learning.

SURGEONS, St. Cosme, who practised medicine in Cilicia gratuitously (died 310).

SWEETHEARTS, St. Valentine, because in the Middle Ages ladies held their "courts of love" about this time. (See VALENTINE.)

SWINEHERDS and SWINE, St. Anthony.

TAILORS, St. Goodman, who was a tailor.

TANNERS, St. Clement, the son of a tanner.

TAX-COLLECTORS, St. Matthew, (Matt. ix. 9).

TENTMAKERS, St. Paul and St. Aquila, who were tentmakers (Acts xviii. 3).

THIEVES, St. Dismas, the penitent thief. St. Ethelbert and St. Elian ward off thieves.

TRAVELLERS, St. Raphael, because he assumed the guise of a traveller in order to guide Tobias from Nineveh to Ragês (Tobit v.).

VINTNERS and VINEYARDS, St. Urban.

VIRGINS, St. Winifred and St. Nicholas.

WHEELWRIGHTS, St. Boniface, the son of a wheelwright.

WIGMAKERS, St. Louis.

WISE MEN, St. Cosme, St. Damian, and St. Catherine.

WOOLCOMBERS and STAPLERS, St. Blaise, who was torn to pieces by "combes of yren."

Sakhar, the devil who stole Solomon's signet. The tale is that Solomon, when he washed, entrusted his signet-ring to his favorite concubine, Amina. Sakhar one day assumed the appearance of Solomon, got possession of the ring, and sat on the throne as the king. During this usurpation, Solomon became a beggar, but in forty days Sakhar flew away, and flung the signet-ring into the sea. It was swallowed by a fish, the fish was caught and sold to Solomon, the ring was recovered, and Sakhar was thrown into the sea of Galilee with a great stone round his neck.—Jallâlo'ddin, Al Zamakh. (See FISH AND THE RING.)