This course has been found very advantageous. Or, the following will be found quite satisfactory; nitrate of potash, two drachms; camphor, half a drachm; tartrate of antimony, half a drachm; mix, and give in a little gruel, night and morning. Or, the following: Glauber-salts, four ounces; water, one pint; give twice a day. A gill of cold-drawn castor-oil, added to the above, would be beneficial. Continue until the bowels are freely opened. The following has also been found efficacious: sulphate of magnesia, eight ounces; nitrate of potash and pulverized Jamaica ginger-root, of each one ounce. Repeat as often as may be required. Apply externally the following ointment to the sides; biniodide of mercury, four drachms; castor-oil, half an ounce; lard, four ounces; mix for use.

Preventive measures.—1st. The complete isolation of all herds in which the disease has made its appearance. 2d. Such animals as show symptoms of the disease should be placed under proper treatment. 3d. In England, it is recommended that animals recovering from the disease should be fattened and slaughtered for beef, as they are not safe even after their apparent recovery. 4th. All animals beyond medical treatment should be killed and buried; recompense in part, at least, being made to the owners. 5th. No animal, healthy or diseased, should be allowed to run at large upon the public highway so long as the disease may exist in its neighborhood.



The united action of all those interested would soon rid the country of a disease which has smitten all Europe.

The author takes this occasion to acknowledge the receipt of two very ably written articles upon this subject, which, in consequence of their length and the comparatively limited space allotted, he is reluctantly compelled to omit. One is from the pen of R. McClure, V.S., and the other from Isaiah Michener, V.S. For the benefit his readers, however, he desires to make a single extract from the last-named communication, without being considered as endorsing the opinion advanced therein:—

"I am inclined to favor the hypothesis that pleuro-pneumonia is produced by animalculae, and that these enter the lungs by myriads, and thereby set up irritation and inflammation, which lead to all the phenomena and pathological conditions which are to be found upon dissection. This is my opinion of the cause of the malignant pleuro-pneumonia which has existed in the United States for the last seven years."

After writing the foregoing, the author was informed that this disease had made its appearance in Mr. Logan's herd, already mentioned as exposed. He was called to visit the herd of Mr. G. Satterthwaite, who likewise lost two cows, and had two cows and a calf sick at the time of sending for him.

PNEUMONIA.

There are two conditions of the lungs known as pneumonia,—one, the inflammatory, and the other, the congestive stage. The former may follow an attack of bronchitis, or it may have a spontaneous origin. The congestive is generally the result of cold suddenly applied to an overheated animal, causing a determination of blood to the lungs, which sometimes causes death by suffocation.

Symptoms.—The disease is preceded by a shivering fit; dry skin; staring coat; clammy mouth; short cough; Schneiderian membrane (of the nose) very much reddened; respiration hurried or laborious. In the congestive stage, upon applying the ear to the sides, no sound will be detected; While in the inflammatory stage, a crackling or crepitating sound will be distinctively heard.

Treatment.—In the congestive stage, plenty of pure air will be necessary. Bleed freely; and give in drench one pound of Glauber-salts, with two drachms of Jamaica ginger. Nothing more will be required by way of treatment.

In the inflammatory stage, bleeding should seldom be resorted to, except where the animal is in full condition. Apply the following blister to the sides, well rubbed in: oil of turpentine, one ounce; croton-oil, twelve drops; aqua ammonia, half an ounce; linseed-oil, four ounces; mix all together. Give internally one pound of salts in drench, and follow with one of the following powders every four hours: nitrate of potash, one ounce; tartrate of antimony and pulverized digitalis leaves, of each, one drachm; mix all together, and divide into eight powders. Or the following may be given with equal advantage: nitrate of potash, one and a half ounces; nitrate of soda, six ounces; mix, and divide into six powders; one to be given in wash or gruel every six hours.

PROTRUSION OF THE BLADDER.

This sometimes occurs during the throes in difficult cases of parturition in cows, and the aid of a skillful veterinary surgeon is requisite to replace the inverted bladder.

PUERPERAL FEVER.

This disease—milk fever, or dropping after calving—rarely occurs until the animal has attained mature age. The first symptoms make their appearance in from one to five or six days after parturition. It appears to be a total suspension of nervous function, independent of inflammatory action, which is suddenly developed, and, in favorable cases, as suddenly disappears. It is called dropping after calving, from its following the parturient state.

Symptoms.—Tremor of hind legs; a staggering gait, which soon terminates in loss of power in the hind limbs; pulse rises to sixty or eighty per minute; milk diminishing in quantity as the disease progresses; the animal soon goes down, and is unable to rise, moans piteously; eyes set in the head; general stupor; and slow respiration.

Treatment.—This disease, though generally regarded as a febrile disorder, will not yield to the general practice of taking blood, as a large majority of the cases so treated die. The bowels must be opened, but the veins never. Give Epsom-salts, one pound; Jamaica ginger, two ounces; dissolve in warm water, one quart, and drench. The author usually gives with good effect, some five or six hours after the salts, two ounces of nitric ether and one ounce of tincture of opium, in half a pint of water. Rub well in, along the back and loins, the following: strong mustard, three ounces; aqua ammonia and water, each one and a half ounces. Some modifications in the treatment of this disease, as well as of most others, will be necessary under certain circumstances, which can only be determined by the veterinary practitioner.

QUARTER EVIL.

In some sections of the country, this disease—known by the other names of black quarter, and joint murrain—is quite common among young cattle, and is generally fatal in its termination. There is little or no warning of its approach. The first animals in a herd to be attacked are generally those in a full, plethoric condition.

Symptoms.—The joints suddenly become swollen, and so painful as to produce severe lameness, particularly in the hind parts. General irritative fever exists in the system, attended with great tenderness of the loins; the head is poked out; eyes red and bulging; the roots of the horns, as well as the breath, are hot; the muzzle dry, and nostrils expanded; pulse rises to seventy or eighty, full and hard; respiration is hurried; the animal is constantly moaning, and appears to be unconscious of surrounding objects; the swelling of the limbs extends to the shoulder and haunch; the animal totters, falls and dies in from twelve to twenty-four hours.

Treatment.—Early bleeding is requisite here, to be followed by active purgatives; after which, give one of the following powders every half hour: nitrate of potassa, two ounces; tartrate of antimony and pulverized digitalis, of each one and a half drachms; mix, and divide into eight powders. These should not be renewed. Cold linseed tea should be freely given.

RABIES.

Hydrophobia in cattle is the result of the bite of a rabid dog, from which bite no animal escapes. The effects produced by the wound made by the teeth of such an animal, after the virus is once absorbed into the circulation of the blood, are so poisonous that all treatment is useless. The proper remedies must be instantly applied to prevent this absorption, or the case is utterly hopeless. Among men, nine out of every ten bitten by rabid dogs escape the terrible effects resulting from this dreadful disorder, without resorting to any applications to prevent it. It is a well-established fact, that men, when bitten by dogs, are generally wounded in some part protected by their clothing, which guards them from the deleterious effects of the saliva which covers the teeth, and which, at such times, is deadly poison. The teeth, in passing through the clothing, are wiped clean, so that the virus is not introduced into the blood; hence the comparatively few cases of rabies occurring in man. When, however, the wound is made upon an exposed surface, as the flesh of the hand, or of the face, this fatal disease is developed in spite of every precaution, unless such precautions are immediately taken. For this reason, cattle when bitten, do not escape the disease.

Symptoms.—The animal separates itself from the rest of the herd, standing in a kind of stupor, with the eyes half-closed; respiration natural; pulse quickened; temperature of body and limbs natural; the slightest noise agitates, causing the eyes to glare and exciting bellowing; the bark of a dog produces the most violent effects; the animal foams at the mouth and staggers as it walks; if water is offered, the muzzle is plunged into it, but the victim cannot drink; in making the effort, the most fearful consequences are produced. The animal now seeks to do mischief,—and the quicker it is then destroyed, the better.

Treatment.—This must be applied quickly, or not at all. The moment an animal is bitten, that moment the wound should be searched for, and when found, should be freely opened with a knife, and lunar caustic, caustic potash, or the permanganate of potash at once applied to all parts of the wound, care being taken not to suffer a single scratch to escape. This, if attended to in time, will save the animal.

RED WATER.

This disease derives its name from the color of the urine voided in it. It is one of the most common complaints of horned cattle, and one of the most troublesome to manage.

Symptoms.—Respiration hurried; rumination ceases; a high degree of fever presented; the animal moans, arches the back, and strains in passing the urine, which is tinged with blood, or presents the appearance of pure blood. Prof. Gamgee, of the Edinburgh Veterinary College, says: "The cause is almost invariably feeding on turnips that have grown on damp, ill-drained land; and very often a change of diet stops the spread of this disease in the byre. Other succulent food, grown under similar circumstances, may produce the same symptoms, tending to disturb the digestive organs and the blood-forming process.

"In the course of my investigations as to the cause of various cattle-diseases, and of red water in particular. I have found that it is unknown on well-drained farms and in dairies where turnips are used only in a moderate degree. The lands of poor people furnish the roots most likely to induce this disorder; and I can confirm the statement of the late Mr. Cumming, of Elton, who, in his very interesting essay upon this subject, says, particularly in reference to Aberdeenshire, that it is 'a disease essentially attacking the poor man's cow; and to be seen and studied, requires a practice extending into the less favorably situated parts of the country. On large farms, where good stock is well kept, and in town dairies, where artificial food is used to supplement the supply of turnips, it is seldom now seen.'

"Symptoms.—General derangement attracts the dairyman's attention, and, upon observing the urine which the animal has voided, it is seen to be of a red, or of a reddish brown, or claret color; sometimes transparent, at others clear. The color increases in depth; other secretions are checked; the animal becomes hide-bound, and the milk goes off. Appetite and rumination are suspended; the pulse becomes extremely feeble and frequent, though—as in all debilitating, or anaemic, disorders—the heart's action is loud and strong, with a decided venous pulse, or apparent regurgitation, in the large veins of the neck.

"In some cases, if even a small quantity of blood be withdrawn, the animal drops in a fainting state. In red water, the visible mucous membranes are blanched, and the extremities cold, indicating the languid state of the blood's circulation and the poverty of the blood itself. Constipation is one of the most obstinate complications; and many veterinary surgeons—aware that, if the bowels can be acted on, the animal is cured—have employed purgatives in quantities far too large, inducing at times even death. Occasionally, diarrhoea is one of the first, and not of the unfavorable, symptoms."

Treatment.—Give one pint of linseed-oil; clysters of soap and water should be freely used; and give plenty of linseed-tea to drink. When the urine is abundant, give one ounce of tincture of opium, with one drachm of powdered aloes, three times, at intervals of six or eight hours.

RHEUMATISM.

This is a constitutional inflammatory affection of the joints, affecting the fibrous tissue and serous, or synovial membrane. It is caused by exposure to cold and wet; being quite common in low, marshy sections.

Symptoms.—Loss of appetite; upon forcing the animal to move, every joint seems stiffened; nose dry; coat staring; constipation is also an attendant symptom; the joints, one or more, become swollen and painful. This may be regarded as a metastic, or shifting disease; first one part, and then another, seems to be affected.

Treatment.—Mild purgatives should be used; one-half-ounce doses of colchicum-root pulverized will be found useful; one-ounce balls of pine-tar may also be given with advantage. As a local application, the author has found nothing to equal kerosene oil, one pint, to two ounces of aqua ammonia, well rubbed in, two or three times a day.

STRANGULATION OF THE INTESTINES.

This disease in cattle,—popularly styled Knot, or Gut-tie,—in consequence of the peculiar arrangement of the abdominal viscera, is of very rare occurrence. When, however, it does occur, the symptoms accompanying are those of inflammation of the intestines.

No kind of treatment will be successful, and the poor brute must suffer until death comes to its relief.

THRUSH IN THE MOUTH.

Aptha, or thrush in the mouth, is a vesicular disease of the mouth, sometimes occurring as an epizooetic. It is often mistaken for blain,—inflammation of the tongue, or black tongue,—and usually occurs in the winter, or early in the spring. It appears in the form of vesicles, or pustules all over the mouth, occasionally extending to the outside of the lips. These pustules break, discharging a thin, sanious fluid, leaving minute ulcers in their places.

This disease yields readily to treatment, when it is properly applied. Three ounces of Epsom-salts, once a day for three or four days, should be given in drench; wash the mouth well with a solution of alum, tincture of myrrh, or vinegar and honey, and it will disappear in a few days.

TUMORS.

These enlargements so common in cattle, have been so admirably described, in the Veterinarian for 1843, by John Ralph, V.S.,—who has been so successful in the treatment of these morbid growths, that the benefit of his experience is here given. He says: "Of all the accidental productions met with among cattle, with the exception of wens, a certain kind of indurated tumor, chiefly situated about the head and throat, has abounded most in my practice.

"The affection often commences in one of the thyroid glands, which slowly but gradually increases in size, feels firm when grasped, and evinces very little tenderness. Generally the attendant is alarmed by a snoring or wheezing noise emitted by the animal in respiration, before he is aware of the existence of any tumefaction. This continues to increase, embracing in its progress the adjacent cellular and muscular tissues, and frequently the submaxillary and parotid glands. It becomes firmly attached to the skin through which an opening is ultimately effected by the pressure of pus from the centre of the tumor.

"The swelling often presents an irregular surface, and various centres of maturation exist; but the evacuations only effect a partial and temporary reduction of its bulk, in consequence of the continued extension of the morbid growth and ulcerative process which often proceed towards the pharynx, rendering respiration and deglutition still more difficult, until at length the animal sinks from atrophy or phthisis pulmonalis.

"In the early part of my practice, having been frustrated in my attempts to establish healthy action in these ulcers, and referring to the works that I had on surgery for information, I concluded that they bore some resemblance to cancer in the human being, and determined to attempt extirpation. Subsequently, numerous cases have occurred in which I have successfully carried that determination into effect. I have had some instances of failure, which failure always arose from some portion of the morbid growth having been left.

"In the first stage, I have reason to believe that the tumor may be dispersed by the general and topical use of the iodurets. After the suppuration, I have tried them in vain.

"As soon as the nature of the tumor is clearly developed, I generally attempt its removal, and, when most prominent by the side of the larynx, I proceed in the following manner:—Having cast the beast, turned the occiput toward the ground, and bolstered it up with bundles of straw, I proceed to make an incision through it, if the skin is free, parallel with, and over, and between the trachea and sterno-maxillaris, extending it sufficiently forward into the inter-maxillary spaces. If I find it firmly attached to the apex of the tumor, I then enclose it in a curvilinear incision and proceed to detach the healthy skin to beyond the verge of the tumor.

"Its edges being held by an assistant, the knife is directed downwards through the subcutaneous parts, and all those that exhibit the slightest change from healthy structure are removed.

"By tying any considerable blood-vessel before dividing it, and by using the handle of the scalpel and the fingers in detaching the portion of the parotid gland towards the ear the hemorrhage was always inconsiderable.

"The wound is then treated in the ordinary way; except that detergents and even antiseptics are often needed to arouse healthy action, and the addition of some preparation of iodine is often made to the digestive. In directing the constitutional treatment, our chief aim must be to support the animal system with plenty of gruel until rumination is restored.

"I need not note that the operation should be performed after the animal has fasted some hours.

"As the success of the operation depends on an entire removal of the diseased parts, and as the submaxillary and parotid glands, with important branches of nerves and blood-vessels, are often enveloped therein, we must not hesitate to remove the former, nor to divide the latter. It has occasionally happened that a rupture has been made in the oesophagus, or pharynx, during the operation. In that case, a portion of the gruel with which the animal is drenched escapes for a few days; but I always found that the wound healed by granulation, without any particular attention.

"The weight of these tumors varies from a few ounces to some pounds. One that I removed from a two-year-old Galloway bullock, weighed six pounds and a quarter. A considerable portion of the skin that covered it was excised and included in the above weight. It comprehended one of the parotid glands, and I had to divide the trunk of the carotid artery and jugular vein.

"This affection may be distinguished from parotiditis and other phlegmasiae by the action of constitutional disturbance, and heat, and tenderness, and by the lingering progress it makes. I was once called to a bull laboring under alarming dyspnoea that had gradually increased. No external enlargement was perceptible; but on introducing my hand into the mouth, a large polypus was found hanging from the velum palati into the pharynx, greatly obstructing the elevation of the epiglottis and the passage of food. After performing tracheotomy, to prevent suffocation, I passed a ligature around its pedicle in the way suggested by the old anatomist, Cheselden.

"A section of one of these tumors mostly displays several abscesses, with matter varying in consistency and often very fetid, enclosed in what seems to me to be fibro-cartilaginous cysts, the exterior of which sometimes gradually disappears in the surrounding more vascular abnormal growth. Osseous matter (I judge from the grating of the scalpel upon it) occasionally enters into the composition of the cysts.

"I have treated this affection in cattle of the Long-horned, Short-horned, Galloway, and Highland breeds; and from the number of bulls in this class of patients, have reason to conclude that they are more liable to it than the female.

"About twelve months ago, I examined the head of a cow, on the right facial region of which there existed an enormous tumor, extending from the eye to the lips, and which I mistook during life for a periosteal enlargement. On cutting into it, my mistake was evident. There was scarcely a trace of the original bones beneath the mass; even those forming the nasal sinuses on that side were replaced by a formation much resembling the cysts before alluded to, and full of abscesses. The progress of the disease was decisively marked in the inferior rim of the orbital cavity, where the osseous matter was being removed, and the morbid structure deposited."

ULCERS ABOUT THE JOINTS.

Occasionally, the joints assume a tumefied appearance, generally ulcerating, and causing painful wounds.

Treatment.—The application of one part of alum to two parts of prepared chalk, powdered and sprinkled upon the parts, is usually all that is required.

WARBLES.

It has been a prevalent opinion among farmers, that warbles are so many evidences of the good condition of their cattle. It must, however, be borne in mind that the warbles are the larvae of the oestrus bovis, which is said to be the most beautiful variety of gad-fly. This fly, judging from the objects of its attack, must be particularly choice in its selection of animals upon which to deposit its eggs, as it rarely chooses those poor in flesh, or in an unhealthy condition. From this circumstance, probably, has arisen the opinion above-mentioned.



These warbles—or larvae of the oestrus bovis—so nearly resemble bots in the horse—or larvae oestrus equi—that, were it not for their increased size, they might readily be mistaken the one for the other. There is, however, one other difference, and that is in the rings which encircle the body; those of the former being perfectly smooth, while those of the latter are prickly, and from one third to one half smaller.

The author was called, in the year 1856, to see the prize cow, Pet, belonging to James Kelly, of Cleveland, Ohio, whose extraordinary yield of butter and milk had been reported in the Ohio Farmer, a short time previous to his visit. This animal was found by him in rather poor condition; the causes of which he could only trace to the existence of these worms, comfortably located, as they were, beneath the animal's hide, and forming small tumors all along the spinal column, each being surrounded by a considerable quantity of pus. A number of these were removed by means of a curved bistoury and a pair of forceps, since which time—as he has been informed—the animal has rapidly improved, regaining her former good condition.

Some may urge that this is an isolated case; but an examination of cattle for themselves, will convince them to the contrary. It may be added, that two other cows, belonging to the same gentleman, were also examined at the same time,—one of them being in good condition, and the other, out of condition. From the back of the latter several of these insects were removed, since which time she also has much improved. The former was entirely free from them. These cows were all kept in the same pasture, received the same care, and were fed on the same food, and at the same time; and as the removal of these larvae has been productive of such beneficial results, have we not a right to infer that these insects are injurious?

If we go further and examine, in the spring of the year, all cattle which are subject to them, instead of finding them in the fine condition which one would naturally expect,—considering the abundance of fresh young grass whose vigorous life they may incorporate into their own,—they are out of condition, and out of spirits, with a laggard eye, a rough coat, and, in some cases, a staggering gait, as though their strength had failed in consequence.

How shall such attacks be prevented? During the months of August and September this gad-fly is busily engaged in depositing its eggs. Some are of the opinion that they are placed on the hairs of the animal; others, that the skin is perforated, and the egg deposited in the opening, which would account for the apparent pain manifested by cattle at and after the time of such deposit. Be this as it may, it is certain that the maggot works its way into the muscular fibre of the back, and depends upon the animal's blood for the nourishment which it receives.

The author has been informed, by persons in whom he ought to have confidence, that the free use of the card, during the above-named months, is a specific protection against the attacks of the oestrus bovis. He repeats this information here, not without diffidence; since so large a majority of stock-owners evince, by their lack of familiarity with the practical use of this convenient and portable instrument, an utter disbelief in its reliability and value.

WORMS.

Cattle are not so subject to worms proper as are the other domestic animals; nor, when these parasites do exist, is any injurious effect apparent, except it be in the case of young calves of a weakly constitution. Worms are most commonly located in the small intestines, and cause there considerable irritation, and consequently, general emaciation, or at least a tendency to it.

The cause, however, is easily removed by administering doses of sulphate of iron, one-half drachm each, in molasses once or twice a day.

WORMS IN THE BRONCHIAL TUBES.

Inflammation of the bronchial tubes is often caused by worms of the strongylus species. Upon examination after death, the bronchial passages are completely blocked-up by these hangers-on.

Symptoms.—A rough, staring coat; hide-bound; painful cough; respiration hurried, etc.

Treatment.—But little can be done by way of treatment in this disease. The administration of small doses of spirits of turpentine has, in some instances, proved successful.

SURGICAL OPERATIONS.

CASTRATION.

The period most commonly selected for this operation is between the first and third months. The nearer it is to the expiration of the first month, the less danger attends the operation.

Some persons prepare the animal by the administration of a dose of physic; but others proceed at once to the operation when it best suits their convenience, or that of the farmer. Care, however, should be taken that the young animal is in perfect health. The mode formerly practised was simple enough:—a piece of whip-cord was tied as tightly as possible around the scrotum. The supply of blood being thus completely cut off, the bag and its contents soon became livid and dead, and were suffered to hang, by some careless operators, until they dropped off, or they were cut off on the second or third day.

It is now, however, the general practice to grasp the scrotum in the hand, between the testicles and the belly, and to make an incision in one side of it, near the bottom, of sufficient depth to penetrate through the inner covering of the testicle, and of sufficient length to admit of its escape. The testicle immediately bursts from its bag, and is seen hanging by its cord.

The careless or brutal operator now firmly ties a piece of small string around the cord, and having thus stopped the circulation, cuts through the cord, half an inch below the ligature, and removes the testicle. He, however, who has any feeling for the poor animal on which he is operating, considers that the only use of the ligature is to compress the blood-vessels and prevent after-hemorrhage, and, therefore, saves a great deal of unnecessary torture by including them alone in the ligature, and afterwards dividing the rest of the cord. The other testicle is proceeded with in the same way and the operation is complete. The length of the cord should be so contrived that it will immediately retract, or be drawn back, into the scrotum, but not higher, while the ends of the string hang out through the wound. In the course of about a week, the strings will usually drop off, and the wounds will speedily heal. There will rarely be any occasion to make any application to the scrotum, except fomentation of it, if much swelling should ensue.

A few, whose practice cannot be justified, seize the testicle as soon as it escapes from the bag, and, pulling violently, break the cord and tear it out. It is certain that when a blood-vessel is thus ruptured, it forcibly contracts, and very little bleeding follows; but if the cord breaks high up, and retracts into the belly, considerable inflammation has occasionally ensued, and the beast has been lost.

The application of torsion—or the twisting of the arteries by a pair of forceps which will firmly grasp them—has, in a great degree, superseded every other mode of castration, both in the larger and the smaller domesticated animals. The spermatic artery is exposed, and seized with the forceps, which are then closed by a very simple mechanical contrivance; the vessel is drawn a little out from its surrounding tissue, the forceps are turned around seven or eight times, and the vessel liberated. It will be found to be perfectly closed; a small knot will have formed on its extremity; it will retract into the surrounding surface, and not a drop more of blood will flow from it; the cord may then be divided, and the bleeding from any little vessel arrested in the same way. Neither the application of the hot iron, nor of the wooden clamps, whether with or without caustic, can be necessary in the castration of the calf.

A new instrument was introduced in France, some few years since, for this purpose, called the acraseur,—so constructed as to throw a chain over the cord, which is wound up by means of a screw working upon the chain, and at the same time the cord is twisted off. No bleeding follows this method of operating.

This instrument is constructed upon the same principle as the acraseur for use in the human family, for the removal of hemorrhoids, etc., the dimensions of the two only varying.

The advantages resulting from the use of this instrument over all other methods are, that the parts generally heal within a week,—the operation is not so painful to the animal,—it is less troublesome to the operator,—also to the owner of the animal,—and lastly, it is a safer and more scientific operation. Its success in France soon gave it a reputation in England, and recently it has been introduced by the author into this country, and with the best results. Contractors, hearing of the success attending this new mode of operating, have visited him from all parts of the country to witness its performance, and not one has returned without leaving an order for this instrument,—so well convinced have they been of its decided superiority over all other methods.

TRACHEOTOMY.

In consequence of the formation of tumors about the throat in cattle, from inflammation of the parotid gland, blain, etc., so characteristic of this species of animals, it sometimes becomes necessary to perform this operation in order to save their lives. It never fails to give instant relief.

After the animal has been properly secured,—which is done by an assistant's holding the nose with one hand, and one of the horns with the other,—the operator draws the skin tight over the windpipe with the thumb and fingers of his left hand; then, with the scalpel in his right, cuts through the skin, making an incision about three inches long, dissecting up the skin on each side, which brings the trachea, or windpipe, in full view. He then cuts out a piece of the cartilaginous rings, about two inches long and about half an inch wide. This simple operation has saved the lives of very many valuable animals. The wound readily heals, and seldom leaves any perceptible blemish, if the work is properly performed.

SPAYING.

To secure a more uniform flow and a richer quality of milk, cows are sometimes spayed, or castrated. The milk of spayed cows is pretty uniform in quality; and this quality will be, on an average, a little more than before the operation was performed. In instances where the results of this operation have been carefully noted,—and the operation is rarely resorted to in this country, in comparison with the custom in France and other continental countries,—the quality of the milk has been greatly improved, the yield becoming regular for some years, and varying only in accordance with the difference in the succulence of the food.

The proper time for spaying is about five or six weeks after calving, or at the time when the largest quantity of milk is given. There seems to be some advantages in spaying for milk and butter dairies, where attention is not paid to the raising of stock. The cows are more quiet, never being liable to returns of seasons of heat, which always more or less affect the milk, both in quantity and quality. They give milk nearly uniform in these respects, for several years, provided the food is uniformly succulent and nutritious. Their milk is influenced like that of other cows, though to a less extent, by the quality and quantity of food; so that in winter, unless the animal is properly attended to, the yield will decrease somewhat, but will rise again as good feed returns. This uniformity for the milk-dairy is of immense advantage. Besides, the cow, when old and inclined to dry up, takes on fat with greater rapidity, and produces a juicy and tender beef, superior, at the same age, to that of the ox.

The following method of performing this operation is sanctioned by the practice of eminent veterinary surgeons in France:—

Having covered the eyes of the cow to be operated upon, she is placed against a wall, provided with five rings firmly fastened and placed as follows: the first corresponds to the top of the withers; the second, to the lower anterior part of the breast; the third is placed a little distance from the angle of the shoulder; the fourth is opposite to the anterior and superior part of the lower region; and the fifth, which is behind, answers to the under-part of the buttocks. A strong assistant is placed between the wall and the head of the animal, who firmly holds the left horn in his left hand, and with his right, the muzzle, which he elevates a little. This done, the end of a long and strong-plaited cord is passed, through the ring which corresponds to the lower part of the breast, and fastened; the free end of the cord is brought along the left flank, and through the ring which is below and in front of the withers. This is brought down along the breast behind the shoulder and the angle of the fore-leg in order to pass it through the third ring; then it must be passed around against the outer angle of the left hip, and fastened after having been drawn tightly to the posterior ring, by a simple bow-knot.

The cow being thus firmly fixed to the wall, a cord is fastened by a slip-noose around her hocks, to keep them together in such a manner that she cannot kick the operator, the free end of the cord and the tail being held by an assistant. The cow thus secured cannot, during the operation, move forward, nor lie down, and the operator has all the ease desirable, and is protected from accident.

The operator next—placed opposite to the animal's left flank, with his back turned a little toward the head of the animal—cuts off the hair which covers the hide in the middle of the flanks, at an equal distance between the back and hip, for the space of thirteen or fourteen centimetres in circumference (the French centimetre is rather more than thirty-nine one hundredths of an inch); a convex bistoury is placed, opened, between his teeth, the edge out, the joints to the left; then, with both hands, he seizes the hide in the middle of the flank, and forms of it a wrinkle of the requisite elevation, running lengthwise of the body. The assistant seizes with his right hand the right side of this wrinkle; the operator takes the bistoury and cuts the wrinkle, at one stroke, through the middle; the wrinkle having been suffered to go down, a separation of the hide is presented, of sufficient length to admit the introduction of the hand; the edges of the hide are separated with the thumb and fore-finger of the left hand, and in like manner the abdominal muscles are cut through, for the distance of a centimetre from the lower extremity of the incision made in the hide,—the iliac slightly obliquely, and the lumbar across; a puncture of the peritoneum, at the upper extremity of the wound, is then made with the straight bistoury; the buttoned bistoury is then introduced, and moved obliquely from above to the lower part, up to the termination of the incision made in the abdominal muscles.

The flank being opened, the right hand is introduced into the abdomen, and directed along the right side of the cavity of the pelvis, behind the paunch, and underneath the rectum, to the matrix; after the position of these viscera is ascertained, the organs of reproduction, or ovaries, are searched for, which are at the extremity of the matrix; when found, they are seized between the thumb and fore-finger, detached completely from the ligaments which keeps them in their place, and by a light pull, the cord and the vessels, the uterine or Fallopian tube, are separated at their place of union with the ovarium, by means of the nails of the thumb and fore-finger, which present themselves at the point of touch, thus breaking the cord and bringing away the ovary.

The hand is again introduced into the abdominal cavity, and the remaining ovaries brought away in like manner. A suture is then placed of three or four double threads, waxed at an equal distance, and at two centimetres, or a little less, from the lips of the wound, passing it through the divided tissues; a movement is made from the left hand with the piece of thread; having reached that point, a fastening is made with a double knot, the seam placed in the intervals of the thread from the right, and as the lips of the wound are approached, a fastening is effected by a simple knot, with a bow, care being taken not to close too tightly the lower part of the seam, in order to allow the suppuration, which may be established in the wound, to escape. The wound is then covered up with a pledget of lint, kept in its place by three or four threads passed through the stitches, and the operation is complete.

It happens, sometimes, that in cutting the muscles before mentioned, one or two of the arteries are severed. Should much blood escape, a ligature must be applied before opening the peritoneal sac; since, if this precaution is omitted, blood will escape into the abdomen, which may occasion the most serious consequences.

For the first eight days succeeding, the animal should have a light diet, and a soothing, lukewarm draught; if the weather should be cold, cover with a woollen covering. She must be prevented from licking the wound, and from rubbing it against other bodies. The third day after the operation, bathe morning and evening about the wound with water of mallows lukewarm, or anoint it with a salve of hog's lard, and administer an emollient glyster during three or four days.

Eight days after the operation, take away the bandage, the lint, the fastenings, and the thread. The wound is at that time, as a general thing, completely cicatrized. Should, however, some slight suppuration exist, a slight pressure must be used above the part where it is located, so as to cause the pus to leave, and if it continues more than five or six days, emollients must be supplied by alcolized water, or chloridized, especially in summer. The animal is then to be brought back gradually to her ordinary nourishment.

In some cows, a swelling of the body is observable a short time after having been spayed, attributable to the introduction of cold air into the abdomen during the operation; but this derangement generally ceases within twenty-four hours. Should the contrary occur, administer one or two sudorific draughts, such as wine, warm cider, or a half-glass of brandy, in a quart of warm water,—treatment which suffices in a short time to restore a healthy state of the belly,—the animal at the same time being protected by two coverings of wool.

The only precaution, in the way of management, to be observed as a preparative for the operation is, that on the preceding evening not so copious a meal should be given. The operation should also be performed in the morning before the animal has fed, so that the operator may not find any obstacle from the primary digestive organs, especially the paunch, which, during its state of ordinary fullness, might prevent operating with facility.

The advantages of spaying milch-cows are thus summed up by able French writers: First, rendering permanent the secretion of milk, and having a much greater quantity within the given time of every year; second, the quality of milk being improved; third, the uncertainty of, and the dangers incident to, breeding being, to a great extent, avoided; fourth, the increased disposition to fatten even when giving milk freely, or when, from excess of age or from accidental circumstances, the secretion of milk is otherwise checked; fifth, the very short time required to produce a marketable condition; and sixth, the meat of spayed cattle being of a quality superior to that of ordinary cattle.

This operation would seem to have originated in this country. The London Veterinary Journal of 1834 contains the following, taken from the United States Southern Agriculturist:—"Some years since, I passed a summer at Natchez, and put up at a hotel there, kept by Mr. Thomas Winn. During the time that I was there I noticed two remarkably fine cows, which were kept constantly in the stable, the servant who had charge of the horses, feeding them regularly three times a day with green guinea grass, cut with a sickle. These cows had so often attracted my attention, on account of the great beauty of their form, and deep red color, the large size of their bags, and the high condition in which they were kept, that I was at length induced to ask Mr. Winn to what breed of cattle they belonged, and his reasons for keeping them constantly in the stable in preference to allowing them to run in the pasture, where they could enjoy the benefit of air and exercise, and at the same time crop their own food, and thereby save the labor and trouble of feeding them? Mr. Winn, in reply to these inquiries, stated that the two cows which I so much admired were of the common stock of the country, and he believed, of Spanish origin; but they were both spayed cows, and that they had given milk either two or three years. Considering this a phenomenon (if not in nature at least in art), I made further inquiries of Mr. Winn, who politely entered into a very interesting detail, communicating facts which were as extraordinary as they were novel. Mr. Winn, by way of preface, observed that he, in former years, had been in the habit of reading English magazines, which contained accounts of the plowing-matches which were annually held in some of the southern counties of England, performed by cattle, and that he had noticed that the prizes were generally adjudged to the plowman who worked with spayed heifers; and although there was no connection between that subject and the facts which he should state, it was, nevertheless, the cause that first directed his mind into the train of thought and reasoning which finally induced him to make the experiments, which resulted in the discovery of the facts which he detailed, and which I will narrate as accurately as my memory will enable me to do it, after the lapse of more than twenty years. Mr. Winn's frequent reflections had (he said) led him to the belief "that if cows were spayed soon after calving, and while in a full flow of milk, they would continue to give milk for many years without intermission, or any diminution of quantity, except what would be caused by a change from green to dry, or less succulent food." To test this hypothesis, Mr. Winn caused a very good cow, then in full milk, to be spayed. The operation was performed about one month after the cow had produced her third calf; it was not attended with any severe pain, or much or long continued fever. The cow was apparently well in a few days, and very soon yielded her usual quantity of milk, and continued to give freely for several years without any intermission or diminution in quantity, except when the food was scarce and dry; but a full flow of milk always came back upon the return of a full supply of green food. This cow ran in the Mississippi low grounds or swamp near Natchez, got cast in deep mire, and was found dead. Upon her death, Mr. Winn caused a second cow to be spayed. The operation was entirely successful. The cow gave milk constantly for several years, but in jumping a fence stuck a stake in her bag, that inflicted a severe wound, which obliged Mr. Winn to kill her. Upon this second loss, Mr. Winn had two other cows spayed, and, to prevent the recurrence of injuries from similar causes with those which had occasioned him the loss of the first two spayed cows, he resolved to keep them always in the stable, or some safe enclosure, and to supply them regularly with green food, which that climate throughout the greater part of, if not all, the year enabled him to procure. The result, in regard to the last two spayed cows, was, as in the case of the first two, entirely satisfactory, and fully established, as Mr. Winn believed, the fact, that the spaying of cows, while in full milk, will cause them to continue to give milk during the residue of their lives, or until prevented by old age. When I saw the last two spayed cows it was, I believe, during the third year that they had constantly given milk after they were spayed. The character of Mr. Winn (now deceased) was highly respectable, and the most entire confidence could be reposed in the fidelity of his statements; and as regarded the facts which he communicated in relation to the several cows which he had spayed, numerous persons with whom I became acquainted, fully confirmed his statements."

In November 1861, the author was called to perform this operation upon the short-horn Galloway cow, Josephine the Second, belonging to Henry Ingersoll, Esq., of this city. This cow was born May 8th, 1860. The morning was cold and cloudy. About ten o'clock the cow was cast, with the assistance of R. McClure, V.S., after which she was placed under the influence of chloric ether. He then made an incision, about five inches in length, through the skin and walls of the abdomen, midway between the pelvis bone and the last rib on the left side, passing in his right hand, cutting away the ovaries from the Fallopian tubes with the thumbnail. The opening on the side was then closed by means of the interrupted suture. The animal recovered from the influence of the anaesthetic in about fifteen minutes, when she was allowed to rise, and walk back to her stall.

Upon the morning of the second day succeeding the operation, the animal was visited and found to be in good spirits, apparently suffering very little pain or inconvenience from the operation, and the wound healing nicely.

Since that time, he has operated upon some twenty cows, all of which, with a single exception, have thus far proved satisfactory.

Several of these cows are under the direction of a committee from the Philadelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, whose duty it is to have a daily record kept of each cow's yield of butter and milk, for one year from the time of spaying. Their report will be perused by the agricultural community with much interest.

The author's own experience will not justify him in speaking either in favor of, or against, this operation; as sufficient time has not as yet elapsed to satisfy him as to its relative advantages and disadvantages. He, however, regards the operation as comparatively safe. The French estimate the loss at about fifteen per cent., and the gain at thirty per cent. Of those upon which he has operated, not a single animal died.



A LIST OF MEDICINES USED IN TREATING CATTLE.

The medicines used in the treatment of the diseases of cattle, are essentially the same as those in vogue for the diseases of the human being and the horse,—the only difference being in their combination and the quantities administered.

ABSORBENTS.—Medicines which destroy acidities in the stomach and bowels; such as chalk, magnesia, etc.

ALTERATIVES.—Medicines which restore the healthy functions of secretion, by gradually changing the morbid action in an impaired constitution. Those in most common use are AEthiops mineral, antimony, rosin, sulphur, etc., which form the principal ingredients in all condition-powders, and are chiefly useful in diseases of the skin, such as hide-bound, mange, surfeit, etc.

ALTERATIVE POWDER.—Sulphur pulverized, one pound; black antimony, one half a pound; nitrate of potassa, four ounces; sulphate of iron, one half a pound; linseed meal, one pound; mix well; dose, one half an ounce, night and morning.

ANTACIDS.—Agents which neutralize, by their chemical action, acids in the stomach; as ammonia, carbonate of potassa, chalk, lime-water, magnesia, and soda.

ANTHELMINTICS.—Remedies used for the expulsion of worms from the stomach and intestines. These may act chemically or by their cathartic operation. The most reliable are AEthiops mineral, nux vomica, preparations of mercury, wormwood, etc.

ANTHELMINTIC POWDERS.—Nux vomica, in one half-drachm doses, two or three times daily, to an ox or cow; for calves, the dose must be diminished, according to age.

ANTIDOTES.—Medicines which neutralize the effects of poisons by a chemical union, forming an insoluble compound, or a mild, harmless one. Alkaline solutions are antidotes for the mineral acids; as soap in solution, a simple remedy, and always at hand. Lard, magnesia, and oil are antidotes for poisoning by arsenic; albumen,—in the form of the white of an egg,—milk, etc., for corrosive sublimate, and other mercurial preparations.

ANTISEPTICS.—Medicines which prevent putridity in animal substances, and arrest putrefaction, when already existing. These are used both externally and internally. The chief specifics of this class are the acids, alcohol, ammonia, asafoetida, camphor, charcoal, chloride of lime, cinchona, ether, and opium.

ANTISPASMODICS.—Medicines which exert their power in allaying inordinate motions or spasms in the system, arising from various causes, such as debility, worms, etc. Those most generally in use are ammonia, asafoetida, camphor, cinchona, ether, lactacarium, mercury, and opium.

ANTISPASMODIC DRAUGHT.—Tincture of opium, one ounce; nitric ether, two ounces; water, one-half pint. Mix for drench; if repeated, it should be followed by a purgative, as soon as the spasms have subsided. Or, use the following: sulphuric ether, one to two ounces; water, one-half pint Mix for drench; repeat every hour, if necessary.

AROMATICS.—Medicines possessing a grateful, spicy scent, and an agreeable, pungent taste; as anise-seed, cardamoms, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, etc. They are principally used in combination with purgatives, stomachics, and tonics.

ASTRINGENTS.—Medicines which serve to diminish excessive discharges, as in diabetes, diarrhoea, etc. The principal agents of this class are the acids, alum, chalk, lime-water, opium, and the sulphate of copper, lead, iron, or zinc.

ASTRINGENT POWDER.—Opium, one drachm; prepared chalk, half an ounce; Jamaica ginger, six drachms. Mix, and divide into four powders; one to be given every hour, in a little flour gruel. Or, the following: opium, one drachm; catechu, two drachms; prepared chalk, one ounce. Mix, and divide into four powders; to be given as before.

CARDIACS.—Cordials—so termed, from their possessing warm and stimulating properties—given to invigorate the system.

CATHARTICS.—Medicines—also known as purgatives—which cause free evacuations of the bowels. The only purgatives used by the author in his cattle practice, as a general rule, are aloes, cream of tartar, Epsom-salts, lard and linseed-oil. These answer all the indications, where purgatives are useful; indeed, no better purgative for cattle can be found than Epsom-salts, combined with a carminative or aromatic drug, such as ginger.

CAUSTICS.—Substances which burn or destroy parts, by combining with them and causing their disorganization; used to destroy unhealthy action, or morbid growths, such as foul ulcers, foul in the foot, warts, etc. The most powerful remedial of this class is actual cauterization with a red-hot iron; caustic potash, lunar caustic, nitrous and sulphuric acids, permanganate of potash, etc., are also used.

CORDIALS.—Best brandy, three ounces; orange peel, one drachm; tepid water, one pint. Mix all together, for one dose. Or, this for a single dose: ale, one pint; Jamaica ginger, two drachms. Or, the following, also a single dose: allspice, three drachms; ginger, one drachm; caraway seeds, two drachms.

DEMULCENTS.—Mucilaginous medicaments, which have the power of diminishing the effects of stimulating substances upon the animal system. Of this class, garden rue, or marsh-mallow, gum-arabic, and gum-tragacanth are the most useful.

DETERGENTS.—Agents which remove foulness from ulcers.

DETERGENT POWDER.—Prepared chalk, two ounces; alum, one ounce. Mix; to be sprinkled on the part, after washing with Castile-soap and water. This powder is also an admirable application for foot-rot in sheep.

DIAPHORETICS.—Agents which increase the natural discharge through the pores of the skin, and in some animals induce perspiration.

DIGESTIVES.—Medicines which promote suppuration.

DIGESTIVE OINTMENT.—Mix together equal portions of spirits of turpentine and lard. Or, mix together with a gentle heat the following: Venetian turpentine, one ounce; lard, one ounce; pulverized sulphate of copper, two drachms. Or this, mixed: rosin, two ounces; spirits of turpentine, one ounce; red precipitate, one-half an ounce; lard, two ounces.

DIURETICS.—Medicines that stimulate the action of the kidneys, and augment the secretion of urine. These are very useful in swellings of the legs, or body. Take of nitrate of potash and rosin, each six drachms; mix, and divide in three powders; one to be given daily. Or, the following: spirits of turpentine, half an ounce; Castile-soap, one ounce; Jamaica ginger, one drachm; opium, one drachm. Mix: and divide in two balls; one to be given each day.

EMOLLIENTS.—Medicines which relax the lining tissues, allay irritation, and soften the parts involved,—generally of a mucilaginous, or oily character. Lard, linseed meal, and marsh-mallows are chiefly used.

LITHONTRIPTICS.—Medicines possessing the power of dissolving calculi, or stones in the urinary passages; composed principally, according to the researches of modern chemists, of lithic or uric acid. The preparation most successfully employed by the author in such cases is muriatic acid, in doses of from one to two drachms, in a pail of water, once or twice a day.

NARCOTICS.—Medicines that stupefy, and produce sleep. Belladonna, camphor, hyoscyamus and opium, are among the narcotics in common use.

NAUSEANTS.—Agents which cause loss of appetite, and produce the sensation of vomiting, without affecting it. For this purpose, aloes, tartrate of antimony, white hellebore, etc., are used.

PARTURIENTS.—Agents which act upon the uterus. In cases of difficult parturition, or calving, resort is occasionally had to them. Ergot of rye is the most powerful.

REFRIGERANTS.—Cooling applications, which reduce the temperature of the blood and body; as cold water, ether, lead-water, etc.

RUBEFACIENTS.—Medicines which gently irritate the skin, producing redness on white surfaces. Of this class, are aqua ammonia, creosote, mustard, turpentine, etc.

SEDATIVES.—Agents which depress the vital energies, without destroying life; as aconite, digitalis, hellebore, hydrochloric acid, hyoscyamus, opium, and tartrate of antimony.

TONICS.—Medicines which increase the action of the muscular system, giving strength and vigor to the animal. These are among the most useful remedies known to man, and are beneficial in all cases of debility, toning up the stomach, and improving the appetite and condition of the animal.

TONIC POWDER.—Pulverized gentian-root, one ounce; Jamaica ginger, one half an ounce; anise-seed, six drachms. Mix, and divide in eight powders; one to be given night and morning.

TRAUMATICS.—Medicines which excite the healing process of wounds; as aloes, friar's balsam, myrrh, rosin, sulphate of copper or zinc, tar, etc.

TRAUMATIC LOTION.—Mix tincture of aloes, one ounce; tincture of myrrh, two ounces. Or, melt together, tar, one ounce; rosin, two ounces; lard, four ounces. Or, mix sulphate of zinc, one drachm; rain-water, one half pint. Or, use the following, the celebrated friar's balsam; benzoin, in powder, four ounces; balsam of Peru, two ounces; Socotrine aloes, one half ounce; rectified spirits, one quart. Digest for ten or twelve days; then filter for use.



DOSES OF VARIOUS REMEDIES USED IN CATTLE PRACTICE.

ACONITE.—[Monk's hood; Wolf's bane.] An active poison. Used as a sedative in tincture; ten to twenty drops in water.

AETHIOPS MINERAL.—[Hydrargyri Sulphuretum.] One to two drachms.

ALCOHOL.—A stimulant; three to six ounces.

ALLSPICE.—[Pimento berries.] Aromatic; two to four drachms.

ALOES.—Cathartic and tonic; tonic dose, one half to one drachm—cathartic, one to two ounces.

ALUM.—[Alumen.] Irritant, astringent, and sedative; two to four drachms.

AMMONIA.—[Aqua ammonia; Liquor ammonia; Hartshorn.] Principally used in combination with mustard, as an external irritant, and internally, as a diffusible stimulant; two to six drachms. Of carbonate of ammonia, three to six drachms.

ANISE-SEED.—[Fruit of the Pimpinella Anisum.] One to two drachms.

ANTIMONY.—[Sulphate of Antimony.] Used in condition-powders; one to three drachms. Muriate of antimony. [Oil, or butter, of antimony.] Caustic; very good in foul in the foot. Tartarized antimony. [Tartar emetic.] One to four drachms. The author, in the last instance, varies from the dose prescribed by veterinary authors, never giving it in more than one-half-drachm doses, believing its action thus more certain and satisfactory.

ASAFOETIDA.—Stimulant; two to four drachms.

AXUNGE.—[Hog's Lard.] Ointment, principally; may be used as purgative in doses of from one to one and a half pounds.

BALSAM OF PERU.—Stimulant, and tonic; two to four drachms.

BELLADONNA.—[Deadly Nightshade.] Narcotic, anti-spasmodic, and irritant poison; one to two drachms.

BENZOIN.—[Gum Benjamin.] Ointment; see Traumatics.

CALOMEL.—[Hydrargyri Chloridum.] One half to one drachm.

CAMOMILE.—[Anthemis.] Stomachic, carminative, and tonic; one to two ounces.

CAMPHOR.—[Camphora Officinarum.] Narcotic and irritant; in small doses, sedative and stimulant; one to four drachms.

CANTHARIDES.—[Spanish Flies.] Internally, stimulant and diuretic; twenty to thirty grains. Externally, vesicant; used in form of ointment, or tincture.

CARAWAY.—[Fruit of the Carum Carisi.] Used chiefly for flavoring purposes.

CARDAMOMS.—[Fruit of the Elettaria Cardamomum.] Used to communicate an agreeable flavor to other medicines.

CATECHU.—[Acacia Catechu.] Astringent, and antiseptic; three to six drachms.

CHALK.—[Carbonate of Lime; Calcis Carbonas.] Two to three ounces.

CHARCOAL.—[Carbo Ligni.] Antiseptic; one half to one ounce.

CINCHONA.—[Peruvian Bark.] Astringent and tonic; one to two ounces.

COPPER, SULPHATE OF.—[Blue Vitriol.] Tonic and astringent; two to four drachms.

CREOSOTE.—[Creosotum.] A sedative, anodyne, astringent, narcotic, and irritant poison; fifteen to twenty drops.

CROTON OIL.—[Crotonis Oleum.] Internally, as a cathartic, six to ten drops in linseed-oil; externally, as a counter-irritant.

DIGITALIS.—[Fox Glove.] Sedative and diuretic; one to two scruples.

EPSOM-SALTS.—[Sulphate of magnesia.] Cathartic; one pound, combined with ginger.

ERGOT.—[Spurred rye.] Parturient; two to six drachms.

ETHER.—Stimulant, narcotic, and anaesthetic; one to two ounces.

GENTIAN.—[Root of Gentiana lutea.] Stomachic and tonic; one to two ounces.

GINGER.—[Zengiber officinale.] Stomachic, carminative, and slightly tonic; one to two ounces.

GUM-ARABIC.—[Gummi Acaciae.] Demulcent and emollient; one to two ounces.

GUM-TRAGACANTH. Same action and same doses as the former.

HELLEBORE.—[Helleborus.] Irritant poison, and sedative; twenty to thirty grains.

HYOSCYAMUS.—[Henbane.] Narcotic, anodyne, and anti-spasmodic; ten to twenty grains.

IODINE.—[Iodineum.] Internally, as a tonic; two to three scruples; also as a tincture, and in ointments for reducing enlargements of the soft tissues.

IRON, SULPHATE OF.—[Ferri Sulphas; Green Vitriol, Coppera.] Irritant, astringent, and tonic; two to four drachms.

KOOSSO. Anthelmintic; two to four drachms.

LIME, CHLORIDE OF.—Antiseptic; dose internally, one to two drachms.

LINSEED OIL.—Cathartic; one pint.

LUNAR CAUSTIC.—[Nitrate of Silver.] Used as a caustic.

MAGNESIA.—[See EPSOM-SALTS.]

MARSH-MALLOW.—[Altheae Radix.] Demulcent and emollient; principally used for poultices and fomentations.

MURIATIC ACID.—[Hydrochloric Acid; Spirit of Salt.] Tonic, irritant, and caustic; dose internally, one to two drachms.

MUSTARD.—[Sinapis.] Counter-irritant; used principally as an external application.

MYRRH.—Stimulating tonic to unhealthy sores; seldom used internally.

NITRIC ACID.—[Aqua fortis.] Astringent and tonic; one to two drachms in water. Used also as a caustic.

NUX VOMICA.—[Seeds of Strychnos.] In large doses, a deadly poison; in medicinal doses, a powerful tonic and anthelmintic; one half to one drachm.

OPIUM.—[Papaver Somniferum.] Narcotic, sedative, anodyne, stimulant, and anti-spasmodic; two to four drachms.

POTASH, CARBONATE OF.—[Potassae Carbonas.] Antacid and diuretic; three to six drachms.

POTASH, CAUSTIC.—[Potassa fusa.] Used only as a caustic.

POTASSA, PERMANGANATE OF.—Used externally as a caustic.

ROSIN.—Diuretic; two to three ounces.

SALT, COMMON.—[Chloride of Sodium.] Irritant, cathartic, stimulant, and antiseptic; one to one and a half pounds.

SALTS, GLAUBER.—[Sulphate of Soda.] Cathartic and diuretic; one to one and a half pounds.

SALTPETRE.—[Nitrate of Potassa.] Diuretic, febrifuge, and refrigerant; one half to one ounce.

SUBLIMATE, CORROSIVE.—[Protochloride of Mercury.] Seldom used internally; externally, caustic and stimulant.

SULPHUR.—[Brimstone.] Stimulant and laxative; three to four ounces.

SULPHURIC ACID.—Irritant, caustic, and astringent; two to three drachms.

TARTAR, CREAM OF.—[Potassae Tartras.] Cathartic; three to four ounces.

TURPENTINE.—Stimulant, anthelmintic, diuretic, and laxative; one to two ounces.

ZINC, SULPHATE OF.—[White Vitriol.] Astringent and tonic; one to two drachms.



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MEMOIRS OF THE QUEENS OF FRANCE. Written in France, carefully compiled from researches made there, commended by the press generally, and published from the Tenth London Edition. It is a truly valuable work for the reader and student of history. By MRS. FORBES BUSH. 2 vols. in one. Cloth. Price $1 75.

MEMOIRS OF THE LIFE OF ANNE BOLEYN, QUEEN OF HENRY VIII. In the records of biography there is no character that more forcibly exemplifies the vanity of human ambition, or more thoroughly enlists the attention of the reader than this—the Seventh American, and from the Third London Edition. By MISS BENGER. With portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

HEROIC WOMEN OF HISTORY. Containing the most extraordinary examples of female courage of ancient and modern times, and set before the wives, sisters, and daughters of the country, in the hope that it may make them even more renowned for resolution, fortitude, and self-sacrifice than the Spartan females of old. By HENRY C. WATSON. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HISTORY OF LOUIS NAPOLEON, EMPEROR OF THE FRENCH. An impartial view of the public and private career of this extraordinary man, giving full information in regard to his most distinguished ministers, generals, relatives and favorites. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With portraits on Steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND REIGN OF NICHOLAS I., EMPEROR OF RUSSIA. The only complete history of this great personage that has appeared in the English language, and furnishes interesting facts in connection with Russian society and government of great practical value to the attentive reader. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND TIMES OF GEORGE WASHINGTON. A concise and condensed narrative of Washington's career, especially adapted to the popular reader, and presented as the best matter upon this immortal theme—one especially worthy the attention and admiration of every American. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND TIMES OF ALEXANDER HAMILTON. Incidents of a career that will never lose its singular power to attract and instruct, while giving impressive lessons of the brightest elements of character, surrounded and assailed by the basest. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND TIMES OF THOMAS JEFFERSON. In which the author has presented both the merits and defects of this great representative hero in their true light, and has studiously avoided indiscriminate praise or wholesale censure. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Portrait. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN. Furnishing a superior and comprehensive record of this celebrated Statesman and Philosopher—rich beyond parallel in lessons of wisdom for every age, calling and condition in life, public and private. By O. L. HOLLEY. With Portrait on steel and Illustrations on wood. Cloth. $1 75.

PUBLIC AND PRIVATE LIFE OF DANIEL WEBSTER. The most copious and attractive collection of personal memorials concerning the great Statesman that has hitherto been published, and by one whose intimate and confidential relations with him afford a guarantee for their authenticity. By Gen. S. P. LYMAN. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND TIMES OF HENRY CLAY. An impartial biography, presenting, by bold and simple strokes of the historic pencil, a portraiture of the illustrious theme which no one should fail to read, and no library be without. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. A true and faithful exposition of the leading incidents of his brilliant career arranged so as to instruct the reader and produce the careful study which the life of so great a man deserves. By H. M. FLINT. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN. (In both the English and German languages.) As a record of this great man it is a most desirable work, admirably arranged for reference, with an index over each page, from which the reader can familiarize himself with the contents by glancing through it. By FRANK CROSBY, of the Philadelphia Bar. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF DANIEL BOONE, THE GREAT WESTERN HUNTER AND PIONEER. Comprising graphic and authentic accounts of his daring, thrilling adventures, wonderful skill, coolness and sagacity under the most hazardous circumstances, with an autobiography dictated by himself. By CECIL B. HARTLEY. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF COLONEL DAVID CROCKET, THE ORIGINAL HUMORIST AND IRREPRESSIBLE BACKWOODSMAN. Showing his strong will and indomitable spirit, his bear hunting, his military services, his career in Congress, and his triumphal tour through the States—written by himself; to which is added the account of his glorious death at the Alamo. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF KIT CARSON, THE GREAT WESTERN HUNTER AND GUIDE. An exciting volume of wild and romantic exploits, thrilling adventures, hair-breadth escapes, daring coolness, moral and physical courage, and invaluable services—such as rarely transpire in the history of the world. By CHARLES BURDETT. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH, THE FOUNDER OF VIRGINIA. The adventures contained herein serve to denote the more noble and daring events of a period distinguished by its spirit, its courage, and its passion, and challenges the attention of the American people. By W. GILMORE SIMMS. With Illustrations. Price $1 75.

LIFE OF GENERAL FRANCIS MARION, THE CELEBRATED PARTISAN HERO OF THE REVOLUTION. This was one of the most distinguished men who figured on the grand theatre of war during the times that "tried men's souls," and his brilliant career has scarcely a parallel in history. By CECIL B. HARTLEY. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF GENERAL ANDREW JACKSON, THE CELEBRATED PATRIOT AND STATESMAN. The character here shown as firm in will, clear in judgment, rapid in decision and decidedly pronounced, sprung from comparative obscurity to the highest gift within the power of the American people, and is prolific in interest. By ALEXANDER WALKER. $1 75.

LIFE AND TIMES OF GENERAL SAM HOUSTON, THE HUNTER, PATRIOT, AND STATESMAN. It reminds one of the story of Romulus—who was nurtured by the beasts of the forest till he planted the foundations of a mighty empire—and stands alone as an authentic memoir. With Maps, Portrait, and Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIVES OF THE THREE MRS. JUDSONS, THE CELEBRATED FEMALE MISSIONARIES. The domestic lives and individual labors of these three bright stars in the galaxy of American heroines, who in ministering to the souls of heathens, experienced much of persecution. By CECIL B. HARTLEY. With steel Portraits. Cloth. $1 75.

LIFE OF ELISHA KENT KANE, AND OF OTHER DISTINGUISHED AMERICAN EXPLORERS. A narrative of the discoverers who possess the strongest hold upon public interest and attention, and one of the few deeply interesting volumes of distinguished Americans of this class. By SAMUEL M. SCHMUCKER, LL. D. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

THE LIFE AND ADVENTURES OF PAULINE CUSHMAN, THE CELEBRATED UNION SPY AND SCOUT. Stirring details from the lips of the subject herself, whose courage, heroism, and devotion to the old flag, endeared her to the Army of the Southwest. By F. L. SARMIENTO, Esq., Member of the Philadelphia Bar. With Portrait on steel and Illustrations on wood. Cloth. $1 75.

JEFFERSON DAVIS AND STONEWALL JACKSON: THE LIFE AND PUBLIC SERVICES OF EACH. Truths from the lives of these men, both of whom served their country before the war, and afterwards threw themselves into the cause of the South with unbounded zeal—affording valuable historic facts for all, North and South. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

CORSICA, AND THE EARLY LIFE OF NAPOLEON. Delicately drawn idyllic descriptions of the Island, yielding new light to political history, exciting much attention in Germany and England, and altogether making a book of rare character and value. Translated by Hon. E. JOY MORRIS. With Portrait on steel. Cloth. $1 75.

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES: EMBRACING HIS HISTORY AND VARIETIES, BREEDING AND MANAGEMENT, AND VICES. A splendid complete, and reliable book—the work of more than fifteen years' careful study—pointing out diseases accurately, and recommending remedies that have stood the test of actual trial. To which is added "RAREY'S METHOD OF TRAINING HORSES." By ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S. With nearly one hundred Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

SHEEP, SWINE, AND POULTRY. Enumerating their varieties and histories; the best modes of breeding, feeding, and managing; the diseases to which they are subject; the best remedies—and offering the best practical treatise of its kind now published. By ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

CATTLE AND THEIR DISEASES. Giving their history and breeds, crossing and breeding, feeding and management; with the diseases to which they are subject, and the remedies best adapted to their cure; which is added a list of remedies used in treating cattle. By ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

HORSE TRAINING MADE EASY. A new and practical system of Teaching and Educating the Horse, including whip training and thorough instructions in regard to shoeing—full of information of a useful and well-tested character. By ROBERT JENNINGS, V. S. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 25.

600 RECEIPTS WORTH THEIR WEIGHT IN GOLD. An unequalled variety in kind, the collection and testing of which have extended through a period of thirty years—a number of them having never before appeared in print, while all are simple, plain, and highly meritorious. By JOHN MARQUART, of Lebanon, Pa. Cloth. $1 75.

500 EMPLOYMENTS ADAPTED TO WOMEN. Throwing open to womankind productive fields of labor everywhere, and affording full opportunity to select employments best adapted to their tastes—all the result of over three years' constant care and investigation. By Miss VIRGINIA PENNY. Cloth. $1 75.

EVERYBODY'S LAWYER AND BOOK OF FORMS. The simplicity of its instructions, the comprehensiveness of its subject, and the accuracy of its details, together with its perfect arrangement, conciseness, attractiveness and cheapness make it the most desirable of all legal hand-books. By FRANK CROSBY, Esq. Thoroughly revised to date by S. J. VANDERSLOOT, Esq. 608 pp. Law Style. $2 00.

THE FAMILY DOCTOR. Intended to guard against diseases in the family; to furnish the proper treatment for the sick; to impart knowledge in regard to medicines, herbs, and plants; to show how to preserve a sound body and mind, and written in plain language, free from medical terms. By Prof. HENRY TAYLOR, M. D. Profusely Illustrated. Cloth. $1 75.

THE AMERICAN PRACTICAL COOKERY BOOK. A faithful and highly useful guide, whose directions all can safely follow, making housekeeping easy, pleasant, and economical in all its departments, and based upon the personal test, throughout, of an intelligent practical housekeeper. Illustrated with Fifty Engravings. Cloth. $1 75.

MODERN COOKERY IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. Designed to interest and benefit housekeepers everywhere by its plain and simple instructions in regard to the judicious preparation of food, and altogether a work of superior merit. By Miss ELIZA ACTON. Carefully revised by Mrs. SARAH J. HALE. With many Illustrations and a copious Index. Cloth. $1 75.

THIRTY YEARS IN THE ARCTIC REGIONS. The graphic narrative of Sir John Franklin, the most celebrated of Arctic Travellers, in which Sir John tells his own story—unsurpassed for intense and all-absorbing interest—sketching his three expeditions, and that part of the fourth now shrouded in mystery to the world. Cloth. $1 75.

EXPLORATIONS AND DISCOVERIES DURING FOUR YEARS' WANDERINGS IN THE WILDS OF SOUTHWESTERN AFRICA. Important and exciting experiences, full of wild adventure and instructive facts, which seem to possess a mysterious charm for every mind, and in which the spirit of intelligent and adventurous curiosity is everywhere prominent. By CHARLES JOHN ANDERSON. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

LIVINGSTONE'S TRAVELS AND RESEARCHES IN SOUTH AFRICA. Given in the pleasing language of Dr. Livingstone, and rich in the personal adventures and hair-breadth escapes of that most indefatigable discoverer and interesting Christian gentleman—making a work of special value. By DAVID LIVINGSTONE, LL. D., D. C. S. Profusely Illustrated. Cloth. $1 75.

TRAVELS AND DISCOVERIES IN NORTH AND CENTRAL AFRICA. Recounting an expedition undertaken under the auspices of H. B. M.'s Government, exhibiting the most remarkable courage, perseverance, presence of mind, and contempt of danger and death, and immensely important as a work of information. By HENRY BARTH, Ph. D., D. C. L., etc. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

ELLIS' THREE VISITS TO MADAGASCAR. Written in Madagascar, while on a visit to the queen and people, in which is carefully described the singularly beautiful country and the manners and customs of its people, and from which an unusual amount of information is obtainable. By Rev. WILLIAM ELLIS, F. H. S. Profusely Illustrated. Cloth. $1 75.

ORIENTAL AND WESTERN SIBERIA. A Stirring narrative of seven years' explorations in Siberia, Mongolia, the Kirghes Steppes, Chinese Tartary, and part of Central Asia, revealing extraordinary facts, showing much of hunger, thirst, and perilous adventure, and forming a work of rare attractiveness for every reader. By THOMAS WILLIAM ATKINSON. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

HUNTING SCENES IN THE WILDS OF AFRICA. Thrilling adventures of daring hunters—Cummings, Harris, and others—among the Lions, Elephants, Giraffes, Buffaloes, and other animals—than which few, if any works, are more exciting. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

HUNTING ADVENTURES IN THE NORTHERN WILDS. A tramp in the Chateaugay Woods, over hills, lakes and forest streams, at a time when millions of acres lay in a perfect wilderness, affording incidents, descriptions, and adventures of extraordinary interest. By S. H. HAMMOND. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

WILD NORTHERN SCENES; OR, SPORTING ADVENTURES WITH THE RIFLE AND THE ROD. Affording remarkably interesting experiences in a section where the howl of the Wolf, the scream of the Panther, and the hoarse bellow of the Moose could be heard—presenting a racy book. By S. H. HAMMOND. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

PERILS AND PLEASURES OF A HUNTER'S LIFE; OR, THE ROMANCE OF HUNTING. Replete with thrilling incidents and hair-breadth escapes, and fascinating in the extreme, while depicting the romance of hunting. By PEREGRINE HERNE. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

HUNTING SPORTS IN THE WEST. An amount of novelty and variety, of bold enterprise and noble hardihood, of heroic daring and fierce encounters, which seem to be much more entertaining by the quiet fireside than they would be to the one going through them in the forest or field. By CECIL B. HARTLEY. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

FANNY HUNTER'S WESTERN ADVENTURES. Vividly portraying the stirring scenes enacted in Kansas and Missouri during a sojourn of several years on the Western Border, and fully representing social and domestic affairs in frontier life—containing curious pictures of character. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

WONDERFUL ADVENTURES, BY LAND AND SEA, OF THE SEVEN QUEER TRAVELLERS WHO MET AT AN INN. Revelations of a singular and unusually entertaining character, in which the most terrible circumstances and mysterious occurrences are faithfully and forcibly placed before the reader. By JOSIAH BARNES. Cloth. $1 75.

NICARAGUA; PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE. Setting forth its history, the manners and customs of its inhabitants, its mines, its minerals, and other productions, and throwing light upon a subject of very great importance to the masses of our people. By PETER F. STOUT, Esq., late U. S. Vice-Consul. Cloth. $1 75.

FEMALE LIFE AMONG THE MORMONS; OR, MARIA WARD'S DISCLOSURES. Romantic Incidents, bordering on the marvelous, which show the evils, horrors, and abominations of the Mormon system—the degradation of its females, and the consequent vices of its society. By MARIA WARD, the Wife of a Mormon Elder. With Illustrations. 40,000 copies sold. Cloth. $1 75.

MALE LIFE AMONG THE MORMONS. Detailing sights and scenes among the Mormons, with important remarks on their moral and social economy; being a true transcript of events, viewing Mormonism from a man's standpoint, and forming a companion to the preceding volume. By AUSTIN N. WARD. Edited by MARIA WARD. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

PIONEER LIFE IN THE WEST. Describing the adventures of Boone, Kenton, Brady, Clark, the Whetzels, the Johnsons, and others, in their fierce encounters with the Indians, and making up a work of the most entertaining and instructive character for those who delight in history and adventure. With numerous Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

THRILLING STORIES OF THE GREAT REBELLION. Fearful adventures of soldiers, scouts, spies, and refugees; daring exploits of smugglers, guerillas, desperadoes, and others; tales of loyal and disloyal women; stories of the negro, and incidents of fun and merriment in camp and field. By Lieut. CHARLES S. GREENE, late of the U. S. Army. With Illustrations in Oil. Cloth. $1 75.

HISTORY OF THE WAR IN INDIA. Furnishing the complete history of British India, together with interesting and thrilling details which have scarcely a parallel in the world's history, to which is added a memoir of General Sir HENRY HAVELOCK. By HENRY FREDERICK MALCOLM. Illustrated with numerous Engravings. Cloth. $1 75.

OUR BOYS. Personal experiences of the author while in the army, presenting the richest and raciest scenes of army and camp life ever published, and portraying various events in all their originality. By A. F. HILL, of the Eighth Pennsylvania Reserves. With Portrait on Steel, and characteristic Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

OUR CAMPAIGNS. The marches, bivouacs, battles, incidents, camp life, and history of a regiment during its three years' term of service in the war, together with a sketch of the Army of the Potomac under Generals McClellan, Burnside, Hooker, Meade, and Grant. By E. M. WOODWARD, Adj't Second Penna. Reserves. Cloth. $1 75.

MARGARET MONCRIEFFE, THE BEAUTIFUL SPY. An exciting story of Army and high life in New York, in 1776, presenting facts and historic names, and showing the mutual attachment between Aaron Burr and Margaret Moncrieffe, as well as the influence of the latter upon the former in the more important events of his life. By CHARLES BURDETT. Cloth. $1 75.

SIX NIGHTS IN A BLOCK HOUSE; OR, SKETCHES OF BORDER LIFE. Feats of hero hunters and thrilling exploits among the Indians; furnishing the names of hunters well known in western history, and showing the most exciting drama of border warfare, and, as a whole, the most intensely interesting and instructive work upon Indian life now offered the public. BY HENRY C. WATSON. With 100 Engravings. Cloth. $1 75.

THRILLING ADVENTURES AMONG THE EARLY SETTLERS. A series of desperate encounters with Indians, daring exploits of Texan Rangers, incidents of guerilla warfare, fearful deeds of desperadoes and regulators of the west, and graphic delineations of hunting and trapping well worthy universal preservation. By WARREN WILDWOOD, Esq. More than 200 Engravings. Cloth. $1 75.

THRILLING INCIDENTS IN AMERICAN HISTORY. Events which are among the most striking and important in our national annals, covering the Revolution, the French War, the Tripolitan War, the Indian Wars, the War of 1812, and the Mexican War—all of which are of great usefulness to the student and general reader. By the author of "The Army and Navy of the United States." With Three Hundred Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

SCOUTING EXPEDITIONS OF THE TEXAN RANGERS. Operations which occurred during some of the prominent events of the Mexican war, together with sketches of the celebrated partisan chiefs, Hays, McCulloch, and Walker, whose courage, sagacity, and remarkable exploits should be familiar to all Americans. By SAMUEL C. REID, Jr., late of the Texan Rangers, and Member of the Louisiana Bar. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

THE BATTLE-FIELDS OF THE REVOLUTION. The most brilliant points in the history of the Revolutionary war, recounting the principal battles, sieges, and other important events—the whole interspersed with numerous characteristic anecdotes. By THOMAS Y. RHOADS. With many Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

THRILLING ADVENTURES AMONG THE INDIANS. In which are enumerated the most remarkable incidents of the early Indian Wars, which abound in dangers, vindictiveness, endurance, heroism, gratitude, treachery, stoicism, and revenge, and in which there is much to fascinate the reader, and store the inquiring mind. By JOHN FROST, LL. D. With more than 300 Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

THE HERO GIRL, AND HOW SHE BECAME A CAPTAIN IN THE ARMY. The highly dramatic story of Molly Pitcher who, having lost her husband at the battle of Monmouth, gallantly stepped forward, took his place at the cannon, and continued serving it until the battle ended—after which the rank of Captain was conferred on her by Gen. Washington. By THRACE TALMON. With Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

MRS. PARTINGTON'S KNITTING WORK, AND WHAT WAS DONE BY HER PLAGUY BOY IKE. In which all will see the acid and sugar, and spirit and water—forming an intellectual punch, of which all can partake without headache or heartache. Wrought by the old lady herself. With characteristic Illustrations, including a portrait of the old lady in specs, surrounded by the Partington family. Cloth. $1 75.

WAY DOWN EAST; OR, PORTRAITURES OF YANKEE LIFE. Embodying some of the raciest stories of the "Down Easter" ever published by this humorous author—containing much of genuine wit and attractive thought. By SEBA SMITH, the original Major Jack Downing. With several rich and original Illustrations. Cloth. $1 75.

* * * * *

Transcriber's Note:

Summarized here are the corrections applied to the text.

List of Illustrations: "Frolicksome" was spelled "Frolicsome" as opposed to the illustration

In color, the pure Ayrshires are generally red "Ayrshires" was printed as "Aryshires"

Some packers put meat in a copper which is rendered air-tight "meat" was printed as "meal"

The principal substances of which glue is made "substances" was printed as "subtances"

degeneracy of acute into chronic dysentery "disentery" was printed as "dystentery"

It most frequently occurs in dry, hot weather. "frequently" was printed as "freqently"

acquired additional deleterious agency "acquired" was printed as "accquired"

and have found the spur in the hay wherever the disease is found. "disease" was printed as "diesase"

differing from like phenomena by other causes "phenomena" was printed as "phenonema"

until this singular phenomenon is clearly accounted for "phenomenon" was printed as "phenonemon"

embryotomy was in this instance employed "embryotomy" was printed as "emrbyotomy"

The diseased lungs sometimes attain inordinate weight. "diseased" was printed as "direased"

supported by alcoholic stimulants. "alcoholic" was printed as "alcholic"

When cut into, it did not present the red, mottled, organized appearance of those cases with air-tight cysts. "present" was printed as "prevent"

It comprehended one of the parotid glands "comprehended" was printed as "comprehened"

drawn tightly to the posterior ring, by a simple bow-knot. "knot" was printed as "not"

must be supplied by alcolized water "alcolized" was printed as "alcotized"

THE END