60. IMPEDIT: sc. nos; with this construction the pronoun is always omitted. — VALERIUM: when a young man, in 349 B.C., he engaged in combat with a Gaul, in sight of the Roman and Gallic armies, and came off victor by the aid of a raven, corvus; hence the name Corvinus (Liv. 7, 26). His first consulship was in 348, his last in 299; Cic. has miscalculated. Valerius was also twice dictator and is said to have held altogether 21 terms of curule offices. — PERDUXISSE: sc. agri colendi studia. Cf. Lael. 33 quod — perduxissent. — ESSET: cf. n. on 21. — AETATE: here = the vigorous period of life; cf. bona aetas in 48. — CURSUS HONORUM: 'official career'. — HUIUS: ille and hic are not often found in the same sentence referring to the same person. Eius would have been more regular here. — MEDIA: cf. n. on 33 constantis aetatis.

P. 26. — APEX: 'the crown', 'the highest glory'. The word meant originally 'knot', being connected with ap-tus ap-isci ap-ere and other words containing the idea of binding fast or grasping. It was properly applied to the olive-twig bound round with wool, which was stuck in the cap worn by the flamines and salii. It is sometimes employed to translate [Greek: diadema] (a word originally of similar meaning), the royal insigne, as in Horace, Odes, 3, 21, 20 regum apices, with which cf. Odes, 1, 34, 14. The word is scarcely found elsewhere in a metaphorical sense. Our passage is imitated by Ammianus Marcellinus (a great imitator of Cicero) 27, 7, 2 Rufinus velut apicem honoratae senectutis praetendens.

61. METELLO: see n. on 30. — A. ATILIO CALATINO: consul in 258 B.C. and again in 254; dictator in 249, censor in 247. Cicero classed him with old heroes like Curius and Fabricius (Planc. 60). His tomb was on the via Appia outside the Porta Capena, close to the well-known tomb of the Scipios (see Tusc. 1, 13). — IN QUEM ... ELOGIUM: 'in whose honor there is the inscription'. With in quem = de quo cf. the occasional occurrence of [Greek: kata tinos] in the sense of [Greek: peri tinos]. — ELOGIUM: Greek [Greek: elegeion] (so Curtius): for the representation of [Greek: e] by o cf. oliva with [Greek: elaia], and Plautus' lopadas for [Greek: lepadas]. But cf. Roby, 929, d. — HUNC etc.: the inscription (which is quoted by Cicero also in Fin. 2, 116) is strikingly like that on the tomb of Scipio Barbatus which has actually come down to us, and thus begins (Ritschl's recension):

honc oino ploirime cosentiont Romai duonoro optumo fuise viro viroro

i.e. hunc unum plurimi consentiunt Romae bonorum optimum fuisse virum virorum. Ritschl thus completes the elogium of Atilus, by comparison with others still preserved: dictator (ending the second line), Consul, censor, aedilis hic fuit apud vos. But Cicero's words (nolum ... sepulcro) seem to imply a longer inscription than one of three lines; the analogy of the Scipionic inscriptions points the same way. The older monumental inscriptions of Rome were written in the Saturnian metre, which depended partly on accent. The normal line ran thus:

v -' v - v -' v' -' v - v -' v'

but there were many deviations. — UNUM: intensifies primarium, 'the very first'; cf. the common use of unus with a superlative adjective, for which see n. on Lael. 1 unum etc. — ESSET CONSENTIENS: cf. n. on 26 agens aliquid. — NUPER: like modo (see n. on 27) nuper is loosely used, and has its meaning defined by the context. Cf. n. on Lael. 13. In Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 2 the orator Calvus, a younger contemporary of Cicero, is said to have existed nuper. — LEPIDUM: pontifex maximus from 180 B.C., consul in 187 and in 175; censor in 179; he is said to have been chosen princeps senatus by six sets of censors in succession. He died in 152. — PAULO: see 29 L. Aemilius with n. — MAXIMO: see 10 et seq. — SENTENTIA: i.e. a set speech in the senate. Cf. De Or. 1, 38 is non accurata orationis copia, sed nutu atque verbo libertinos in urbanas tribus transtulit. — HONORATA: see n. on 22.

62. IN OMNI ORATIONE: 'everywhere throughout my speech'. Tota oratione would have meant 'my speech viewed as a whole'. — DEFENDERET: the tense is accommodated to that of dixi, according to Latin custom; see n. on 42 efficeret. — CANI: sc. capilli; the same ellipsis is found in Ovid. Cf. calda (sc. aqua), laurea (sc. corona), natalis (sc. dies), Latinae (sc. feriae), etc.; also cereo in 44. — FRUCTUS ... EXTREMOS: 'receives the reward of influence at the last'.

63. APPETI: 'to be courted'; decedi: 'to take precedence', literally 'that there should be a yielding of the way'. — ASSURGI: 'the honor shown by rising'. Cf. Iuv. 13, 54 credebant grande nefas et morte piandum si iuvenis vetulo non assurrexerat, where see Mayor's note. — DEDUCI REDUCI: 'the escort from home and the attendance homeward'. The difference between these two words, which has often been misunderstood, is shown by Val. Max. 2, 1, 9 iuvenes senatus die utique aliquem ex patribus conscriptis ad curiam deducebant, affixique valvis exspectabant donec reducendi etiam officio fungerentur. — CONSULI: probably refers to private legal consultations as well as to the deliberations of the senate. — UT QUAEQUE OPTIME: Cic. often uses ut quisque with superlatives, ita following; see n. on Lael. 19. Translate ut ... ita 'in proportion as ... so'. — MORATA: from mos. — MODO: in 59. — MEMORIAE PRODITUM EST: in Verr. 5, 36 Cic. uses ad memoriam instead of the dative. The best writers have memoriae prodere and prodi, 'for the recollection of posterity', memoria prodi, 'to be handed down by tradition'; but not memoria prodere. — LUDIS: sc. Panathenaicis, abl. of time. The Panathenaea was the greatest of the Athenian festivals and was celebrated in honor of Athene, patron goddess of the city, once in four years. The story that follows is told in almost the same words by Val. Max. 4, 5, ext. 2.

P. 27. — QUI: at this point the oratio obliqua is broken off, but it is resumed in the next sentence, dixisse being dependent on proditum est. — LEGATI CUM ESSENT: 'being ambassadors'. — ILLI: 'in his honor'. — SESSUM RECEPISSE: Val. Max. uses the same phrase; cf. Fam. 10, 32, 2 sessum deducere; N.D. 3, 74 sessum ire.

64. PLAUSUS MULTIPLEX: cf. Verg. Aen. 1, 747 ingeminant plausu. Cic. generally says plausus maximus. — FACERE NOLLE: cf. the well-known saying of Demosthenes, Olynth. 3, Sec. 3 [Greek: pepeismai gar ta pleio ton pragmaton hymas ekpepheugenai toi me boulesthai ta deonta poiein, e toi me synienai]. — COLLEGIO: the college or board of augurs to which Cato belonged. In his time there were nine members; later the number was increased. — ANTECEDIT: sc. alios. — SENTENTIAE PRINCIPATUM: 'precedence in debate'. Meissner quotes Verr. 4, 142 ut quisque aetate et honore antecedit, ita primus solet sua sponte dicere itaque a ceteris ei conceditur. — HONORE: i.e. as regards office, past or present. — QUI ... SUNT: actual praetors or consuls. — COMPARANDAE: n. on 50. — FABULAM AETATIS: cf. 5, 70, 85. The comparison of life to a play, and mankind to the players, is common in all literature; e.g. 'All the world's a stage, etc.'. When Augustus was on his deathbed he asked his friends ecquid eis videretur mimum vitae commode transegisse (Suet. Aug. 99); cf. Gay's epitaph, 'Life's a jest, etc.'. — CORRUISSE: i.e. through fatigue; cf. defetigationem in 85.

65. AT: see n. on 21. — MORUM: cf. 7 in moribus est culpa, non in aetate. — EA VITIA: i.e. ea alia vitia. — HABENT etc.: cf. Thucyd. 3, 44 [Greek: echontes ti syngnomes]. — NON ... VIDEATUR: 'not well grounded indeed, but such as it may seem possible to allow'. Ille is often used with quidem in making concessions where the English idiom requires no pronoun. Roby, 2259; Madvig, 489, b; Kennedy, 65, n. 2; A. 151, e; G. 292, Rem. 4; H. 450, 4, n. 2. — CONTEMNI ... DESPICI: see n. on 43 spreta et contempta. — MORIBUS BONIS ET ARTIBUS: for the order of the words cf. n. on 1 animi tui. — IN VITA: 'in everyday life' — ADELPHIS: Adelphi = [Greek: adelphoi], The Brothers; this play of Terence is still extant. — DIRITAS: 'harshness of temper'; but Suet. Tib. 21 has diritas morum, and Varro scena quem senem Latina vidit dirissimum. Both dirus and diritas are rare in Cicero; the former word does not once occur in the whole range of the speeches, the latter scarcely excepting here and in Vat. 9; in Tusc. 3, 29 Cic. uses it in translating from Euripides.

P. 28. — 66. SOLLICITAM HABERE: 'to keep in trouble'. Sollicitus is, literally, 'wholly in motion', from sollus, which has the same root with [Greek: holos], and citus; cf. the rare words sollifides, solliferreus. The perfect participle with habeo emphasizes the continuance of the effect produced. Zumpt, 634; A. 292, c; G. 230; H. 388, 1, n. — NOSTRAM AETATEM: cf. n. on 26 senectus. — ESSE LONGE: more usually abesse. — O MISERUM: 'O, wretched is that old man'. Cicero oftener joins O with the accusative than with the nominative: he rarely, if ever, uses the interjection with the vocative in direct address to persons. — EXTINGUIT ANIMUM: the doctrine of the annihilation of the soul after death was held by many of Cicero's contemporaries, professedly by the Epicureans (e.g. Lucretius, De Rerum Nat. 3, 417 et seq.; cf. also Caesar's argument at the trial of the Catilinian conspirators, Sall. Bell. Catil. c. 51, Cic. in Catil. 3, c. 4), practically by the Stoics, who taught that there is a future existence of limited though indefinite length. — DEDUCIT: cf. n. on 63. — ATQUI: see n. on 6. — TERTIUM ... POTEST: 'nothing can be found as a third alternative': so in Tusc. 1, 82 quoniam nihil tertium est.

67. QUID TIMEAM etc.: so Tusc. 1, 25 quo modo igitur aut cur mortem malum tibi videri dicis? quae aut beatas nos efficiet, animis manentibus, aut non miseros, sensu carentis; ib. 1, 118 ut aut in aeternam domum remigremus aut omni sensu careamus. For mood see A. 268; G. 251; H 486, II. — AUT NON MISER ... AUT BEATUS: a dilemma, but unsound and not conclusive; for non miser is used with reference to annihilation, and the soul may exist after death in a state of unhappiness. — FUTURUS SUM: see n. on 6 futurum est. — QUAMVIS SIT: prose writers of the Republican period use quamvis with the subjunctive only; see Roby, 1624, 1627; A. 313,a, g; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. — CUI: see n. on 38 viventi. — AD VESPERUM ESSE VICTURUM: 'that he will be alive when evening comes', not 'that he will live till the evening'. With the prepositions ad, sub, in the form vesper is generally used, not vespera. With this passage cf. Fin. 2, 92 an id exploratum cuiquam potest esse quo modo sese habiturum sit corpus. non dico ad annum, sed ad vesperum? Also cf. the title of one of Varro's Menippean Satires, nescis quid vesper serus vehat, probably a proverb. — AETAS ILLA ... ADULESCENTES: some suppose that this sentence was borrowed from Hippocrates. — TRISTIUS: 'severioribus remediis'. Manutius. So Off. 1, 83 leviter aegrotantis leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis periculosas curationes et ancipites adhibere coguntur. The adverb tristius, which has in prose a superlative but no positive, occurs in Fam. 4, 13, 5. — MENS ... RATIO ... CONSILIUM: cf. n. on 41. — QUI ... NULLI: cf. n. on 46 qui pauci; but nulli here almost = non. — NULLAE ... FUISSENT: i.e. the young men would have brought every country to ruin; see 20. — CUM ... CUM: see n. on 4.

68. IN FILIO ... IN FRATRIBUS: cf. Lael. 9. As to Cato's son cf. 15, 84. — TU: sc. sensisti. — EXSPECTATIS AD: a rare construction, perhaps without parallel; exspectatis is an adjective and takes the construction of aptus, idoneus etc., 'of whom hopes were entertained as regards honor'. — FRATRIBUS: the sons of Paulus Macedonicus, two of them died within seven days (Fam. 4, 6, 1), one just before and one just after Paulus' great triumph in 167 B.C. — IDEM: see n. on 4 eandem. — INSIPIENTER: adversative asyndeton. — INCERTA ... VERIS: chiasmus avoided. With the thought cf. Off. 1, 18. — AT ... AT: the objection and its answer are both introduced by at, as here, in 35. — AT ... ADULESCENS: these words look back to the preceding sentence, to which they are an answer. — ILLE ... HIC: here hic denotes the person who is more important, ille the person who is less important for the matter in hand; the former may therefore be regarded as nearer to the speaker, the latter as more remote. A. 102, a; G. 292, Rem. 1; H. 450, 2, n.

69. QUAMQUAM: see n. on 2 etsi. — QUID EST ... DIU: cf. Tusc. 1, 94 quae vero aetas longa est, aut quid omnino homini longum? ... quia ultra nihil habemus, hoc longum dicimus. For est see n. on 72. — TARTESSIORUM ... GADIBUS: the whole of the south coast of Spain bore the name Tartessus, but the name is often confined to Gades, the chief city. — FUIT: = vixit. — SCRIPTUM VIDEO: so in Acad. 2, 129; Div. 1, 31; cf. also N.D. 1, 72 ut videmus in scriptis; Off. 2, 25 ut scriptum legimus; also cf. n. on 26 videmus. — ARGANTHONIUS: the story is from Herodotus 1, 163.

P. 29. — ALIQUID EXTREMUM: see n. on 5; cf. pro Marcello 27 — EFFLUXIT: strongly aoristic in sense 'at once is gone'. — TANTUM: — 'only so much'. — CONSECUTUS SIS: 'you may have obtained'. The subjunctive is here used in the indefinite second person to give a hypothetical character to the statement of the verb. The indicative might have been expected; the expression almost = consecuti sumus, consecutus aliquis est. Roby, 1546; G. 252, Rem. 3; H. 486, III. — VIRTUTE ET RECTE FACTIS: the same opinion is enforced in Tusc. 1, 109. — QUID SEQUATUR: 'the future'; cf. Lucr. 1, 459 transactum quid sit in aevo, Tum quae res instet, quid porro deinde sequatur. — QUOD ... CONTENTUS: this passage with the whole context resembles Lucretius 3, 931-977; cf. especially 938 cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis; 960 satur ac plenus discedere rerum. Cf. also Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 117-118.

70. UT PLACEAT: 'in order to secure approval'. — PERAGENDA: cf. n. on 50 comparandae. — PLAUDITE: the Latin plays nearly always ended with this word, addressed by the actor to the audience; cf. Hor. A.P. 153 si plausoris eges aulaea manentis et usque Sessuri donec cantor 'vos plaudite' dicat. — BREVE TEMPUS etc.: one of the poets has said that 'in small measures lives may perfect be'. Cf. also Tusc. 1, 109 nemo parum diu vixit qui virtutis perfectae perfecto functus est munere; Seneca, Ep. 77 quo modo fabula, sic vita: non quam diu, sed quam bene acta sit refert. — PROCESSERIT: probably the subject is sapiens, in which case aetate must also be supplied from aetatis; the subject may however be aetas. — OSTENDIT: 'gives promise of'; cf. Fam. 9, 8, 1 etsi munus (gladiatorial show) flagitare quamvis quis ostenderit, ne populus quidem solet nisi concitatus. With the whole passage cf. pro Cael. 76.

71. UT ... DIXI: in 9, 60, 62. — SECUNDUM NATURAM: = [Greek: kata physin] a Stoic phrase; cf. n. on 5 naturam optimam ducem. — SENIBUS: dative of reference; emori stands as subject to an implied est. — CONTINGIT: see n. on 8. — EXSTINGUITUR: there is the same contrast between opprimere and exstinguere in Lael. 78. — QUASI ... EVELLUNTUR: it is rare to find in Cic. or the other prose writers of the best period a verb in the indicative mood immediately dependent on quasi, in the sense of sicut or quem ad modum. When two things are compared by quasi ... ita, the indicative verb is nearly always put in the second clause, and may be supplied in the clause with quasi; very rarely are there two different verbs for the two clauses. Cf. however Plautus, Stich. 539 fuit olim, quasi nunc ego sum senex; Lucr. 3, 492 agens animam spumat quasi ... fervescunt undae. — SI ... SI: for the more usual si ... sin. — ACCEDAM: see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. — IN PORTUM: speaking of death, Cic. says in Tusc. 1, 118 portum potius paratum nobis et perfugium putemus: quo utinam velis passis pervehi liceat! Sin reflantibus ventis reiciemur tamen eodem paulo tardius referamur necesse est; cf. also ib. 1, 107.

P. 30. — 72. MUNUS OFFICI: see n. on 29. — TUERI: 'uphold'. — POSSIT: subject indefinite. — EX QUO FIT etc.: the argument seems to be that youth knows how long it has to last and is therefore less spirited than age, which knows not when it will end. — ANIMOSIOR ... FORTIOR: Horace, Odes 2, 10, 21 rebus angustis animosus atque fortis appare; the two words are joined also in Cic. Mil. 92: animosus, 'spirited'. — HOC ILLUD EST etc.: 'this is the meaning of the answer made by Solon etc'. Cf. Div. 1, 122 hoc nimirum illud est quod de Socrate accepimus, also the Greek phrase [Greek: he tout' ekeino]. Est = valet as in 69. — PISISTRATUS: the despot of Athens, who seized the power in 560 B.C. Plutarch, who tells the story, 'An Seni Sit Gerenda Respublica' c. 21, makes Solon speak to the friends of Pisistratus, not to P. himself. — QUAERENTI: see n. on 11 dividenti. — AUDACITER: Quintil. 1, 6, 17 condemns those who used audaciter for audacter, which latter form, he says, had been used by 'all orators'. Yet the form audaciter is pretty well attested by MSS. here and elsewhere in Cicero. [See Neue, Formenlehre, 1 squared 662.] For the two forms cf. difficiliter, difficulter. Audaciter is of importance as showing that c before i must have been pronounced just like c in any other position, not as in modern Italian. — CERTIS SENSIBUS: Acad. 2, 19 integris incorruptisque sensibus. — IPSA ... QUAE: see n. on 26. H. 569, I. 2. — COAGMENTAVIT: Cic. is fond of such metaphors; cf. Orat. 77 verba verbis quasi coagmentari; Phil. 7, 21 docebo ne coagmentari quidem pacem posse ('that no patched-up peace can be made'). — CONGLUTINAVIT: a still more favorite metaphor than coagmentare. Cic. has conglutinare rem (Or. 1, 188); amicitias (Lael. 32 and Att. 7, 8, 1); voluntates (Fam. 11, 27, 2); concordiam. (Att. 1, 17, 10); in Phil. 3, 28 Cic. says of Antony that he is totus ex vitiis conglutinatus. — IAM: 'further', so below. — CONGLUTINATIO: the noun occurs only here and Orat. 78 c. verborum. — RELIQUUM: not infrequently, as here, used substantively with an adjective modifier. — SINE CAUSA: 'without sufficient reason'.

73. VETAT PYTHAGORAS etc.: the passage is from Plato, Phaedo 61 A-62 C. Plato makes Socrates there profess to quote Philolaus, the Pythagorean; Cic. therefore refers the doctrine to Pythagoras Cf. Tusc. 1, 74; Rep. 6, 15. The Stoics held the same view about suicide, which they authorized in extreme cases, but much less freely than is commonly supposed; cf. Sen. Ep. 117, 22 nihil mihi videtur turpius quam optare mortem. See Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 12, C (2); cf. also Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 228 et seq. (Am. ed.) — IMPERATORIS ... PRAESIDIO: here Cic. seems to understand Plato's [Greek: phrourai] as referring to warfare; in Tusc. and Rep. he understands it of a prison. — SAPIENTIS: Solon was one of the 'Seven Sages of Greece'. — ELOGIUM: the distich is preserved by Plutarch, and runs thus: [Greek: mede moi aklaustos thanatos moloi, alla philoisi Kalleipoimi thanon algea kai stonachas]. Cic. thus translates it in Tusc. 1, 117 Mors mea ne careat lacrimis, linquamus amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu. The epitaph of Ennius is also quoted there and is declared to be better than that of Solon (cf. Tusc. 1, 34). — VOLT SE ESSE CARUM: 'he wishes to make out that he is beloved'; volt esse carus would have had quite a different sense. Cf. Fin. 5, 13 Strato physicum se volt, with Madvig's n. — HAUD SCIO AN: see n. on 56. — FAXIT: the subject is quisquam understood from nemo. For the form see A. 142, 128, e, 3; G. 191, 5; H. 240, 4. The end of the epitaph is omitted here as in Tusc. 1, 117, but is given in Tusc. 1, 34 cur? volito vivas per ora virum. Notice the alliteration.

74. ISQUE: cf. n. on 13 vixitque. — AUT OPTANDUS AUT NULLUS: cf. 66 aut neglegenda ... aut optanda; nullus almost = non as in 67, but only in the Letters does Cic. (imitating Plautus and the other dramatists) attach nullus in this sense to the name of a particular person; e.g. Att. 11, 24, 4 Philotimus nullus venit. — SED ... ESSE: 'but we must con this lesson from our youth up'. For the passive sense of meditatum cf. n. on 4 adeptam. In Tusc. 1, 74 Cic., imitating Plato, says tota philosophorum vita commentatio mortis est. So Seneca, tota vita discendum est mori. — SINE QUA ... NEMO POTEST: these words bring the position of Cicero with regard to death wonderfully near that of Lucretius: the latter argues that for peace of mind one must believe 'nullum esse sensum post mortem'; the former's lesson is 'aut nullum esse sensum aut optandum'. — TIMENS: = si quis timet; the subject of poterit is the indefinite quis involved in timens. A. 310, a; G. 670; H. 549, 2. — QUI: = quo modo, as in 4. — ANIMO CONSISTERE: so in pro Quint. 77; also mente consistere in Phil. 2, 68; Div. 2, 149; Q. Fr. 2, 3, 2 neque mente neque lingua neque ore consistere. The word is, literally, 'to stand firm', 'to get a firm foothold'.

P. 31. — 75. L. BRUTUM: fell in single combat with Aruns, son of the exiled Tarquin; see Liv. 2, 6. The accusatives Brutum etc. are not the objects of recorder but the subjects of infinitives to be supplied from profectas. — DUOS DECIOS: see n. on 43. — CURSUM EQUORUM: the word equos would have been sufficient; but this kind of pleonasm is common in Latin; see n. on Lael. 30 causae diligendi. — ATILIUS: i.e. Regulus, whose story is too well known to need recounting. There are many contradictions and improbabilities about it. — SCIPIONES: see n. on 29. In Paradoxa 1, 12 Cic. says of them Carthaginiensium adventum corporibus suis intercludendum putaverunt. — POENIS: on the dat. see A. 235, a; H. 384, 4, n. 2. — PAULUM: n. on 29 L. Aemilius. — COLLEGAE: M. Terentius Varro. There is no reason to suppose that he was a worse general than many other Romans who met Hannibal and were beaten; the early historians, being all aristocrats, fixed the disgrace of Cannae on the democratic consul. Varro's contemporaries were more just to him. Far from reproaching him, the Senate commended his spirit, and several times afterwards entrusted him with important business. — MARCELLUM: the captor of Syracuse in 212 B.C. He fell into an ambush in 208 and was killed; Hannibal buried him with military honors. — CUIUS INTERITUM: abstract for concrete = quem, post interitum. — CRUDELISSIMUS HOSTIS: this, the traditional Roman view of Hannibal, is the reverse of the truth, so far as extant testimony goes. See Mommsen, Hist. of Rome, Bk. III. Ch. 4; Ihne, Hist. of Rome, Bk. IV. — SED ... ARBITRARENTUR: these words are almost exactly repeated in Tusc. 1, 89 and 101. — RUSTICI: cf. Arch. 24 nostri illi fortes viri sed rustici ac milites; also above, 24.

76. OMNINO: see n. on 9. — NUM IGITUR etc.: cf. 33 nisi forte et seq. — CONSTANS: cf. n. on 33. — NE ... QUIDEM: see n. on 27. — SATIETAS VITAE: cf. 85 senectus autem et seq., and satietas vivendi in pro Marc. 27; also Tusc. 1, 109 vita acta perficiat ut satis superque vixisse videamur.

77. CERNERE: of the mind also in 82. With the context cf. Div. 1, 63 animus appropinquante morte multo est divinior; facilius evenit appropinquante morte ut animi futura augurentur. — VESTROS PATRES: n. on 15. The elder Laelius was prominent both as general and as statesman. He commanded the fleet which co-operated with Scipio Africanus in Spain and afterwards served with honor in Africa. He was an intimate friend of Cato. See Liv. 26, 42 et seq. — TUQUE: so in Lael. 100 C. Fanni et tu, Q. Muci; but above, 4 and 9 simply Scipio et Laeli. — QUAE EST SOLA VITA: cf. n. on vitam nullam in 7. — NAM DUM SUMUS etc.: the whole of this doctrine is Platonic; cf. Lael. 13. — MUNERE NECESSITATIS ET ... OPERE: 'function and task allotted as by fate'.

P. 32. — IMMORTALIS: Cicero rarely mentions the gods without this epithet. — SPARSISSE: Horace calls the soul divinae particulam aurae. — TUERENTUR: rule, or guard, or care for. Most editors wrongly take tuerentur to be for intuerentur, 'to look upon', and regard it as an intentional archaism. But cf. Rep. 6, 15 (where no archaism can be intended): homines sunt hac lege generati, qui tuerentur illum globum quae terra vocatur; also tuentur below in 82. — CONTEMPLANTES IMITARENTUR: perhaps more Stoic than Platonic; the Stoics laid great stress on the ethical value of a contemplation and imitation of the order of the universe. Cf. N.D. 2, 37 ipse homo ortus est ad mundum contemplandum et imitandum; Sen. Dial. 8, 5, 1 Natura nos ad utrumque genuit, et contemplationi rerum et actioni. — MODO: here modus seems to be the Platonic [Greek: to metrion], or perhaps a reminiscence of the Aristotelian doctrine of the mean (n. on 46). Translate 'in moderation and consistency of life'; and cf. Off. 1, 93 rerum modus 'moderation in all things'. For constantia see n. on 4. — ITA: cf. n. on 16 et tamen sic.

78. PYTHAGORAN: see n. to 23. No ancient philosopher held more firmiy than Pythagoras to belief in the immortality of the soul; it formed a part of his doctrine of Metempsychosis. He was also noted for his numerical speculations in Astronomy and Music. With him is said to have originated the doctrine of the 'harmony of the spheres'. — QUI ESSENT: 'inasmuch as they were'. Cicero often tries to make out a connection between Pythagoras and the early Romans; cf. Tusc. 4, 2; also Liv. 1, 18. — EX UNIVERSA MENTE: the world-soul. Diog. Laert 8 gives as Pythagorean the doctrine [Greek: psychen einai apospasma tou aitheros kai athanaton]. Similar doctrines occur in Plato and the Stoics; cf. Div. 1, 110 a qua (i.e. a natura deorum) ut doctissimis sapientissimisque placuit, haustos animos et libatos habemus; Tusc. 5, 38 humanus animus decerptus ex mente divina; Sen. Dial. 12, 6, 7. — HABEREMUS: imperfect where the English requires the present. A. 287, d; H. 495, V. — SOCRATES: in Plato's Phaedo. — IMMORTALITATE ANIMORUM: this is commoner than immortalitas animi, for 'the immortality of the soul'; so Lael. 14; Tusc. 1, 80 aeternitas animorum. — DISSERUISSET: subjunctive because involving the statements of some other person than the speaker. A. 341, c; G. 630; H. 528, 1. — IS QUI ESSET etc.: 'a man great enough to have been declared wisest'. See n. on Lael. 7 Apollinis ... iudicatum. — SIC: cf. ita above. — CELERITAS ANIMORUM: the ancients pictured to themselves the mind as a substance capable of exceedingly rapid movement; cf. Tusc. 1, 43 nulla est celeritas quae possit cum animi celeritate contendere. — TANTAE SCIENTIAE: as the plural of scientia is almost unknown in classical Latin, recent editors take scientiae here as genitive, 'so many arts requiring so much knowledge'. In favor of this interpretation are such passages as Acad. 2, 146 artem sine scientia esse non posse; Fin. 5, 26 ut omnes artes in aliqua scientia versentur. Yet in De Or. 1, 61 physica ista et mathematica et quae paulo ante ceterarum artium propria posuisti, scientiae sunt eorum qui illa profitentur it is very awkward to take scientiae as genitive. — CUMQUE SEMPER etc.: this argument is copied very closely from Plato's Phaedrus, 245 C. — PRINCIPIUM MOTUS: [Greek: arche kineseos] in Plato. — SE IPSE: cf. n. on 4 a se ipsi. — CUM SIMPLEX etc: from Plato's Phaedo, 78-80. The general drift of the argument is this: material things decay because they are compounded of parts that fall asunder; there is nothing to show that the soul is so compounded; therefore no reason to believe that it will so decay. Notice the imperfects esset ... haberet ... posset accommodated to the tense of persuasi above, although the other subjunctives in the sentence are not; cf. n. on 42 efficeret. — NEQUE ... DISSIMILE: in modern phraseology the whole of this clause would be briefly expressed thus, — 'and was homogeneous'. — POSSET: quod si ='whereas if', the subject of posset being animus, and dividi being understood. — MAGNO ARGUMENTO: [Greek: hikanon tekmerion] in Pl. Phaed. 72 A. Belief in the immortality of the soul naturally follows the acceptance of the doctrine of pre-existence. — HOMINES SCIRE etc.: See Plato, Phaedo, 72 E-73 B. The notion that the souls of men existed before the bodies with which they are connected has been held in all ages and has often found expression in literature. The English poets have not infrequently alluded to it. See Wordsworth's Ode on the Intimations of Immortality from the Recollections of Early Childhood, 'Our birth is but a sleep and a forgetting' etc.; also, in Tennyson's Two Voices the passage beginning, —

'Yet how should I for certain hold, Because my memory is so cold, That I first was in human mould?'

REMINISCI ET RECORDARI: a double translation of Plato's [Greek: anamimneskesthai], quite in Cicero's fashion; the former word implies a momentary act, the latter one of some duration. — HAEC PLATONIS FERE: 'so far Plato'.

79. APUD XENOPHONTEM: Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 17; for apud cf. 30; when Cic. says that a passage is 'in' a certain author (not naming the book) he uses apud, not in. — MAIOR: 'the elder'; cf. 59 Cyrum minorem. — NOLITE ARBITRARI: a common periphrasis. A. 269, a, 2; G. 264, II.; H. 489, I. — DUM ERAM: the imperfect with dum is not common; see Roby, 1458, c; A. 276, e, n.; G. 572, 571; H. 519, I., 467, 4 with n.

P. 33. — 80. NEC ... TENEREMUS: the souls of the dead continue to exert an influence on the living, or else their fame would not remain; a weak argument. — MIHI ... POTUIT: cf. 82 nemo ... persuadebit. — VIVERE ... EMORI: adversative asyndeton. — INSIPIENTEM: in Xen. [Greek: aphron], i.e. without power of thinking. — SED: 'but rather that ...'. — HOMINIS NATURA: a periphrasis for homo; cf. Fin. 5, 33 intellegant, si quando naturam hominis dicam, hominem dicere me; nihil enim hoc differt. — NIHIL ... SOMNUM: poets and artists from Homer (Il. 16, 682) onwards have pictured death as sleep's brother. Cf. Lessing, How the Ancients Represented Death.

81. ATQUI: see n. on 6. — DORMIENTIUM ANIMI etc.: see Div. 1, 60 where a passage of similar import is translated from Plato's Republic IX; ib. 115. — REMISSI ET LIBERI: cf. Div. 1, 113 animus solutus ac vacuus; De Or. 2, 193 animo leni ac remisso. — CORPORIS: the singular, though animi precedes; so in Lael. 13; Tusc. 2, 12, etc. — PULCHRITUDINEM: [Greek: kosmon]; Cic. translates it by ornatus in Acad. 2, 119 where hic ornatus corresponds to hic mundus a little earlier. — TUENTUR: see n. on 77 tuerentur. — SERVABITIS: future for imperative. A. 269, f; G. 265, 1; H. 487, 4.

82. CYRUS etc.: see n. on 78. — SI PLACET: cf. n. on 6 nisi molestum est. — NOSTRA: = Romana = domestica in 12. — NEMO etc.: this line of argument is often repeated in Cic.; see Tusc. 1, 32 et seq.; Arch. 29. — DUOS AVOS ... PATRUUM: see nn. on 29. — MULTOS: sc. alios. — ESSE CONATOS: loosely put for fuisse conaturos, as below, suscepturum fuisse. So in the direct narration we might have, though exceptionally, non conabantur nisi cernerent for non conati essent nisi vidissent. — CERNERENT: see n. on 13 quaereretur. — UT ... GLORIER: in Arch. 30 Cic. makes the same reflections in almost the same words about his own achievements. — ALIQUID: see n. on 1 quid.

P. 34. — SI ISDEM etc.: cf. Arch. 29 si nihil animus praesentiret ... dimicaret. — AETATEM: = vitam. — TRADUCERE: cf. Tusc. 3, 25 volumus hoc quod datum est vitae tranquille placideque traducere. — NESCIO QUO MODO: A. 210, f, Rem.; G. 469, Rem. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). — ERIGENS SE: Acad. 2, 127 erigimur, elatiores fieri videmur. — HAUD ... NITERETUR: in Cicero's speeches haud scarcely occurs except before adverbs and the verb scio; in the philosophical writings and in the Letters before many other verbs. — IMMORTALITATIS GLORIAM: so Balb. 16 sempiterni nominis gloriam. Cf. also Arch. 26 trahimur omnes studio laudis et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur.

83. NON VIDERE: either non videre or non item was to be expected, as Cicero does not often end sentences or clauses with non. — COLUI ET DILEXI: so 26 coluntur et diliguntur. — VIDENDI: Cic. for the most part avoids the genitive plural of the gerundive in agreement with a noun, and uses the gerund as here. Meissner notes that Latin has no verb with the sense 'to see again', which a modern would use here. — CONSCRIPSI: in the Origines. — QUO: = ad quos; see n. on 12 fore unde. — PELIAN: a mistake of Cicero's. It was not Pelias but his half-brother Aeson, father of Iason, whom Medea made young again by cutting him to pieces and boiling him in her enchanted cauldron. She, however, induced the daughters of Pelias to try the same experiment with their father; the issue, of course, was very different. Plautus, Pseud. 3, 2, 80 seems to make the same mistake. — SI QUIS DEUS: the present subjunctive is noticeable; strictly, an impossible condition should require the past tense, but in vivid passages an impossible condition is momentarily treated as possible. So Cic. generally says si reviviscat aliquis, not revivisceret. — DECURSO SPATIO: 'when I have run my race'. See n. on 14. Lucretius 3, 1042 oddly has decurso lumine vitae. — AD CARCERES A CALCE: carceres were the barriers behind which the horses and cars stood waiting for the race; calx ([Greek: gramme]), literally 'a chalked line', was what we should call 'the winning post'. Cf. Lael. 101; Tusc. 1, 15 nunc video calcem ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil sit praeterea extimescendum.

84. HABEAT: concessive. A. 266, c; G. 257; H. 484, 3. — MULTI ET EI DOCTI: as Naegelsbach, Stilistik Sec. 25, 5, remarks, Cic. always uses this phrase and not multi docti. One of the books Cic. has in view is no doubt that of Hegesias, a Cyrenaic philosopher, mentioned in Tusc. 1, 84. — COMMORANDI ... DIVORSORIUM: 'a hostelry wherein to sojourn'. The idea has been expressed in literature in a thousand ways. Cf. Lucr. 3, 938 cur non ut plenus vitae conviva recedis; Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 118 vita cedat uti conviva satur. Cicero often insists that heaven is the vera aeternaque domus of the soul (cf. Tusc. 1, 118). Cf. Epist. to the Hebrews, 13, 14 'Here have we no continuing city, but we seek one to come'. — CONCILIUM COETUMQUE: so in Rep. 6, 13 concilia coetusque hominum quae civitates vocantur. The words here seem to imply that the real civitas is above; what seems to men a civitas is merely a disorganized crowd.

P. 35. — CATONEM MEUM: see 15, 68; so Cicero in his letters often calls his own son meus Cicero. — NEMO VIR: see n. on 21 quemquam senem. — QUOD CONTRA: = [Greek: ho tounantion], 'whereas on the contrary'; cf. n. on Lael. 90 where, as well as here, many of the editors make the mistake of taking quod to be the accusative governed by contra out of place. — MEUM: sc. corpus cremari. — QUO: put for ad quae, as often. — VISUS SUM: 'people thought I bore up bravely'. — NON QUO ... SED: a relative clause parallel with a categorically affirmative clause. The usage is not uncommon, though Cic. often has non quo ... sed quia. For mood of ferrem see A. 341, d, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 1.; H. 516, II. 2.

85. DIXISTI: in 4. — QUI: here = cum ego, 'since I ...'. — EXTORQUERI VOLO: n. on 2 levari volo. — MINUTI PHILOSOPHI: for the word minutus cf. n. on 46; Cic. has minuti philosophi in Acad. 2, 75; Div. 1, 62; in Fin. 1, 61 minuti et angusti (homines); in Brut. 265 m. imperatores; cf. Suet. Aug. 83 m. pueri. — SENTIAM: future indicative. — PERACTIO: the noun is said to occur only here in Cic.; cf. however 64 peragere; 70. — HAEC ... DICEREM: the same words occur at the end of the Laelius; for habeo quod dicam Cic. often says habeo dicere, as in Balb. 34.

[1] Horace, Ep. 2, 1, 156:—

Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit, et artes Intulit agresti Latio.

[2] De Off. 1, 1 2: philosophandi scientiam concedens multis etc.

[3] To judge rightly of Cicero it must be remembered that he was a politician only by accident: his whole natural bent was towards literature.

[4] To see the truth of this it is only necessary to refer for example to the weight given to the opinions of Cicero in the heated political discussions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

[5] Almost every branch of learning was ranked under the head of Philosophy. Strabo even claimed that one branch of Philosophy was Geography.

[6] 2, 3 interiectus est nuper liber is quem ad nostrum Atticum de senectute misimus. No argument can be founded on the words interiectus est, over which the editors have wasted much ingenuity. They simply mean 'there was inserted in the series of my works'.

[7] See 2, 23.

[8] 14, 21, 3; 16, 3, 1; 16, 11, 3.

[9] See Att. 14, 21, 1.

[10] It was certainly not written, as Sommerbrodt assumes, in the intervals of composing the De Divinatione. The words in 2, 7 of that work—quoniam de re publica consuli coepti sumus etc.—point to the end of September or beginning of October, 44, when Cicero returned to Rome and began to compose his Philippic orations.

[11] Sec. 1.

[12] It is perhaps not a mere accident that the prowess of L. Brutus in liberanda patria is mentioned in Sec. 75. There may be a reference to the latest Brutus who had freed his country.

[13] In March, 45.

[14] Sec. 12.

[15] Sec. 84.

[16] See p. iii. above.

[17] In the notes exact references will be given to the places in the original where the other passages mentioned may be found.

[18] Particularly the first book of the Tusculan Disputations, the De Republica, and the Laelius.

[19] See 4, below.

[20] Sec. 3.

[21] Works on Old Age are said to have been written by Theophrastus and Demetrius Phalereus, either or both of which Cicero might have used. One passage in Sec. 67, facilius in morbos ... tristius curantur, is supposed by many to have been imitated from Hippocrates; but the resemblance is probably accidental. Cf. De Off. 1, 24, 83.

[22] See Sec. 2.

[23] See Att. 16, 11, 3; 16, 3, 1; 14, 21, 3.

[24] Sec. 2.

[25] As Cicero's intention was to set old age in a favorable light, he slights Aristo Cius for giving to Tithonus the chief part in a dialogue on old age. See Sec. 3; cf. also Laelius, Sec. 4.

[26] See below (ii.), 1.

[27] On the whole subject of Aristotle's dialogues see Bernays' monograph, Die Dialoge des Aristoteles.

[28] Sec. 32 quartum ago annum et octogesimum. Cf. Lael. 11 memini Catonem ante quam est mortuus mecum et cum Scipione disserere etc.

[29] Cicero always indicates this date; cf. Sec. 14. Some other writers, as Livy, give, probably wrongly, an earlier date.

[30] He himself says (Festus, p.28l) ego iam a principio in parsimonia atque in duritia atque industria omnem adulescentiam, abstinui agro colendo, saxis Sabinis silicibus repastinandis atque conserendis. Cf. Gell. Noct. Att. 13, 23.

[31] See Cat. M. 44.

[32] Plut. C. 1; Cat. M. Sec.Sec. 18, 32: Cato himself ap. Fest. s.v. ordinarius says quid mihi fieret si non ego stipendia in ordine omnia ordinarius meruissem semper?

[33] Sec. 10.

[34] If Plutarch may be trusted, Cato at the age of 30 had won for himself the title of 'the Roman Demosthenes'.

[35] Sec. 10.

[36] In Sec. 10 Cicero makes the quaestorship fall in 205, but he refers to the election, not to the actual year of office.

[37] Nepos (or pseudo-Nepos), Cat. 1.

[38] Cato afterwards made it a charge against M. Fulvius Nobilior that he had taken Ennius with him on a campaign (Tusc. 1, 3). But Cato used Ennius as soldier while Nobilior employed him as poet.

[39] It is difficult, however, to fix the date of this enactment. Some authorities place it after Cato's return from Spain.

[40] Livy 34, cc. 1-8.

[41] See Livy, 34, 18.

[42] i.e. he was legatus consularis. It was at the time a common thing for ex-consuls to take service under their successors. So Liv. 36, 17, 1, but Cic. Cat. M. c 10 says tribunus militaris.

[43] Cicero's statements throughout the treatise concerning the relations between Cato and Africanus the elder, particularly in Sec. 77 where Cato calls his enemy amicissimus, are audaciously inexact.

[44] See Cato M. Sec. 42.

[45] We possess the titles of 26 speeches delivered during or concerning his censorship.

[46] He is said to have undergone 44 prosecutions, and to have been prosecutor as often.

[47] See Lael. 9; Cat. M. 12 and 84.

[48] Cf. Livy, 39, 40.

[49] The common view is that Cato said nothing of Roman history from 509-266 B.C.

[50] Cf. Cic. pro Arch. 7, 16.

[51] See Coulanges, 'Ancient City', Bk. II. Ch. 4.

[52] See Sec.Sec. 12, 41 etc.

[53] De Or. 2, 170; Fam. 9, 21, 3; Qu. Fr. 2, 3, 3.

[54] In De Re Publica 2, 1 Cicero makes Scipio talk extravagantly of Cato.

[55] See Introduction to the Laelius, pp. vi, vii.

[56] A. = Allen and Greenough's Grammar, Revised Ed.; G. = Gildersleeve's Grammar; H. = Harkness's Grammar, Rev. Ed. of 1881. In quoting from the works of Cicero reference is made to sections, not to chapters.

THE END