23. HESIODUM: see n. on 54. — Simoniden: Simonides of Ceos (not S. of Amorgos), one of the greatest Greek lyric poets, lived from 556 to about 469 B.C. — STESICHORUM: of Himera in Sicily, also a lyric poet; lived from about 630 to about 556 B.C. — ISOCRATEN GORGIAN: nn. on 13. — PHILOSOPHORUM PRINCIPES: 'in the first rank of philosophers'. — PYTHAGORAN: neither the date of his birth nor that of his death can be determined; he 'flourished' about 530. He lived mostly in the Greek settlements of lower Italy, where his school existed for some centuries after his death. — DEMOCRITUM: of Abdera, one of the originators of the theory of atoms; said to have lived from 460 to 361 or 357 B.C. — XENOCRATEN after Plato, Speusippus was the first head of the Academic School; Xenocrates succeeded him. He lived from 397 to 315 or 313. — ZENONEM: of Citium in Cyprus, founder of Stoicism, born about 357, is said to have lived to the age of 98. — CLEANTHEN: he followed Zeno in the presidency of the Stoic school. His age at death is variously given as 99 and as 80 years. — QUEM VIDISTIS: see Introd. It is rather curious that Cic. should make Cato speak with admiration of Diogenes, to whom he had shown great hostility. — DIOGENEN: Cic. probably wrote in -an, -en, not in -am, -em the accusatives of Greek proper names in -as, -es. — STOICUM: to distinguish him from Diogenes the Cynic. — AGITATIO: Cic. uses agitatio and actio almost interchangeably; cf. agitatio rerum in De Or. 3, 88 with actio rerum in Acad. 2, 62 and elsewhere. Actus in this sense occurs only in silver Latin.

24. AGE: a common form of transition to a new subject; brief for 'hoc age', 'do this', i.e. 'attend to this that I am going to say'. The common use of [Greek: age] in Greek is exactly similar. UT ... OMITTAMUS: Cf. n. on 52 ut. POSSUM NOMINARE: 'I am able to name'; in colloquial English 'I might name'. The Latins occasionally use also a hypothetical form, where possim or possem stands in the apodosis of a conditional sentence, the protasis of which is not expressed; but the missing protasis is generally easily supplied and was distinctly present to the writer's mind. E.g. in Tusc. 1, 88 we have dici hoc in te non potest; posset in Tarquinio; at in mortuo ne intellegi quidem (potest), where the reason for the change from potest to posset is quite evident. In translating from English into Latin it is far safer to use the indicative. Cf. 55 possum persequi. A. 311, c; G. 599, Rem. 3; H. 511, 1, n. 3, 476, 4. EX AGRO ... ROMANOS: 'country-bred Romans (i.e. Roman citizens) belonging to the Sabine district'. The words ex agro Sabino form an attributive phrase qualifying Romanos just as rusticos does. NUMQUAM FERE: 'scarcely ever'. MAIORA OPERA: 'farm work of any importance'. This use of opera is common in Vergil's Georgics. NON: the repetition of the negative after numquam is common in Latin; in English never ... not is found in dialects only. Cf. Lael. 48 non tantum ... non plus quam. SERENDIS: ablative of respect, 'as regards sowing'. See Roby 1210; Kennedy, 149. PERCIPIENDIS: so 70; cf. N.D. 2, 156 neque enim serendi neque colendi, nec tempestive demetendi percipiendi que fructus, neque condendi nec reponendi ulla pecudum scientia est. IN ALIIS: see n. on 3 ceteris. Notice the proleptic use. IDEM: a better form of the plural than iidem, commonly found in our texts. For the use here cf. n. on 4 eandem. PERTINERE: present for future. SENT ... PROSINT: the line is given as Ribbeck prints it. He scans it as a 'bacchius', consisting of four feet, with the measurement v - - , the last syllable of saeclo seeming to be shortened. Cicero quotes the same line in Tusc. 1, 31 adding ut ait (Statius) in Synephebis, quid spectans nisi etiam postera saecla ad se pertinere? Saeclo = 'generation'. For mood of prosint see A 317; G. 632, H. 497, I. STATIUS NOSTER: 'our fellow-countryman Statius'. So Arch. 22 Ennius noster. Caecilius Statius, born among the Insubres, wrote Latin comedies which were largely borrowed from the Greek of Menander. The original of the Synephebi was Menander's [Greek: Syne pheboi] 'young comrades'. See Sellar, Rom. Poets of the Rep., Ch. 7.

P. 11. — 25. DIS: the spellings diis, dii which many recent editors still keep, are probably incorrect, at all events it is certain that the nominative and ablative plural of deus formed monosyllables, except occasionally in poetry, where dei, deis were used. Even these dissyllabic forms scarcely occur before Ovid. — ET: emphatic at the beginning of a sentence: 'aye, and'. — MELIUS: sc. dixit. — ILLUD: 'the following' A. 102, b, G. 292, 4; H. 450, 3. — IDEM: idem, not idem. — EDEPOL: literally, 'ah, god Pollux', e being an interjection, de a shortened form of the vocative of deus, pol abbreviated from Pollux. The asseveration is mostly confined to comedy. The lines come from a play by Statius called Plocium ([Greek: plokion] 'necklace'), copied from one by Menander with the same title; see Ribbeck's 'Fragmenta' The verses are iambic trimeters A. 365; G. 754, H. 622. — NIL QUICQUAM: see n. on 21 quemquam senem, cf. the common expression nemo homo, 84 nemo vir, etc. where two substantival words are placed side by side. — VITI: see n. on 1, l 3 praemi Viti here = mali; cf. Ter. Andr. 73 ei vereor ne quid Andria adportet mali. — SAT EST: sat for satis in Cicero's time was old-fashioned and poetical. — QUOD DIU: these words must be scanned as a spondee. The i in diu here probably had the sound of our y. A. 347, c, G. 717; H. 608, III. n. 2. Allen well compares a line of Publilius Syrus heu quam multa paenitenda incurrunt vivendo diu. — VOLT: indefinite subject. — VIDET: Tischer quotes Herod. 1, 32 (speech of Solon to Croesus) [Greek: en gar toi makroi chronoi polla men estin ideein, ta me tis ethelei, polla de kai patheein]. — TUM EQUIDEM etc.: these lines, as well as those above, occurred in a play of Statius called 'Ephesio' see Ribbeck's 'Fragmenta'. — SENECTA: not used by prose writers before the time of silver Latin. — DEPUTO: this compound is used by the dramatists and then does not occur again till late Latin times. — EUMPSE: like ipse and reapse (for which see n. on Lael. 47) this word contains the enclitic particle pe (probably another form of que), found in nem pe, quis-p-iam etc., along with se, which belongs to an old demonstrative pronoun once declined sos, sa, sum, the masc. and fem. of which are seen in [Greek: ho], [Greek: he]. The form was no doubt originally eumpsum, like ipsom (ipsum), but has passed into its present form just as ipsos (nom.) became ipso, then ipse. The only difference in sense between eumpse and the simple eum is that the former is more emphatic. The pronoun eumpse is the subject of the infinitive sentire, but the substantive, senex, to which the pronoun refers, is not expressed. — ODIOSUM: cf. n. on 4.

26. IUCUNDUM ... ODIOSUM: elliptic, = 'iucundum' potius quam 'odiosum' senem esse dicendum est. — UT ... DELECTANTUR: cf. Lael. 101; also below, 29. — SAPIENTES SENES: neither of these words is used as an adjective here; the whole expression = sapientes, cum facti sunt senes. — LEVIOR: cf. the fragm. of Callimachus: [Greek: geraskei d' ho geron keinos elaphroteron, ton kouroi phileousi]. — COLUNTUR ET DILIGUNTUR: colere rather implies the external marks of respect (cf. coli in 7), diligere the inner feeling of affection. — PRAECEPTIS etc.: cf. Off. 1, 122 ineuntis enim aetatis inscitia senum constituenda et regenda prudentia est. — ME ... IUCUNDOS: put for me iucundum esse quam vos mihi estis iucundi. The attraction of a finite verb into the infinitive after quam is not uncommon; cf. n. on 1 quibus me ipsum (Roby, 1784, b; A. 336, b, Rem.; H. 524, 1, 2). Minus, be it observed, does not qualify intellego, but iucundos. — SED: here analeptic, i.e. it introduces a return to the subject proper after a digression, so in 31. — VIDETIS, UT ... SIT: here ut = quo modo; 'how'. — SENECTUS ... CUIUSQUE: the abstract senectus is put for senes as in 34; hence cuiusque, sc. senis. So above adulescentia = adulescentes. — AGENS ALIQUID: this phrase differs from agat in that while the subjunctive would express the fact of action, the participial phrase expresses rather the constant tendency to act. Agens aliquid forms a sort of attribute to senectus, parallel with operosa. Moliri differs from agere in that it implies the bringing into existence of some object. Cf. Off. 3, 102 agere aliquid et moliri volunt; Acad. 2, 22 ut moliatur aliquid et faciat; N.D. 1, 2 utrum di nihil agant, nihil moliantur; Mur. 82 et agant et moliantur. — QUID ... ALIQUID: for the ellipsis in quid qui cf. n. on 22 quid ... Addiscunt = [Greek: promanthanousi] = learn on and on, go on learning. — UT ... VIDEMUS: put, as Allen observes, for ut Solon fecit, quem videmus. — SOLONEM: see also 50. The line (versibus here is an exaggeration; in 50 it is versiculus) is preserved by Plato in his Timaeus and by Plutarch, Sol. 31 [Greek: gaerasko d' aei polla didaskomenos]. The age of Solon at his death is variously given as 80 or 100 years. — VIDEMUS: the Latins frequently use 'we see' for 'we read'. See n. on Lael. 39, also below, 69 ut scriptum video. — GLORIANTEM: A. 292, e; G. 536, 527, Rem. 1; H. 535, I. 4. Notice the change to the infinitive in uti below. — SENEX: i.e. cum senex essem; so 27 adulescens desiderabam; 30 memini puer. Plutarch (Cato 2) gives an account of Cato's study of Greek in his old age. — SIC: this word does not qualify avide, but refers on to quasi, so that sic ... quasi cupiens = 'thus, viz. like one desiring'. Cf. n. on 12 ita cupide fruebar quasi; also 35 tamquam ... sic. Quasi serves to soften the metaphor in sitim; cf. n. on Lael. 3. — CUPIENS: after quasi a finite verb (cuperem) would have been more usual, as in 12 ita ... quasi divinarem. Cf. however 22 quasi desipientem. — EA IPSA MIHI: for the juxtaposition of pronouns, which is rather sought after in Latin, cf. 72 ipsa suum eadem quae. — EXEMPLIS: = pro exemplis, or exemplorum loco (cf. n. on 21 Lysimachum), so that those editors are wrong who say that we have here an example of the antecedent thrust into the relative clause, as though ea ipsa quibus exemplis were put for ea ipsa exempla quibus. — QUOD: = ut cum iam senex esset disceret. — SOCRATEN: Cic. probably learned this fact from Plato's Menexenus 235 E and Euthydemus 272 C where Connus is named as the teacher of Socrates in music. In the Euthydemus Socrates says that the boys attending Connus' lessons laughed at him and called Connus [Greek: gerontodidaskalon]. Cf. also Fam. 9, 22, 3 Socraten fidibus docuit nobilissimus fidicen; is Connus vocitatus est; Val. Max. 8, 7, 8. — IN FIDIBUS: 'in the case of the lyre'. Tuecking quotes Quintilian 9, 2, 5 quod in fidibus fieri vidimus. The Greek word cithara is not used by Cicero and does not become common in Latin prose till long after Cicero's time, though he several times uses the words citharoedus, citharista, when referring to Greek professional players. The word lyra too is rare in early prose; it occurs in Tusc. 1, 4 in connection with a Greek, where in the same sentence fides is used as an equivalent. — AUDIREM: for audire = legendo cognoscere see n. on 20. — VELLEM: sc. si possem. — DISCEBANT ... ANTIQUI: doubts have been felt as to the genuineness of the clause. In Tusc. 4, 3 a passage of Cato is quoted which refers to the use of the tibia among the ancient Romans; immediately afterwards the antiquity of practice on the fides at Rome is mentioned, though not expressly on Cato's authority. The words cannot be said to be unsuited either to the person or to the occasion. — DISCEBANT ... FIDIBUS: the verb canere, which means 'to play' as well as 'to sing', must be supplied; fidibus is then an ablative of the means or instrument. There is the same ellipsis of canere in the phrases docere fidibus (Fam. 9, 22, 3) and scire fidibus (Terence, Eunuchus 133). Cf. Roby, 1217.

P. 12. — 27. NE ... QUIDEM: these two words together correspond to the Greek [Greek: oude] ([Greek: ou] = ne, [Greek: de] = quidem), and are best translated here by 'nor' rather than by 'not even'. The rendering 'not even', though required by some passages, will often misrepresent the Latin. — LOCUS: locus (like [Greek: topos] in Greek) is a rhetorical term with a technical meaning. The pleader is to anticipate the arguments he may find it necessary to use in different cases, and is to arrange them under certain heads; each head is called a [Greek: topos] or locus, meaning literally the place where a pleader is to look for an argument when wanted. Hence locus came to mean 'a cut-and-dried argument' or, as here, a 'commonplace'. It is often found in Cicero's rhetorical writings. — NON PLUS QUAM: 'any more than'. After the negative ne above it is incorrect to translate non by a negative in English, though the repetition of the negative is common enough in Latin, as in some English dialects. Cf. n. on 24. Plus here = magis. — QUOD EST: sc. tibi, 'what you have', so Paradoxa 18 and 52 satis esse, quod est. — AGAS: quisquis is generally accompanied by the indicative, as in Verg. Aen. 2, 49 quidquid id est etc.; see Roby, 1697; A. 309, c; G. 246, 4; H. 476, 3. The subjunctive is here used, with the imaginary second person, to render prominent the hypothetical and indefinite character of the verb statement. Roby, 1544-1546; Madvig, 370, 494, Obs. 5, (6). — VOX: 'utterance'; the word is used only of speeches in some way specially remarkable. — CONTEMPTIOR: 'more despicable'. The passive participle of contemno has the sense of an adjective in -bilis, like invictus and many others. — MILONIS: the most famous of the Greek athletes. He lived at the end of the sixth century B.C., and the praises of his victories were sung by Simonides. It was under his leadership that his native city Croton, in Magna Graecia, attacked and destroyed Sybaris. Many stories are told by the ancients about his feats of strength (see 33), and about his power of consuming food. He is said to have been a prominent disciple of Pythagoras. — ILLACRIMANS: beware of spelling lacrima with either ch for c or y for i; these spellings are without justification. The y rests on the absurd assumption that the Latins borrowed their word lacrima straight from the Greek [Greek: dakry]. — DIXISSE: combinations like dicitur dixisse are exceedingly rare in good Latin. Cicero nearly always uses two different verbs; i.e. he says aiunt dicere and the like. — AT: there is an ellipsis here such as 'those young men's muscles are powerful but ...'. This elliptic use of at is common in sudden exclamations of grief, annoyance, surprise etc. — VERO: this is common in emphatic replies, whether the reply convey assent, or, as here, a retort. The usage is well illustrated in Naegelsbach's Stilistik, Sec. 197, 2. — TAM: sc. mortui sunt. — NUGATOR: nugari = [Greek: lerein], 'to trifle'. — EX TE: Cato here identifies a man's person with his soul and intellect, the body being regarded as a mere dress; cf. Rep. 6, 26 mens cuiusque is est quisque. Ex te, literally, 'out of yourself', i.e. 'from your real self's resources'. — LATERIBUS: see n. on 14. — AELIUS: his cognomen was Paetus; he was consul in 198, and censor in 194 B.C. He was one of the earliest and most famous writers on Roman Law. His great commentary on the XII tables is often referred to by Cicero, who several times quotes Ennius' line about him. — egregie cordatus homo catus Aelius Sextus. — TALE: sc. dixit. — CORUNCANIUS: n. on 15. — P. CRASSUS: consul in 205 B.C. with the elder Africanus; pontifex maximus from 212 to his death in 183. He was famous both as a lawyer (see below, 50; also Liv. 30, 1, 5 iuris pontifici peritissimus) and as a statesman (see 61). Modo therefore covers a space of at least 33 years, so that it cannot well be translated by our 'lately'; say rather 'nearer our time'. The amount of time implied by modo and nuper depends entirely on the context; for modo see Lael. 6 with note, for nuper below, n. on 61, where it is used of Crassus as modo is here. — PRAESCRIBEBANTUR: the meaning is that these lawyers practised in old age as jurisconsults, i.e. according to old Roman custom, they gave audience in the early hours of the day to all who chose to consult them about legal difficulties. — EST PROVECTA: literally 'was carried forward', i.e. 'continued', 'remained'. Some wrongly take the phrase to mean 'made progress', 'increased', a sense which would require the imperfect, provehebatur. — PRUDENTIA: here, as often, 'legal skill'.

28. ORATOR: emphatic position. — SENECTUTE: causal ablative; not 'in age', but 'owing to age'. — OMNINO — SED TAMEN: 'no doubt — but still'. Omnino (literally, 'altogether') has two almost exactly opposite uses — (1) the affirmative, cf. 9; (2) the concessive, which we have here and in 45. The circumstance which is contrasted with the admitted circumstance is usually introduced by sed tamen or sed as in 45, but in Lael. 98 by the less emphatic autem, while in Lael. 69 there is no introductory particle. — CANORUM ... SENECTUTE: canorum implies the combination of power with clearness in a voice. For the mixture of metaphors in canorum splendescit edd. quote Soph. Phil. 189 [Greek: acho telephanes]; Cic. De Or. 2, 60 illorum tactu orationem meam quasi colorari. — NESCIO QUO PACTO: literally, 'I know not on what terms'; quite interchangeable with nescio quo modo; cf. 82. A. 334, e; G. 469, Rem. 2; H. 529, 5, 3). — ADHUC NON: purposely put for nondum, because more emphasis is thus thrown both on the time-word and on the negation. The common view that nondum was avoided because it would have implied that Cato expected to lose the canorum is certainly wrong. — ET VIDETIS: 'though you see my years'. The adversative use of et for autem or tamen after the negative is not very uncommon in Cicero, but there are few examples of the usage in the speeches. Cf. Lael. 26 et quidquid; so sometimes que as above, 13; also Lael. 30 ut nullo egeat suaque omnia in se posita iudicet. — SENI: Madvig's em. for senis. In Leg. 1, 11 allusion is made to the great change which advancing years had wrought in Cicero's own impassioned oratory. He was no doubt thinking of that change when he wrote the words we have here. — SERMO: 'style of speaking'; a word of wider meaning than oratio, which only denotes public speaking. — QUIETUS ET REMISSUS: 'subdued and gentle'. The metaphor in remissus (which occurs also in 81) refers to the loosening of a tight-stretched string; cf. intentum etc. in 37 with n. With the whole passage cf. Plin. Ep. 3, 1, 2 nam iuvenes confusa adhuc quaedam et quasi turbata non indecent; senibus placida omnia et ordinata conveniunt. — FACIT AUDIENTIAM: 'procures of itself a hearing for it'. In the words per se ipsa there is no doubt an allusion to the custom at large meetings in ancient times whereby the praeco or [Greek: keryx] called on the people to listen to the speakers. Cf. Liv. 43, 16, 8 praeconem audientiam facere iussit. Note that this is the only classical use of the word audientia; it has not the meaning of our 'audience' either in the sense of a body of listeners, or as used in the expression 'to give audience'. — COMPOSITA ET MITIS: 'unimpassioned and smooth'. Cf. Quintil. 6, 2, 9 affectus igitur hos concitatos, illos mitis atque compositos esse dixerunt. — QUAM ... NEQUEAS: 'and if you cannot practise oratory yourself'. Evidently quam refers to oratio in the widest sense, not to the special style of oratory mentioned in the last sentence. With si nequeas cf. nisi exerceas in 21 with n. — SCIPIONI ET LAELIO: 'a Scipio and a Laelius'; i.e. 'young friends such as Scipio and Laelius are to me'. — PRAECIPERE: here absolute, = praecepta dare; usually an accusative follows. — STUDIIS IUVENTUTIS: 'the zeal of youth'. Studiis does not imply here the deference of youth to age; the studia meant are the virtutum studia of 26.

29. NE ... INSTRUAT: docere is to impart knowledge, instituere (literally 'to ground' or 'establish') is to form the intellect and character by means of knowledge, instruere, to teach the pupil how he may bring his acquirements to bear in practical life. — OFFICI MUNUS: 'performance of duty'; cf. 35, 72; Fam. 6, 14. In scores of passages in Cicero we find officium et munus, 'duty and function', as in 34. — CN. ET P. SCIPIONES: in Cic. the plural is always used where two men of the same family are mentioned and their names connected by et. In other writers the plural is regular, the singular exceptional, as in Sall. Iug. 42, 1 Ti. et C. Gracchus; Liv. 6, 22 Sp. et L. Papirius. Even with other nouns the plural is regular; e.g. Cic. Phil. 2, 101 arationes Campana et Leontina, though a little above we have mense Aprili atque Maio. [See Draeger, Hist. Synt. 1 squared, p. 1.] Gnaeus (not Cnaeus — see n. on Lael. 3) Cornelius Scipio was consul in 222 B.C. and was sent to Spain at the outbreak of the Second Punic war to command against Hasdrubal. Publius was consul in 218, and after being defeated by Hannibal at the Ticinus, joined his brother in Spain. At first they won important successes, but in 212 they were hemmed in and killed, after a crushing defeat. — L. AEMILIUS: the father of Macedonicus. He was consul in 219 and defeated the Illyrii; but when consul again in 216 was defeated and killed at Cannae. See 75. For avi duo cf. 82. — CONSENUERINT ... DEFECERINT: coniunctio, for which see n. on 16. For the mood see A. 313, a; G. 608; H. 515, III. and n. 3. — ETSI: see n. on 2. — SENECTUTE: MSS. and edd. have senectutis, but the sense requires the abl.

P. 13. — 30. CYRUS: the elder. — APUD XENOPHONTEM: 'in Xenophon'; so in 79 where see n.; also 31 apud Homerum. See Cyropaedia, 8, 7, 6. — CUM ... ESSET: 'though he was very old', the clause depends on the following words, not on the preceding. — NEGAT: in Latin as in English the present tense is used in quotations from books. — METELLUM: was consul in 251 B.C. and won a great victory over the Carthaginians at Panormus (Palermo); consul again in 247. See below, 61. — MEMINI ... ESSE: for the construction of memini with the present or perfect infinitive, see n. on Lael. 2; also A. 288, b; G. 277, Rem.; H. 537, 1. — PUER: the expression is peculiar, being abbreviated from quod puer vidi or something of the kind. Quintil. 8, 3, 31 has memini iuvenis. In Rep. 1, 23 Cicero says memini me admodum adulescentulo. — VIGINTI ET DUOS: the commoner order of the words is duos et viginti; see n. on 13 centum ... annos. — EI SACERDOTIO: 'that sacred college'; i.e. the pontifical college consisting of the pontifex maximus and the inferior pontifices. — REQUIRERET: see n. on 13 quaereretur. — NIHIL: n. on 1, l. 1 quid. — MIHI: dat. for acc. to emphasize the person. — ID: 'such a course'; cf. 82 ut de me ipse aliquid more senum glorier.

31. VIDETISNE UT: here ne is the equivalent of nonne, as it often is in the Latin of Plautus and Terence, and in the colloquial Latin of the classical period. For ut after videtis see n. on 26. — NESTOR: e.g. in Iliad 1, 260 et seq. 11, 668 et seq. — TERTIAM AETATEM: cf. Iliad 1, 250; Odyssey 3, 245. — VERA ... SE: 'if he told the truth about himself'. — NIMIS: 'to any great extent'. Insolens does not correspond to our 'insolent'; it is almost the equivalent of ineptus, and has no harsher meaning than 'odd', 'strange', 'in bad taste'. — MELLE DULCIOR: Homer, Il. 1, 249 [Greek: tou kai apo glosses melitos glykion rheen aude]. In Or. 32 Cic. says of Xenophon (whom the Greeks called [Greek: Attike melitta]) that his oratio was melle dulcior. — SUAVITATEM: notice the change from dulcior, which seems to be made for the mere sake of variety, since elsewhere (De Or. 3, 161) Cicero writes dulcitudo orationis. — ET TAMEN: see n. on 16. — DUX ILLE: Agamemnon; see Iliad 2, 370 et seq. — NUSQUAM: i.e. nowhere in Homer. — AIACIS: i.e. Aiax Telamonius, who was the greatest Greek warrior while Achilles sulked (Iliad 2, 768). The genitive after similis is the rule in Cicero, though many examples of the dative are found even with names of persons; see Madv. on Fin. 5, 12.

32. SED: see n. on 26. — REDEO AD ME: so 45; Lael. 96, Div. 1, 97 ad nostra iam redeo; also below, 67 sed redeo ad mortem impendentem. — VELLEM: see n. on. 26. — IDEM: A. 238; G. 331, Rem. 2; H. 371, 2. — QUOD CYRUS: see 30. — QUEO: the verb queo is rarely found without a negative, possum being used in positive sentences; cf. however Lael. 71 queant, where see n. — MILES etc.: see 10 above. — FUERIM ... DEPUGNAVI: A. 336, b; G. 630, Rem. 1; H. 524, 2, 2. Depugnavi = 'fought the war out', or 'to the end'; cf. 38, desudans; 44 devicerat. — ENERVAVIT: enervare is literally 'to take out the sinews'; cf. the expressions nervos elidere (Tusc. 2, 27) and nervos incidere (Academ. 1, 35) both of which are used in a secondary or metaphorical sense. — CURIA: = senatus. — ROSTRA: cf. n. on 44 devicerat. — FIERI: A. 331, a; G. 546, Rem. 1; H. 498, I. n. — ESSE: emphatic, = vivere; see n. on 21. — EGO VERO etc.: 'I however would rather that my old age should be shorter than that I should be old before my time'. — MALLEM: see n. on 26 vellem.

P. 14. — NEMO CUI FUERIM: cf. Plaut. Mercator 2, 2, 17 quamquam negotium est, numquam sum occupatus amico operam dare.

33. AT: as in 21, where see n. — T. PONTI CENTURIONIS: the centurions were generally men of powerful frame; cf. Veget. 2, 14 centurio elegendus est, qui sit magnis viribus et procera statura; Philipp. 8, 26 centuriones pugnaces et lacertosos; Horat. Sat. 1, 6, 72. — MODERATIO: 'a right application'; literally 'a governing'. — TANTUM ... NITATUR: cf. 27 quidquid agas agere pro viribus, also 434 quantum possumus. — NE: the affirmative ne, often wrongly written nae on the absurd assumption that the word passed into Latin from the Greek [Greek: nai], is in Cicero always and in other writers nearly always followed by a pronoun. For the form of the sentence here cf. Fam. 7, 1, 3 ne ... nostrum; Tusc. 3, 8 ne ista etc.; Fin. 3, 11 (almost the same words). — PER STADIUM: 'over the course'; cf. Athenaeus 10. 4, p. 412 E; Lucian, Charon, 8; Quint. 1, 9, 5 Milo quem vitulum assueverat ferre, taurum ferebat. As to Milo see n. on 27. For cum sustineret a modern would have been inclined to use a participle, which was perhaps avoided here because of the close proximity of another participle, ingressus. — UMERIS: this spelling is better than humeris, which is now abandoned by the best scholars. There is no sound corresponding to the h in words of the same origin in cognate languages (see Curtius, Greek Etym. 1, 423 of the Eng. Trans.), and although undoubtedly h was wrongly attached to some Latin words, there is no evidence to show that this happened to umerus. — HAS: i.e. Milonis, corresponding to Pythagorae. — PYTHAGORAE: chosen no doubt because tradition made Milo a Pythagorean; see n. on 27. — MALIS: i.e. si optandum sit (cf. Plaut. Miles 170). For the ellipsis see n. on 26. — DENIQUE: 'in short'. — UTARE: the second person of the present subjunctive hortative is very rare, excepting when, as here, the command is general. Had the command been addressed to a particular person, Cicero might have written ne requisieris. Cf. Madvig, Opusc. 2, 105; Roby, 1596; A. 266, a, b; G. 256, 2; H. 484, 4, n. 2. — DUM ADSIT, CUM ABSIT: as both dum and cum evidently have here a temporal sense, the subjunctives seem due to the influence of the other subjunctives utare and requiras. A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1). — NISI FORTE: see n. on 18. — CURSUS: for the metaphor cf. n. on 83; also Fam. 8, 13, 1 (a letter of Coelius) aetate iam sunt decursa; pro Quint. 99 acta aetas decursaque. For certus cf. below, 72 senectutis certus terminus. — AETATIS: here = vitae; see n. on 5. — EAQUE: this is a common way of introducing with emphasis a fresh epithet or predicate. Often idque ([Greek: kai touto]) occurs, the pronoun being then adverbially used, and not in agreement with the subject. Cf. n. on 65 illius quidem; also neque ea in 22. — SIMPLEX: life is compared to a race, in which each man has to run once and only once around the course. — TEMPESTIVITAS: 'seasonableness'; cf. 5 maturitate tempestiva, with n. — INFIRMITAS: the context shows that not physical but intellectual weakness is meant; so in Acad. 2, 9 infirmissimo tempore aetatis; Fin. 5, 43 aetas infirma. — FEROCITAS: 'exultation', 'high spirit'. — IAM CONSTANTIS AETATIS: i.e. middle age, the characteristic of which is stability; cf. 76 constans aetas quae media dicitur; also 60; Tac. A. 6, 46 composita aetas. For iam cf. Suet. Galb. 4 aetate nondum constanti; pro Caelio 41 aetas iam corroborata; Fam. 10, 3, 2 aetas iam confirmata. — MATURITAS: 'ripeness', i.e. of intellect or judgment. — SUO: G. 295, Rem. 1; H. 449, 2.

34. AUDIRE TE ARBITROR: 'I think that news reaches you'. — HOSPES: see n. on 28 orator. — AVITUS: there was a strong friendship between the elder Africanus and Masinissa, king of Numidia, who in 206 B.C. passed over from the Carthaginian alliance to that of the Romans. He was richly rewarded by Scipio, and remained loyal to Rome till his death. He lived to welcome the younger Scipio in Africa during the last Punic war, and to see the utter ruin of Carthage. See Sall. Iug. 5, 4. For the expression hospes tuus avitus cf. Plautus, Miles 135 paternum suom hospitem. — CUM INGRESSUS etc.: i.e. protracted exercise of one kind did not weary him. — CUM ... EQUO: though Cic. says in equo vehi, esse, sedere etc. the preposition here is left out because a mere ablative of manner or means is required to suit the similar ablative pedibus. So Div. 2, 140 equus in quo vehebar, 'the horse on which I rode'; but ib. 1, 58 equo advectus ad ripam, 'brought to the bank by the aid of a horse'. — SICCITATEM: 'wiriness', literally 'dryness' or freedom from excessive perspiration, colds and the like; cf. Tusc. 5, 99 siccitatem quae consequitur continentiam in victu; Catull. 23, 12 corpora sicciora cornu. — REGIS: here = regia. — OFFICIA ET MUNERA: see n. on 29. — NE SINT: 'grant that age has no strength'. This formula of concession for argument's sake is frequent in Cicero, who often attaches to it sane. A. 266, d; G. 610; H. 515, III. — SENECTUTE = senibus: see n. on 26. — LEGIBUS ET INSTITUTIS: 'by statute and precedent'. — MUNERIBUS EIS etc.: chiefly military service. — NON MODO ... SED NE QUIDEM: when a negative follows non modo these words have the force of non modo non, a negative being borrowed from the negative in the subsequent clause. But often non modo non is written; the negative after modo is then more emphatic, being independent. Here non modo non quod non would have had a harsh sound. A. 149, e; G. 484, 3 and Rem. 1.; H. 552, 2. — QUOD: adv. acc. (see n. on 1 quid). Cf. Liv. 6, 15 sed vos id cogendi estis.

35. AT: as in 21, where see n. In his reply Cato adopts the same form as that in which the objection is urged, at id quidem etc. So in 68 at senex ... at est ...

P. 15. — COMMUNE VALETUDINIS: 'common to weak health', i.e. to all in a weak state of health. Valetudo means in itself neither good nor bad health; the word takes its coloring from the context. — FILIUS IS QUI: a pause must be made at filius; the sense is not 'that son of Africanus who adopted you', but 'the son of Africanus, I mean the man who adopted you'. — QUOD NI ITA FUISSET: 'now if this had not been so'; a phrase like quod cum ita sit and hoc ita dici. Cf. also 67 quod ni ita accideret; 82 quod ni ita se haberet. — ALTERUM ... CIVITATIS: illud is put for ille, by attraction to lumen. Roby, 1068. A. 195, d; G. 202, Rem. 5; H. 445, 4. Cf. Fin. 2, 70 Epicurus, hoc enim vestrum lumen est, 'Epicurus, for he is your shining light'. — VITIA: 'defects'. — DILIGENTIA: scarcely corresponds to our 'diligence'; it rather implies minute, patient attention; 'painstaking'.

36. HABENDA ... VALETUDINIS: 'attention must be paid to health'; so valetudini consulere (Fam. 16, 4, 3) operam dare (De Or. I, 265) indulgere (Fam. 16, 18, 1) valetudinem curare often; cf. also Fam. 10, 35, 2; Fin. 2, 64. — TANTUM: restrictive, = 'only so much'; so in 69, and often. — POTIONIS: cibus et potio is the regular Latin equivalent for our 'food and drink'; see below, 46; also Tusc. 5, 100; Fin. 1, 37; Varro de Re Rust. 1, 1, 5. — ADHIBENDUM: adhibere has here merely the sense of 'to employ' or 'to use'. Cf. Fin. 2, 64. — NON: we should say 'and not' or 'but not'; the Latins, however, are fond of asyndeton, called adversativum, when two clauses are contrasted. — MENTI ... ANIMO: properly mens is the intellect, strictly so called, animus intellect and feeling combined, but the words are often very loosely used. They often occur together in Latin; Lucretius has even mens animi. — INSTILLES: see n. on 21 exerceas. — ET: 'moreover'. — EXERCITANDO: in good Latin the verb exercitare is rare except in exercitatus, which stands as participle to exerceo, exercitus being unused. The word seems to have been chosen here as suiting exercitationibus better than exercendo would. So in 47 desideratio is chosen rather than desiderium, to correspond with the neighboring titillatio. — AIT: sc. esse; the omission with aio is rare, though common with dico, appello etc.; see n. on 22. — COMICOS: not 'comic' in our sense, but = in comoediis, 'represented in comedy'. So Rosc. Am. 47 comicum adulescentem, 'the young man of comedy'. The passage of Caecilius (see n. on 24 Statius) is more fully quoted in Lael. 99. — CREDULOS: in almost every Latin comedy there is some old man who is cheated by a cunning slave. — SOMNICULOSAE: the adj. contains a diminutive noun stem (somniculo-). — PETULANTIA: 'waywardness'. — NON PROBORUM: Cic. avoids improborum as being too harsh; with exactly similar feeling Propertius 3, 20, 52 (ed. Paley) says nec proba Pasiphae for et improba P. Cf. Off. 3, 36 error hominum non proborum. — ISTA: implying contempt. A. 102, c; G. 291, Rem.; H. 450, 1. n. and foot-note 4. — DELIRATIO: 'dotage'; a rare word, used by Cic. only here and in Div. 2, 90.

37. ROBUSTOS: 'sturdy'; implying that the sons were grown up. — TANTAM: sc. quantam habuit; only a little more emphatic than magnam would have been; see n. on 52. — APPIUS: see n. on 16. — REGEBAT: the pater familias in early Roman times was an almost irresponsible ruler over his children and household. For a full discussion of the patria potestas see Coulanges, Ancient City, Bk. II. Ch. 8; Maine, Ancient Law, Ch. 5; Hadley, Introd. to Roman Law, Chapters 5 and 6. — ET ... SENEX: 'though both blind and old'. — INTENTUM: commonly used of animus, like the opposite remissus (28). — TENEBAT etc.: the patria potestas is often denoted by the word imperium; cf. De Invent. 2, 140 imperium domesticum. — VIGEBAT etc.: 'in him ancestral spirit and principles were strong'. While animus patrius here evidently means the strong will for which the patrician Claudii were proverbial (as e.g. in Rosc. Am. 46 intellegere qui animus patrius sit in liberos) it indicates the feeling of a particular father for his children.

P. 16. — 38. ITA: = ea lege 'on these conditions, viz. ...', the clause with si being an explanation of ita. This correspondence of ita ... si is common in Cicero; see n. on 12 ita ... quasi. Here translate 'age can only be in honor if it fights for itself'. — SE IPSA: cf. Cic. Acad. 2, 36 veritas se ipsa defendet; see also the n. on 4. — SI ... EST: 'if it has passed into bondage to nobody'. Mancipium is a piece of property; emancipare is to pass a piece of property out of its owner's hands. The word acquired two exactly opposite meanings. When used of a slave, or of a son in patria potestate, who was legally subject to many of the same ordinances as a slave, it means 'to set free', unless, as in Fin. I, 24 filium in adoptionem D. Silano emancipaverat, some person is mentioned to whom the original owner makes over his rights. But in Plaut. Bacchid. 1, 1, 90 mulier, tibi me emancupo the sense is 'I enslave myself to you', i.e. 'I pass myself out of my own power into yours'. So in the well-known passage of Horace, Epod. 9, 12 (of Antony) emancipatus feminae 'enslaved to a woman'; cf Cic. Phil. 2, 51 venditum atque emancipatum tribunatum. — SENILE ALIQUID ... ALIQUID ADULESCENTIS: chiasmus. For the sense cf. 33 ferocitas iuvenum ... senectutis maturitas. — QUOD QUI SEQUITUR: 'and he who strives after this', i.e. to combine the virtues of age and youth. Cf. Aesch. Sept. 622 [Greek: geronta ton noun sarka d' hebosan phuei] — MIHI ... EST IN MANIBUS: 'I have on hand', 'am busy with'. Cf. n. on 22. — ORIGINUM: as to Cato's literary labors see Introd. — OMNIA COLLIGO: referring to the materials Cato was collecting for his 'Origines'. — QUASCUNQUE DEFENDI: 'as many as I have conducted'. Defendere causam here is simply to act as counsel in a case, whether the client be defendant or plaintiff. So in Lael. 96 and often. — NUNC CUM MAXIME: 'now more than ever', [Greek: nun malista]. The phrase is elliptic; in full it would be 'cum maxime conficio orationes, nunc conficio', 'when I most of all compose speeches, I now compose them'; i.e. 'the time when I most of all compose is now'. The words cum maxime generally follow tum or nunc and add emphasis to those words, but are sometimes used alone to express the ideas 'then' and 'now' more emphatically than tum and nunc would. Cf. Ver. 4, 82; Tac. Ann. 4, 27. The orators were in the habit of working over their speeches carefully for publication and preservation. — IUS AUGURIUM etc.: 'the law pertaining to the augurs and pontifices'; i.e. the principles applied by them in the performance of their duties. The pontifices had the general oversight of religious observances. See Dict. of Antiq. — CIVILE: the meaning of ius civile varies according to the context. Here it is the secular law as opposed to the sacred law, as in 50; sometimes it is the whole body of Roman law as opposed to the law of other states; often, again, it is the older portion of the Roman law as opposed to the newer or 'equity' portion. — COMMEMORO: 'I say over to myself'. In Cicero commemoro is a verb of speaking, and never has the meaning of recordor or memini. — CURRICULA: see nn. on 33. — MAGNO OPERE: better so written than in one word magnopere; so maximo, minimo, nimio opere. — ADSUM AMICIS: 'I act as counsel to my friends'. This legal sense of adesse is common. — FREQUENS: literally the word means 'crowded' (connected with farcire 'to cram' or 'to crowd together'), hence frequens senatus and the like phrases. Then frequens comes to be used of actions or events that often recur; e.g. Orat. 15 Demosthenes frequens Platonis auditor; De Or. 1, 243 frequens te audivi. On the use of the adj. here see A. 191; G. 324, Rem. 6; H. 443. — ULTRO: 'unasked', 'of my own motion', a reference to the well-known story that, whatever subject was discussed, Cato gave as his opinion 'delenda est Carthago'. See Introd. — TUEOR: 'advocate', 'support'. — LECTULUS: a couch usually stood in the Roman study, on which the student reclined while reading, composing or dictating, or even writing. Cf. De Or. 3, 17, in eam exedram venisse in qua Crassus lectulo posito recubuisset, cumque eum in cogitatione defixum esse sensisset, statim recessisse ...; Suet. Aug. 78 lecticula lucubratoria. — EA IPSA COGITANTEM: = de eis ipsis cog.: so Acad. 2, 127 cogitantes supera atque caelestia, and often. — ACTA VITA: 'the life I have led'; cf. 62 honeste acta superior aetas; so Tusc. 1, 109; Fam. 4, 13, 4. — VIVENTI: dative of reference. A. 235; G. 354; H. 384, 4, n. 3. 'As regards one who lives amid these pursuits and tasks'. — ITA SENSIM etc.: sensim sine sensu (observe the alliteration) is like mentes dementis in 16, where see n. Sensim must have meant at one time 'perceptibly', then 'only just perceptibly', then 'gradually' and almost 'imperceptibly'.

39. QUOD ... DICUNT: not strictly logical, being put for quod careat, ut dicunt. In cases like this the verb of saying is usually in the subjunctive. Cf. Roby, 1746; A. 341, Rem.; G. 541, Rem. 2; H. 516, II. 1. The indicative here is more vivid and forcible. — MUNUS ... AUFERT: to say that a gift robs one of anything is of course an oxymoron; cf. n. on 16 mentes dementis. — AETATIS: almost = senectutis: cf. n. on 45. — ID QUOD EST etc.: 'the greatest fault of youth'; i.e. the love of pleasure. In this passage voluptas indicates pleasure of a sensual kind, its ordinary sense, delectatio, oblectatio etc. being used of the higher pleasures. In 51, however, we have voluptates agricolarum. — ACCIPITE: 'hear'; so dare often means 'to tell'. With accipere in this sense cf. the similar use of [Greek: apodechesthai]. — ARCHYTAE: Archytas (the subject of Horace's well-known ode, 1, 28) was a contemporary and friend of Plato, and a follower of the Pythagorean philosophy. He wrote philosophical works, and was also famous as a mathematician and astronomer, besides being the leading statesman and general of the commonwealth of Tarentum. For another saying of Archytas, cf. Lael. 88. — TRADITA EST: 'was imparted to me', i.e. by word of mouth. — CUM ... TARENTI: 'when as a young man I stayed at Tarentum'. For adulescens cf. n. on 26 senes. — NULLAM ... PESTEM etc.: cf. Lael. 34 pestem ... cupiditatem; Off. 2, 9 consuetudo ... honestatem ab utilitate secernens, qua nulla pernicies maior hominum vitae potuit afferri. — CAPITALIOREM: 'more deadly'; caput was often equivalent to vita, so that capitalis comes to mean 'affecting the life'.

P. 17. — 40. HINC etc.: cf. Cic. Hortensius fragm. quod turpe damnum, quod dedecus est quod non evocetur atque eliciatur voluptate? Observe the singular patriae followed by the plural rerum publicarum; the plural of patria is rare. On the significance of this passage see Lecky, Hist. of European Morals, I. p. 211, n. (Am. ed.). — CUM HOSTIBUS etc.: attributive phrase; cf. Phil. 12, 27 colloquia cum acerrimis hostibus. — SCELUS: this word looks chiefly to the criminal intention, whether it be carried into action or not, malum, facinus to the completed crime; flagitium is sin rather than crime, Facinus in sense is often rather narrower and lighter than scelus; cf. Verr. 5, 170 facinus est vincire civem Romanum, scelus verberare, prope parricidium necare. — IMPELLERET: sc. homines; so nos is omitted after iubebat below. — EXCITARI: 'stirred up'. In 39 and 41 we have the verb in-citare; for the difference between the two verbs cf. Qu. Fr. 1, 1, 45 haec non eo dicuntur, ut te oratio mea dormientem excitasse, sed potius ut currentem incitasse videatur. — HOMINI ... DEDISSET: cf. Acad. 1, 7 nec ullum arbitror maius aut melius a dis datum munus homini. Notice homini 'man', in the same sense as hominibus, above. — MUNERI AC DONO: the two words munus and donum are often found together; the difference in meaning is hardly perceptible. Donum implies the fact of giving, munus the generosity of the giver. — TAM ... INIMICUM: notice the separation of tam from inimicum.

41. LIBIDINE: = [Greek: epithymia]; temperantia = [Greek: sophrosyne]. Dominari is a very strong word, 'to tyrannize'; dominatio = [Greek: tyrannis]. For locum cf. Lael. 52 in tyranni vita nullus locus est amicitiae. — CONSISTERE: 'find a foothold'. Cf. Fin. 4, 69 sapientia pedem ubi poneret non habebat. — FINGERE ANIMO: 'to imagine'. — TANTA ... QUANTA ... MAXIMA: 'the greatest that could possibly be enjoyed'. The form of expression is common, e.g. Lael. 74 tanta quanta maxima potest esse distantia. — TAM DIU DUM: this is not exactly equivalent to the ordinary tam diu quam, but there is ellipsis — 'so long as this, I mean while, etc.'. Cf. Cat. 3, 16 tam diu, dum urbis moenibus continebatur; Off. 1, 2 tam diu ... quoad ... — MENTE ... RATIONE ... COGITATIONE: 'by thought, by reasoning, by imagination'. Cogitatio like [Greek: dianoia] has often the sense of 'imagination'. The close juxtaposition of words nearly synonymous is quite characteristic of Cicero's Latin. — QUIDEM: concessive, as in 32 and often. — MAIOR ATQUE LONGIOR: 'very intense and protracted'. Superlatives might have been expected, in view of quanta percipi posset maxima above. Longus in the sense of 'long-continued' is rare in Ciceronian Latin, excepting when, as in 66 longa aetate, it is joined with a word distinctly referring to time. For the general drift of the passage cf. Cic. Hortensius (fragment) congruere cum cogitatione magna voluptas corporis non potest; quis enim, cum utatur voluptate ea qua nulla possit maior esse, attendere animum, inire rationes, cogitare omnino quidquam potest? — ANIMI LUMEN: a common metaphor; e.g. Cic. Rep. 6, 12 tu, Africane, ostendas oportebit patriae lumen animi tui. Cf. 36 haec ... exstinguuntur; also below, 42 mentis oculos. — C. PONTIO: C. Pontius Herennius, the father of C. Pontius Telesinus who defeated the Romans at the Caudine Forks during the Second Samnite war, in 321 B.C. The father is several times mentioned by Livy 9, cc. 1 and 3; cf. especially 1, Sec. 2 C. Pontium, patre longe prudentissimo natum. — NEARCHUS: mentioned by Plutarch, Cato 2, as a Pythagorean and friend of Cato. — PERMANSERAT: i.e. during the siege of Tarentum. — INTERFUISSET: not in accordance with English idiom; cf. n. on 4 putassent; also 44 devicerat. — PLATO etc.: although Plato made two journeys to Italy and Sicily (or, as some authorities say, three) it is scarcely likely that he was present at Tarentum in the year mentioned, 349 B.C., two years before his death, when he was of advanced age. The latest date assigned by other authorities for Plato's last visit to the West is 361 B.C. — REPERIO: sc. in annalibus; so in 15; cf. videmus in 26.

42. EFFICERET: efficeret, liberet, and oporteret can be properly rendered into English only by the present tense. Although these verbs express circumstances which continue, since the general effect of old age is being described, they are thrown into the past to suit the past tense dicebam or dixi which, though not expressed, is really the principal verb. Cf. below, 62, 78. — CONSILIUM: 'deliberation'.

P. 18. — UT ITA DICAM: this softens the metaphor, as quasi or quasi quidam often does, and as [Greek: hoion], [Greek: hosper] do in Greek [but not [Greek: hos epos eipein], which is often wrongly said to be the equivalent of ut ita dicam; see n. on Lael. 2]. The phrase mentis or animi aciem praestringere often occurs without anything to soften the metaphor; e.g. Fin. 4, 37. — NEC HABET etc: 'and has no relations with virtue'. The use of commercium in the metaphorical sense is common. — INVITUS: see ref. on 38 frequens. — FECI UT: a periphrasis not unusual. A. 332, e; G. 557; H. 498, II. n. 2. — T. FLAMININI: see n. on 1, l. 1. — L. FLAMININUM: as praetor he commanded the fleet under his brother Titus during the Macedonian war; in 192 B.C. he was consul. Septem annis denotes seven complete years (cf. n. on 19), as Cato was censor in 184. A reference to Livy 39, 43, 2 will show that Cicero borrows his account of Flamininus' crime from the old annalist Valerius Antias. Livy also quotes (39, 42, 7) an account of the matter given by Cato himself in a speech, which is even more disgraceful to Flamininus. — EICEREM: the phrase commonly used is not eicere, but movere, aliquem senatu. Notare and nota (censoria) are technically used of degradation or disfranchisement inflicted by the censors. For the spelling see Roby, 144, 2; A. 10, d; H. 36, 4 and footnote 1. — FUISSET: for the mood see A. 342; G. 666; H. 529, II. and n. 1, 1); for the tense see Roby, 1491; A. 324, a; G. 233, 2; H. 471, 4. — CUM ... GALLIA: not 'when he was consul in Gaul' but 'when he was in Gaul during his consulship'. Cum with the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive often has a sense differing very little from that of cum with the imperfect or pluperfect indicative. No doubt when the usage originally arose, the clause with cum was regarded as expressing the cause of the action or event denoted by the principal verb; here the presence of F. in Gaul might be regarded as a cause of the crime. It is more than doubtful, however, whether in actual use the subjunctive in these phrases continued to carry with it to Latin readers any idea of cause. See Roby, 1720, Kennedy, 211; also A. 325, 323 and footnote 1; G. 586 with Rem.; H. 521, II. 2 and footnote 1. — EXORATUS EST: 'was persuaded'; cf. Liv. 39, 43. — SECURI FERIRET: the story was that L. Flamininus himself acted as executioner. — EORUM QUI ... ESSENT: the subjunctive because of the class-notion, 'of such persons as were'. — TITO CENSORE: i.e. in 189 B.C.; see n. on 1. — FLACCO: L. Valerius Flaccus was the life-long friend of Cato, and his colleague in the consulship and in the censorship. He entirely favored Cato's political views. See Introd. — IMPERI DEDECUS: Flamininus was at the time Roman governor of the district.

43. AUDIVI E: Cic. uses audire ex, ab, and de aliquo, almost indifferently. — PORRO: 'in turn'; literally 'farther on', here = 'farther back'; cf. Livy 27, 51. — C. FABRICIUM: see n. on 15. — CINEA: the famous diplomatist, minister of Pyrrhus. He was a pupil of Demosthenes and himself one of the most famous orators of his time. Cineas was the ambassador who tried to negotiate peace on the occasion mentioned in 16. — SE SAPIENTEM PROFITERETUR: the omission of esse is common in such phrases; e.g. Fin. 5, 13 Strato physicum se voluit. Epicurus, who is here meant (born 342 B.C., died 270), was blamed for calling himself [Greek: sophos] or sapiens. Others, says Cicero, who had borne the title had waited for the public to confer it on them (Fin. 2, 7). — EUMQUE: 'and yet he'; cf. n. on 13 vixitque. — FACEREMUS: for the tense cf. n. on 42 efficeret; also expeteretur below. — AD ... REFERENDA: 'ought to be judged by the standard of pleasure', i.e. anything which brings pleasure may be regarded as good, and its opposite bad. So in Greek [Greek: epanapherein ti eis ti]. On the moral teachings of Epicurus consult Zeller, Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics, Ch. 19; Ueberweg, History of Philosophy, Sec. 59; Guyan, La morale d'Epicure et ses rapports avec les doctrines contemporaines. — CURIUM ... CORUNCANIUM: see n. on 15. — ID ... PERSUADERETUR: intransitive verbs are used in the passive only impersonally (Roby, 1422; A. 230; G. 199, Rem. 1; H. 301, 1); when so used the dative may follow as in the active (see Madvig, 244, b; G. 208; H. 384, 5). A neuter pronoun in the singular sometimes, as here, accompanies the passive, and may be regarded as an adverbial accusative of respect or extent, or as a nominative qualifying the impersonal subject. The former is probably the real construction. Cf. Roby, 1423, and Madvig, 229, b, Obs. 1. — SAMNITIBUS: then in alliance with Pyrrhus. — VIXERAT ... CUM: not to be taken literally of living in the same house; the phrase merely indicates close friendship. In Acad. 2, 115 Cic. writes Diodoto qui mecum vivit tot annos, qui habitat apud me, clearly showing that the phrases vivere cum aliquo and habitare apud aliquem are not equivalent. — P. DECIO: this is P. Decius Mus, who at the battle of Sentinum in 295 gave his life as a propitiatory offering to the powers of the unseen world, in order to bring victory to the Roman arms. His father had sacrificed himself in the same way at the battle of Veseris (close to Vesuvius) in 340, fought against the Latins and Campanians. — DEVOVERAT: Liv. 10, 28, 13 (speech of Decius) datum hoc: nostro generi est ut luendis periculis publicis piacula simus; iam ego mecum hostium legiones mactandas Telluri et dis Manibus dabo. — ALIQUID etc.: 'some principle'; in his philosophical works Cicero often confounds the Epicureans by quoting the action of the Decii and others like it, as showing that pleasure is not the end of existence. Cf. especially Fin. 2, 61 P. Decius cum se devoverat et equo admisso in mediam aciem Latinorum irruebat, aliquid de voluptatibus suis cogitabat? Cf. also below, 75. With regard to natura see n. on 5. — SUA SPONTE: 'for its own sake'; 'on its own account'. Cf. Leg. 1, 45 vera et falsa sua sponte non aliena iudicantur, where a few lines later sua natura occurs as equivalent to sua sponte. — EX PETERETUR: em. for peteretur in the MSS. The words expetere, expetendum are technically used in Cicero's philosophical works to express the Greek [Greek: haireisthai], [Greek: haireton] as applied to the finis or [Greek: telos], the supreme aim of moral action. Pulchrum above is a translation of the Greek [Greek: kalon], a term constantly applied to the [Greek: telos], particularly by the Stoics. — SPRETA ET CONTEMPTA: the first word is much the stronger of the two; spernere is [Greek: kataphronein], 'to scorn'; contemnere [Greek: oligoreisthai], 'to make light of', 'hold of no account'. Contemnere is often no stronger in sense than omittere, 'to pass by, neglect'. Cf. 65 contemni, despici. — OPTIMUS QUISQUE: see A. 93, c; G. 305; H. 458, 1.

P. 19. — 44. CRUDITATE: 'indigestion'. — INSOMNIIS: 'sleeplessness'; the singular insomnium occurs only once in prose (Tac. Ann. 11, 4). Insomnia, ae is found only in poetry and late prose. — DIVINE: this word in Cic. often means nothing more than 'splendidly', 'extraordinarily'. — ESCAM MALORUM: 'an enticement to evil' (esca = ed-ca, from the root of edo). Plato in the Timaeus 69 D (a dialogue translated into Latin by Cicero, a fragment of whose translation is still preserved) has [Greek: hedonen megiston kakou delear]. Cf. also Cic. Hortensius fr. 76 (ed. Halm) voluptates corporis quae vere et graviter a Platone dictae sunt illecebrae esse atque escae malorum. — MODICIS: for the sake of variety Cic. chooses this, not moderatis, as the opposite of immoderatis. Trans. 'a moderate amount of goodfellowship'. — M.F. = Marci filium. — DEVICERAT: pluperfect where a modern would incline to use a perfect. The battle referred to is that of Mylae, fought in 260; its memory was perpetuated by the decking of the forum with the rostra of the captured ships; the columna rostrata bore a long inscription, a restored version of which still exists. — CENA: so best spelt; some good texts still print caena, but coena is decidedly wrong, being based on the fiction that the Latin borrowed the Greek word [Greek: koine] and turned it into coena. — CEREO FUNALI: 'the torch-light'; cereo, the em. of Mommsen for crebro; the funale was a torch composed of withs or twigs twisted into a rope (funis) and dipped in pitch or oil. — SIBI ... SUMPSERAT: Cic. seems to think that Duillius assumed these honors on his own authority. This was probably not the case; they were most likely conferred on him by a vote of the comitia tributa. Cf. Liv. epit. 17 C. Duillius primus omnium Romanorum ducum navalis victoriae duxit triumphum, ob quam causam ei perpetuus quoque honos habitus est, ut revertenti a cena tibicine canente funale praeferretur. No other instance is known where these particular distinctions were decreed; the nearest parallel lies in the right accorded to Paulus Macedonicus and to Pompeius to wear the triumphal toga picta for life on each occasion of the ludi. It may be conjectured that the music and the torch were part of the ceremony on the evening of a triumph when the triumphator was escorted home. Cf. Florus 1, 18, 10, ed. Halm. — NULLO EXEMPLO: 'without any precedent'. — PRIVATUS: any person is privatus who is not actually in office at the moment referred to, whether he has led a public life or not. — LICENTIAE: a strong word is used to mark the heinousness of Duillius' supposed offence against ancestral custom.

45. ALIOS: sc. nomino. — PRIMUM: the corresponding deinde is omitted, as often. — SODALIS: the sodalitates or sodalitia, brotherhoods for the perpetuation of certain rites accompanied with feasting, were immemorial institutions at Rome. The clause sodalitates ... acceptis must not be taken to mean that Cicero supposed these brotherhoods to have been first instituted in the time of Cato; it is only introduced to show that Cato, so far from being averse to good living, assisted officially in the establishment of new clubs. Most of the sodalitates were closely connected with the gens; all members of a gens were sodales and met together to keep up the old sacra, but in historical times fictitious kinship largely took the place of real kinship, and feasting became almost the sole raison d'etre of these clubs. [See Mommsen's treatise De collegiis et sodaliciis Romanis] The parallel of the London City Companies readily suggests itself. The national sodalitates or priesthoods such as those of the Sodales Titii, Luperci, Augustales etc. were somewhat different. — AUTEM: for the form of the parenthesis cf. 7. — MAGNAE MATRIS: the image of Cybele was brought to Rome in 204 B.C. from Pessinus in Phrygia. See Liv. 29, 10. The Sacra are called Idaea from Mount Ida in Phrygia, which was a great centre of the worship of Cybele. Acceptis, sc. in civitatem; the worship of strange gods was in principle illegal at Rome unless expressly authorized by the State. — IGITUR: the construction of the sentence is broken by the introduction of the parenthesis, and a fresh start is made with epulabar igitur. Igitur is often thus used, like our 'well then', to pick up the broken thread of a sentence. So often sed or ergo. — FERVOR: Cf. Hor. Od. 1, 16, 22 me quoque pectoris temptavit in dulci iuventa fervor. — AETATIS, QUA PROGREDIENTE: 'belonging to that time of life, but as life advances'. The word aetas has really two senses here; in the first place it is bona aetas or iuventus (cf. 39 where aetas = senectus), in the second place vita (for which see n. on 5). — NEQUE ENIM: the enim refers to modice. — COETU ... SERMONIBUS: for the order of the words see n. on 1 animi tui. — METIEBAR: cf. n. on 43 referenda. — ACCUBITIONEM: a vox Ciceroniana, rarely found in other authors. — VITAE CONIUNCTIONEM: 'a common enjoyment of life'. — TUM ... TUM: here purely temporal, 'sometimes ... sometimes'; often however = 'both ... and'; cf. 7. — COMPOTATIONEM etc.: cf. Epist. ad Fam. 9, 24, 3. Compotatio = [Greek: symposion]; concenatio = [Greek: syndeipnon]. — IN EO GENERE: see n. on 4. — ID: i.e. eating and drinking.

46. TEMPESTIVIS ... CONVIVIIS: 'even in protracted banquets'. Those banquets which began early in order that they might last long were naturally in bad repute, so that the phrase tempestivum convivium often has almost the sense of 'a debauch'. Thus in Att. 9, 1, 3 Cicero describes himself as being evil spoken of in tempestivis conviviis, i.e. in dissolute society. Cf. pro Arch. 13. The customary dinner hour at Rome was about three o'clock in the afternoon. The word tempestivus, which in 5 means 'at the right time', here means 'before the right time'. So in English 'in good time' often means 'too early'. See Becker's Gallus, p. 451 et seq. — QUI PAUCI: the substitution of the nominative of the relative for the partitive genitive (quorum) is not uncommon. A. 216, e; G. 368, Rem. 2; H. 397, 2, n. — PAUCI ADMODUM: Cic. usually says admodum pauci rather than pauci admodum. — VESTRA AETATE: = eis qui sunt vestra aetate. Cf. n. on 26 senectus. — SERMONIS ... SUSTULIT: notice the indicatives auxit, sustulit, the relative clauses being attributive, though they might fairly have been expected here to be causal. G. 627; H. 517, 2. In this passage Cic. imitates Plato, Rep. 328 D. — BELLUM INDICERE: common in the metaphorical sense; e.g. De Or. 2, 155 miror cur philosophiae prope bellum indixeris; Hor. Sat. 1, 5, 7 ventri indico bellum. — CUIUS EST etc.: i.e. nature sanctions a certain amount of pleasure. This is the Peripatetic notion of the mean, to which Cicero often gives expression, as below, 77; also in Acad. 1, 39; 2, 139; and in De Off.; so Hor. Sat. 1, 1, 106 sunt certi denique fines quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum; cf. Od. 2, 10. — NON INTELLEGO NE: for the negatives cf. nn. on 24, 27.

P. 20. — MAGISTERIA: generally explained as referring to the practice of appointing at each dinner a 'master of the feast', arbiter bibendi or [Greek: symposiarches]. This explanation is not quite correct. Mommsen shows in his work 'de collegiis' that each one of the collegia or sodalicia annually appointed a magister cenarum whose duty it was to attend to the club-dinners during his year of office and no doubt to preside at them. That some office is meant more important than that of the arbiter bibendi appointed for a particular feast is shown by the words a maioribus instituta. It is scarcely likely that Cicero was ignorant of the Greek origin of the custom of appointing an arbiter bibendi. — ET IS SERMO etc.: 'and the kind of talk in which following the fashion of our fathers we engage, beginning at the upper table, as the cup goes round'. The cup circulated from left to right, not, as with us, from right to left. The guests at a Roman dinner reclined on three couches, placed at three tables; two of the couches (lecti) were parallel, and the third was at right angles to the other two. The lectus at which the cup began to circulate was summus, the next medius, the last imus. For a summo cf. da (sc. bibere) a summo in Plaut. Asin. 5, 2, 41. See Becker's Gallus, p. 471 et seq. — SICUT ... EST: 'as we find'; so Off. 1, 32 ut in fabulis est, and often. — IN SYMPOSIO: 2, 26. — MINUTA: see n. on 52. — RORANTIA: here with an active sense, 'besprinkling', representing [Greek: epipsekazein] in Xenophon; often however not different in sense from 'roscida'. — REFRIGERATIO ... HIBERNUS: cf. closely 57 ubi et seq. Note the changes of expression in passing from refrigeratio to sol (apricatio would have more exactly corresponded with refrigeratio) and from aestate to hibernus (for hieme). — IN SABINIS: 'when with the Sabines', who were celebrated for their simplicity of life. Cato had an estate in the Sabine district. — CONVIVIUM VICINORUM COMPLEO: 'I make up (i.e. to the proper number) a company of my neighbors'. — QUOD ... PRODUCIMUS: 'and we continue our companionship to as late an hour as we can, with changing talk'. The phrases multa nocte or de nocte 'late in the night', multo die 'late in the day', are common; cf. also Att. 13, 9, 1 multus sermo ad multum diem; Rep. 6, 10 sermonem in multam noctem produximus.

47. AT: so in 21, where see n. — QUASI TITILLATIO: the quasi, as often in Cicero's writings, marks a translation from the Greek. Here the Epicurean word [Greek: gargalismos] is referred to; it is often in Cic. represented by titillatio; cf. N.D. 1, 113; Fin. 1, 39; Tusc. 3, 47. — BENE: sc. dixit. — AFFECTO AETATE: 'wrought on by age'. Cf. De Or. 1, 200 in eius infirmissima valetudine affectaque iam aetate. — UTERETURNE etc.: 'whether he still took pleasure in love'; uti = frui. Cf. Ovid, Met. 4, 259 dementer amoribus uti with Cic. Tusc. 4, 68 venereis voluptatibus frui. — DI MELIORA: sc. duint; this archaic form usually occurs when the phrase is given in full. The story of Sophocles is taken by Cicero from Plato (Rep. 329 B) who has [Greek: euphemei]. — ISTINC etc.: cf. the passage in Plato, Rep. 1, 329 C. For istinc used otherwise than of place cf. unde in 12 with n. — AGRESTI: 'boorish'; rusticus denotes simply an ordinary countryman. — QUAMQUAM ... ERGO: these words may be scanned as a hexameter line, but the pause before ergo would prevent them from being taken as a verse. — HOC NON DESIDERARE: 'this absence of regret'; the words form the subject of est. So hoc non dolere in Fin. 2, 18. For the pronoun in agreement with the infinitive treated as noun cf. Persius 1, 9 istud vivere; 1, 122 hoc ridere meum. H. 538, 3.

48. SI: 'even if', 'granting that'. — BONA AETAS: 'the good time of life', i.e. youth. Tischer qu. Varro de Re Rustica 2, 6, 2 mares feminaeque bona aetate = 'young'. For bona aetas = homines bona aetate cf. n. on 26 senectus. — UT DIXIMUS: not expressly, but the opinion is implied in 44, 45. — TURPIONE AMBIVIO: L. Ambivius Turpio was the most famous actor of Cato's time, and appeared especially in Terence's plays. In old Latin commonly, occasionally in the Latin of the best period, and often in Tacitus, the cognomen is placed before the nomen when the praenomen is not mentioned. Cf. Att. 11, 12, 1 Balbo Cornelio. The usage is more common in Cicero's writings than in those of his contemporaries. — PRIMA CAVEA: 'the lower tier'. The later Roman theatres consisted of semicircular or elliptic galleries, with rising tiers of seats; the level space partially enclosed by the curve was the orchestra, which was bounded by the stage in front. There can be little doubt that Cicero is guilty of an anachronism here; his words do not suit the circumstances of Cato's time. Till nearly the end of the Republic the theatres were rude structures of wood, put up temporarily; it is even doubtful whether they contained seats for the audience. Cato himself frustrated an attempt to establish a permanent theatre. — PROPTER: 'close by'. The adverbial use of propter (rarely, if ever, met with outside of Cicero) is denied by some scholars, but is well attested by MSS. here and elsewhere. — TANTUM ... EST: these words qualify delectatur.

49. ILLA: put for illud, as in Greek [Greek: tauta] and [Greek: tade] are often put for [Greek: touto] and [Greek: tode]. The words from animum to the end of the sentence are explanatory of illa. — QUANTI: 'how valuable!' but the word may have exactly the opposite meaning if the context require it; thus in N.D. 1, 55 and Rep. 6, 25 the sense is 'how worthless!' — STIPENDIIS: 'campaigns'. The four words from libidinis to inimicitiarum are to be taken in pairs, while cupiditatum sums them up and is in apposition to all. — SECUM ESSE: cf. Tusc. 1, 75; Pers. 4, 52 tecum habita. — SI ... ALIQUOD: the sense is scarcely different from that of si ... quod; the distinction is as slight as that in English between 'if' followed by 'some', and 'if' followed by 'any'. Cf. n. on Lael. 24 si quando aliquid. — PABULUM: for the metaphorical sense rendered less harsh by tamquam, cf. Acad. 2, 127; Tusc. 5, 66 pastus animorum. — STUDI: an explanatory genitive dependent on pabulum. — OTIOSA SENECTUTE: 'leisured age'; otium in the Latin of Cicero does not imply idleness, but freedom from public business and opportunity for the indulgence of literary and scientific tastes. — VIDEBAMUS: for the tense cf. Lael. 37 Gracchum rem publicam vexantem ab amicis derelictum videbamus, i.e. 'we saw over a considerable period'. See also 50, 79. — IN STUDIO etc.: 'busied with the task of almost measuring bit by bit (di-metiendi) the heavens and the earth'. For the sense cf. Hor. Od. 1, 28 (of Archytas). — GALLUM: consul in 157 B.C., famous as an astronomer and as the first Roman who predicted an eclipse before the battle of Pydna. See Liv. 44, 37.

P. 21. — DESCRIBERE: technically used of the drawing of mathematical figures. Ingredior often has an infinitive dependent on it even in the best Latin; e.g. Cic. Top. 1 nos maiores res scribere ingressos.

50. ACUTIS: requiring keenness of intellect. — NAEVIUS: see n. on 20. — TRUCULENTO ... PSEUDOLO: these plays of Plautus (lived from 254 to 184 B.C.) we still possess. The Truculentus is so named from one of the characters, a slave of savage disposition who is wheedled; the Pseudolus from a cheating slave. The latter name is commonly supposed to be a transcription from a Greek word [Greek: pseudulos], which however nowhere occurs; and as the change from Greek [Greek: u] to Latin o is not found before l, Corssen assumes [Greek: pseudalos] as the original word. The form Pseudulus of the name is probably later than Pseudolus. — LIVIUM: Livius Andronicus, the founder of Latin literature (lived from about 285 to 204 B.C.), who translated the Odyssey, also many Greek tragedies. Livius was a Greek captured by Livius Salinator at Tarentum in 275 B.C.; for a time he was the slave of Livius, and, according to custom, took his name when set free. For an account of his writings see Cruttwell's Hist. of Roman Literature, Ch. 3; Sellar, Roman Poets of the Rep., Ch. 3. — DOCUISSET: 'had brought on to the stage'. Docere (like [Greek: didaskein] in Greek, which has the same use) meant originally to instruct the performers in the play. — CENTONE TUDITANOQUE CONSULIBUS: i.e. in 240 B.C. The use of que here is noticeable; when a date is given by reference to the consuls of the year it is usual to insert et (not que or atque, which rarely occur) between the two names, if only the cognomina (as here) be given. If the full names be given, then they are put side by side without et. Cf. n. on 10. — CRASSI: see n. on 27. — PONTIFICI ET CIVILIS IURIS: the ius pontificium regarded mainly the proper modes of conducting religious ceremonial. Ius civile, which is often used to denote the whole body of Roman Law, here includes only the secular portion of that Law. Cf. n. on 38. — HUIUS P. SCIPIONIS: 'the present P. Scipio'. So in 14 hi consules 'the present consuls'; Rep. 1, 14 Africanus hic, Pauli filius, and often. The P. Scipio who is meant here is not Africanus, but Nasica Corculum. — FLAGRANTIS: 'all aglow'; so ardere studio in Acad. 2, 65. — SENES: = cum senes essent, so senem below. — SUADAE MEDULLAM: 'the essence (lit. marrow) of persuasiveness'. The lines of Ennius are preserved by Cicero, Brut. 58. Suada is a translation of [Greek: peitho], which the Greek rhetoricians declared to be the end and aim of oratory. This Cethegus was consul in 204 and in 203 defeated Mago in the N. of Italy. — EXERCERI: here reflexive in meaning. A. 111, n. 1; G. 209; H. 465. — VIDEBAMUS: see n. on 49. — COMPARANDAE: for the idea of possibility which the gerundive sometimes has (but only in negative sentences or interrogative sentences implying a negative answer, and in conditional clauses) see Madvig, 420, Obs.; Roby, 1403. — HAEC QUIDEM: a short summary of the preceding arguments, preparatory to a transition to a new subject, introduced by venio nunc ad. The succession of two clauses both containing quidem seems awkward, but occurs in Fin. 5, 80 and elsewhere. — HONESTUM SIT: 'does him honor'. — UT ANTE DIXI: in 26, where see the notes. — POTEST ESSE: Meissner (n. on 27) says that Cicero's rule is to say potest esse, debet esse and the like, not esse potest and the like. It is true that esse in such cases is very seldom separated from the word on which it depends, but esse potest is just as common as potest esse; the difference to the sense is one of emphasis only, the esse having more emphasis thrown on it in the latter case.

51. MIHI ... VIDENTUR: see Introd. — HABENT RATIONEM CUM 'they have their reckonings with', 'their dealings with'; a phrase of book-keeping. — IMPERIUM: so Verg. Georg. 1, 99 exercetque frequens tellurem atque imperat agris; ib. 2, 369 dura exerce imperia et ramos compesce fluentes; Tac. Germ. 26 sola terrae seges imperatur. — SED ALIAS ... FAENORE: put for sed semper cum faenore, alias minore, plerumque maiore. — VIS AC NATURA: 'powers and constitution'. These two words are very often used by Cic. together, as in Fin. 1, 50 vis ac natura rerum. — GREMIO: so Lucret. 1, 250 pereunt imbres ubi eos pater aether In gremium matris terrai praecipitavit, imitated by Verg. Georg. 2, 325. — MOLLITO AC SUBACTO: i.e. by the plough. Subigere, 'subdue', is a technical word of agriculture; so Verg. Georg. 2, 50 scrobibus subactis; see also below, 59.

P. 22. — OCCAECATUM: 'hidden'. Caecus has the sense of 'unseen' as well as that of 'unseeing' or 'blind'. — OCCATIO: Cicero's derivation, as well as Varro's (De Re Rust. 1, 31, 1) from occidere, because the earth is cut up, is unsound. Occa is rastrum, probably from its sharp points (root ak-); occatio therefore is 'harrowing'. — VAPORE: 'heat'. This word has not in the best Latin the meaning of our 'vapor'. — COMPRESSU: a word found only here in Cicero's writings and elsewhere in Latin only in the ablative case, like so many other nouns whose stem ends in -u. — DIFFUNDIT ET ELICIT: 'expands and lures forth'. — HERBESCENTEM: this word occurs nowhere else in Latin. — NIXA: A. 254, b; G. 403, Rem. 3; H. 425, 1, 1), n. — FIBRIS STIRPIUM: so Tusc. 3, 13 radicum fibras. — GENICULATO: 'knotted'. The verb geniculo, from genu, scarcely occurs excepting in the passive participle, which is always used, as here, of plants. So Plin. Nat. Hist. 16, 158 geniculata cetera gracilitas nodisque distincta, speaking of the harundo. — SPICI: besides spica, the forms spicum and spicus are occasionally found. Spici here is explanatory frugem. — VALLO: for the metaphor compare N.D. 2, 143 munitae sunt palpebrae tamquam vallo pilorum; Lucr. 2, 537.

52. QUID EGO ... COMMEMOREM: this and similar formulae for passing to a new subject are common; cf. 53 quid ego ... proferam etc.; often nam precedes the quid, as in Lael. 104. The ego has a slight emphasis. Cato implies that his own devotion to grape-culture was so well known as not to need description. — ORTUS SATUS INCREMENTA: 'origin, cultivation, and growth'. For the omission of the copula see n. on 53. — UT: final, and slightly elliptic ('I say this that etc.'); so in 6 (where see n.), 24, 56, 59, 82. — REQUIETEM: the best MSS. of Cic. sometimes give the other form requiem, as in Arch. 13. — VIM IPSAM: 'the inherent energy'. — OMNIUM ... TERRA: a common periphrasis for 'all plants'; cf. e.g. N.D. 2, 120. The Latin has no one word to comprehend all vegetable products. — QUAE ... PROCREET: 'able to generate'. — TANTULO: strictly elliptic, implying quantulum re vera est. In such uses tantus and tantulus differ slightly from magnus and parvus; they are more emphatic. — ACINI VINACEO: 'a grape-stone'. — MINUTISSIMIS: used here for minimis. Strictly speaking minutus ought to be used of things which are fragments of larger things, minutus being really the participle passive of minuo. In a well-known passage (Orat. 94) Cic. himself calls attention to the theoretical incorrectness of the use, which, however, is found throughout Latin literature. Cf. 46 pocula minuta; also below, 85 minuti philosophi. — MALLEOLI: vine-cuttings; so called because a portion of the parent stem was cut away with the new shoot, leaving the cutting in the shape of a mallet. — PLANTAE: 'suckers', shoots springing out of the trunk. — SARMENTA: 'scions', shoots cut from branches not from the trunk. — VIVIRADICES: 'quicksets', new plants formed by dividing the roots of the mother plant. — PROPAGINES: 'layers', new plants formed by rooting a shoot in the earth without severing it from the parent plant; Verg. Georg. 2, 26. — EADEM: n. on 4 eandem. — CLAVICULIS: cf. N.D. 2, 120 vites sic claviculis. — ARS AGRICOLARUM: agricolae arte freti, a strong instance of the abstract put for the concrete.

53. EIS: sc. sarmentis, those which have not been pruned away by the knife. — EXSISTIT: 'springs up'. Exsistere in good Latin never has the meaning of our 'exist', i.e. 'to be in existence', but always means 'to come into existence'. — ARTICULOS: 'joints'; cf. 51 culmo geniculato. The word tamquam softens the metaphor in articuli, which would properly be used only of the joints in the limbs of animals. — GEMMA: Cicero took the meaning 'gem' or 'jewel' to be the primary sense of gemma and considered that the application to a bud was metaphorical. See the well-known passages, Orat. 81 and De Or. 3, 155. — VESTITA PAMPINIS: 'arrayed in the young foliage'. — FRUCTU ... ASPECTU: ablatives of respect, like gustatu above. — CAPITUM IUGATIO: 'the linking together of their tops'; i.e. the uniting of the tops of the stakes by cross-stakes. So the editors; but Conington on Verg. Georg. 2, 355 seems to take capita of the top-foliage of the vines, an interpetation which is quite possible. Those editors are certainly wrong who remove the comma after iugatio and place it after religatio, as though et were omitted between the two words. In enumerations of more than two things Cic. either omits the copula altogether or inserts it before each word after the first; but in enumerating two things et cannot be omitted, except where there are several sets or pairs of things. Cf. n. on 13. — RELIGATIO: i.e. the tying down of shoots so as to cause them to take root in the earth. Religatio seems to occur only here.

P. 23. — ALIORUM IMMISSIO: 'the granting of free scope to others'. Immissio scarcely occurs elsewhere in good Latin. The metaphor is from letting loose the reins in driving; cf. Verg. Georg. 2, 364; Plin. N.H. 16, 141 cupressus immittitur in perticas asseresque amputatione ramorum; Varro, R.R. 1, 31, 1 vitis immittitur ad uvas pariendas. Some, referring to Columella de Arbor, c. 7, take the word to mean the setting in the earth of a shoot in order that it may take root before being separated from the parent stem. The context, however, is against this interpretation. — IRRIGATIONES etc.: the plurals denote more prominently than singulars would the repetition of the actions expressed by these words. — REPASTINATIONES: 'repeated hoeings'. The pastinum was a kind of pitchfork, used for turning over the ground round about the vines, particularly when the young plants were being put in. — MULTO TERRA FECUNDIOR: see n. on 3 parum ... auctoritatis.

54. IN EO LIBRO: see Introd. — DOCTUS: often used of poets, not only by Cicero but by most other Latin writers, more particularly by the elegiac poets; see also n. on 13. — HESIODUS: the oldest Greek poet after Homer. The poem referred to here is the [Greek: Erga kai Hemerai] which we still possess, along with the Theogony and the Shield of Heracles. — CUM: concessive. — SAECULIS: 'generations', as in 24. — FUIT: = vixit. — LAERTEN: the passage referred to is no doubt the touching scene in Odyss. 24, 226, where Odysseus, after killing the suitors, finds his unhappy old father toiling in his garden. In that passage nothing is said of manuring. — LENIENTEM: see n. on 11 dividenti. — COLENTEM etc.: the introduction of another participle to explain lenientem is far from elegant. Cultione agri or something of the kind might have been expected. The collocation of appetentem with occupatum in 56 is no less awkward. — FACIT: n. on 3 facimus. — RES RUSTICAE LAETAE SUNT: 'the farmer's life is gladdened'. — APIUM: this form is oftener found in the best MSS., of prose writers at least, than the other form apum, which probably was not used by Cic. — OMNIUM: = omnis generis. — CONSITIONES ... INSITIONES: 'planting ... grafting'. On the varieties of grafting and the skill required for it see Verg. Georg. 2, 73 seq.

55. POSSUM: see n. on 24. — IGNOSCETIS: 'you will excuse (me)'. — PROVECTUS SUM: 'I have been carried away'. Cicero often uses prolabi in the same sense. — IN HAC ... CONSUMPSIT: Cic. probably never, as later writers did, used consumere with a simple ablative. — CURIUS: see n. on 15. — A ME: = a mea villa; cf. n. on 3 apud quem. — ADMIRARI SATIS NON POSSUM: a favorite form of expression with Cicero; e.g. De Or. 1, 165. — DISCIPLINAM: 'morals'; literally 'teaching'.

56. CURIO: Plutarch, Cat. 2, says the ambassadors found him cooking a dinner of herbs, and that Curius sent them away with the remark that a man who dined in that way had no need of gold. The present was not brought as a bribe, since the incident took place after the war. Curius had become patronus of the Samnites, and they were bringing the customary offering of clientes; see Rep. 3, 40. — NE: here = num, a rare use; so Fin. 3, 44; Acad. 2, 116. — SED VENIO AD: so in 51 venio nunc ad. Redeo ad (see n. on 32) might have been expected here. — IN AGRIS ERANT: 'lived on their farms'. For erant cf. n. on 21 sunt. — ID EST SENES: cf. 19 n. on senatum. — SI QUIDEM: often written as one word siquidem = [Greek: eiper]. — ARANTI: emphatic position. — CINCINNATO: L. Quinctius Cincinnatus is said to have been dictator twice; in 458 B.C., when he saved the Roman army, which was surrounded by the Aequians, and ended the war in sixteen days from his appointment; in 439, when Maelius was killed and Cincinnatus was eighty years old. In our passage Cic. seems to assume only one dictatorship. The story of Cincinnatus at the plough is told in Livy 3, 26. — FACTUM: the technical term was dicere dictatorem, since he was nominated by the consul on the advice of the senate. — DICTATORIS: in apposition with cuius.

P. 24. — MAELIUM: a rich plebeian, who distributed corn in time of famine and was charged with courting the people in order to make himself a king. Ahala summoned him before the dictator, and because he did not immediately obey, killed him with his own hand. For this, Ahala became one of the heroes of his nation. See Liv. 4, 13. Cicero often mentions him with praise. Cf. in Catil. I. 3; p. Sestio 143, etc. — APPETENTEM: = quia appetebat; so occupatum = cum occupasset. — VIATORES: literally 'travellers', so 'messengers'. They formed a regularly organized corporation at Rome and were in attendance on many of the magistrates. Those officers who had the fasces had also lictors, who, however, generally remained in close attendance and were not despatched on distant errands. The statement of Cic. in the text is repeated almost verbatim by Plin. N.H. 18, 21. — MISERABILIS: 'to be pitied'. The word does not quite answer to our 'miserable'. — AGRI CULTIONE: a rare expression, found elsewhere only in Verr. 3, 226; then not again till the 'Fathers'. — HAUD SCIO AN NULLA: since haud scio an is affirmative in Cicero, not negative as in some later writers, nulla must be read here, not ulla. Cf. 73 haud scio an melius Ennius, 'probably Ennius speaks better'; also 74 incertium an hoc ipso die, 'possibly to-day'. Roby, 2256; G. 459, Rem.; H. 529, II. 3, 20, n. 2. — QUAM DIXI: = de qua dixi, as in 53. — SATURITATE: the word is said to occur nowhere else in Latin. — QUIDAM: i.e. the authors of the tertia vituperatio senectutis, whom Cato refutes in 39, 59. — PORCO ... GALLINA: these words are used collectively, as rosa often is; so Fin. 2, 65 potantem in rosa Thorium. — IAM: 'further'. — SUCCIDIAM ALTERAM: 'a second meat-supply'. The word seems to be connected with caedo, and probably originally meant 'slaughter'. In a fragment of Cato preserved by Gellius 13, 24, 12 (in some editions 13, 25, 12) we find succidias humanas facere. Varro, R.R. 2, 14 has the word in the sense of 'meat'. — CONDITIORA FACIT: 'adds a zest to'; cf. condita in 10. — SUPERVACANEIS OPERIS: 'by the use of spare time'; literally 'by means of toils that are left over', i.e. after completing the ordinary work of the farm.

57. ORDINIBUS: cf. 59 ordines. — BREVI PRAECIDAM: 'I will cut the matter short', for praecidam (sc. rem or sermonem) cf. Acad. 2, 133 praecide (sc. sermonem); for brevi (= 'in brief', [Greek: en brachei]) cf. De Or. 1, 34 ne plura consecter comprehendam brevi. — USU UBERIUS: cf. 53 fructu laetius ... aspectu pulchrius. — AD QUEM ... RETARDAT: some have thought that there is zeugma here, supposing ad to be suited only to invitat, not to retardat. That this is not the case is clear from such passages as Caes. B.G. 7, 26, 2 palus Romanos ad insequendum tardabat (= tardos faciebat); Cic. Sull. 49 nullius amicitia ad pericula propulsanda impedimur. On fruendum see Madvig, 421, a, Obs. 2 and 265, Obs. 2; G. 428, Rem. 3, exc.; H. 544, 2, n. 5. — INVITAT ATQUE ALLECTAT: one of the 'doublets' of which Cicero is so fond; cf. Lael. 99 allectant et invitant.

58. SIBI HABEANT: sc. iuvenes; contemptuous, as in Lael. 18 sibi habeant sapientiae nomen Sull. 26 sibi haberent honores, sibi imperia etc.; cf. the formula of Roman divorce, tu tuas res tibi habeto. — HASTAS: in practising, the point was covered by a button, pila; cf. Liv. 26, 51 praepilatis missilibus iaculati sunt. — CLAVAM: cf. Vegetius de Re Mil. 1, 11 clavas ligneas pro gladiis tironibus dabant, eoque modo exercebantur ad palos; Iuv. 6, 246. The palus is called stipes by Martial 7, 32. — PILAM ... VENATIONES ... CURSUS: all national amusements, well known to readers of Horace; see Becker's Gallus. Venationes, em. for nataliones. — TALOS ... TESSERAS: tali, 'knucklebones', were oblong, and rounded at the two ends; the sides were numbered 1 and 6 (1 being opposite to 6), 3 and 4. Four tali were used at a time and they, like the tesserae, were generally thrown from a box, fritillus. The tesserae, of which three were used at a time, were cubes, with the sides numbered from 1 to 6 in such a way that the numbers on two opposite sides taken together always made 7. A separate name was used by dicers for almost every possible throw of the tesserae and tali. The two best known are canis, when all the dice turned up with the same number uppermost; and venus, when they all showed different numbers. The word alea was general and applicable to games of chance of every kind. These games, which were forbidden by many ineffectual laws ('vetita legibus alea') were held to be permissible for old men; see Mayor on Iuv. 14, 4. — ID IPSUM: sc. faciunt; the omission of facere is not uncommon. Roby, 1441; H. 368, 3, n. 1. — UT: em. for ordinary readings unum and utrum.

59. LEGITE: 'continue to read'. Cf. De Or. 1, 34 pergite, ut facitis, adulescentes. In Tusc. 2, 62 it is stated that Africanus was a great reader of Xenophon.

P. 25. — LIBRO QUI EST DE: so in Fat. 1 libris qui sunt de natura deorum, and similarly elsewhere; but the periphrasis is often avoided, as in Off. 2, 16 Dicaearchi liber de interitu hominum. — QUI: quique might have been expected, but the words above, qui ... familiari, are regarded as parenthetical. — OECONOMICUS: Cicero translates from this work c. 4, 20-25. — INSCRIBITUR: see n. on 13. — REGALE: 'worthy of a king'; different from regium, which would mean 'actually characteristic of kings'. Yet Cic. sometimes interchanges the words; thus regalis potestas in Har. Resp. 54 is the same as regia potestas in Phil. 1, 3. — LOQUITUR CUM CRITOBULO etc.: 'discourses with Critobulus of how Cyrus etc.'. The construction of loqui with acc. and inf. belongs to colloquial Latin, as does the construction loqui aliquam rem for de aliqua re; cf. Att. 1, 5, 6 mecum Tadius locutus est te ita scripsisse; ib. 9, 13, 1 mera scelera loquuntur. — CYRUM MINOREM: Cyrus the younger (cf. 79 Cyrus maior), well known from Xenophon's Anabasis. As Cyrus never arrived at the throne (having been killed at Cunaxa in 401 in his attempt to oust his brother the king with the help of the 10,000 Greeks) regem is used in the sense of 'prince', as in Verr. 4, 61 and elsewhere; [Greek: basileus] is used in exactly the same way in a passage of the Oeconomicus which comes a little before the one Cic. is here rendering (4, 16). — LYSANDER: the great commander who in 405 B.C. won the battle of Aegospotamos against the Athenians. — SARDIS: acc. pl.; -is represents Gk. [Greek: -eis]. — CONSAEPTUM AGRUM: 'park'; the phrase is a translation of Xenophon's [Greek: paradeison]; this will account for the omission of et before diligenter consitum. — DILIGENTER: 'carefully'. — PROCERITATES: the plural probably indicates the height of each kind of tree. — QUINCUNCEM: thus:.:.:.:.:.:.: This was the order of battle in the Roman army during a great part of its history. The cause for this application of the term is rather difficult to see; it originally meant five-twelfths of an uncia; possibly it was thus applied because by drawing lines between the points the letter V (five) might be produced. As regards its application to trees, see Verg. Georg. 2, 277-284. — PURAM: so the farmers talk of 'cleaning' the land. — DIMENSA: notice the passive use of this participle, originally deponent; cf. n. on 4 adeptam. — DISCRIPTA: 'arranged'; so discriptio a little farther on. Cf. n. on 5 descriptae. — ORNATUM: 'costume', used by Latin writers of any dress a little unfamiliar. So in Plaut. Miles 4, 4, 41 (1177 R) ornatus nauclericus.