Deep as was the chagrin at the time, internal expansion and growing wants diverted the attention of most of the settlers to the new problem being worked out in the West. Immigrants were pouring in ceaselessly. A charter for a Grand Trunk Pacific Railway had just been given by the Dominion House. Everyone was ambitious. All these reasons created a desire upon the part of the people for full provincial organisation instead of the territorial system which could not possibly satisfy the demands of a virile Northwest. The Autonomy Bills of Saskatchewan and Alberta were soon presented by the Dominion Government, and on September 1, 1905 two provinces were formally constituted from the old territories.

There were many in the Eastern Provinces who viewed these evidences of expansion not without certain misgivings. Most of the newly arrived settlers were intelligent Americans of considerable {462} means. They had brought their household furniture, agricultural implements, and herds of horses and cattle with them. All this, however, was desirable and praiseworthy. But what worried the older settlers of the west and particularly the residents in the east was, did they intend to disseminate their previous Republican ideas? In justice to them it must be affirmed that they did not. On the contrary, they settled down as resident Canadians, loyally supporting existing institutions and the Crown. Many of them, however, were Canadians by birth, returning to their native land, or the children of Canadians. But whether Canadian by parentage or naturalisation they are a splendid asset to the west. And their knowledge of modern farming methods is by no means the least important of their accomplishments. In their train, there has also arrived a large number of skilled and unskilled European labourers.

When the House of Commons on May 22, 1919, adopted a recommendation of an address to the King not to grant further titles to Canadians, it was asserted by some that it was primarily caused by this western invasion. But it can be rightly maintained that such action was caused by conditions existing at the time entirely independent of this influence. It may be that in the future the resolution will be withdrawn. Resolutions in Canada are not as fixed as the ancient laws of the Medes and the Persians.

Side by side with this agricultural expansion there has been an era of discovery in the Dominion unequalled even by the golden age of '49. Alexander {463} Macdonald, a Scotchman from New Brunswick, found a fortune in the great Klondike rush of 1894-8 and other Canadians did the same at Cobalt, Ontario, in 1903, where a member of a railway construction gang picked up a silver nugget by accident, thereby disclosing to an eager continent the famous Cobalt silver fields. Canada has, as a result, one of the greatest gold and silver-mining centres in the world.

As if to keep pace with this unexpected development, Dr. Charles E. Saunders, of the Department of Agriculture, Ottawa, announced his successful evolution of Marquis wheat. The Doctor had been experimenting with mid-European Red Fife and Red Calcutta ever since 1903. By successfully crossing the two, an early ripening, hard red spring wheat with excellent milling and baking qualities was evolved. Marquis wheat, as it was named, is now the dominant spring wheat throughout America. Over three hundred million bushels are produced annually, and it was largely owing to Canadian Marquis that the Allies were able to overcome the food crisis in 1918. The wealth of the world has thus been increased enormously by it.

In 1911 Sir Wilfrid, who had been attending the Imperial Conference in London during May and June of that year, returned home determined to place himself again in the hands of the electorate. Unfortunately he had either not profited by the lesson of 1891 or he now believed that the Dominion was ripe for reciprocity with the United States. The contest resulted in the overwhelming defeat of his ministry. For fifteen years he had enjoyed the same confidence of the people as was extended to {464} Sir John A. Macdonald, and the story of his premiership was practically the political history of Canada for that period.

The Hon. Sir Robert Borden, who had led the Conservative party after Sir Charles Tupper had resigned in 1901, now succeeded, and a new era opened in Canadian politics. Throughout the ten years of his two terms of office he invariably viewed the questions and problems before him from a judicial standpoint. At the end of his term of office he carried into his semi-retirement the respect and honour of the Canadian people. If he lacked the personality and the fire of Sir John A. and Sir Wilfrid, on the hustings and in the House, he made up for it by a mind well balanced in statesmanship. Never was this seen to greater advantage than on those occasions when he participated in the Imperial Conferences and at the Peace negotiations ir Versailles.

Early in the winter of 1913, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, an Icelander from Manitoba, set out on one of his explorations of the Arctic regions of Canada. Public opinion had been so roused and excited over Admiral Peary reaching the North Pole on April 6, 1909, that the Canadian Government felt that they owed it to the Empire to make some attempt at charting the northern regions for the Dominion. Under Government organisation and supervision the enterprise lasted for five years. Thousands of square miles were added to Canadian territory within the Arctic Circle, many of which, contrary to popular conception, are green and habitable. The geography of certain lands and seas was amplified and corrected, interesting and useful {465} scientific material was obtained, and much light thrown on general conditions prevailing in those latitudes which had escaped the observation of Roald Amundsen when he accomplished the navigation of the Northwest Passage during 1903-6.

The opening years of the second decade of the twentieth century, however, had not been without their toll of the Empire makers in Canada. Just before the Great War broke on an unsuspecting Dominion, Lord Strathcona passed away in his 94th year. From an apprentice clerk in Hudson's Bay Company he had passed from honour to honour until his death, when he was High Commissioner for Canada in London. Not many months later he was followed by the last surviving Father of Confederation, Sir Charles Tupper, who had preceded him in the office. Both of these pioneers in Canadian life wielded an influence very far reaching in the interests of the British Empire.

At the outbreak of the war similar losses in Canadian public life passed without much notice in the stress and strain of the struggle to which Canada was to devote herself during the ensuing years.

The prompt action of Sir Sam Hughes, the Minister of Militia, the sending of 400,000 men overseas to fight the great fight, the seemingly never-ending battles of Ypres, St. Julien, Festubert, Givenchy, St. Eloi, Sanctuary Wood, Vimy Ridge, Loos, Hill 70, Courcelette, Passchendaele, and the Somme, under General Lord Byng and General Sir Arthur Currie, appear too vivid in the mind as yet to be regarded as history.

{466}

Something of the spirit of the Canadians in sharing the common sacrifice is reflected in the beautiful though poignant lines of Colonel Macrae of the Canadian Army Medical Corps, who himself made the supreme sacrifice in one of the early engagements of 1915:

In Flanders fields the poppies blow Beneath the crosses, row on row That mark our place, and in the sky The larks, still bravely singing, fly, Scarce heard amid the guns below.

We are the dead. Short days ago We lived, felt dawn, saw sunset glow, Loved, and were loved, and now we lie In Flanders fields.

Take up our quarrel with the foe; To you, from falling hands, we throw The torch. Be yours to lift it high! If ye break faith with us who die, We shall not sleep, though poppies blow In Flanders fields.

As for those at home, now that the war has passed into the ages-long annals of the Empire, no words can express their thoughts better than those of Laurence Binyon at the entrance of the British Museum in London, England:

They shall grow not old As we that are left grow old. Age shall not weary them Nor the years condemn, At the going down of the sun And in the morning We will remember them.

But the years 1914-20 were constructive ones for Canada. Hitherto she had been content to be {467} regarded as a Dominion with a definite place in the Empire, proud of her position in that Association of Nations but not unmindful of her shortcomings. The world-conflict, however, caused her to realise her own constructive ability and possibilities only limited by population. Under the Imperial Munitions Board factories were converted into munition works, old plants were enlarged, and new machinery installed, so that the country is industrially equipped to supply a population considerably larger than it is to-day. Not only was wooden ship building revived, but also steel ship building plants were laid down. As a result there is a Government Merchant Marine arranged in conjunction with the Government railways, sailing the high seas to wherever Canadian produce can find a market. Closer international relationships are being fostered instead of considered as outside of the Dominion's power and her desire. These cords of commerce will undoubtedly strengthen British hegemony in the years to come.

The General Election of December 1917, passed quietly, making no change in the political situation, although there was a strong feeling in Quebec against conscription, which was the dominant issue in that province. On that question the Hon. W. L. Mackenzie King supported Sir Wilfrid Laurier in his opposition to compulsory service, being one of the few English Canadian Liberals to do so. In fact several of them had already joined Sir Robert Borden so that a Coalition Government could be formed. It was largely owing to Mr. King's support of Sir Wilfrid on this issue that the former was chosen to {468} succeed the latter as leader of the Liberal Party in the Convention held at Ottawa August 5-7, 1919. The country, however, was too intent on the struggle before it to worry about politics. If it did anything it placed Sir Robert Borden more firmly in power to carry on the task before him, especially endorsing the Military Service Act (Conscription) which had been passed on August 29, previously.

It is true that the people were stunned by the disasters which occurred in 1916 and 1917 when the Parliament Building at Ottawa was burned and Halifax was almost razed to the ground by the explosion resulting from the ramming of an ammunition ship. But outside of the great toll of life these losses could be repaired and were speedily made up in the erection of new Parliament Buildings and the creation of a more modern city of Halifax to dominate the entrance of the great highway from the East.

Early in the autumn of 1914, the Bank of England, realizing that it would be impossible for American firms to ship gold to London in payment of maturing indebtedness there, announced that deposits of gold by such firms with the Receiver-General at Ottawa would be regarded as if received by the Bank at London. Under this arrangement many million dollars of the precious metal were shipped to the Dominion Capital, where a Branch of the Royal Mint had already been established in January, 1908. The amount in the vaults at Ottawa during the war became almost twice the total amount held by British financial institutions in 1913. As part of it was raw gold, the Ottawa Branch of the Royal Mint {469} had to construct a new refinery in 1917 which had a refining capacity of one million ounces of fine gold per month. The Branch Mint had thus a larger capacity than any other Mint or gold refinery in the world. Shilling blanks were also produced for the Royal Mint in London as well as silver and bronze pieces for Newfoundland and nickel-copper pieces for Jamaica.

Later on the gold was returned to the United States when the British exchange became unfavourable owing to the huge purchases made in that country. Many Canadian business men at this time advocated a moratorium, but the Government steadfastly resisted such a suggestion until ultimately it was found unnecessary.

Financially, the Canadian people from 1915 to 1919 were not unmindful of their national obligations. Six domestic loans were issued during the war period amounting to 2,203 million dollars, while War Savings Certificates accounted for another 12 1/2 millions.

On the announcement of the Armistice in November, 1918, the Government with the same energy and foresight which characterised their entrance into the conflict, began to demobilise the army which they had sent overseas. Within six months the bulk of the men were back in their homes. The opportunity was then taken of offering to the returned men land grants and loans for the purchase of farming implements. Up to the end of 1920, over 3 1/2 million acres had been disposed of in this way. In the Western Provinces alone about one million acres of it are under cultivation {470} by returned men. As a result of this action, new careers have been provided for men whose love of outdoor life was stimulated by their military experience. It has at the same time opened up from virgin soil fresh tracts of rich, arable land. As for pensions, up to February, 1921, the Dominion has paid out 82 million dollars and her annual pension bill now represents over 33 million dollars. Truly Canada is a country "fit for heroes to live in."

All this, however, has been accomplished not without some internal difficulty. At Winnipeg in May, 1919, some thousands of workmen came out on strike for more pay, shorter hours, and the principle of collective bargaining. Rioting took place among some of the more disorderly elements. But after negotiation by the Hon. Arthur Meighen and a fellow minister, aided by strong measures on the part of the Mayor and ex-Service men, the rioters returned to work.



But the great work of construction and restoration has progressed. In September, 1917, the Quebec Cantilever Bridge, one of the engineering triumphs of the world, even larger than the famous Forth Bridge, was completed at a cost of 15 million dollars. The special importance of this structure is, that by connecting the Government railway lines on the south of the River St. Lawrence with those on the north, it shortens the distance between Halifax and Winnipeg by two hundred miles. The necessity for good roads has not been overlooked. Parliament authorised under the Canada Highways Act of 1919, a grant of 20 million dollars, {472} for the purpose of road construction and improvement. This sum allotted to the various provinces is granted on condition that the amount should be supplemented by the provinces themselves. The 250,000 miles of public highways will therefore be extended gradually but effectively in the future.

In the same year, there occurred the death at Ottawa of one whom Canada could ill afford to lose; a statesman whose prestige at home and abroad stood out on the pages of the Dominion's history. Nominally the leader of the Liberal Party, Sir Wilfrid Laurier was more than that. He was a great national figure. As a statesman of broad imperialistic views, as an orator of brilliant gifts, as a zealous guardian of all that he considered to be for Canada's best interest, he will rank high among the makers of the Empire.

Fortunately the visit of the Prince of Wales came at a time when the Dominion badly needed royal encouragement. Arriving in the late summer of 1919, he was enthusiastically received. As the Quebec Bridge had just been completed he formally opened it for traffic, and later on, as a good Mason, laid the foundation stone of the tower of the new Parliament Buildings at Ottawa. Becoming enamoured with the possibilities of the two new provinces in the Northwest, he purchased a ranch of 1,600 acres in Alberta, under the foothills of the Rocky Mountains, proceeded to stock it with horses and cattle of the best English pedigree, and engaged a number of ex-Service men to manage the property. If there had been any doubt in the minds of the western settlers about His Royal {473} Highness, this removed it. To-day east and west vie in acclaiming the present Heir-Apparent to the British throne with an affection as genuine as it is evident.

When the Dominion Government, owing to the exigencies of war, began to impose restriction on the manufacture, importation and sale of intoxicating liquors in Canada, the old question of Prohibition came to the fore again. It was remembered that a plebiscite in favour of it had been carried on September 29, 1898, but never taken advantage of by the Federal authorities; Temperance organizations throughout the country took it up, and in order to meet the popular clamour the various provincial Assemblies passed some form of legislation which resulted in the country going "dry." Quebec, however, has only agreed to an amendment of the Canada Temperance Act by which the Dominion Government can prohibit the importation of intoxicants, but cannot prevent the province from making and selling under Government control such wine, spirits or beer as the people may desire. British Columbia afterwards voted for Government control in October, 1920.

In July, 1920, after nine years of power laden with some of the heaviest responsibilities ever imposed upon a Canadian statesman, Sir Robert Borden was compelled to resign the premiership through ill health. His efforts for the autonomy of the Dominion, consistent with Empire unity, culminating in her inclusion as a separate and equal nation at the Peace Conference in Paris, 1919, and the right to appoint her own Minister at Washington {474} will make for him a prominent place in the history of Canada.

The leadership of the Coalition Government which was elected in 1917 passed to the Hon. Arthur Meighen, who was Minister of the Interior in the Borden administration.

A year afterwards, having completed the full tenure of office, His Excellency the Governor-General, the Duke of Devonshire, returned to England, and was succeeded by General Lord Byng of Vimy, the hero of the Canadian soldiers in the war.

When the Annual Imperial Conference was called in July, 1921, the acting Premier, the Hon. Mr. Meighen, repaired to London to gain some insight into the many intricate problems which came before the Council. On his return home he decided that the political situation demanded a general election. In this, no doubt, he was influenced by the rise of a Progressive Party, or as it is better known, the United Farmers' Organisation.

Starting as a purely agrarian movement the U.F.O. became a co-operative society, finally growing into a strong political party in provincial and federal politics. Ontario and Alberta soon fell to their prowess, and it was thought that the same result would happen in the Dominion arena. The ideas advocated by the new third party were a more modified protection to home industries as opposed to the decidedly protectionist policy of the Coalition Government; opposition to the return of the Government controlled railways to {475} private ownership; stimulation of immigration along definite lines; and the creation of means whereby capital for production could be supplied to settlers on safe and sound lines.

Whether the Progressive party will continue to be a factor in Canadian politics is for the future to decide. The net result of the general election of 1921 was the almost complete disappearance of the Coalition party and the meagre election of the out and out Liberals under the Hon. William Lyon Mackenzie King, who had been a minister in Sir Wilfrid's cabinet some ten years previously. The number of Progressives elected did not come up to the general expectation, but they represent a considerable number, in fact being second in strength to the party called upon to form the Government. Their leader, the Hon. T. A. Crerar, who had resigned from the Coalition Cabinet of Sir Robert Borden two years previously, is a leader of some force and ability. But Mr. King has surrounded himself with a cabinet of considerable Parliamentary experience, so there is every reason to expect that the Liberal Party will be in power for the usual life of a Parliamentary term.

Perhaps the most outstanding event of the year in which Canada was interested, was the Disarmament Conference at Washington, where she was represented by Sir Robert Borden. If it did anything, it certainly paved the way for saving billions of dollars by restricting the construction of capital ships, and in this Canada was no mean factor.

But before all, it is domestic problems which concern the Dominion particularly. No country {476} realises better than she does that it is coal and comfort which will attract settlers from the Motherland to till her fields, build up her factories and engage in the trade which makes a nation truly great. As Ontario, Quebec and Manitoba have no coal mines, "white coal" is a vital necessity. Not long ago the Dominion Water Power Branch took a census, and found that Canada has available nineteen million horse-power. Of this practically 90 per cent. of the Central Station power is derived from water power, 95 per cent. being in the above-named provinces, which have to import their coal supplies from other provinces and the United States. As far back as 1911 the Province of Ontario realised this, and began to arrange for the building of the Chippawa-Queenston Power Canal and plant, which represents an investment of almost a hundred million dollars. The plant will have a capacity of 650,000 horse-power, which will be distributed throughout Canada and possibly the neighbouring States, and will be an important addition to the Ontario Hydro-Electric Power Transmission System which was inaugurated at Kitchener, Ontario, in October, 1911.

Elsewhere in the Dominion the fuel problem is being met by fresh discoveries. In the Mackenzie River district gushers of oil have been struck, in one case producing a flow at the rate of 1,000 barrels a day. Already several large companies are operating in that district.

As for comfort, not only Canada but also the world realises that the day of hand power is past. Without agricultural implement machinery driven {477} by motor force, it would be impossible for the great Northwest to yield the harvests which she does without a labour to which new settlers would be unaccustomed. By means of the hydro-electric commission homes are warmed in winter, lighted all the year round, as indeed are the cities, towns and villages, and cooking for the family accomplished with a modicum of trouble. Electric railways connect communities and settlements. The telephone is in almost everyone's home. So that with the pianola, the gramophone, and other means of diversion, the winter nights are not what they were to the people in the years of the nineteenth century.

In railroad facilities Canada, if anything, is fifty years ahead of her time, so well are they developed. The Grand Trunk Pacific Railway, from Monckton, New Brunswick to Winnipeg and thence to Prince Rupert, B.C., which was commenced in 1905, and finished in 1915, was leased on its completion to the Grand Trunk Railway Company for fifty years. Owing to the war, and the financial difficulties in which the constructing company found itself, the system of 22,000 miles of line was taken over by the Government in 1921, after an arbitration which excited much comment on both sides of the Atlantic. The decision regarding it was given by the Canadian Grand Trunk Arbitration Board at Montreal, headed by Sir Walter Cassels, and one of the members of the Board was no less a person than ex-President Taft, now Chief Justice of the United States. As a conspicuous result of political action the {478} construction of the Grand Trunk Pacific Railway is still more the subject of politics than of history, and it is quite likely to remain in that phase for some time.

The year 1921 will also be memorable for the work of the joint American-Canadian Commission appointed to investigate the possibility of the proposed Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Waterways. It was estimated that the initial cost of canalising the St. Lawrence River, constructing six dams in the rapids and improving the St. Claire and Detroit Rivers will be 253 million dollars, the up-keep requiring 2 1/2 million dollars annually. Fortunately considerable revenue can be made through the sale of the five million horse-power obtained from the dams which will pay a large part of the carrying charges. The great value of such a public work is in the relief from congestion on the railways, particularly the American, at crop-moving time. One of the most important results will be that Port Arthur, Ontario will virtually become a seaport.

In all this work of expansion and progress the women of Canada have taken their place. This was recognised when the War Committee of the Borden Cabinet called a Conference of representatives of women's organisations in February, 1918. The initiative was rewarded by a closer co-operation on the part of these societies with the Government, especially in connection with the conservation of food, the compilation of a National Register and the increased production in industrial occupations. Later in 1918, an Act was passed by which Canadian {479} women received the Federal electoral vote on the same basis as men. In addition to electing a woman as member of the provincial legislature, the British Columbia Assembly had the honour first of choosing one of the fair sex for Speaker which, however, was declined, Mrs. Mary E. Smith, the Labour candidate-elect, maintaining that she could be more useful as a private member than either as Speaker or a member in the Government. When Mrs. Irene Parlby was similarly successful in Lacombe, Alberta, she was not so modest when Premier Greenfield offered her a position without portfolio in the United Farmers' Cabinet. To those who have the feminine movement at heart, these instances will certainly be a source of much encouragement.

But, perhaps, the west of Canada is more willing to depart from the established order than the east. Then, again, the conditions are different. The maritime provinces have been living in peace and amity with their neighbours for many years. The immigration problem, carrying with it different races, conflicting ideas and unsatisfied ambitions, does not present itself in the same way. Halifax and Quebec, where immigration is concerned, are mainly ports of entrance, and intending settlers are generally Europeans.

It is not the same at Victoria and Vancouver. This was recognised in 1907, when the Hon. Rodolphe Lemieux was sent by the Dominion Government to Tokio to make representations to the Japanese Government regarding the restriction of its nationals from emigrating to Canada which was resulting in {480} racial riots. The Nippon Cabinet received the demarche in the right spirit, and so any cause for misunderstanding was removed. That was why the Dominion of Canada adhered to the Anglo-Japanese Treaty when it was renewed in 1913, and why the Japanese battleship Asama, after grounding on the coast of Lower California, was refitted at Esquimault. At that naval station in 1914 Canada had only one small cruiser of 3,600 tons, the Rainbow, used more for revenue purposes than for any idea of defence or offence. The new Canadian Air Board, by the introduction of aircraft on the Pacific Coast to assist in preventing opium smuggling, has almost removed the reason for retaining even that vessel. But it is still equipped as a training ship for the Royal Canadian Navy which, after the close of the war, was strengthened by the addition of three cruisers, the Aurora, Patriot and Patricia.

Fortunately the naval treaty between the British Empire, the United States and Japan, signed in February, 1922, will at least remove any doubt about Canada's pacific intentions in her developments of the west. By that agreement the above nations will respect the status quo in regard to fortifications and naval bases on their coast territories. No new ones are to be established. Moreover, no measures shall be taken to increase the existing naval facilities for the repair or maintenance of naval forces.

Thus with prosperity at home, and peace with those abroad, people of the land of the Maple Leaf and the Beaver will look upon the twentieth century {481} as peculiarly their own. But in doing so it will not be without a wrench to see old institutions alter and in some cases pass away. One of these is the Royal Northwest Mounted Police, which in November, 1919, became the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, provision being made for the absorption of the Dominion Police which during the Great War acted as a secret service to counteract enemy plots against the country. Recently the force has been bitterly opposed by Labour, on the ground that its real purpose is to break strikes, an objection originating in the force's very efficient action during the Winnipeg riots. Otherwise there would be no grounds for its disbandonment except economy, before which even history and tradition must bow.

The growth of labour organisations in Canada, however, ranks pari passu with that of the large cities. To gauge the extent one has only to mention that in 1911 there were 133,132 members in the labour unions, but in 1920 there were 373,842, or almost three times as many. Of the definite groups the railway employees stand first, representing 23.45 per cent. This explains why the railway situation in Canada is always a matter of no small interest to the people. As most of the organised workers are members of international unions, which cover the whole of the United States and Canada, their electoral power may be readily estimated. In justice to them, it must be said that labour, as compared with that in other countries, is remarkably safe and sane. During the war, trade union restrictions were subordinated to the country's {482} need, and now that it is over the one desire in the ranks is to keep industry on its feet, so that there may be a busy and contented Dominion. If at times there is a louder outcry against immigration, it is largely owing to the idea that the new-comers cannot be assimilated under existing conditions. But every Canadian, irrespective of class or calling, recognises that if the premier Dominion is to maintain its position and prestige in the Empire—and for that matter in the world—there must be more population.

In these days some people are inclined to speak of the near disappearance of free land in Canada. If by free land it is meant that there is no longer the liberty to settle at random without any qualifications for so doing, then there is truth in such a statement. But the history of Canada during the past two decades proves that if the Dominion is to prosper, there must be settlers who either have the necessary farming knowledge or the ability to acquire it. In either case the Government or the Railways will grant land as near free land as it can be made.

To train young farmers in the science and practice of agriculture, colleges and experimental farms have been established, and both Canadians and new-comers have taken advantage of them. For instance, in 1874 there were twenty-eight students at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. To-day the total enrolment is about 2,400. It can be seen, then, that there is a real desire upon the part of the rising generation for a scientific knowledge of farming, without which even virgin {483} soil cannot yield indefinitely. It is admitted that there may be more comfortable conditions in other countries, but Canada still remains the land of opportunity towards which the people always extend a beckoning hand.

When the grain is on the stalk, and the fields of wheat extend as far as the eye can see, the glowing red sun sinks beneath a golden horizon at the end of a summer's day. But, like young Canada, it rises again the next to breathe life on the land and destiny of the Empire's Great Dominion.



[1] Speech, House of Commons, March 13, 1900.



{484}

INDEX.

Abbott, Sir J. J. C., 415 Abenakis, 114; allies of French, 212 Abercromby, General, defeated by Montcalm, 245 Acadia, meaning; of, 5; its modern divisions, 5; occupied by De Monts, 50-54; history of, as French possession, 92-109, 203, 206-208; ceded to England; 208; French inhabitants of, 218; their unhappy fate, 231-236 Acadians, expulsion of, 231-236 Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of, 219 A la clair fontaine, French Canadian ballad, 452 Alaska, discovery of gold in, 430 Alaskan boundary award, 430, 461 Alcide and Lys, French frigates, captured by English, 229 Alexander, Sir W. (Lord Stirling), receives rights in Acadia, and names Nova Scotia, 89 Alfonce, Captain Jehan, French pilot, 47 Algonquin Indians, 114; tribal divisions of, 114, 115; customs of, 123-128; illustration of, 111 Alverstone, Lord, Chief Justice of England, 430 American Canadian Waterways Commission, 478 American Revolution, War of, attitude of French Canadians during, 282; Canada invaded, 283, 284; Montreal taken, 283; Quebec besieged, 285-287; death of Montgomery, 285; American troops retire from Canada, 286, 287; defeat of Cornwallis, 288; peace, ib. Amherst, General, 242, 245 Amundsen, Roald, 465 Andastes, 82, 83 Anglo-Japanese Treaty, 480 Annapolis (Port Royal), valley of, 51, 52; old capital of Nova Scotia, 206. See Port Royal Anse-an-Foulon (Wolfe's Cove), Wolfe ascends Quebec heights from, 254-256; Montgomery's march from, 285 Antillia, 21 Archibald, Adams, first Governor of Manitoba, 392 Arctic Exploration, 464 Argall, Samuel, destroys St. Sauveur and Port Royal in Acadia, 64, 65 Arms of the Dominion. See cover of this volume [Transcriber's note: missing from book] Armistice, 469 Arnold, General Benedict, his expedition against Quebec, 284-286; raises siege, 286 Arthur, Sir George, Canadian Governor, 355 Ashburton Treaty, 375 Assembly, Legislative, first at Halifax, 302; at Quebec, 306; in other provinces, 302, 303. See Legislatures, House of Commons Assiniboia. See Red River Association of Nations, 457, 467 Astrolabe, lost by Champlain, 79 Atlantis, island of, 12 Ayleswurth, Mr. A. B., 430 Autonomy Bills, 461

Baie Verte, Fort at, 229, 230 Baldwin, Robert, Canadian reformer, 342, 350, 364; portrait of, 365 Ballads of French Canada, 450-453 Bank of England, 468 Barre, La, Canadian Governor, 195 Batoche, fight at (in 1885), 397 Battles, 460, 465 Beaujeu, Captain de, defeats Braddock, 230 Beausejour, Fort, 229; captured by English, 230 Bedard, French Canadian journalist, 313, 314 Bering Sea question, 324 Biard, Father, Jesuit missionary, 61, 64 Biencourt, son of Baron de Poutrincourt, 60; his Acadian career, 60-65, 94; death of, 94 Bienville, father of Louisiana, 225 Big Bear, Indian chief, 395, 398 Bigot, Canadian Intendant, his crimes, 249; punishment of, 267 Binyon, Laurence, 466 Bishop's Palace, 305, 307 Borden, Sir Robert, 464, 468, 473, 475 Boston, City of, founded, 100 Bougainville, siege of Quebec, 253, 254, 256; his later career, 253 Boundaries of Canada under Quebec Act, 266, 277; treaty of peace of 1783, 289; in 1842 (Ashburton treaty), 375; in 1856 (Oregon), 375; after confederation in 1867, 380; in 1896, 4, 5 Bourgeoys, Margaret, founder of Congregation de Notre-Dame in Canada, 136 Bourgoyne, General, defeated at Saratoga, 288 Bourlamaque, General, 248, 254 Bowell, Mackenzie, Canadian premier, 394, 415 Braddock, General, defeated at Monongahela, 230 Brant, Joseph ("Thayendanegea"), Mohawk chief, 298-300; autograph and portrait of, 299 Brantford, named after Indian chief, 300. See Brant Brebeuf, Jean de, Jesuit Missionary, 86; his heroism and death, 142; relic of, 143 Bressani, Jesuit Missionary, 138 Brion, Seigneur de, French Admiral, 32 British Columbia, scenery of, 16, 17; history of, 404, 405; enters Canadian confederation, 406; Indians of, 402 British North America Act of 1867, unites Canadian provinces, 374, 428 British troops and warships withdrawn, 433 Brock, Major-General, during war of 1812; defeats Hull, 322; dies at battle of Queenston Heights, ib.; portrait of, 323; monument to, 336 Brockville, city of, 324 Brodeur, Hon. Mr. L. P., 433 Brown, George, Canadian journalist and statesman, 372; political career, 372, 406-408; his part in confederation, 372, 410, 412; autograph and portrait of, 409; monument to, 413 Bruce, John, at Red River (1869), 388 Brule, Etienne, Indian interpreter, 81, 84, 85 Bullion, Madam de, founder of Montreal Hotel de Dieu, 134 Byng, Lord, 465, 474

Cabot, John, discovers North American Continent, 21-23 Caleche in French Canada, 443 Callieres, Canadian governor, 204; makes peace with Iroquois, ib. Campbell, Sir Colin, Governor of Nova Scotia, 362 Campbell, W. Wilfred, Canadian poet, 181 Canada, divisions of, 1-18; name of, 7; discovery of, 34, 35; river of, 35; Quebec, ancient capital of, 70; government of, under France, 156-167; ceded to England, 263; military regime of, 268; political state from 1763-1867, 338-379; confederation of, 370-374, 391, 392, 404; railway building, 416; canals and waterways, 418; growth of manufacturing industries, 419, 420; bounty system, 419; population of, in 1908, 424, 425; French population of, 425; intellectual progress of, 425-429; revenue and expenditure, 425; government of, 426-429, relations with England, 428-429; awakening of national consciousness, 432; treaty-making power still withheld from, 433; map of (1643), 44; (1745), 221; (1896), opposite p. 1. See French Canadians Canadian Air Board, 480 Canadian Manufacturers' Association, 422 Canadian Pacific Railway, 392, 396, 414, 417 Canals of Canada, 358 Cape Breton, Island of; discovered, 23-26; named Ile Royale, 210; ceded to England, 215; restored to France, 219; ceded again to England, 264; government of, under France, 210, 211; part of Nova Scotia, 303. See Louisbourg Card money of French Canada, 162 Carignan-Salieres regiment, 152, 166 Carleton, General (Sir Guy), at siege of Quebec, 250; Canadian Governor, 277; saves Canada, 280, 283-287; becomes Lord Dorchester and again Governor, 301 Caroline, burning of steamer, 354 Caron, Sir Adolphe, 396 Cartier, Jacques, his voyages, 30-46; autograph and portrait of, 31; discovers Canada, 34; first map of his discoveries, 44; death of, 46 Cartier, Sir George, Canadian statesman, 372; his character and services to Canada, 408-412; autograph and portrait of, 411; monument to, 413 Cartwright, Sir Richard, Canadian statesman, 298 Cascade Mountains, 17 Cataraqui (Kingston), 184 Cayngas, division of Iroquois Confederacy, 118. See Iroquois Celeron, in the Ohio Valley, 223 Chaleur, Bay of, discovered, 32 Champlain, Helen, wife of Samuel Champlain, 77 Champlain, Lake, name of, 73 Champlain, Samuel, 48; first autograph and portrait of, 69; founds Quebec, 70; battles with the Iroquois, 72-75, 81-85; first visit to the Ottawa region, 78-80: his lost astrolabe, 79; discovers Lake Huron (mer douce), 82; surrenders Quebec to Kirk, 88; returns to Canada, 89; death of, 90; his services to Canada, 91; visit to Canada, 149 Chansons of French Canada. See Ballads Charlottetown, city of, founded, 311 Chartres, Fort, on the Illinois, 224 Chateau St. Louis, history of, destroyed by fire, see frontispiece Chateauguay, battle of, 328; monument of, 337 Cheveux Releves, 116 Chippawa-Queenston Canal, 476 Chrystler's Farm, battle of. See War of 1812 Clergy Reserves, 346; settled, 367 Coal, 423, 424 Coalition Government, 467, 475 Cobalt, 463 Colbert, French Minister of State, 152-156 Colborne, Sir John, Commander-in-Chief during Canadian rebellion of 1838-39, 352-357 Commons. See House of Commons Compagnie des Cents Associes, 86; charter revoked, 152 Confederation of Canada, 370-374, 380, 391, 392, 404, 406 Congregation de Notre Dame, founded, 136 Conscription, 467 Constitutional Act of 1791, 303-305; operation of, 309-315, 338-358 Constitution of Dominion of Canada, 426-429 Constitution of Provinces of Canada, 426, 427 Convents in Canada, founded, 130 et seq. Cortereal, Caspar and Miguel, Portuguese voyagers, 24 Cosa, Juan de la, Spanish pilot, his map of 1500, 23, 25 Costabelle, M. de, first governor of Cape Breton, 210 Cotes, 166 Coudres, Isle de, named, 35 Courcelles, M. de, Canadian governor, 153 Coureurs-de-bois, 170-176 Craig, Sir James, Canadian governor, 312-314 Crerar, Hon. T. A., 475 Crevecour, Fort, on the Illinois, 186 Crowfoot, Indian chief, 397 Carrie, General Sir Arthur, 465 Cut-Knife Creek, fight at (in 1885), 397

Dairying, 423 Daniel, Father, Jesuit missionary and martyr, 142 D'Anville, Duke, 217, 218 D'Aunay, Chevalier, 98; his feud with Charles de la Tour, 99-105; death of, 105; marriage of his widow, 106 Dauphin map (1543), 44 D'Avaugour, Baron, Canadian governor, 160 Davin, Nicholas F., 458 Dawson, Dr. G. M., Canadian scientist, 401 "Decouverte, La Nouvelle," by Father Hennepin, 187 Demobilization, 469 Demons, Isle of, 46 Denonville, Marquis de, Canadian governor, 195 Denys, Nicholas, in Acadia, 97, 106 Deserts, Isle of, 54, 64 Detroit, history of, 207, 223, 270-272, 274 Devonshire, Duke of, 474 Diamond, Cape, 44 Diamond Jubilee, 423 Dieskau, Baron, defeated by Johnson, 231 Dingley Act, 431 Disarmament Conference, 475 Dollard, Sieur des Ormeaux, his heroism, 151 Dominion Police, 481 Dominion of Canada. See Canada. Donnacona, Indian King of Stadacona, 36, 42, 43 Dorchester. See Carleton Doukhobors, 425 Druilletes, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, 139, 140 Drummond, General, wins battle of Lundy's Lane, 331 Dufferin, Lord, Canadian governor, 380, 394 Duhaut, La Salle's murderer, 190 Duluth, Daniel Greysolon, 176, 187 Dumont, Gabriel, half-breed leader in second Red River Rebellion, 395, 397 Duquesne, Canadian governor, 223 Duquesne, Fort, 224, 226 Durham, Lord, Canadian governor, 355; his report on Canadian affairs, 340, 356, 361

Earthquake of 1663 in Canada, 151 Eboulements, Les, 151 Education in Canada, 358, 359, 368, 425-428 Edward (Lyman), Fort, 222 Elections, 1900, 1911, 1917, 1921, 460, 463, 467, 475 Elgin, Lord, Canadian Governor, 363 England and Canada, relations between, 428-429 Eries ("Racoons"), 117 Etchemins ("Canoemen"), 114

Falkland, Lord, Nova Scotian Governor, 362 "Family Compact," 344; broken up, 355 Farming, the most important industry, 422-423 Fenian Raids, 378 Fielding, Mr. W. S., 433 Fish Creek, fight at (in 1855), 396; monument to dead, 400 Fisheries of Canada, 324, 335, 375, 424 Fitzgibbon. See War of 1812 Five Nations. See Iroquois Forbes, General, 243; in Ohio Valley, 246 Foster, George A., Canadian statesman, 298 Fraser River, 16, 17, 383 Frechette, Louis, French Canadian poet, 181; his portrait, 449 Frederic (Crown Point), Fort, 222 Free Land, 482 Free libraries, 426 French Canada. See French Canadians French Canadians, language of, 435-438; villages of, 439-442; attachment of, to Roman Catholic religion, 438-440, 447; habits of, 446; literature of, 448; feelings of, towards England, and confederation, 454-456 Frog Lake Massacre (in 1885), 395 Frontenac, Count, Canadian Governor, 194-204; character of, 193; repulses Phipps at Quebec, 199-201; humbles Onondagas, 203; death of, 204; autograph and statue of, 193 Frontenac, Fort, 184, 195, 196, 246; destroyed, 247 Fruit-growing, 423

Galissonniere, Canadian Governor, 222, 223 Galt, Sir Alexander, Canadian statesman, 372 Gannentaha, Onandaga French Mission, 148, 149 Garmeau, F. X., French Canadian historian, 449 Garry, Fort, 385, 388, 391; view of, 389 Gaspe, Cape, 8, 33 George, Lake, 137; battle of, 231 Germain, Lord George (Sackville), 287 Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 43 Gold, discovery of, in the Yukon and in Alaska, 430 Gomez, Estevan, 27 Gosford, Lord, Canadian Governor, 342, 352 Gourlay, Robert, Canadian reformer, 344; his ill-treatment, 345 Government of Dominion of Canada, 426, 429 Governor-General of Canada, 428 Grand Trunk Railway, 416; Pacific Railway, sections, 418; Government subsidy granted, 418; arbitration, 477 Grasett, Colonel, in Riel's second rebellion (1885), 397 Great Northern, 418 Greenfield, Premier, 479 Griffin, Le Salle's vessel, 186 Grosseilliers, Sieur de, 170 Guarantee Act, 416 Guercheville, Mme. de, 61 Guyart, Marie (Mere de l'Incarnation), Superior of Ursulines, 132; portrait of, 131

Habitants, of French Canada, 163-167, 442-447 Haldimand, General, Canadian governor, 287, 290, 301 Hale, Horatio, on Indian legends, 113, 119 Haliburton, Judge ("Sam Slick"), 360; portrait of, 359 Halifax, City of, founded, 222; razed, 468 Hampton, General, defeated at Chateauguay, 328 Harvey, Colonel (Sir John), at Stoney Creek, 325; in Nova Scotia, 363 Head, Sir Francis Bond, 350-353, 355 Hebert, French Canadian sculptor, 193, 449 Helluland of the Norsemen, 20 High Commission created, 430 Hincks, Sir Francis, Canadian statesman, 367 Hennepin, Father, his voyages, 187 Heve, La, in Acadia, 98 Hey, Chief Justice, 278 Highways Act, 470 Historians of Canada. See Bibliographical note at beginning of volume Hochelaga (Montreal), Indian village of, 37-41; inhabitants of, 112 Holbourne, Admiral, 240 Hospitals in Canada, 130 Hotel Dieu of Montreal, 134 Hotel Dieu of Quebec, 130 House of Commons of Canada, 428 Howe, Joseph, Canadian statesman and father of responsible government, 362, 364; portrait of, 363; action of, with respect to union, 412, 413 Howe, Lord, death of, 245 Hudson's Bay, English trading posts at, attacked by French, 195, 203, 205; Company of, 381-388; Railway, 418 Hughes, Sir Sam, 465 Huron Indians, 115; habits of, 116; habitations of, 82, 116; conquered by Iroquois, 141-143; dispersion of, 143-145

Iberville, Chevalier d', 198, 203, 207, 208; portrait of, 209 Ile Royale. See Cape Breton Imperial Conference, 463, 474 Imperial Munitions Board, 467 Indians of Canada, tribal divisions of, 114, 115; customs of, 115-117, 123-128; English policy towards, 275; present population and development of, 402, 403 Intercolonial Railway, 417 International Commission, 431 Iroquois, or Five Nations, 111, 114; tribal divisions and habitations of, 118, 119; habits and institutions of, 118-123; plan of long-houses of, 119; Canadian raids of, 137, 138, 146, 150; attacks of, on Hurons, 141-143; attacks on Western Indians, 195; French expeditions against, 74, 153, 154, 196, 203; joined by Tuscaroras and become Six Nations, 121

Japanese Government, 479 Jesuits in Acadia, 61; in Canada, 85, 86, 89; first Canadian martyr, 139; their heroism, 139-143; Relations, 113, 114, 127 Jette, Sir Louis, 430 Jogues, Isaac, first Jesuit martyr, 139 Johnson, Sir W., 227; defeats French at Lake George, 231 Johnston, J. W., Canadian statesman, 362 Jolliet, Louis, discovers Mississippi, 179, 180 Jonquiere, Marquis de la, Canadian governor, 218 Journalism, 426 Judiciary of Canada, 428

King, Hon. W. L. Mackenzie, 467, 468, 475 King's College in Nova Scotia, 360 Kingsford, William, Canadian author. See Bibliographical Note at the beginning of this volume Kirk, Admiral, captures Quebec, 88 Klondyke rush, 463

Labour organizations, 481 La Chine, origin of name, 184; massacre at, 196 Lacolle Mill, American defeat at, 331 Lafontaine, Sir L. H., Canadian statesman, 364; portrait of, 369 La Hontan, 195 Lalemant, Charles, Jesuit superior, 86 Lalemant, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary, his heroic death, 142 La Mothe-Cadillac, founder of Detroit, 207 La Tour, Charles de, in Acadia, 93-109 La Tour, Claude de, in Acadia, 93-97 La Tour, Madame de, her heroism, 102-104 Laurentides, 6; their antiquity, ib. See View of Cape Trinity, 9 Laurier, Wilfrid, Canadian premier, 414, 429, 432, 433, 439, 454, 460, 463, 467, 472 Laval, Mgr., first Canadian bishop, 157; character of, 158-160; portrait of, 159 Lawrence, Fort, 228 Lawrence, Governor, his part in expulsion of Acadians, 235 Law, systems of, in Canada, 428 Le Borgne, in Acadia, 106 Le Caron, Father, first western missionary, 82 Legislative Council, made elective in Canada, 367 Legislatures, Provincial, constitution of (in 1774), 278; (1792), 302-304; (1840), 357; (1867), 426 Leif Ericson, Norse voyager in America, 19, 20 Le Loutre, French priest in Acadia, 229, 230 Lemieux, Hon. Rodolphe, 479 L'Escarbot, in Acadia, 55, 56 Le Moyne, Simon, Jesuit missionary, 147 Levis, Chevalier de, 248; Canadian town named after, 2; at battle of St. Foy, 262 Liberal Convention, 468 Liotot, murderer of La Salle, 190 Liquors, sale of, 160 Livius, Chief Justice, 304 Loans, domestic, 469 Local government in French Canada, 164; in English Canada. See Municipal Institutions Lodge, Mr. Henry C., 430 Long Sault, heroic incident at, 150 Lorette, Hurons of, 144 L'Ordre de bon temps, at Port Royal, 57 Loudoun, Earl, 237 Louisbourg, 211; taken by New England expedition, 215-217; by Amherst and Boscawen, 242, 243; destroyed, 243; present aspect of, ib.; view of, in 1731, 210 Louisiana, 208, 224, 225, 436 Louis XIV., his interest in Canada, 152, 156 Lount, Samuel, Canadian Reformer, 353, 355 Loyalists, United Empire, 297; their trials, 292, 293, 294; famous names among, 295; their influence on Canada, 292, 296 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 331; monument at, 333, 337

Macdonald, Alexander, 463 Macdonald, Sir John Alexander, Canadian statesman and premier, political, career of, 372, 394, 398, 408-413; one of founders of Confederation 372; autograph and portrait of, 405; his tenure, as premier, 408; character of, 408, 410; monuments to, 413 Macdonnell, Bishop, 310 Mackenzie, Alexander, Canadian premier, 408 Mackenzie River, 383 Mackenzie, W. Lyon, Canadian Reformer, 348; career of, 348-351, 343-355, 368; autograph and portrait of, 349 Mackinac or Michillimackinac, 174, 175, 187, 203, 207, 223, 272 (Pontiac's War); 322, 332 (War of 1812) McDonell, Colonel, attorney-general, killed at Queenston, 322 McDonnell, Colonel, captures Ogdensburgh, 324; at Chateauguay, 328 McDougall, William, Canadian statesman, 373; in the Northwest, 387-390 McLeod affair with the United States, 374, 375 McNab, Colonel (Sir Allan), 353, 354 Macrae, Colonel, 466 Magdalen Islands, 32 Maisonneuve, Sieur de, founder of Ville-Marie (Montreal), 133-136; portrait of, 135 Mance, Jeanne, 134-136 Manitoba, province of, 391, 392. See Winnipeg Manufactures in Canada, 419-421 Markland, Norse discovery, 20 Marquette, Father, 178; discovers Mississippi, 179, 180; his death, 182, 183 Marquis wheat, 463 Maseres, Attorney-General, 278 Mason and Slidell difficulty, 377 Masse, Father, Jesuit missionary, in Acadia, 61; in Canada, 80 Matagorda Bay, La Salle at, 190 Matthews, Peter, Canadian Reformer, 355 Meighen, Hon. Arthur, 470, 474 Membertou, Micmac chief, 58, 59, 60, 62 Membre, Father, French missionary, 187, 188 Merchant Marine, 467 Metcalfe, Lord, Canadian Governor, 362 Metis or half-breeds of Canada, 11, 386; rebellions of (1869), 386-391; (1885), 393-400. See Riel Micmacs (Souriquois), 114, 115 Middleton, General, commands Canadian forces in second Red River Rebellion (1885), 396 Military Service, 468 Mining an important industry, 423 Mississippi, discovery of, 179, 180, 181, 188; France in valley of, 224, 225, 434 Mohawks, division of Iroquois Confederation, 118; settle in Canada, 300, 402. See Iroquois Monckton, General, 230; at siege of Quebec, 250, 257 Money in French Canada, 161, 162 Monongahela, battle of. See Braddock Montagnais Indians, 115 Montcalm, Marquis de, 238; victories of, 237, 238; defeat of, by Wolfe, 256; death of, 257; character of, 260; monument to, 259, 261 Montgomery, General, in Canada, 284; death of, 285 Montgomery's Tavern, near Toronto, Canadian rebels defeated at (1836), 353 Montmagny, Charles Hault de, Canadian governor, 129, 133; called "Onontio," 153 Montreal, city of, founded as Ville-Marie, 134-136; view of, in 1760, 265 Monts, Sieur de, in Acadia, 50-59, 68-75 Morgan, Lewis H., on the Iroquois, 119 Morrison, Colonel, defeats Americans at Chrystler's Farm, 328 Mounted Police of the Northwest, 401 Municipal Institutions in Canada, 367, 368, 426 Murray, General, at siege of Quebec, 250; defeated by Levis, 262; Canadian governor, 275-277; character of, 276

National Policy Tariff, 414 Naval Treaty, 480 Necessity, Fort, 224 Neilson, John, Canadian journalist, 338, 339 Nelson, Wolfred, Canadian reformer, 330, 352, 356, 357, 368 Neutral Nation (Attiwandaronks), 117 Newark (Niagara), 306; burned by American troops, 330 New Brunswick, province of, 5, 6; separated from Nova Scotia, 302; enters Confederation, 373, 374, 412 Newspapers, 426 Niagara, falls of, 186 Niagara, Fort, 231, 247, 253, 426 Nicolet, Jean, 168, 169 Nipissing Lake, 81, 82; Indians of, ib., 115 Non-intervention, 460 Norse voyages to America, 19, 20 Northwest Company, 382-385 Northwest of Canada, 10, 11; history of, 381-401; resources and progress of, 11, 392; mounted police of, 401, 481; Indians of, rebellions in, 387-402; monuments to victims of, 400; government of, 428 Northwest Passage, 465 Norumbega, 28, 54; memorials of, ib. Nova Scotia, 5, 6; named, 96; first assembly of, 302; enters Confederation, 373, 374, 413

Ocean steamships. See Royal William Ohio, valley of the, contest for, 223, 229, 230, 242; Indian raids in (Pontiac's War), 273 Oil discoveries, 476 Oneidas, division of Iroquois Confederation, 118. See Iroquois Onondagas, division of Iroquois Confederation, 118. See Iroquois Onontio. See Montmagny Ontario, province of, 10; name of, ib., 374; first known as Upper or Western Canada, 303; enters Confederation, 374; Hydro-Electric Commission, 476; Agricultural College, 482 Oregon boundary question, 375 Orleans, Island of, 36 Oswego (Choueguen), Fort, 222, 227 Ottawa River, 78 Otter, Colonel, 397 Ouigoudi (St. John's River, N.B.), 53

Papineau, Louis J., Canadian Reformer, 339; career of, 339, 351, 352, 357, 368; portrait of, 341 Paris, Treaty of, 264, 265 Parlby, Irene, 479 Parliament, House at Quebec, in 1792, 305; at Newark, 306, 307; burned at Montreal in 1849, 370; view of, at Ottawa, 427; constitution of Canadian, 428; at Ottawa burned, 468; rebuilt, 472 Peary, Admiral, 464 Peltrie, Madame de la, 131, 132 Pemaquid, Fort, 213 Pension Bill, 470 Pepperrell, General, 215, 216 Perrot, Nicholas, 176, 177 Phipps, Admiral, attacks Quebec, 199-201 Pitt (Chatham), 240, 241 Poets of French Canada, 450 Pontgrave, 43, 49 Pontiac, Ottawa chief, 270, 271; his war against English, 271-274; death of, 274 Population of Canada; (in 1757), 225; (1792), 303; (1812), 320; (1838), 358; (1861), 366; French population, 358, 425 Port Arthur, 478 Port Royal, founded, 52, 54; destroyed by Argall, 64; restored, 99; taken by Nicholson, 206; called Annapolis Royal, ib.; its present aspect, 52 Postage reform, 432 Pouchot, 247 Poundmaker, Indian chief, 395, 398 Poutrincourt, Baron de, founds Port Royal, 54; career of, in America, 53-61; death of, 66 Prescott Gate, 305, 307 Presqu'isle (Erie), 223, 247 Prevost, General, Canadian governor, military incapacity of, 325, 332 Prince of Wales, 472 Prince Edward Island (St. Jean), 5, 243, 244; separated from Nova Scotia, 302; enters Confederation, 403. See Charlottetown Privy Council. See Judicial Committee Proclamation of 1763, 274, 275 Procter, General, 324, 327 Progressive Party, 474 Prohibition, 458, 473 Protective policy, 458

Quebec Act of 1774, 276-279 Quebec Bridge, 470 Quebec, city of, 1-3; named, 70; founded, 70; taken by Kirk, 88; besieged by Phipps, 199-201; by Wolfe, 248-257; plan of siege of 1759, 251; surrender of, 258; besieged by Levis, 262; by Arnold and Montgomery, 284-286; view of, in 1760, 270; in 1896, 434. See Chateau St. Louis Quebec Conference of 1864, Confederation proposed, 372 Quebec, province of, 8, 9; enters Confederation, 374 Queylus, Abbe, 157, 158

Radisson, Sieur, 17 Railways in Canada, 366, 367 Rale, Sebastian, missionary in Acadia, 212 Ramesay, M. de, in Acadia, 219; surrenders Quebec, 258 Razilly, Isaac de, in Acadia, 97-99 Rebellion Losses, Riots of 1849, 369, 370 Rebellions in Canada; of 1837-38, in Lower Canada, 338-343, 351, 353-357; in Upper Canada, 344-351, 353-355; in the Northwest (1869), 387-392; (1885), 393-400 Reciprocity Treaty, 376 Recollets or Franciscans, 80, 81, 89 Red River settlement (Assiniboia), 384-387; insurrection at (1869-70), 387-392. See Riel Republican ideas, 462 Responsible Government in Canada, 361-365; in Nova Scotia, 362-364; in New Brunswick, 364; in P. E. Island, ib.; in British Columbia, 405; famous advocates of, 364, 365 Revenue and Expenditure of Canada, 425 Revolution, American. See American Revolution Richardson, Major, Canadian author, 271 Richelieu, Cardinal, 86 Richelieu River, 72, 73 Riel, Louis, rebels against Canada in 1869-70, 388; in 1885, 393-400; execution of, 379 Roberval, Jean Francois de la Roque, 45, 46 Robinson, Chief Justice, 344 Robinson, Christopher, 298 Roche, Marquis de la, 47 Rogers, Major Robert, 269 Rolph, Dr. John, Canadian Reformer, 353 Roman Catholics of Canada, freed from civil disabilities, 278 Root, Mr. Elihu, 430 Royal Mint, 468 Royal William, first steamship to cross Atlantic, 358 Rupert's Land, 381; history of, under fur traders, 381-386; part of Dominion, 387. See Northwest of Canada Ryerson, Egerton, 350, 368 Ryswick, Treaty of, 204

St. Alban's Bank, raid on, 377 Saint-Castin, Baron de, in Acadia, 171, 172 St. Croix, Island of, in Acadia, 53, 54 St. Croix River, 36 St. Foy, Battle of, 262 St. Ignace, mission of, attacked by Iroquois, 142 St. John River, 53; La Tour's fort on, 99, 103 St. Joseph, mission of, attacked by Iroquois, 142 St. Lawrence River, discovery of, 34, 35; valley of, 8; mountains of, ib. St. Lawrence, deepening of canals, 418, 419 St. Louis, Chateau. See Chateau St. Louis Saint-Lusson, Sieur, in the West, 177 St. Pierre and Miquelon, Isles of, 266 St. Sacrement, Lac du (Lake George), 137 Ste. Anne de Beaupre, Canadian Lourdes, 439, 440; view of church at, 441 Ste. Marie, Jesuit mission, 141, 143, 145 Saguenay River, 35 Salaberry, Colonel de, at Chateaugay, 328; portrait of, 329 Salle, Sieur de la, in the West, 183-188; on the Mississippi, 188, 189; assassination of, 190; autograph and portrait of, 185 "Sam Slick." See Haliburton San Juan difficulty, 375 Saskatchewan River, Riel's rebellion in district of, 393-400; monument on, 400 Sault-au-Matelot, 286 Sault Ste. Marie, 177, 223 Saunders, Dr. Chas. E., 463 Schools. See Education Schultz, Dr., at Red River, 390 Scott, Thomas, murdered by Riel, 390, 391 Secord, Laura, her courage, 326 Seigniorial Tenure, 87, 165; abolition of, 367 Selkirk, Lord, on the Red River, 384; death of, 385 Selkirk Range, 16, 17 Senate of Canada, 428 Senecas, division of the Iroquois Confederation, 118. See Iroquois Shipbuilding, 421 Shirley, General, 231 Sillery, 133 Simcoe, General, lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada, 306, 309-311; portrait of, 311 Six Nations. See Iroquois Smith, Sir Donald, at Red River, 390 Smith, Mary E., 479 Souriquois. See Micmacs South African War, 432-433 Stadacona (Quebec), 36 "Starved Rock" on the Illinois, 189 Stoney Creek, battle of, 325 Strachan, Bishop, 342, 347; portrait of, ib. Strathcona, Lord, 465 Strange, Colonel, 397 Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 464 Sulpicians in Canada, 133, 136, 157, 158 Sulte, Benjamin, French Canadian author, 448 Sydenham, Lord. See Thomson, Poulett

Tache, Archbishop, 390, 391 Talbot, Thomas, 310 Talon, J. Baptiste, Canadian Intendant, 157, 168 Tariff, revision of, 415; war with Germany, 415; British preference, 415, 416; commercial treaty with France, 416 Tecumseh, Indian Chief, 322, 327 Temple, Sir Thomas, in Acadia, 108 Thayendanegea. See Brant, Joseph Thompson, Sir John, Canadian premier, 324, 415, 458 Thomson, Poulett (Lord Sydenham), Canadian governor, 361, 362 Ticonderoga (Carillon), Fort, 222, 248, 434 Tilley, Sir Leonard, Canadian statesman a founder of confederation, 412 Titles, 462 Tobacco Nation (Tionotates), 117, 144 Touty, Henry de (of the copper hand), 186, 188, 208 Toronto (Fort Rouille), 222, 247; first known as York, 309; University of, 347 Tracy, Marquis de, Canadian viceroy, 152, 155 Trapper, Canadian, 173 Trinity, Cape, 9 Trinity College at Toronto, founded, 347 Tupper, Sir Charles, Canadian statesman, 298, 368; a founder of confederation, 373, 412, 415, 464, 465 Turner, Mr. George, 430 Tuscaroras. See Iroquois.

Union Act of 1840, 361-368 United Farmers' Organization, 474 United States, population of, in 1812, 316; relations of Canada with, from 1840 to 1867, 379; present relations, 429 Universities, 347 Upper Canada. See Ontario. Upper Canada Gazette, first Upper Canadian newspaper, 315 Ursulines, convent of, 131 Utrecht, Treaty of, 208

Varennes, 202 Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Canadian governor, 229; at siege of Quebec, 248, 252, 256; capitulates at Montreal, 264; death of, 268 Vercheres, Magdeleine de, her heroism, 202 Verendryes, the, in the West, 381; reach Rockies, 382; on the Red and Assiniboine Rivers, 384 Verrazano, Giovanni da, 26, 27 Versailles, Peace of, 461, 464 Victoria Bridge, 367 Victories, Notre-Dame des, at Quebec, 2, 201, 207 Vignau, Nicholas, deceives Champlain, 77, 98 Ville-Marie. See Montreal Vinland, Norse discovery, 20 Von Egmond, Colonel, during rebellion of 1836, 353, 354

Walker, Admiral Hovenden, 207 War of 1812-15, causes of, 316, 320; patriotism of Canadians during, 320-322; capitulation of Hull, 322; Battle of Queenston Heights, ib.; Procter's victory over Winchester, 324; taking of York (Toronto), ib.; American successes on Niagara frontier in 1813, 325; Stoney Creek, ib.; Mrs. Secord's exploit, 326; Fitzgibbon's success at De Ceu's, 326; English defeat on Lake Erie, 327; Procter's defeat at Moraviantown, ib.; Chrystler's farm, 328; Chateauguay, 328; American outrage at Niagara, 330; English retaliate, 330, 335; Riall's defeat, 331; Lundy's Lane, ib.; Prevost's defeat on Lake Champlain, and retreat from Plattsburg, 332; naval fights, 334; peace, 335; effect of, on Canada, 335, 336; conspicuous Canadian actors during, 336, 337; monuments of, 333, 336, 337 War Savings Certificates, 469 Washington, George, at Fort Necessity, 224 Washington, Treaty of, 1871, 324; Minister at, 473 Water-power, 476 Whelan, Edward, Canadian journalist, 406 Willcocks, Joseph, Canadian agitator, 314, 320 William Henry, Fort, 222, 238 Williams, Colonel, his gallantry at Batoche (1885) 397; death of, ib.; portrait of, 309 Wilmot, Lemuel A., Canadian statesman, 364; portrait of, 371 Winnipeg, 14, 315, 382, 392; riots, 470 Wolfe, General James, 242; at Louisbourg, 242; at Quebec, 250-256; wins Canada for England, 256, 257; death of, 257; character of, 260; monuments to, 259, 261; portrait of, 249 Wolseley, Lord, leads British forces against Riel in 1870, 391 Women's Conference, 478 Women's Suffrage, 458, 479 Wyandots (Hurons), 144

York, Duke and Duchess of, 460 York. See Toronto Yukon, the, discovery of gold in, 430

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