After this it is curious, even to those accustomed to such speculations, to observe some men changing with the times, and furious rivals converted into brothers. Whitgift, whom Elizabeth, as a mark of her favour, called "her black husband," soliciting Cartwright's pardon from the Queen; and the proud Presbyter Cartwright styling Whitgift his Lord the Archbishop's Grace of Canterbury, and visiting him!

[412] Sir George Paul, a contemporary, attributes his wealth "to the benevolence and bounty of his followers." Dr. Sutcliffe, one of his adversaries, sharply upbraids him, that "in the persecution he perpetually complained of, he was grown rich." A Puritan advocate reproves Dr. Sutcliffe for always carping at Cartwright's purchases:—"Why may not Cartwright sell the lands he had from his father, and buy others with the money, as well as some of the bishops, who by bribery, simony, extortion, racking of rents, wasting of woods, and such like stratagems, wax rich, and purchase great lordships for their posterity?"

To this Sutcliffe replied:

"I do not carpe alway, no, nor once, at Master Cartwright's purchase. I hinder him not; I envy him not. Only thus much I must tell him, that Thomas Cartwright, a man that hath more landes of his own in possession than any bishop that I know, and that fareth daintily every day, and feedeth fayre and fatte, and lyeth as soft as any tenderling of that brood, and hath wonne much wealth in short time, and will leave more to his posterity than any bishop, should not cry out either of persecution or of excess of bishop's livinges."—SUTCLIFFE'S Answer to Certain Calumnious Petitions.

[413] "The author of these libels," says Bishop Cooper, in his "Admonition to the People of England," 1589, "calleth himself by a feigned name, Martin Mar-Prelate, a very fit name undoubtedly. But if this outrageous spirit of boldness be not stopped speedily, I fear he will prove himself to be, not only Mar-Prelate, but Mar-Prince, Mar-State, Mar-Law, Mar-Magistrate, and altogether, until he bring it to an Anabaptistical equality and community."—ED.

[414] Cartwright approved of them, and well knew the concealed writers, who frequently consulted him: this appears by Sir G. Paul's "Life of Whitgift," p. 65. Being asked his opinion of such books, he said, that "since the bishops, and others there touched, would not amend by grave books, it was therefore meet they should be dealt withal to their farther reproach; and that some books must be earnest, some more mild and temperate, whereby they may be both of the spirit of Elias and Eliseus;" the one the great mocker, the other the more solemn reprover. It must be confessed Cartwright here discovers a deep knowledge of human nature. He knew the power of ridicule and of invective. At a later day, a writer of the same stamp, in "The Second Wash, or the Moore Scoured once more," (written against Dr. Henry More, the Platonist), in defence of that vocabulary of names which he has poured on More, asserts it is a practice allowed by the high authority of Christ himself. I transcribe the curious passage:—"It is the practice of Christ himself to character men by those things to which they assimilate. Thus hath he called Herod a fox; Judas a devil; false pastors he calls wolves; the buyers and sellers, theeves; and those Hebrew Puritans the Pharisees, hypocrites. This rule and justice of his Master St. Paul hath well observed, and he acts freely thereby; for when he reproves the Cretians, he makes use of that ignominious proverb, Evil beasts and slow bellies. When the high priest commanded the Jews to smite him on the face, he replied to him, not without some bitterness, God shall smite thee, thou white wall. I cite not these places to justify an injurious spleen, but to argue the liberty of the truth."—The Second Wash, or the Moore Scoured once more. 1651. P. 8.

[415] One of their works is "A Dialogue, wherein is laid open the tyrannical dealing of L. Bishopps against God's children." It is full of scurrilous stories, probably brought together by two active cobblers who were so useful to their junto. Yet the bishops of that day were not of dissolute manners; and the accusations are such, that it only proves their willingness to raise charges against them. Of one bishop they tell us, that after declaring he was poor, and what expenses he had been at, as Paul's church could bear witness, shortly after hanged four of his servants for having robbed him of a considerable sum. Of another, who cut down all the woods at Hampstead, till the towns-women "fell a swaddling of his men," and so saved Hampstead by their resolution. But when Martin would give a proof that the Bishop of London was one of the bishops of the devil, in his "Pistle to the terrible priests," he tells this story:—"When the bishop throws his bowl (as he useth it commonly upon the Sabbath-day), he runnes after it; and if it be too hard, he cries Rub! rub! rub! the diuel goe with thee! and he goeth himself with it; so that by these words he names himself the Bishop of the Divel, and by his tirannical practice prooveth himselfe to be." He tells, too, of a parson well known, who, being in the pulpit, and "hearing his dog cry, he out with this text: 'Why, how now, hoe! can you not let my dog alone there? Come, Springe! come, Springe!' and whistled the dog to the pulpit." One of their chief objects of attack was Cooper, Bishop of Lincoln, a laborious student, but married to a dissolute woman, whom the University of Oxford offered to separate from him: but he said he knew his infirmity, and could not live without his wife, and was tender on the point of divorce. He had a greater misfortune than even this loose woman about him—his name could be punned on; and this bishop may be placed among that unlucky class of authors who have fallen victims to their names. Shenstone meant more than he expressed, when he thanked God that he could not be punned on. Mar-Prelate, besides many cruel hits at Bishop Cooper's wife, was now always "making the Cooper's hoops to flye off, and the bishop's tubs to leake out." In "The Protestatyon of Martin Marprelat," where he tells of two bishops, "who so contended in throwing down elmes, as if the wager had bene whether of them should most have impoverished their bishopricks. Yet I blame not Mar-Elme so much as Cooper for this fact, because it is no less given him by his name to spoil elmes, than it is allowed him by the secret judgment of God to mar the Church. A man of Cooper's age and occupation, so wel seene in that trade, might easily knowe that tubs made of green timber must needs leak out; and yet I do not so greatly marvel; for he that makes no conscience to be a deceiver in the building of the churche, will not stick for his game to be a deceitfull workeman in making of tubbs."—p. 19. The author of the books against Bishop Cooper is said to have been Job Throckmorton, a learned man, affecting raillery and humour to court the mob.

Such was the strain of ribaldry and malice which Martin Mar-Prelate indulged, and by which he obtained full possession of the minds of the people for a considerable time. His libels were translated, and have been often quoted by the Roman Catholics abroad and at home for their particular purposes, just as the revolutionary publications in this country have been concluded abroad to be the general sentiments of the people of England; and thus our factions always will serve the interests of our enemies. Martin seems to have written little verse; but there is one epigram worth preserving for its bitterness.

Martin Senior, in his "Reproofe of Martin Junior," complains that "his younger brother has not taken a little paines in ryming with Mar-Martin (one of their poetical antagonists), that the Cater-Caps may know how the meanest of my father's sonnes is able to answeare them both at blunt and sharpe." He then gives his younger brother a specimen of what he is hereafter to do. He attributes the satire of Mar-Martin to Dr. Bridges, Dean of Sarum, and John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury.

"The first Rising, Generation, and Original of Mar-Martin.

"From Sarum came a goos's egg, With specks and spots bepatched; A priest of Lambeth coucht thereon, Thus was Mar-Martin hatched.

Whence hath Mar-Martin all his wit, But from that egge of Sarum? The rest comes all from great Sir John, Who rings us all this 'larum.

What can the cockatrice hatch up But serpents like himselfe? What sees the ape within the glasse But a deformed elfe?

Then must Mar-Martin have some smell Of forge, or else of fire: A sotte in wit, a beaste in minde, For so was damme and sire."

[416] It would, however, appear that these revolutionary publications reached the universities, and probably fermented "the green heads" of our students, as the following grave admonition directed to them evidently proves:—

"Anti-Martinus sive monitio cujusdam Londinensis ad adolescentes vtrimque academiae contra personatum quendam rabulam qui se Anglice Martin Marprelat, &c. Londini, 1589, 4o."

A popular favourite as he was, yet even Martin, in propria persona, acknowledges that his manner was not approved of by either party. His "Theses Martinianae" opens thus: "I see my doings and my course misliked of many, both the good and the bad; though also I have favourers of both sortes. The bishops and their traine, though they stumble at the cause, yet especially mislike my maner of writing. Those whom foolishly men call Puritanes, like of the matter I have handled, but the forme they cannot brooke. So that herein I have them both for mine adversaries. But now what if I should take the course in certain theses or conclusions, without inveighing against either person or cause." This was probably written after Martin had swallowed some of his own sauce, or taken his "Pap (offered to him) with a Hatchet," as one of the most celebrated government pamphlets is entitled. But these "Theses Martinianae," without either scurrility or invective are the dullest things imaginable; abstract propositions were not palatable to the multitude; and then it was, after the trial had been made, that Martin Junior and Senior attempted to revive the spirit of the old gentleman; but if sedition has its progress, it has also its decline; and if it could not strike its blow when strongest, it only puled and made grimaces, prognostics of weakness and dissolution. This is admirably touched in "Pappe with an Hatchet." "Now Old Martin appeared, with a wit worn into the socket, twingling and pinking like the snuffe of a candle; quantum mutatus ab illo, how unlike the knave he was before, not for malice, but for sharpnesse! The hogshead was even come to the hauncing, and nothing could be drawne from him but dregs; yet the emptie caske sounds lowder than when it was full, and protests more in his waining than he could performe in his waxing. I drew neere the sillie soul, whom I found quivering in two sheets of protestation paper (alluding to the work mentioned here in the following note). O how meager and leane he looked, so crest falne that his combe hung downe to his bill; and had I not been sure it was the picture of Envie, I should have sworn it had been the image of Death: so like the verie anatomie of Mischief, that one might see through all the ribbes of his conscience."

In another rare pamphlet from the same school, "Pasquill of England to Martin Junior, in a countercuffe given to Martin Junior," he humorously threatens to write "The Owle's Almanack, wherein your night labours be set down;" and "some fruitful volumes of 'The Lives of the Saints,' which, maugre your father's five hundred sons, shall be printed," with "hays, jiggs, and roundelays, and madrigals, serving for epitaphs for his father's hearse."

[417] Some of these works still bear evident marks that the "pursuivants" were hunting the printers. "The Protestatyon of Martin Mar-Prelate, wherein, notwithstanding the surprising of the printer, he maketh it knowne vnto the world that he feareth neither proud priest, tirannous prelate, nor godlesse cater-cap; but defieth all the race of them," including "a challenge" to meet them personally; was probably one of their latest efforts. The printing and the orthography show all the imperfections of that haste in which they were forced to print this work. As they lost their strength, they were getting more venomous. Among the little Martins disturbed in the hour of parturition, but already christened, there were: "Episto Mastix;" "The Lives and Doings of English Popes;" "Itinerarium, or Visitations;" "Lambethisms." The "Itinerary" was a survey of every clergyman of England! and served as a model to a similar work, which appeared during the time of the Commonwealth. The "Lambethisms" were secrets divulged by Martin, who, it seems, had got into the palace itself! Their productions were, probably, often got up in haste, in utter scorn of the Horatian precept. [These pamphlets were printed with difficulty and danger, in secrecy and fear, for they were rigidly denounced by the government of Elizabeth. Sir George Paul, in his "Life of Archbishop Whitgift," informs us that they were printed with a kind of wandering press, which was first set up at Moulsey, near Kingston-on-Thames, and from thence conveyed to Fauseley in Northamptonshire, and from thence to Norton, afterwards to Coventry, from thence to Welstone in Warwickshire, from which place the letters were sent to another press in or near Manchester; where by the means of Henry, Earl of Derby, the press was discovered in printing "More Work for a Cooper;" an answer to Bishop Cooper's attack on the party, and a work so rare Mr. Maskell says, "I believe no copy of it, in any state, remains."]

As a great curiosity, I preserve a fragment in the Scottish dialect, which well describes them and their views. The title is wanting in the only copy I have seen; but its extreme rarity is not its only value: there is something venerable in the criticism, and poignant in the political sarcasm.

"Weil lettred clarkis endite their warkes, quoth Horace, slow and geasoun, Bot thou can wise forth buike by buike, at every spurt and seasoun; For men of litrature t'endite so fast, them doth not fitte, Enanter in them, as in thee, their pen outrun thair witte. The shaftis of foolis are soone shot out, but fro the merke they stray; So art thou glibbe to guibe and taunte, but rouest all the way, Quhen thou hast parbrackt out thy gorge, and shot out all thy arrowes, See that thou hold thy clacke, and hang thy quiver on the gallows. Els Clarkis will soon all be Sir Johns, the priestis craft will empaire, And Dickin, Jackin, Tom, and Hob, mon sit in Rabbies chaire. Let Georg and Nichlas, cheek by jol, bothe still on cock-horse yode, That dignitie of Pristis with thee may hau a long abode. Els Litrature mon spredde her wings, and piercing welkin bright, To Heaven, from whence she did first wend, retire and take her flight."

[418] "Pasquill of England to Martin Junior, in a countercuffe given to Martin Junior."

[419] "Most of the books under Martin's name were composed by John Penry, John Udall, John Field, and Job Throckmorton, who all concurred in making Martin. See 'Answer to Throgmorton's Letter by Sutcliffe,' p. 70; 'More Work for a Cooper;' and 'Hay any Work for a Cooper;' and 'Some layd open in his Colours;' were composed by Job Throckmorton."—MS. Note by Thomas Baker. Udall, indeed, denied having any concern in these invectives, and professed to disapprove of them. We see Cartwright, however, of quite a different opinion. In Udall's library some MS. notes had been seen by a person who considered them as materials for a Martin Mar-Prelate work in embryo, which Udall confessed were written "by a friend." All the writers were silenced ministers; though it is not improbable that their scandalous tales, and much of the ribaldry, might have been contributed by their lowest retainers, those purveyors for the mob, of what they lately chose to call their "Pig's-meat."

[420] The execution of Hacket, and condemnation of his party, who had declared him "King of Europe," so that England was only a province to him, is noted in our "General History of England." This was the first serious blow which alarmed the Puritanic party. Doubtless, this man was a mere maniac, and his ferocious passions broke out early in life; but, in that day, they permitted no lunacy as a plea for any politician. Cartwright held an intercourse with that party, as he had with Barrow, said to have been a debauched youth; yet we had a sect of Barrowists; and Robert Brown, the founder of another sect, named after him Brownists; which became very formidable. This Brown, for his relationship, was patronised by Cecil, Earl of Burleigh. He was a man of violent passions. He had a wife, with whom he never lived; and a church, wherein he never preached, observes the characterising Fuller, who knew him when Fuller was young. In one of the pamphlets of the time I have seen, it is mentioned that being reproached with beating his wife, he replied, "I do not beat Mrs. Brown as my wife, but as a curst cross old woman." He closed his life in prison; not for his opinions, but for his brutality to a constable. The old women and the cobblers connected with these Martin Mar-Prelates are noticed in the burlesque epitaphs on Martin's death, supposed to be made by his favourites; a humorous appendix to "Martin's Monthminde." Few political conspiracies, whenever religion forms a pretext, is without a woman. One Dame Lawson is distinguished, changing her "silke for sacke;" and other names might be added of ladies. Two cobblers are particularly noticed as some of the industrious purveyors of sedition through the kingdom—Cliffe, the cobbler, and one Newman. Cliffe's epitaph on his friend Martin is not without humour:—

"Adieu, both naule and bristles now for euer; The shoe and soale—ah, woe is me!—must sever. Bewaile, mine awle, thy sharpest point is gone; My bristle's broke, and I am left alone. Farewell old shoes, thumb-stall, and clouting-leather; Martin is gone, and we undone together."

Nor is Newman, the other cobbler, less mortified and pathetic. "The London Corresponding Society" had a more ancient origin than that sodality was aware.

"My hope once was, my old shoes should be sticht; My thumbs ygilt, that were before bepicht: Now Martin's gone, and laid full deep in ground, My gentry's lost, before it could be found."

Among the Martin Mar-Prelate books was one entitled "The Cobbler's Book." This I have not seen; but these cobblers probably picked up intelligence for these scandalous chronicles. The writers, too, condescended to intersperse the cant dialect of the populace, with which the cobblers doubtless assisted these learned men, when busied in their buffoonery. Hence all their vulgar gibberish; the Shibboleth of the numerous class of their admirers—such as, "O, whose tat?" John Kankerbury, for Canterbury; Paltri-politans, for Metropolitans; See Villains, for Civilians; and Doctor of Devility, for Divinity! and more of this stamp. Who could imagine that the writers of these scurrilities were learned men, and that their patrons were men of rank! We find two knights heavily fined for secreting these books in their cellars. But it is the nature of rebellion to unite the two extremes; for want stirs the populace to rise, and excess the higher orders. This idea is admirably expressed in one of our elder poets:—

"Want made them murmur; for the people, who To get their bread, do wrestle with their fate, Or those, who in superfluous riot flow, Soonest rebel. Convulsions in a State, Like those which natural bodies do oppress, Rise from repletion, or from emptiness." ALEYNE'S Henry VII.

[421] The writer of Algernon Sidney's Memoirs could not have known this fact, or he would not have said that "this was the first indictment of high treason upon which any man lost his life for writing anything without publishing it."—Edit. 1751, p. 21. It is curious to have Sidney's own opinion on this point. We discover this on his trial. He gives it, assuming one of his own noble principles, not likely to have been allowed by the wretched Tories of that day. Addressing the villanous Jeffries, the Lord Chief Justice:—"My Lord, I think it is a right of mankind, and 'tis exercised by all studious men, to write, in their own closets, what they please, for their own memory; and no man can be answerable for it, unless they publish it." Jeffries replied:—"Pray don't go away with that right of mankind, that it is lawful for me to write what I will in my own closet, so I do not publish it. We must not endure men to talk thus, that by the right of nature every man may contrive mischief in his own chamber, and is not to be punished till he thinks fit to be called to it." Jeffries was a profligate sophist, but his talents were as great as his vices.

[422] Penry's unfinished petition, which he designed to have presented to the Queen before the trial, is a bold and energetic composition; his protestation, after the trial, a pathetic prayer! Neale has preserved both in his "History of the Puritans." With what simplicity of eloquence he remonstrates on the temporising government of Elizabeth. He thus addresses the Queen, under the title of Madam!—"Your standing is, and has been, by the Gospel: it is little beholden to you for anything that appears. The practice of your government shows that if you could have ruled without the Gospel, it would have been doubtful whether the Gospel should be established or not; for now that you are established in your throne by the Gospel, you suffer it to reach no farther than the end of your sceptre limiteth unto it." Of a milder, and more melancholy cast, is the touching language, when the hope of life, but not the firmness of his cause had deserted him. "I look not to live this week to an end. I never took myself for a rebuker, much less for a reformer of states and kingdoms. I never did anything in this cause for contention, vainglory, or to draw disciples after me. Great things, in this life, I never sought for: sufficiency I had, with great outward trouble; but most content I was with my lot, and content with my untimely death, though I leave behind me a friendless widow and four infants."—Such is often the pathetic cry of the simple-hearted, who fall the victims to the political views of more designing heads.

We could hardly have imagined that this eloquent and serious young man was that Martin Mar-Prelate who so long played the political ape before the populace, with all the mummery of their low buffoonery, and even mimicking their own idioms. The populace, however, seems to have been divided in their opinions respecting the sanity of his politics, as appears by some ludicrous lines, made on Penry's death, by a northern rhymer.

"The Welshman is hanged, Who at our kirke flanged, And at the state banged, And brened are his buks. And though he be hanged, Yet he is not wranged; The deil has him fanged In his kruked kluks." WEEVER'S Funerall Monuments, p. 56. Edit. 1631.

[423] Observe what different conclusions are drawn from the same fact by opposite writers. Heylin, arguing that Udall had been justly condemned, adds, "the man remained a living monument of the archbishop's extraordinary goodness to him in the preserving of that life which by the law he had forfeited." But Neale, on the same point, considers him as one who "died for his conscience, and stands upon record as a monument of the oppression and cruelty of the government." All this opposition of feeling is of the nature of party-spirit; but what is more curious in the history of human nature, is the change of opinion in the same family in the course of the same generation. The son of this Udall was as great a zealot for Conformity, and as great a sufferer for it from his father's party, when they possessed political power. This son would not submit to their oaths and covenants, but, with his bedridden wife, was left unmercifully to perish in the open streets,—WALKER'S Sufferings of the Clergy, part ii. p. 178.



SUPPLEMENT TO MARTIN MAR-PRELATE.

As a literary curiosity, I shall preserve a very rare poetical tract, which describes with considerable force the Revolutionists of the reign of Elizabeth. They are indeed those of wild democracy; and the subject of this satire will, I fear, be never out of time. It is an admirable political satire against a mob-government. In our poetical history, this specimen too is curious, for it will show that the stanza in alternate rhymes, usually denominated elegiac, is adapted to very opposite themes. The solemnity of the versification is impressive, and the satire equally dignified and keen.

The taste of the mere modern reader had been more gratified by omitting some unequal passages; but, after deliberation, I found that so short a composition would be injured by dismembering extracts. I have distinguished by italics the lines to which I desire the reader's attention, and have added a few notes to clear up some passages which might appear obscure.

RYTHMES AGAINST MARTIN MARRE-PRELATE.[424]

Ordo Sacerdotum fatuo turbatur ab omni, Labitur et passim Religionis honos.

Since Reason, Martin, cannot stay thy pen, We 'il see what rime will do; have at thee then!

A Dizard late skipt out upon our stage, But in a sacke, that no man might him see; And though we know not yet the paltrie page, Himselfe hath Martin made his name to bee. A proper name, and for his feates most fit; The only thing wherein he hath shew'd wit.

Who knoweth not, that Apes, men Martins call,[425] Which beast, this baggage seemes as 't were himselfe: So as both nature, nurture, name, and all, Of that's expressed in this apish elfe. Which Ile make good to Martin Marre-als face, In three plaine poynts, and will not bate an ace.

For, first, the Ape delights with moppes and mowes, And mocketh Prince and Peasants all alike; This jesting Jacke, that no good manners knowes, With his Asse-heeles presumes all states to strike. Whose scoffes so stinking in each nose doth smell, As all mouthes saie of Dolts he beares the bell.

Sometimes his chappes do walke in poynts too high, Wherein the Ape himself a Woodcock tries. Sometimes with floutes he drawes his mouth awrie, And sweares by his ten bones, and falselie lies. Wherefore be he what he will I do not passe; He is the paltriest Ape that euer was.

Such fleering, leering, jeering fooles bopeepe, Such hahas! teehees! weehees! wild colts play; Such Sohoes! whoopes and hallowes; hold and keepe; Such rangings, ragings, reuelings, roysters ray; With so foule mouth, and knaue at euery catch, 'Tis some knaue's nest did surely Martin hatch.

Now out he runnes with Cuckowe king of May, Then in he leapes with a wild Morrice daunce; Then strikes he up Dame Lawson's[426] lustie lay; Then comes Sir Jeffrie's ale-tub, tapp'd by chaunce, Which makes me gesse, and I can shrewdly smell, He loues both t' one and t'other passing well.

Then straight, as though he were distracted quite, He chafeth like a cut-purse layde in warde; And rudely railes with all his maine and might, Against both knights and lords without regard: So as Bridewell must tame his dronken fits, And Bedlem help to bring him to his wits.

But, Martin, why, in matters of such weight, Dost thou thus play the dawe, and dauncing foole? O sir (quoth he) this is a pleasant baite For men of sorts, to traine them to my schoole. Ye noble states, how can you like hereof, A shamelesse Ape at your sage head should scoffe?

Good Noddie, now leaue scribbling in such matters; They are no tooles for fooles to tend unto; Wise men regard not what mad monkies patters! 'Twere trim a beast should teach men what to do. Now Tarleton's dead, the consort lackes a Vice. For knaue and foole thou maist bear prick and price.

The sacred sect, and perfect pure precise, Whose cause must be by Scoggin's jests mainteinde, Ye shewe, although that Purple, Apes disguise, Yet Apes are still, and so must be, disdainde. For though your Lyons lookes weake eyes escapes, Your babling bookes bewraies you all for Apes.

The next point is, Apes use to tosse and teare What once their fidling fingers fasten on; And clime aloft, and cast downe euery where, And neuer staie till all that stands be gon! Now whether this in Martin be not true, You wiser heads marke here what doth ensue.

What is it not that Martin doth not rent? Cappes, tippets, gownes, black chiuers, rotchets white; Communion bookes, and homelies: yea, so bent To teare, as women's wimples feele his spite. Thus tearing all, as all apes use to doo, He teares withall the Church of Christ in two.

Marke now what thinges he meanes to tumble downe, For to this poynt to look is worth the while, In one that makes no choice 'twixt cap and crowne, Cathedral churches he would fain untile, And snatch up bishops' lands, and catch away All gaine of learning for his prouling pray.

And thinke you not he will pull downe at length As well the top from tower as cocke from steeple; And when his head hath gotten some more strength, To play with Prince as now he doth with People: Yes, he that now saith, Why should Bishops bee? Will next crie out, Why Kings? The Saincts are free!

The Germaine boores with Clergiemen began, But neuer left till Prince and Peeres were dead. Jacke Leyden was a holy zealous man, But ceast not till the Crowne was on his head. And Martin's mate, Jacke Strawe, would alwaies ring, The Clergie's faults, but sought to kill the King.

"Oh that," quoth Martin, "chwere a Nobleman!"[427] Avaunt, vile villain! 'tis not for such swads. And of the Counsell, too: marke Princes then: These roomes are raught at by these lustie lads. For Apes must climbe, and neuer stay their wit, Untill on top of highest hilles they sit.

What meane they els, in euery towne to craue Their Priest and King like Christ himself to be: And for one Pope ten thousand Popes to have, And to controll the highest he or she? Aske Scotland that, whose King so long they crost, As he was like his kingdome to haue lost.

Beware ye States and Nobles of this lande, The Clergie is but one of these men's buttes. The Ape at last on master's necke will stande: Then gegge betimes these gaping greedie gutts. Least that too soone, and then too late ye feele, He strikes at head that first began with heele.

The third tricke is, what Apes by flattering waies Cannot come by with biting, they will snatch; Our Martin makes no bones, but plainely saies, Their fists shall walke, they will both bite and scratch. He'll make their hearts to ake, and will not faile, Where pen cannot, their penknife shall prevail.[428]

But this is false, he saith he did but mock: A foole he was, that so his words did scanne. He only meant with pen their pates to knocke; A knaue he is, that so turns cat in pan. But, Martin, sweare and stare as deepe as hell, Thy sprite, thy spite and mischeuous minde doth tell.

The thing that neither Pope with booke nor bull, Nor Spanish King with ships could doe without, Our MARTINS heere at home will worke at full: If Prince curbe not betimes that rabble rout. That is, destroy both Church and State and all; For if t' one faile, the other needes must fall.

Thou England, then, whom God doth make so glad Through Gospel's grace and Prince's prudent reigne, Take heede lest thou at last be made as sad, Through Martin's makebates marring, to thy paine. For he marrs all and maketh nought, nor will, Saue lies and strife, and works for England's ill.

And ye graue men that answere MARTIN'S mowes, He mocks the more, and you in vain loose times. Leaue Apes to Doggs to baite, their skins to Crowes, And let old Lanam[429] lashe him with his rimes. The beast is proud when men read his enditings; Let his workes goe the waie of all wast writings.

Now, Martin, you that say you will spawne out Your brawling brattes, in euery towne to dwell, We will provide in each place for your route, A bell and whippe that Apes do loue so well. And if yo skippe, and will not wey the checke, We 'il haue a springe, and catche you by the necke.

And so adieu, mad Martin-mar-the-land Leaue off thy worke, and "more work"[430] hearest thou me Thy work's nought worth, take better worke in hand. Thou marr'st thy worke, and thy work will marre thee. Worke not anewe, least it doth work thy wracke, And then make worke for him that worke doth lacke.

And this I warn thee, Martin Monckies-face, Take heed of me; my rime doth charm thee bad. I am a rimer of the Irish race, And haue alreadie rimde thee staring mad. But if thou cease not thy bald jests to spread, I'le never leave till I have rimde thee dead.

FOOTNOTES:

[424] In Herbert's "Typographical Antiquities," p. 1689, this tract is intituled, "A Whip for an Ape, or Martin Displaied." I have also seen the poem with this title. Readers were then often invited to an old book by a change of title: in some cases, I think the same work has been published with several titles.

[425] Martin was a name for a bird, and a cant term for an Ass; and, as it appears here, an Ape. Our Martins, considered as birds, were often reminded that their proper food was "hempen seed," which at length choked them. That it meant an Ass, appears from "Pappe with a Hatchet." "Be thou Martin the bird or Martin the beast, a bird with the longest bill, or a beast with the longest ears, there's a net spread for your neck."—Sign. B. 5. There is an old French proverb, quoted by Cotgrave, voce Martin:—"Plus d'un ASNE a la foire, a nom Martin."

[426] Martin was a protege of this Dame Lawson. There appear to have been few political conspiracies without a woman, whenever religion forms a part. This dame is thus noticed in the mock epitaphs on Martin's funeral—

"Away with silk, for I will mourn in sacke; Martin is dead, our new sect goes to wrack. Come, gossips mine, put finger in the eie, He made us laugh, but now must make us crie." DAME LAWSON.

"Sir Jeffrie's Ale-tub" alludes to two knights who were ruinously fined, and hardly escaped with life, for their patronage of Martin.

[427] Chwere, i.e. "that I were," alluding to their frequently adopting the corrupt phraseology of the populace, to catch the ears of the mob.

[428] It is a singular coincidence that Arnauld, in his caustic retort on the Jesuits, said—"I do not fear your pen, but your penknife." The play on the word, tells even better in our language than in the original—plume and canife.

[429] I know of only one Laneham, who wrote "A Narrative of the Queen's Visit at Kenilworth Castle," 1575. He was probably a redoubtable satirist. I do not find his name in Ritson's "Bibliographia Poetica."

[430] Alluding to the title of one of their most virulent libels against Bishop Cooper ["Hay any worke for Cooper," which was a pun on the Bishop's name, conveyed in the street cry of an itinerant trader, and was followed by another entitled] "More work for a Cooper." Cooper, in his "Admonition to the People of England," had justly observed that this Mar-Prelate ought to have many other names. See note, p. 510.

I will close this note with an extract from "Pappe with a Hatchet," which illustrates the ill effects of all sudden reforms, by an apposite and original image.

"There was an aged man that lived in a well-ordered Commonwealth by the space of threescore years, and finding, at the length, that by the heate of some men's braines, and the warmness of other men's blood, that newe alterations were in hammering, and that it grewe to such an height, that all the desperate and discontented persons were readie to runne their heads against their head; comming into the midst of these mutiners, cried, as loude as his yeeres would allow:—'Springalls, and vnripened youthes, whose wisedomes are yet in the blade, when this snowe shall be melted (laying his hand on his siluer haires) then shall you find store of dust, and rather wish for the continuance of a long frost, than the incomming of an vntimely thaw.'"—Sig. D. 3. verso.



LITERARY QUARRELS

FROM PERSONAL MOTIVES

Anecdote of a BISHOP and a DOCTOR—Dr. MIDDLETON and Dr. BENTLEY—WARBURTON and Dr. TAYLOR—WARBURTON and EDWARDS—SWIFT and DRYDEN—POPE and BENTLEY—why fiction is necessary for satire, according to Lord ROCHESTER'S confession—ROWE and ADDISON—POPE and ATTERBURY—Sir JOHN HAWKINS and GEORGE STEEVENS—a fierce controversial author a dangerous neighbour—a ludicrous instance of a literary quarrel from personal motives between BOHUN and the WYKEHAMISTS.

Literary Quarrels have abundantly sprung from mere personal motives; and controversies purely literary, sometimes of magnitude, have broken out, and been voluminously carried on, till the public are themselves involved in the contest, while the true origin lies concealed in some sudden squabble; some neglect of petty civility; some unlucky epithet; or some casual observation dropped without much consideration, which mortified or enraged the author. How greatly has passion prevailed in literary history! How often the most glorious pages in the chronicles of literature are tainted with the secret history which must be placed by their side, so that the origin of many considerable works, which do so much honour to the heads of their authors, sadly accuse their hearts. But the heaven of Virgil was disturbed with quarrels—

Tantaene animis coelestibus irae? AEneid.

Can heavenly minds such high resentment show? Dryden.

And has not a profound observer of human affairs declared, Ex privatis odiis respublica crescit? individual hatreds aggrandize the republic. This miserable philosophy will satisfy those who are content, from private vices, to derive public benefits. One wishes for a purer morality, and a more noble inspiration.

To a literary quarrel from personal motives we owe the origin of a very remarkable volume. When Dr. Parr delivered his memorable sermon, which, besides the "sesquipedalia verba," was perhaps the longest that ever was heard—if not listened to—Bishop Hurd, who had always played the part of one of the most wary of politicians in private life, and who had occasion once adroitly to explain the French word Retenue, which no man better understood, in a singularly unguarded moment, sarcastically observed that he did not like "the doctor's long vernacular sermon." The happy epithet was soon conveyed to the classical ear of the modern Grecian: it was a wasp in it! The bishop had, in the days of literary adventure, published some pieces of irony, which were thought more creditable to his wit than his feelings—and his great patron, Warburton, certain juvenile prose and verse—all of which they had rejected from their works. But this it is to be an author!—his errors remain when he has outlived and corrected them. The mighty and vindictive Grecian in rage collected them all; exhausted his own genius in perpetuating follies; completed the works of the two bishops in utter spite; and in "Tracts by Warburton and a Warburtonian," has furnished posterity with a specimen of the force of his own "vernacular" style, giving a lesson to the wary bishop, who had scarcely wanted one all his life—of the dangers of an unlucky epithet!

Dr. Conyers Middleton, the author of the "Life of Cicero," seldom wrote but out of pique; and he probably owed his origin as an author to a circumstance of this nature. Middleton when young was a Dilettante in music; and Dr. Bentley, in contempt, applied the epithet "fiddling Conyers." Had the irascible Middleton broken his violin about the head of the learned Grecian, and thus terminated the quarrel, the epithet had then cost Bentley's honour much less than it afterwards did. It seems to have excited Middleton to deeper studies, which the great Bentley not long after felt when he published proposals for an edition of the New Testament in Greek. Middleton published his "Remarks, paragraph by paragraph, upon the proposals," to show that Bentley had neither talents nor materials proper for the work. This opened a great paper-war, and again our rabid wolf fastened on the majestic lion, "paragraph by paragraph." And though the lion did affect to bear in contempt the fangs of his little active enemy, the flesh was torn. "The proposals" sunk before the "paragraph by paragraph," and no edition of the Greek Testament by Bentley ever appeared. Bentley's proposals at first had met with the greatest success; the subscription-money amounted to two thousand pounds, and it was known that his nephew had been employed by him to travel abroad to collect these MSS. He declared he would make use of no MS. that was not a thousand years old, or above; of which sort he had collected twenty, so that they made up a total of twenty thousand years. He was four years studying them before he issued his proposals. The Doctor rested most on eight Greek MSS., the most recent of which was one thousand years old. All this wore a very imposing appearance. At a touch the whole magnificent edifice fell to pieces! Middleton says, "His twenty old MSS. shrink at once to eight, and he is forced again to own that even of these eight there are only four which had not been used by Dr. Mill;" and these Middleton, by his sarcastic reasoning, at last reduces to "some pieces only of the New Testament in MS." So that twenty MSS. and their twenty thousand years were battered by the "fiddling Conyers" into a solitary fragment of little value! Bentley returned the subscription-money, and would not publish; the work still lies in its prepared state, and some good judges of its value have expressed a hope to see it yet published. But Bentley himself was not untainted in this dishonourable quarrel: he well knew that Middleton was the author of this severe attack; but to show his contempt of the real author, and desirous, in his turn, of venting his disappointment on a Dr. Colbatch, he chose to attribute it to him, and fell on Colbatch with a virulence that made the reply perfectly libellous, if it was Bentley's, as was believed.

The irascibility of Middleton, disguising itself in a literary form, was still more manifested by a fact recorded of him by Bishop Newton. He had applied to Sir Robert Walpole for the mastership of the Charter-house, who honestly informed him that Bishop Sherlock, with the other Bishops, were against his being chosen. Middleton attributed the origin of this opposition to Bishop Sherlock, and wreaked his vengeance by publishing his "Animadversions upon Sherlock's Discourses on Prophecy." The book had been long published, and had passed through successive editions; but Middleton pretended he had never seen them before, and from this time Lambeth-house was a strong provocative for his vindictive temper.

Nor was the other great adversary of Middleton, he who so long affected to be the lord paramount, the Suzerain in the feudal empire, rather than the republic of letters—Warburton himself—less easily led on to these murderous acts of personal rancour. A pamphlet of the day has preserved an anecdote of this kind. Dr. Taylor, the Chancellor of Lincoln, once threw out in company an opinion derogatory to the scholarship of Warburton, who seems to have had always some choice spirits of his legion as spies in the camp of an enemy, and who sought their tyrant's grace by their violation of the social compact. The tyrant himself had an openness, quite in contrast with the dark underworks of his satellites. He boldly interrogated our critic, and Taylor replied, undauntedly and more poignantly than Warburton might have suspected, that "he did not recollect ever saying that Dr. Warburton was no scholar, but that indeed he had always thought so." To this intrepid spirit the world owes one of the remarkable prefaces to the "Divine Legation"—in which the Chancellor of Lincoln, intrepid as he was, stands like a man of straw, to be buffeted and tossed about with all those arts of distortion which the wit and virulence of Warburton almost every day was practising at his "established places of execution," as his prefaces and notes have been wittily termed.

Even Warburton himself, who committed so many personal injuries, has, in his turn, most eminently suffered from the same motive. The personal animosity of a most ingenious man was the real cause of the utter destruction of Warburton's critical reputation. Edwards, the author of the "Canons of Criticism," when young and in the army, was a visitor at Allen's of Prior-park, the patron of Warburton; and in those literary conversations which usually occupied their evenings, Warburton affected to show his superiority in his acquaintance with the Greek writers, never suspecting that a red coat covered more Greek than his own—which happened unluckily to be the case. Once, Edwards in the library, taking down a Greek author, explained a passage in a manner which did not suit probably with some new theory of the great inventor of so many; a contest arose, in which Edwards discovered how Warburton came by his illegitimate knowledge of Greek authors: Edwards attempted to convince him that he really did not understand Greek, and that his knowledge, such as it was, was derived from French translations—a provoking act of literary kindness, which took place in the presence of Ralph Allen and his niece, who, though they could not stand as umpires, did as witnesses. An incurable breach took place between the parties, and from this trifling altercation, Edwards produced the bitter "Canons of Criticism," and Warburton those foaming notes in the Dunciad.

Such is the implacable nature of literary irascibility! Men so tenderly alive to intellectual sensibility, find even the lightest touch profoundly enter into the morbid constitution of the literary temper; and even minds of a more robust nature have given proof of a sickly delicacy hanging about them quite unsuspected. Swift is a remarkable instance of this kind: the foundation of the character of this great wit was his excellent sense. Yet having, when young, composed one of the wild Pindarics of the time, addressed to the Athenian Society, and Dryden judiciously observing that "cousin Jonathan would never be a poet," the enraged wit, after he had reached the maturity of his own admirable judgment, and must have been well aware of the truth of the friendly prediction, could never forgive it. He has indulged the utmost licentiousness of personal rancour; he even puns miserably on his name to degrade him as the emptiest of writers. His spirited translation of Virgil, which was admired even by Pope, he levels by the most grotesque sarcastic images to mark the poet's diminutive genius—he says this version-maker is so lost in Virgil, that he is like "the lady in a lobster; a mouse under a canopy of state; a shrivelled beau within the penthouse of a full-bottomed perriwig." He never was generous enough to contradict his opinion, and persisted in it to the last. Some critic, about Swift's own time, astonished at his treatment of Dryden, declares he must have been biassed by some prejudice—the anecdote here recorded, not then probably known, discovers it.

What happened to Pope on the publication of his Homer shows all the anxious temper of the author. Being in company with Bentley, the poet was very desirous of obtaining the doctor's opinion of it, which Bentley contrived to parry as well as he could; but in these matters an author who calculates on a compliment, will risk everything to obtain it. The question was more plainly put, and the answer was as plainly given. Bentley declared that "the verses were good verses, but the work is not Homer—it is Spondanus!" From this interview posterity derives from the mortified poet the full-length figure of "the slashing Bentley," in the fourth book of the Dunciad:

The mighty Scholiast, whose unwearied pains Made Horace dull, and humbled Milton's strains.

When Bentley was told by some officious friend that Pope had abused him, he only replied, "Ay, like enough! I spoke against his Homer, and the portentous cub never forgives!" Part of Pope's severe criticism only is true; but to give full effect to their severity, poets always infuse a certain quantity of fiction. This is an artifice absolutely necessary to practise; so I collect from a great master in the arts of satire, and who once honestly avowed that no satire could be composed unless it was personal; and no personalities would sufficiently adorn a poem without lies. This great satirist was Rochester. Burnet details a curious conversation between himself and his lordship on this subject. The bishop tells us that "he would often go into the country, and be for some months wholly employed in study, or the sallies of his wit chiefly directed to satire. And this he often defended to me by saying, there were some people that could not be kept in order, or admonished, but in this way." Burnet remonstrated, and Rochester replied—"A man could not write with life unless he were heated by revenge; for to make a satire without resentments, upon the cold notions of philosophy, was as if a man would, in cold blood, cut men's throats who had never offended him. And he said, the lies in these libels came often in as ornaments, that could not be spared without spoiling the beauty of the poem." It is as useful to know how the materials of satire are put together; as thus the secret of pulling it to pieces more readily may sometimes be obtained.

These facts will sufficiently establish this disgraceful principle of the personal motives which have influenced the quarrels of authors, and which they have only disguised by giving them a literary form. Those who are conversant in literary history can tell how many works, and some considerable ones, have entirely sprung out of the vengeance of authors. Johnson, to whom the feelings of the race were so well known, has made a curious observation, which none but an author could have made:—"The best advice to authors would be, that they should keep out of the way of one another." He says this in the "Life of Rowe," on the occasion of Addison's Observations on Rowe's Character. Rowe had expressed his happiness to Pope at Addison's promotion; and Pope, who wished to conciliate Addison towards Rowe, mentioned it, adding, that he believed Rowe was sincere. Addison replied, "That he did not suspect Rowe feigned; but the levity of his heart is such, that he is struck with any new adventure: and it would affect him just in the same manner as if he heard I was going to be hanged." Warburton adds that Pope said he could not deny but Addison understood Rowe well. Such is the fact on which Johnson throws out an admirable observation:—"This censure time has not left us the power of confirming or refuting; but observation daily shows that much stress is not to be laid on hyperbolical accusations and pointed sentences, which even he that utters them desires to be applauded, rather than credited. Addison can hardly be supposed to have meant all that he said. Few characters can bear the microscopic scrutiny of WIT quickened by ANGER." I could heap up facts to demonstrate this severe truth. Even of Pope's best friends, some of their severities, if they ever reached him, must have given the pain he often inflicted. His friend Atterbury, to whom he was so partial, dropped an expression, in the heat of conversation, which Pope could never have forgiven; that our poet had "a crooked mind in a crooked body." There was a rumour, after Pope's death, that he had left behind him a satirical "Life of Dean Swift." Let genius, whose faculty detects the foibles of a brother, remember he is a rival, and be a generous one. In that extraordinary morsel of literary history, the "Conversations of Ben Jonson with his friend Drummond of Hawthornden," preserving his opinions of his contemporaries, if I err not in my recollection, I believe that he has not spoken favourably of a single individual!

The personal motives of an author, influencing his literary conduct, have induced him to practise meannesses and subterfuges. One remarkable instance of this nature is that of Sir John Hawkins, who indeed had been hardly used by the caustic pleasantries of George Steevens. Sir John, in his edition of Johnson, with ingenious malice contrived to suppress the acknowledgment made by Johnson to Steevens of his diligence and sagacity, at the close of his preface to Shakspeare. To preserve the panegyric of Steevens mortified Hawkins beyond endurance; yet, to suppress it openly, his character as an editor did not permit. In this dilemma he pretended he reprinted the preface from the edition of 1765; which, as it appeared before Johnson's acquaintance with Steevens, could not contain the tender passage. However, this was unluckily discovered to be only a subterfuge, to get rid of the offensive panegyric. On examination, it proved not true; Hawkins did not reprint from this early edition, but from the latest, for all the corrections are inserted in his own. "If Sir John were to be tried at Hicks's Hall (long the seat of that justice's glory), he would be found guilty of clipping," archly remarks the periodical critic.

A fierce controversial author may become a dangerous neighbour to another author: a petulant fellow, who does not write, may be a pestilent one; but he who prints a book against us may disturb our life in endless anxieties. There was once a dean who actually teased to death his bishop, wore him out in journeys to London, and at length drained all his faculties—by a literary quarrel from personal motives.

Dr. THOMAS PIERCE, Dean of Sarum—a perpetual controversialist, and to whom it was dangerous to refuse a request, lest it might raise a controversy—wanted a prebend of Dr. WARD, Bishop of Salisbury, for his son Robert. He was refused; and now, studying revenge, he opened a controversy with the bishop, maintaining that the king had the right of bestowing all dignities in all cathedrals in the kingdom, and not the bishops. This required a reply from the bishop, who had been formerly an active controversialist himself. Dean Pierce renewed his attack with a folio volume, entitled "A Vindication of the King's Sovereign Right, &c.," 1683.—Thus it proceeded, and the web thickened around the bishop in replies and rejoinders. It cost him many tedious journeys to London, through bad roads, fretting at "the King's Sovereign Right" all the way; and, in the words of a witness, "in unseasonable times and weather, that by degrees his spirits were exhausted, his memory quite gone, and he was totally unfitted for business."[431] Such was the fatal disturbance occasioned by Dean Pierce's folio of "The King's Sovereign Right," and his son Bob being left without a prebend!

I shall close this article with a very ludicrous instance of a literary quarrel from personal motives. This piece of secret history had been certainly lost, had not Bishop Lowth condescended to preserve it, considering it as necessary to assign a sufficient reason for the extraordinary libel it produced.

Bohun, an antiquarian lawyer, in a work entitled "The English Lawyer," in 1732, in illustrating the origin of the Act of Scandalum Magnatum, which arose in the time of William of Wykeham, the chancellor and bishop of Edward III. and the founder of New College, in Oxford; took that opportunity of committing the very crime on the venerable manes of Wykeham himself. He has painted this great man in the darkest colours. Wykeham is charged with having introduced "Alice Piers, his niece or," &c., for the truth is he was uncertain who she was, to use his peculiar language, "into the king's bosom;" to have joined her in excluding the Black Prince from all power in the state; and he hints at this hero having been poisoned by them; of Wykeham's embezzling a million of the public money, and, when chancellor, of forging an Act of Parliament to indemnify himself, and thus passing his own pardon. It is a singularity in this libellous romance, that the contrary of all this only is true. But Bohun has so artfully interwoven his historical patches of misrepresentations, surmises, and fictions, that he succeeded in framing an historical libel.

Not satisfied with this vile tissue, in his own obscure volume, seven years afterwards, being the editor of a work of high reputation, Nathaniel Bacon's "Historical and Political Discourse of the Laws and Government of England," he further satiated his frenzy by contriving to preserve his libel in a work which he was aware would outlive his own.

Whence all this persevering malignity? Why this quarrel of Mr. Bohun, of the Middle Temple, with the long-departed William of Wykeham?

What's Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba?

He took all these obscure pains, and was moved with this perpetual rancour against William of Wykeham, merely to mortify the Wykehamists; and slandered their founder, with the idea that the odium might be reflected on New College. Bohun, it seems, had a quarrel with them concerning a lease on which he had advanced money; but the holder had contrived to assign it to the well-known Eustace Budgell: the college confirmed the assignment. At an interview before the warden, high words had arisen between the parties: the warden withdrew, and the wit gradually shoved the antiquary off the end of the bench on which they were sitting: a blow was struck, and a cane broken. Bohun brought an action, and the Wykehamites travelled down to give bail at Westminster Hall, where the legal quarrel was dropped, and the literary one then began. Who could have imagined that the venerable bishop and chancellor of Edward III. was to be involved in a wretched squabble about a lease with an antiquary and a wit? "Fancying," says Bishop Lowth, "he could inflict on the Society of New College a blow which would affect them more sensibly by wounding the reputation of their founder, he set himself to collect everything he could meet with that was capable of being represented to his discredit, and to improve it with new and horrible calumnies of his own invention." Thus originated this defamatory attack on the character of William of Wykeham! And by arts which active writers may practise, and innocent readers cannot easily suspect, a work of the highest reputation, like that of Nathaniel Bacon's, may be converted into a vehicle of personal malignity, while the author himself disguises his real purpose under the specious appearance of literature! The present case, it must be acknowledged, is peculiar, where a dead person was attacked with a spirit of rancour to which the living only appear subject; but the author was an antiquary, who lived as much with the dead as the living: his personal motive was the same as those already recorded, and here he was acting with a double force on the dead and the living!

But here I stop my hand, my list would else be too complete. Great names are omitted—Whitaker and Gibbon;[432] Pope and Lord Hervey;[433] Wood and South;[434] Rowe, Mores, and Ames;[435] and George Steevens and Gough.[436]

This chapter is not honourable to authors; but historians are only Lord Chief Justices, who must execute the laws, even on their intimate friends, when standing at the bar. The chapter is not honourable—but it may be useful; and that is a quality not less valuable to the public. It lets in their readers to a kind of knowledge, which opens a necessary comment on certain works, and enlarges our comprehension of their spirit.

If in the heat of controversy authors imprudently attack each other with personalities, they are only scattering mud and hurling stones, and will incur the ridicule or the contempt of those who, unfriendly to the literary character, feel a secret pleasure in its degradation; but let them learn, that to open a literary controversy from mere personal motives; thus to conceal the dagger of private hatred under the mantle of literature, is an expedient of short duration, for the secret history is handed down with the book; and when once the dignity of the author's character sinks in the meanness of his motives, powerful as the work may be, even Genius finds its lustre diminished, and Truth itself becomes suspicious.

FOOTNOTES:

[431] Lansdowne MSS. 1042-1316.

[432] GIBBON'S Miscellaneous Works, vol. i. 243.

[433] WALPOLE'S Memoirs, vol. iii. 40.

[434] The Life of Wood, by GUTCH, vol. i.

[435] NICHOLS'S Literary Anecdotes.

[436] "Curiosities of Literature," vol. iii. p. 303-4.



INDEX.

ADDISON, quarrels with Pope, 313 disapproves of his satire on Dennis, 315 aids a rival version of Homer, 316 satirized by Pope as Atticus, n. 317 his nervous fear of criticism, 317 his last interview with Pope, 318-320 quarrels with Steele on political grounds, 433 his disbelief in Rowe, 535

AKENSIDE exhibited as a ludicrous personage by Smollett; his real character cast in the mould of antiquity, n. 114 severely criticised by Warburton, 264

ALDRICH, Dean, secretly fosters the attacks on Bentley, 378, n. 383

AMHURST, a political author, his history, 11

ARNALL, a great political scribe, 10

ASCHAM, Roger, the founder of English Prose, 19

ATHENAE BRITANNICAE, one of the rarest works, account of, n. 31

ATHENAE OXONIENSES, an apology for, 89

ATTERBURY, Bp., on terrors of conscience, 451 severe remarks on Pope, 535

AUBREY, gives the real reason for the fears of Hobbes the philosopher, n. 452 minutely narrates the mode in which he composed his "Leviathan," n. 459

AUTHORS by profession, a phrase of modern origin, 8 original letter to a Minister from one, ib. Fielding's apology for them, 11

AUTHORS, Horace Walpole affects to despise them, 43 their maladies, 78 case of, stated, 15 incompetent remuneration of, 21 who wrote above the genius of their own age, 84 ill reception from the public of their valuable works, 85 who have sacrificed their fortunes to their studies, ib. who commenced their literary life with ardour, and found their genius obstructed by numerous causes, 87 who have never published their works, 90 provincial, liable to bad passions, 128

AYRE'S Memoirs of Pope, n. 318, 319

BAKER and his microscopical discoveries, n. 366-367 Rev. Thomas, his collection, 93

BALGUY, Dr. Thos., n. 273

BARNES, Joshua, wrote a poem to prove Solomon was the author of the "Iliad," and why, 97 his pathetic letter descriptive of his literary calamities, ib. hints at the vast number of his unpublished works, 98

BAYLE, his use of paradox, 247 his theory of apparitions, n. 451

BAYNE, Alexander, died of intense application, 72

BENTLEY, Dr., his controversy with Boyle, 378, 390 his haughtiness, n. 379 his dissertation on "Phalaris", 380 satirized by Dr. Middleton, 531

BIOGRAPHIA BRITANNICA in danger of being left unfinished, 84

BIRKENHEAD, Sir J., a newspaper-writer, 416

BLACKSTONE investigates the quarrel between Pope and Addison, 314

BOHUN, his unjustifiable attack on William of Wykeham, 537

BOLINGBROKE, his share in Pope's "Essay on Man,", 256 quarrel with Pope, 321-328 his "Patriot King" secretly printed by Pope, 321 his hatred of Warburton, 323-328

BOOKSELLERS in the reign of Elizabeth, 23 why their interest is rarely combined with the advancement of literature, n. 87 why they prefer the crude to the matured fruit, 210

BOYLE, his controversy with Bentley, 378-390 his edition of "Phalaris", 378-381 his literary aids, n. 382

BRAMHALL opposes Hobbes' philosophy, 449

BRERETON, Sir W., characterised by Clarendon and Cleveland, n. 418

BROOKE attacks errors in Camden's "Britannia", 492 his work unfairly suppressed, 495 his severe remarks on Camden, ib. humorous rhymes on a horse, 497 his self-defence, 498 his real motives vindicated, 499 biographical note, ib.

BROWN, Dr., his panegyric on Warburton, and his sorrow for writing it, n. 235 account of, n. 273

BROWN, Robt., founder of a sect of Puritans, n. 518

BURNET, Bp., his character attacked, 426

BURTON, his laborious work, 83 his constitutional melancholy, n. 182

CAESALPINUS, originally the propounder of a theory of the circulation of the blood, 335

CALVIN'S opinions on government, n. 447

CALVIN, his narrowed sectarianism, 502

CAMDEN recommends Jonson to Raleigh, n. 476 his industry, and his great work the "Britannia", 491 Brooke points out its errors, 492 his works suppressed through Camden's interest, 495 his exasperation, ib. his powerful picture of calumny, 496 his quiet adoption of Brooke's corrections, 499

CAMPANELLA and his political works, 351-352

CAREY, Henry, inventor of "Namby Pamby", 101 "Carey's Wish," a patriotic song on the Freedom of Election, by the author of "God save the King," n. 102 "Sally in our Alley," a popular ballad, its curious origin, 103 author of several of our national poems, 104 his miserable end, ib.

CARTE, Thomas, his valuable history, 110-111 the first proposer of public libraries, 111 its fate from his indiscretion, 112

CARTWRIGHT, Thomas, chief of the Puritan faction, 505 progress of his opinions, 506 his great popularity, ib. forsakes his party, 508-509

CARYLL'S voluminous commentary on Job, n. 392

CASTELL, Dr., ruined in health and fortune by the publication of his Polyglott, n. 189

CHARLES THE SECOND'S jest at the Royal Society, n. 311 an admirer of Hobbes's ability in disputation, n. 448

CHATTERTON, his balance-sheet on the Lord Mayor's death, n. 25

CHURCHILL'S satire on Warburton, 240, 242, 243, 246

CHURCHYARD, Thomas, an unhappy poet, describes his patrons, 26 his pathetic description of his wretched old age, ib.

CIBBER, his easy good-nature, 306 his reasonable defence of himself, n. 305-307 his "Essay on Cicero," n. 306 apology for his Life, 307 attacks on himself, 305, 308 unjustly degraded, 312

CLARENDON, Lord, his prejudice against May, 434 his opinion of Hobbes's philosophy, n. 438

CLERGY fight in the great civil wars, n. 422

CLELAND, biographical note on, 282

CLEVELAND'S character of a journal-maker, 416

COLE, Rev. William, his character, 90 his melancholy confession on his lengthened literary labours, 92 his anxiety how best to dispose of his collections, 93

COLLINS, Arthur, historian of the Peerage, 85

COLLINS, Wm., the poet, quits the university suddenly with romantic hopes of becoming an author, 172 publishes his "Odes" without success, and afterwards indignantly burns the edition, 180 defended from some reproaches of irresolution, made by Johnson, 181 anecdote of his life in the metropolis, 182 anecdotes of, when under the influence of a disordered intellect, 183 his monument described, 184 two sonnets descriptive of Collins, 185 his poetical character defended, 186

CONTEMPORARIES, how they seek to level genius, 206

COOPER, author of "Life of Socrates," attacked by Warburton, n. 272

COOPER, Bishop, attacked by Mar-Prelates, n. 513, 514

COPYRIGHTS, Lintot's payments for, 328-333

CORBET, his humorous introduction to Ben Jonson, n. 475

COTGRAVE, Randle, falls blind in the labour of his "Dictionary", 73

COURT of Charles II. satirised by Marvell, 393 its characteristics, 414

COWEL incurs by his curious work "The Interpreter" the censure of the King and the Commons on opposite principles, 193

COWLEY, original letter from, n. 36 his essays form a part of his confessions, 37 describes his feelings at court, ib. his melancholy attributed to his "Ode to Brutus," by which he incurred the disgrace of the court, 40 his remarkable lamentation for having written poetry, 41 his Epitaph composed by himself, 42

CRITIC, poetical, without any taste, how he contrived to criticise poems, 143

CRITICISMS, illiberal, some of its consequences stated, 140

CROSS attacks the Royal Society, 344-346

CROUSAZ dissects Pope's "Essay on Man", 256

CURLL, and his publication of Pope's letters, 292

D'AVENANT, his poem of "Gondibert", 404 history of its composition, n. 404 its merits and defects, 405-408 a club of wits satirize it, 409 and its author, 412 and occasion it to be left unfinished, 413

DAVIES, Myles, a mendicant author, his life, 30

DECKER quarrels with Ben Jonson for his arrogance, 475-487 ridicules him in his "Satiromastix", 482-487

DEDICATION, composed by a patron to himself, n. 30

DEDICATIONS, used in an extraordinary way, n. 30

DE LOLME'S work on the Constitution could find no patronage, and the author's bitter complaints, 200 relieved by the Literary Fund, n. 201

DENHAM falsely satirized, n. 429

DENNIS, John, distinguished as "The Critic", 52 his "Original Letters" and "Remarks on Prince Arthur," his best productions, 52 anecdotes of his brutal vehemence, 53 curious caricature of his personal manners, 54 a specimen of his anti-poetical notions, n. 55 his frenzy on the Italian Opera, 57 acknowledges that he is considered as ill-natured, and complains of public neglect, ib. more the victim of his criticisms than the genius he insulted, 58 his insatiable vengeance toward Pope, 286 his attack on Addison's "Cato", 315 his account with the bookseller Lintot, 331

DRAKE, Dr. John, a political writer, his miserable life, 11

DRAYTON'S national work, "The Polyolbion," ill received, and the author greatly dejected, 210 angry preface addressed "To any that will read it", 211

DRUMMOND of Hawthornden, his love of poetry, 213 conversation with Jonson, 475

DRYDEN, in his old age, complains of dying of over-study, 204 his dramatic life a series of vexations, 205 regrets he was born among Englishmen, 206 remarkable confession of the poet, ib. vilified by party spirit, 427 compares his quarrel with Settle to that of Jonson with Decker, n. 477

DUNCIAD, Pope's collections for, 278 early editions of, n. 283 rage of persons satirized in, n. 284 satire on naturalists in, 342

DUNTON the bookseller satirized by Swift, 430

DYSON defends Akenside, 265

EACHARD'S satire on Hobbes and his sect, n. 439

EDWARDS, Thomas, author of "Canons of Criticism", 261 biographical notice, n. 532 anecdotes of his critical sagacity, n. 262-263 origin of his "Canons of Criticism", 532

EVANS, Arise, a fanatical Welsh prophet, patronised by Warburton, n. 240

EVELYN defends the Royal Society, 340

EXERCISE, to be substituted for medicine by literary men, and which is the best, n. 68

FALSE rumours in the great Civil War, 421

FARNEWORTH'S Translation of Machiavel, 84

FELL, Dr., an opponent of the Royal Society, 350 ungenerous to Hobbes, 450 rhymes descriptive of his unpopularity, 451

FIELDING attacks Sir John Hill, 368-369

FILMER, Sir R., writes to establish despotism, n. 449

FOLKES, Martin, President of the Royal Society, n. 364 attacked by Sir John Hill, n. 366

FULLER'S "Medicina Gymnastica," n. 71

GARTH, Dr., and his Dispensary, 429

GAY acts as mediator with Pope and Addison, 320 his account with Lintot the bookseller, 330

GIBBON, Ed., price of his copyright, 87

GILDON supposed by Pope to have been employed by Addison to write against him, 316

GLANVILL a defender of the Royal Society, 244

GLOVER, Leonidas, declines to write a Life of Marlborough, n. 325

GOLDSMITH'S remonstrance on illiberal criticism, from which the law gives no protection, 142

GRANGER'S complaint of not receiving half the pay of a scavenger, 85

GREENE, Robert, a town-wit, his poverty and death, 23 awful satirical address to, n. 119

GREY, Dr. Zachary, the father of our commentators, ridiculed and abused, 104 the probable origin of his new mode of illustrating Hudibras, ib. Warburton's double-dealing with him, n. 259

GUTHRIE offers his services as a hackney-writer to a minister, 8

HACKETT executed for attacks on the church, n. 518

HANMER, Sir T., his edition of Shakespeare, n. 242, n. 258

HARDOUIN supposes the classics composed by monks in the Middle Ages, 249-252

HARRINGTON and his "Oceana", 449

HARVEY, Dr., and his discovery of the circulation of the blood, 335

HARVEY, Gabriel, his character, 117 his device against his antagonist, n. 119 his portrait, 121 severely satirised by Nash for his prolix periods, 122 cannot be endured to be considered as the son of a rope-maker, 123 his pretended sordid manners, 124 his affectation of Italian fashions, ib. his friends ridiculed, 125 his pedantic taste for hexameter verses, &c., 127 his curious remonstrance with Nash, 126 his lamentation on invectives, 129 his books, and Nash's, suppressed by order of the Archbishop of Canterbury for their mutual virulence, 120

HAWKESWORTH, Dr., letter on presenting his MS. of Cook's Voyages for examination, the publication of which overwhelmed his fortitude and intellect, 199

HENLEY, Orator, this buffoon an indefatigable student, an elegant poet, and wit, 59 his poem of "Esther, Queen of Persia", 60 sudden change in his character, 62 seems to have attempted to pull down the Church and the University, 63 some idea of his lectures, n. 64 his projects to supply a Universal School, ib. specimens of his buffoonery on solemn occasions, 66 his "Defence of the Oratory," n. ib. once found his match in two disputants, 67 specimen of the diary of his "Oratory Transactions", ib. close of his career, n. 68 his character, 69 parallel between him and Sir John Hill, 363

HENRY, Dr., the Historian, the sale of his work, on which he had expended most of his fortune and his life, stopped, and himself ridiculed, by a conspiracy raised against him, 136

HENRY, Dr., caustic review of his history, n. ib.

HERON, Robert, draws up the distresses of a man of letters living by literary industry, in the confinement of a sponging-house, from his original letter, 81

HERRICK, Robert, petulant invective against Devonshire, 215

HILL, Aaron, and his quarrel with Pope, 290

HILL, Sir John, 362-396 parallel between him and Orator Henley, 383 his great work on Botany, n. ib. his personalities, 364 attacks the Royal Society, 365 his Inspector, 367 war of wit with Fielding, 368 and Smart, 370-372 attacks Woodward, who replies with some ridiculous anecdotes, n. 372 proposes himself as keeper of the Sloane collection, 374 manufactures Travels, n. 374 his death, 375

HOBBES contemns the Royal Society, 342 praises D'Avenant's poem of "Gondibert", 408-412 his quarrels, 436 peculiarities of his character, 437 his sect, 438 his real opinions, 439 his "Leviathan", 440-448 feared and suspected by both parties, n. 442 no atheist, n. 445 his continual disputations, 448-450 his terror of death, 451 the real solution of his fears, 452 his disciples in literature, n. 455 his pride, 456 his mode of composition, n. 459 his contented poverty, and consistent conduct, ib. characteristics of his writings, 461 his passion for mathematics, 464 leads to a quarrel with Dr. Wallis, 465-473

HOME and his tragedy of "Douglas", 79

HOWEL, nearly lost his life by excessive study, 74

HUME, his literary life mortified with disappointments, 202 wished to change his name and his country, 204 his letter to Des Maiseaux requesting his opinion of his philosophy, 202

HURD, Bishop, biographical note on, 253 imitates Warburton's style, n. 269

Icon Libellorum. See Athenae Britannicae.

JOHNSON, Dr., his aversion to Milton's politics, 425

JONES, Inigo, ridiculed by Ben Jonson, n. 477

JONSON, Ben, his quarrel with Decker, 475 his conversation with Drummond of Hawthornden, 475, 535 his general conviviality, n. 475 his play "The Poetaster", 476-481 his powerful satire on Decker, 482-487 his bitter allusions to his enemies, 487-488

KENNET'S, Bishop, Register and Chronicle, 87

KENRICK, Dr., a caustic critic, treats our great authors with the most amusing arrogance, 141 an epigram on himself, by himself, n. 142

KING, Dr., his payments as an author, 332 biographical notice of, n. 358 ridicules the Transactions of the Royal Society, 358, 361 aids in attacking Bentley, 384 his satirical Index to Bentley's Characteristics, n. 386

LAWSON, Dame, a noted female Puritan, n. 519, 525

LEE, Nat., his love of praise, 213

LELAND, the antiquary, an accomplished scholar, 172 his "Strena," or New Year's Gift to Henry VIII.; an account of his studies, and his magnificent projects, 174 doubts that his labours will reach posterity, 175 he values "the furniture" of his mind, ib. his bust striking from its physiognomy, 177 the ruins of his mind discovered in his library, ib. the inscription on his tomb probably had been composed by himself, before his insanity, 178 thoughts on Eloquence, 255

LIBELS abounded in the age of Elizabeth, 503

LIGHTFOOT could not procure the printing of his work, 192

LINTOT'S account-book, 328-333

LITERARY PROPERTY, difficulties to ascertain its nature, 16 history of, ib. value of, n. ib.

LITERARY quarrels from personal motives, 529-539

LLOYD'S, Bishop, collections and their fate, 93

LOGAN, the history of his literary disappointments, 78 dies broken-hearted, ib. his poetic genius, 80

LOWTH, Bishop, attack on pretensions of Warburton, n. 235-246, n. 252-268

M'DONALD, or Matthew Bramble, his tragical reply to an inquiry after his tragedy, 77

MACDIARMID, John, died of over-study and exhaustion, 74

MALLET, his knowledge of Pope and Warburton, n. 242 his attacks on Warburton, n. 271 employed by Bolingbroke to libel Pope, ib. anecdote of his egotism, 324 employed by the Duchess of Marlborough on a Life of the Duke, n. 325

M'MAHON and his anti-social philosophy, n. 456

MARSTON, John, satirised by Ben Jonson, n. 477

MARTIN MAR-PRELATE'S libels issuing from a moveable press carried about the country, 116 a party-name for satirists of the Church, 510 their popularity, 513-516 their secret printings, 515 opposed by other wits, 517 authors of these satires, n. 505, n. 518, 520, 523 curious rhymes against, 524-528

MARVELL attacks the intolerant tenets of Bishop Parker, 392 severity of his satire on the Court of Charles II., n. 393 comments on the early career of Parker, 394-395 origin of quarrel, 396 his noble defence of Milton, 399 his rencontre with Parker in the streets, 401 his political honesty, 402 his generous criticism on Butler, 434

MASKELL, Rev. W., history of the Mar-Prelate controversy, n. 503 date of its origin, and opinion on its authors, n. 505

MELANCHOLY persons frequently the most delightful companions, n. 182

MENASSAH, Ben Israel, his treatise "De Resurrectione Mortuorum," n. 252

MICKLE'S pathetic address to his muse, 207 his disappointments after the publication of the "Lusiad" induce him to wish to abandon his native country, 208

MIDDLETON, Dr. Conyers, quarrel with Bentley, 530 and with Warburton, 532

MILTON'S works the favourite prey of booksellers, 17 vilified by party spirit, 424-425

MORTIMER, Thomas, his complaint in old age of the preference given to young adventurers, 75

MOTTEUX, Peter, and his patron, 30

MUGHOUSE, political clubs, n. 32

NASH, Tom, the misery of his literary life, 23 threatens his patrons, 24 silences Mar-Prelate with his own weapons, 116 his character as a Lucianic satirist, 120 his "Have with you to Saffron Walden," a singular literary invective against Gabriel Harvey, 120

NEEDHAM, Marchmont, a newspaper writer in the great Civil War, 420

NEWSPAPERS of the great Civil War, 415, 422

NEWTON, of a fearful temper in criticism, n. 140

NEWTON'S "Optics" first favourably noticed in France, 84

OCKLEY, Simon, among the first of our authors who exhibited a great nation in the East in his "History of the Saracens", 163 his sufferings expressed in a remarkable preface dated from gaol, 187 dines with the Earl of Oxford; an original letter of apology for his uncourtly behaviour, 189 exults in prison for the leisure it affords for study, n. ib. neglected, but employed by ministers, 196

OLDMIXON asserts Lord Clarendon's "History" to have been interpolated, while himself falsifies Daniel's "Chronicle," n. 10

PALERMO, Prince of; and his Palace of Monsters, n. 243

PAPER-WARS of the Civil Wars, 415, 422

PARKER, Bishop of Oxford, his early career, 394-395 the intolerance of his style, 397 attacks Milton, 399 and Marvell in the streets, 401 his posthumous portrait of Marvell, 402

PARR, Dr., his talent and his egotism, n. 236 his defence of Warburton, n. 239 in revenge for Bishop Hurd's criticism, publishes his early works of irony, 531

PATIN, Guy, his account of Hobbes, n. 445

PATTISON, a young poet, his college career, 98 his despair in an address to Heaven, and a pathetic letter, 101

PENRY, one of the writers of Mar-Prelate tracts, n. 505, n. 518 his career, 520 his execution, 521 his petition and protest, n. 521 rhymes on his death, ib.

PHALARIS, Epistles of, 378

PHILLIPS asperses Pope, 316

PIERCE, Dr. T., his controversies, 537

POETS, mediocre Critics are the real origin of mediocre, 212 Nat. Lee describes their wonderful susceptibility of praise, 213 provincial, their situation at variance with their feelings, 214

POPE, Alex., his opinion of "the Dangerous Fate of Authors", 214 the Poet Prior, 216

POPE, Alexander, his high estimation of Warburton, 257, 273 Warburton's edition of his works, 263, 270 his miscellaneous quarrel, 278, 291 collects libels on himself, n. 273 literary stratagems, 280 early neglect of his "Essay on Criticism," n. 280 the real author of the "Key to the Lock," n. 280 hostilities between him and others, 282 the finest character-painter, n. 283 his personal sufferings on Cibber's satire, 285 his first introduction to Dennis, n. 286 narrative of the publication of his letter to Curll, 292, 300 his attacks on Cibber, 301, 312 his condemned comedy, n. 301, 307 quarrels with Addison, 313 urges an attack on his Cato, n. 315 believes him to have employed adverse critics, n. 316-317 satirizes Addison as Atticus, n. 317 his last interview with Addison, 318, 320 surreptitiously prints Bolingbroke's "Patriot King", 321 his bookselling account with Lintot, 329 his earliest satire, 333-335 his satires and their effects, 535

PRIDEAUX'S "Connection of Old and New Testament", 84

PRINCE'S "Worthies of Devon", ib.

PRIOR, curious character of, from a Whig satire, 216 felicitated himself that his natural inclination for poetry had been checked, 217 attacked for his political creed, 429

PROCLAMATION issued by James I. against Cowel's book, "The Interpreter," a curious document in literary history, 195

PRYNNE, a voluminous author without judgment, but the character of the man not so ridiculous as the author, 146 his intrepid character, 147 his curious argument against being debarred from pen and ink, n. 148 his interview with Laud in the Tower, n. 149 had a good deal of cunning in his character, n. 150 grieved for the Revolution in which he himself had been so conspicuous a leader, 148 his speeches as voluminous as his writings, n. 151 seldom dined, n. 152 account of his famous "Histriomastix", ib. Milton admirably characterises Prynne's absurd learning, n. ib. how the "Histriomastix" was at once an elaborate work of many years, and yet a temporary satire—the secret history of the book being as extraordinary as the book itself, 153

PURITANS, origin of their name, n. 504

RALEIGH, Sir W., an opposer of Puritanism, n. 508

REFORMATION, the, under Elizabeth, 501

RIDICULE described, 114 it creates a fictitious personage, ib. a test of truth, 264, 267

RITSON, Joseph, the late poetical antiquary, carried criticism to insanity, 51

RITSON, Isaac, a young Scotch writer, perishes by attempting to exist by the efforts of his pen, 75 his extemporary rhapsody descriptive of his melancholy fate, 76

ROYAL SOCIETY, the, 335, 361 encounters much opposition when first established, ib.

RUFFHEAD'S Life of Pope, 290

RUSHWORTH dies of a broken heart, having neglected his own affairs for his "Historical Collections", 85

RYMER'S distress in forming his "Historical Collections", 85

RYVES, Eliza, her extraordinary literary exertions and melancholy end, 107

SALE, the learned, often wanted a meal while translating the Koran, n. 189

SAVAGE the Poet employed by Pope to collect materials for notes to the Dunciad, n. 279

SCOT, Reginald, persecuted for his work against Witchcraft, 198

SCOTT, of Amwell, the Quaker and poet, offended at being compared to Capt. Macheath by the affected witticism of a Reviewer, 143 his extraordinary "Letter to the Critical Reviewers," in which he enumerates his own poetical beauties, ib.

SELDEN compelled to recant his opinions, and not suffered to reply to his calumniators, 198 refuses James I. to publish his defence of the "Sovereignty of the Seas" till Grotius provoked his reply, ib. opinions on bishops, n. 502

SETTLE, Elkanah, the ludicrous close of a scribbler's life, 146 the hero of Pope's earliest satire, 333 manages Pope burnings, 334

SHAFTESBURY, Lord, on the origin of irony, n. 436 his character of Hobbes, n. 437 his conversation with Hobbes in Paris on his work, "The Leviathan," n. 441