On the north and south walls of the western bay are large arches enclosed in square frames and with finely carved archivolts. Above the south arch is a slab inscribed with the epitaph to the memory of the celebrated general Tornikes. There are no indications of an entrance under the arch. It may have covered a niche, now built up, intended to receive a tomb, possibly the tomb of the sebastocrator Isaac.

The archivolt of the arch in the north wall is formed of acanthus leaves turned over at the points; the spandrils are filled with the figures of the archangels Michael and Gabriel, bearing appropriate emblems, and above the crown of the arch is a small bust of Christ. In both arches the carved work is exactly like that of the eikon frame in the south-eastern pier of the church, and closely resembles the work on the lintel of the eikon frames in the church of the Diaconissa. Both archivolts were originally coloured, the background blue, the carved ornament gilt. The use of figures in the decoration of the church is remarkable. They are in bold relief and executed freely, but shown only from the waist up. The windows, like those in the outer narthex, have a central arch between two semi-circles (Fig. 63).







Two passages, which cut through the north wall, lead from the parecclesion to the church. Off the passage to the west is a small chamber whose use is not apparent. It may be simply a space left over when the chapel was added. Higher up, in the thickness of the wall, about ten feet from the floor, and a little above the springing level of the vaulting in the parecclesion, is a long, narrow passage, lighted by a window at the east end, and covered by a small barrel vault, corbelled at the springing, on two courses of stone and three courses of brick laid horizontally, thus narrowing the space to a considerable degree. From this corbelling spring the vaulting courses, which are steeply inclined and run from both ends to the centre, where the resultant diamond-shaped opening is filled in with horizontal courses (Fig. 48). On the north side of the passage is a broad opening roughly built up, but which seems originally to have communicated with the south cross arm. The opening is almost central to the cross-arm, and is directly above the doors leading from the church to the parecclesion.

The exterior of the parecclesion and the outer narthex are treated with arcades in two orders of the usual type. On the piers of the arcades are semicircular shafts which in the parecclesion rise to the cornice, but on the west front stop at the springing course. Here they may have supported the wooden roof of a cloister or porch. The apse of the parecclesion has five sides with angle shafts and niches, alternately flat and concave in three stories. The north wall is a fine example of simple masonry in stripes of brick and stone, and with small archings and zigzag patterns in the spandrils of the arches.

Below the parecclesion are two long narrow cisterns having their entrance on the outside of the apse.[540]

The original plan of the church (Fig. 102). The greater part of the alterations made in the church date from Byzantine times, and the marble coverings then placed upon the walls have effectually covered up any traces which might have given a clue to the original form of the building. In consequence any attempt at restoration must be of a very tentative character.

It is evident that there has been a serious movement in the structure due to the weight of the dome and the thrust of the dome arches, for the walls below the dome are bent outwards in a very pronounced manner. It was in order to check this movement that the flying buttress was applied to the apse, and in all probability the enormous thickness of the walls surrounding the central cross is due to the same cause. Had the walls originally been as thick as at present it is hard to imagine that movement could have taken place.

The axial line from east to west, passing through the doors of both narthexes, divides the present building into two dissimilar parts. We know that the parecclesion is a later addition, and if it be removed and the plan of the north side repeated to the south the resulting plan bears a striking resemblance to S. Sophia at Salonica (Fig. 101). The position of the prothesis and diaconicon in particular is identical in the two churches.

Some proof that this was the original form of the building is given by the small chamber in the wall thickness between the church and the parecclesion. For it corresponds to the angle of the south 'aisle,' and on its west wall is a vertical break in the masonry which may be the jamb of the old door to the narthex.

This plan gives a narthex in five bays—the three centre ones low, the two outer covered by domes and leading to the 'aisles.' When the parecclesion was added, the south gallery and two bays of the inner narthex were swept away. The third door leading into the church was built up, and the present large domed bay added to the shortened narthex.



Traces of the older structure remain in the wall between the church and the parecclesion. The space already described, which originally opened from the passage at the higher level to the south cross-arm, corresponds in width both to the window above and to the space occupied by the doors below. At S. Sophia, Salonica, the side-arms are filled in with arcades in two stories forming an aisle and gallery. This is the normal domed basilica construction. Here, if we regard the floor of the upper passage (B on plan, p. 318) as the remains of the old gallery floor,—and no other view seems to account for its existence,—the internal elevation was in three stories, an aisle at the ground level, above it a gallery, and above that, in the arch tympanum, a triple window. Such an arrangement is, so far as we know, unique in a small church, but it is the arrangement used in S. Sophia, Constantinople, and may well have been derived from that church. The opening is only about one-half of the space, leaving a broad pier at each side. In this it differs from S. Sophia, Salonica, but such side piers are present in S. Sophia, Constantinople. The diagrams show a restoration of the plan and internal bay based on these conclusions (Figs. 102, 103).



The gallery on the north side is an addition. The character of the brickwork and of the windows is later than the central church, but the lack of windows on the ground floor suggests that the 'aisle' was originally lighted from the body of the church. The vaulting gives no clue, nor are there traces of an opening in the wall between the 'aisle' and the church. The floor level is much higher than that of the passage 'B' (p. 318) on the opposite side, and seems to be a new level introduced when the addition was made and the wall thickened.





If these conclusions are correct the church was originally a domed basilica resembling S. Sophia, Salonica, in plan and S. Sophia, Constantinople, in elevation. The side dome arches had double arcades in two stories, and above them windows in the dome arches. There are at present no traces of a western gallery, but such may have existed below the present west windows. Later in the history of the church came alterations, which included the ribbed domes and the gallery on the north side. The side aisles still communicated with the church and the lateral chapels with the bema.



The filling up of the arcades, the thickening of the walls, the isolation of the lateral chapels, the removal of the southern aisle, the alteration of the narthex, the building of the parecclesion and outer narthex, and most of the decoration which forms the glory of the church, belong to the great work of restoration by Theodore Metochites early in the fourteenth century.

The representation of the church in the mosaic panel above the large door to the church shows a building with a central dome, a narthex terminating in domed bays, and a window in the west dome arch. It seems to represent the church as the artist was accustomed to see it previous to the additions (Fig. 115).

Plain cross plans, or cross plans with only one lateral gallery, are not unknown. The church of the Archangels, Syge,[541] shows such a plan and is here reproduced for purposes of comparison.















[501] Vol. i. p. 459.

[502] Synax., Sept. 4, [Greek: pistoi de tines eusebeis nyktos elthontes kai ta leipsana en akatio embalontes eis to Byzantion diakomizousi kai en to boreio merei exo teicheon en trisi larnaxi katathentes, entha esti mone Chora eponomazomene, doxan kai eucharistian to Theo anepempsan].

[503] Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of C.P. vol. xxiv., 1896, Supplement, p. 33.

[504] Vol. iii. p. 172.

[505] P. 36.

[506] Paspates, p. 326.

[507] Synax., Sept. 4.

[508] Banduri, iii. p. 54, [Greek: chorion en ekeise exo tou Byzantiou.]

[509] De aed. p. 121, [Greek: eklethe de chora dioti ton Byzantion chorion en ekei, katha kai he tou Stoudiou mone, exo tes poleos hyperchen.]

[510] Written in the second quarter of the ninth century.

[511] Supplement to vol. xxiv. of the Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of C.P. p. 23. Cf. Schmitt, p. 28.

[512] In his great monograph on Kahrie Jamissi published by the Russian Institute of Constantinople, 1906.

[513] Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum Collectio, tomus viii. col. 906, col. 882, [Greek: tou hagiou Michael ton Charisiou: tes epiklen ton Charisiou].

[514] Banduri, iii. p. 54; Codinus. De aed. p. 121 [Greek: he chora proton men eukterion en, Priskos ho eparchos kai gambros tou Phoka tou tyrannou perioristheis ekei para tou idiou ektise tauten monen eis kallos kai megethos, apocharisamenos kai ktemata polla].

[515] Niceph. Greg. iii. p. 459.

[516] Schmitt, p. 28.

[517] Theoph. pp. 554, 556; Synax. ad diem; Cedrenus, i. p. 784.

[518] Theoph. pp. 626-680; Synax., May 12.

[519] Theoph. pp. 647-8.

[520] Life of Michael Syncellus, p. 31, in supplement to vol. xxiv. of the Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of C.P.; cf. Schmitt, p. 251.

[521] Life of Michael Syncellus, ut supra, pp. 30, 31.

[522] See supplement to vol. xxiv. of the Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of Constantinople, p. 33; cf. Schmitt, pp. 257-8.

[523] Niceph. Greg. iii. p. 459.

[524] Ibid. i. p. 459.

[525] The manuscript was discovered in the Seraglio Library by Professor T. Uspenski, and has been photographically reproduced by the Russian Institute of Constantinople.

[526] The inscription has been injured. It now reads:—

[Symbol: cross.][Greek: ho .. os tou pselo .. tou ... sileos ... ... xiou ... .. ou ...]

See Schmitt, pp. 38-39, who restores the inscription thus:

[Greek: ho hyios tou hypselotatou basileos Alexiou tou Komnenou].

[527] See Schmitt, pp. 39-40.

[528] Niceph. Greg. i. p. 459.

[529] Niceph. Greg. i. p. 459. [Greek: houtos habrotera chresamenos dexia, plen tou mesaitatou neo panta kalos epeskeuase], cf. ii. p. 1045.

[530] Theodori Metochitae carmina, ed. Treu. A 1004, et passim.

[531] Niceph. Greg. i. p. 303 [Greek: arti tou neourgein epepauto ten tes Choras monen, hopsos ho endon etynchane kosmos].

[532] Niceph. Greg. ii. pp. 1045-6.

[533] Niceph. Greg. iii. p. 243.

[534] Cantacuzene, i. p. 54.

[535] Cantacuzene, ii. p. 209.

[536] De top. C.P. iv. c. 4:—Inter palatium Constantini et portam urbis Adrianopolitanam extat aedes in septimo (?) colle, quae etsi jam tot secula sit intra urbem tamen etiamnum [Greek: christos choras] appellatur, ex eo, quod olim esset extra urbem. Ex tribus partibus, ut mos est Graecorum aedium sacrarum, porticu cingitur. Parietes ejus intrinsecus vestiti crustis marmoris varii quadratis, ita inter se conjunctis ut distinguantur ab immo sursum versus modulis astragalorum, aliorum baccatorum, aliorum ter etiam sine baccis. Supra quadratas crustas discurrunt tres fasciae et tres velut astragali, quorum duo teretes, supremus quadratus velut regula. Supra fasciam, denticuli; supra denticulos, folia Corinthia. Denique marmor sic mensulis distinguitur ut in commissuris eluceat labor Corinthicus. Sed is plenior apparet in aede Sophiae.

[537] Cf. description by Gyllius, De top. C.P. iv. c. 4.

[538] [Greek: deute pros me pantes hoi kopiontes kai pephortismenoi kago]....—Matt. xi. 28.

[539] For the description of these vaults see p. 22.

[540] Schmitt (op. cit. pp. 92-94) maintains that the parecclesion was originally the refectory of the monastery. But a refectory there would occupy a very unusual position. Nor do the frescoes on the walls of the parecclesion correspond to the decoration of the refectory with representations of flowers and of Christ's miracles, as described by Theodore Metochites: ... [Greek: kekosmeatai anthesi poikiloi i te poulychrouoisi te baphon ... kai te diaperes apegeatai mysteria thoymata Christou].

[541] F. W. Hasluck. Bithynica, B.S.A. Annual XIII., 1906-7.



CHAPTER XXIV

THE MOSAICS IN S. SAVIOUR IN THE CHORA

As stated already, the mosaics on the vaults and lunettes of the arches in the outer narthex of the church portray scenes from the life of Christ, as recorded in the canonical and the apocryphal Gospels, while on the faces and soffits of the arches are depicted the figures of saints 'who desired to look into these things.' Scenes from the Saviour's life are also portrayed in the two bays to the west of the parecclesion, and in the domes and southern bay of the inner narthex. Inscriptions on the mosaics explain the subjects depicted. The scenes will be described according to the groups they form in the compartments of the narthex.





OUTER NARTHEX

First Bay (at the north end).

1. In the northern lunette.—The angel announcing to Joseph, in a dream, the birth of Jesus. To the right, journey of Joseph and Mary from Nazareth to Bethlehem. Simon the son of Joseph walks ahead, carrying a bundle. In the background, meeting of Mary and Elizabeth.

2. In the eastern lunette.—The registration of Joseph and Mary at Bethlehem before Cyrenius. (Said to be unique in the East.[542])

On the arch over the eastern lunette.—Busts (in medallions) of SS. Mardarius, Auxentius (only one letter of the name remains), SS. Eustratius, Orestes.

3. On the western lunette.—The Holy Family on the way to the first passover of Jesus at Jerusalem.

On the arch over the western lunette.—The busts (in medallions) of SS. Anempodistus, Elpidephorus, Akindynus, Aphthonius, Pegasius.

4. In the vault.—The scene has disappeared. Possibly it represented Jesus among the doctors in the temple.

5. On the soffit of the transverse arch, between the first and second bays.—To the east, S. Andronicus; to the west, S. Tarachus.

Second Bay

6. In the eastern lunette.—The birth of Jesus. In the background, to left, the angel appearing to the shepherds; to right, the magi beholding the star shining over the manger in which lies the Holy Child, while an ox and an ass feed in it. In the centre, Mary on a couch. In the foreground, to left, two women bathing the Holy Child; to the right, Joseph seated on the ground and gazing at the Holy Child.

On the arch above the eastern lunette.—The busts (in medallions) of SS. Philemon, Leukius, Kallinikus, Thyrsus, Apollonius.

7. In the western lunette.—Return of the Holy Family from Egypt to Nazareth.

In the arch above the western lunette.—The busts (in medallions) of SS. Engraphus (?), Menas, Hermogenes, Laurus, Florus, Menas, Victor, Vikentius.

8. In the vault.—The baptism of Jesus; the scenes in the temptation of Jesus.

9. On the second transverse arch.—To the east, S. George; to the west, S. Demetrius.

The Third or Central Bay

10. In the eastern lunette, over the door leading to the inner narthex.—Christ in the act of benediction.

11. In the western lunette.—The Theotokos, in the attitude of prayer, with the Holy Child, in a nimbus, on her breast; the legend

[Greek: MR THY HE CHORA TOU ACHORETOU] (the country of the Infinite); on the right and left, an angel.

12. In the vault.—In the north-eastern corner, the miracle of water turned into wine. The date 1303, in Arabic numerals, is on this mosaic. In the south-eastern corner, the miracle of the loaves.

These mosaics, placed on either side of the figure of Christ, are emblems of His character as the Giver of Life.

In the north-western corner.—The sacrifice of a white bullock.

In the south-eastern corner.—The second miracle of the loaves.

13. On the third transverse arch.—Two saints, not named.

The Fourth Bay

14. In the eastern lunette.—To the left, the magi, on horseback, guided by a star, on their way to Jerusalem; to the right, the magi before Herod.

On the arch above.—The busts (in medallions) of SS. Abibus, Ghourias, Samonas.

15. In the western lunette.—Elizabeth fleeing with her child John from a soldier who pursues her with a drawn sword in his hand.

The scenes in the vault have disappeared.

16. On the fourth transverse arch.—Two saints, not named.

The Fifth Bay

17. In the eastern lunette.—Herod inquiring of the priests where the Christ should be born.

The busts of three saints on the arch above have disappeared.

18. In the western lunette.—Mothers at Bethlehem seated on the ground, and mourning the death of their infant children.

The mosaics in other parts of this bay have disappeared.

The Outer Bay fronting the parecclesion

In the eastern pendentive.—To the left (19) the healing of a paralytic; to the right (20) the healing of the man sick of the dropsy.

21. In the western pendentive.—To the left, the healing of another paralytic; to the right, Christ with the Samaritan woman at the well of Sychar; in the lunette, the massacre of the Innocents at Bethlehem.

22. In the southern lunette.—To the left, Herod orders the massacre of the Innocents at Bethlehem; to the right, the massacre of the Innocents.

The other mosaics in this bay have disappeared.

The Inner Bay fronting the parecclesion

23. In the vault.—In the south-western corner. Uncertain. Possibly, the fall of the idols in Egypt at the presence of the Holy Child; to the south of that scene, Zacchaeus on the sycamore tree.

INNER NARTHEX

First Bay (at the south end of the narthex)

24. On the soffit of the first transverse arch.—To the east, the healing of the man with a withered arm; to the west, the healing of a leper.

South Dome

25. In the crown.—Christ the Pantokrator.

In the flutings, thirty-nine figures, arranged in two tiers, representing the ancestors of Christ from Adam to Esrom, Japhet, and the eleven sons of Jacob not in the line of ancestry.

26. On the south-eastern pendentive.—The healing of the woman with a bloody issue.

27. On the north-eastern pendentive.—The healing of Peter's mother-in-law.

28. On the south-western pendentive.—The healing of a deaf and dumb man.

29. On the north-western pendentive.—The healing of two blind men at Jericho.

30. On the eastern wall below the dome, colossal figures of Mary and Christ, technically named the Deesis.

31. On the opposite wall.—Christ healing divers diseases.

The mosaics in the three other bays of this narthex depict scenes in the life of Mary as described in the apocryphal Protoevangelium of S. James and other apocryphal Gospels.[543]

First Bay (at northern end).—The North Dome

32. In the centre.—The Theotokos; in the flutings, twenty-seven figures arranged in two tiers representing sixteen royal ancestors of Christ, from David to Salathiel, and Melchisedec, Ananias, Azarias, Misael, Daniel, Joshua, Moses, Aaron, Ur, Samuel, Job.

33. In the north-eastern pendentive.—The scene has disappeared.

34. In the south-eastern pendentive.—S. Joachim (Mary's father) with his sheep in the desert, praying and mourning that his offerings have been rejected because he was childless.

35. In the north-western pendentive.—The High Priest judging Mary.

36. In the south-western pendentive.—The Annunciation to Mary.

37. In the eastern lunette below the dome.—The Annunciation to S. Anna, the mother of Mary.

38. On the soffit of the transverse arch between the first and second bays.—To the east, the meeting of S. Anna and S. Joachim; to the west, Joseph taking leave of Mary before his home, and proceeding to his work in another part of the country, accompanied by a servant.

Second Bay

39. In the eastern lunette.—The birth of Mary.

40. In the western lunette.—Joseph receiving the rod which marks him the successful suitor for Mary's hand, and taking her as his bride-elect.

41. In the vault.—To the east, Mary held in the arms of S. Joachim, receiving the blessing of three priests seated at a banquet; to the west, the child Mary caressed by her parents. This scene shows much feeling.

42. On the soffit of the transverse arch.—To the east, Mary taking her first seven steps [Greek: he heptabematizousa]; to the west, the high priest praying before the rods, one of which, by blossoming, will designate the future husband of Mary.

43. On the eastern wall, to the north of the main entrance into the church.—The Apostle Peter with the keys in his hand.

The Third Bay

44. In the lunette over the main entrance to the church.—Theodore Metochites on his knees offering the church to Christ seated on a throne. The legend [Greek: ho ktetor logothetes tou gennikou Theodoros ho Metochites].[544]



45. In the western lunette.—Mary receiving purple and scarlet wool to weave in the veil of the temple.

46. In the vault.—On the east, Mary admitted to the Holy of Holies when three years of age, lest she should go back to the world; on the west, the procession of maidens escorting Mary to the temple.

47. The third transverse arch.—To the east, Mary in the temple receiving bread from the archangel Gabriel; to the west, Mary in the temple receiving instruction.

48. On the eastern wall, to the south side of the main entrance to the church.—The Apostle Paul.



The scenes represented on these mosaics are not peculiar to this church, but are a selection from cycles of subjects which from the eleventh century became favourite themes for pictorial treatment on the walls of important churches in the Byzantine world. Several of these scenes are found portrayed also at Daphni, Mistra, S. Sophia at Kiev, in the churches of Mt. Athos, on diptychs and manuscripts,[545] as well as in the chapel of the arena at Padua. The cycle of subjects taken from the life of Mary was developed mainly in Syria, and Schmitt[546] goes so far as to maintain that the mosaics of the Chora are copies of Syrian mosaics executed by a Syrian artist, when the church was restored in the ninth century by Michael Syncellus, who, it will be remembered, came from Syria.

Kondakoff assigns most of the mosaics to the Comnenian restoration of the church by Maria Ducaena in the eleventh or twelfth century. One of them at least, the Deesis, has survived; and there may be others of that period, for, as that mosaic proves, the narthex of the church was decorated when the church was restored by that benefactress of the Chora. But the testimony of Nicephorus Gregoras,[547] of Theodore Metochites,[548] and the date marked on the scene representing the miracle of the wine at Cana, on the right of the figure of Christ over the door leading from the outer to the inner narthex, prove these mosaics to be as a whole the production of the fourteenth century. And this conclusion is confirmed by their unlikeness to mosaic work in the twelfth century, and by their affinity to other work of the same character done in the fourteenth century.[549]

In fact, the mosaics in the Chora represent a remarkable revival in the history of Byzantine art. They are characterised by a comparative freedom from tradition, by closer approximation to reality and nature, by a charm and a sympathetic quality, and by a scheme of colour that indicate the coming of a new age and spirit. Curiously enough, they are contemporary with the frescoes of Giotto at Padua (1303-1306). But whatever points of similarity may be detected between them and the work of the Italian artist, or between them and the Italian school before Giotto, should be explained as due to a common stock of traditions and to the simultaneous awakening of a new intellectual and artistic life in the East and the West, rather than to any direct influence of one school of art upon another. The mosaics of the Chora are thoroughly Byzantine.[550]

The Frescoes in the Parecclesion:—

1. Round the apse: Six Fathers of the Church (only one figure remains, and that badly damaged. No names are inscribed).

2. In the vault of the apse: a full-length figure of Christ in a vesica dotted with stars. On either side are groups of figures.

3. In the crown of the apse-arch: an angel in a medallion.

4. In the northern wall, next the apse: Christ with two attendants; in the background a walled city.

The Eastern Bay.

On the northern wall:

5. Above the arched recess: two medallion heads of SS. Sergius and Bacchus.

6. Portions of the figure of a warrior.

7. In the arch above Nos. 5 and 6: the Gate of Paradise.

8. In the centre, one of the cherubims on a pillar. On the left hand, a multitude, painted on black background outside Paradise; on the right, Paradise, a garden full of trees on a white background. Here also are John the Baptist and a figure, probably the Virgin and Child, on a throne, attended by two angels.



On the southern wall:

8. A portion of the figure of an armed angel.

Above No. 8 and at the side of the window:

9. Two men carrying a bier or platform. In front of them a third person giving directions.

10. In the arched recess: full-length figures of Andronicus II. and his family. In the soffit of the arch, the head of Christ in a medallion, with rays issuing from behind the aureola.

11. and 12. In the spandrils above the recess: two heads in medallions.

13. In the dome vault: the Last Judgment. Christ in judgment fills the centre; behind Him are the twenty-four elders seated on a long throne; farther back is gathered the heavenly host.



14. On the north-eastern pendentive: the Virgin and Child in a Paradise, with trees on a white background.

15. On the south-eastern pendentive: the Mouth of Hell.

16. On the south pilaster of the dome: an armed angel.

17. Above that angel, on the arch: a man bearing the Seven-Branched Candlestick, and beside him another man bearing with both hands some object above his head, perhaps the Table of Shew Bread.

18. On the northern pilaster: a warrior.

19. In the centre of the arch: the Head of Christ in a medallion.

The Western Bay.

20. At the south-western corner where the wall is much damaged, a saint.

21. Above No. 20, to the west of the window: Christ appearing to His disciples.

22. To the east of the window, an indistinct scene, perhaps the Entombment.

23. At the north-western corner: S. Samona.

24. A saint, not named.

25. Over the door two saints, one of whom holds a cross.

26. The northern archway: In the centre is the door to the narrow passage between the parecclesion and the church. To the left, Jacob's Ladder; to the right, Moses at the Burning Bush. In the bush is a medallion of the Virgin and Child, and from the bush an angel addresses Moses, who holds his veil in his hand.

27, 28, 29, 30. In the pendentives of the dome: the Four Evangelists sitting at desks.

31. The dome is divided into twelve segments by ribs, and is pierced by twelve windows. Above each window is an angel holding a spear, and below him is the legend 'Holy.' In the crown are the Virgin and Child in a medallion.

32. A saint holding a small cross; below, in the south wall, the archivolt with the epitaph to Tornikes above it.

33. A warrior saint with his sword and shield.

34. Above Nos. 32 and 33 on the arch, a figure, clad in a white mantle and blue robe with a scroll in his hand, points to an angel, who holds his drawn sword in the right hand and the scabbard in the left hand, and seems to be attacking several persons in the right-hand corner. Behind him is a walled and fortified city, probably Jericho.

35. On the north wall: S. Eutadius.

36. The Adoration by the magi.

37, 38. On the west wall: the figures of two saints, not named.

Epitaph in honour of Tornikes:—

[Greek: hosous an hathroizoi tis enthade krotous nekrous ho tapheis exelenxei Tornikes, ho tris aristeus e konstaulos megas, hosper mimous, beltiste, pithekous leon. hos, basilikon apotechtheis haimaton, 5 pareschen autois prosphye kai ton tropon. poion gar ouk en aretes eidos pheron, hos ho prepon hekaston ezetei chronos? boulephoros d' oun, kai pro tes helikias kai demagogos, kai krites en anchinous. 10 kai pros men echthrous taktiken epnei phloga, keraunos on aphyktos autois athroois, te de stratia patrikos epestatei, phrouron ta koina, me klape to sympheron. kedous de tychon eugenous kai kosmiou 15 kai basilikon proslabon authis genos kai lampron hypodeigma pareis ton bion, keitai monastes euteles en osteois. helie kai ge kai teleutaioi krotoi. penthei de mikrou pan to Rhomaion genos, 20 hoson per auton agnooun ou tynchanei. all' o mone, zon kai methiston tas physeis, ei pou ti kai peprachen auto me prepon lysin paraschon ten Eden kleron didou.]

In line 7 the inscription reads *[Greek: phcron]* instead of [Greek: pheron]; in line 23 *[Greek: propon]* for [Greek: prepon].

Good Friend! However many dead applauses (celebrities) One may collect here, The entombed Tornikes, who was thrice a foremost man or Grand Constable, Will put them to shame as a lion will put to shame mimicking apes. He who was by birth of royal blood, Presented also a manner of life conformed to that descent. For what form of virtue did he not possess Such as the fitting occasion demanded each? Therefore he was a councillor before the usual age, And a popular leader and an acute judge, And upon enemies he breathed a strategic flame (such as military rules required), And was an irresistible thunderbolt upon their serried ranks. He presided over the army like a father, Guarding the commonweal lest any advantage to it should be stolen. Contracting a highly-born and seemly marriage connection, And securing thus again royal affinity,[551] And leaving his life as a splendid example, He lies a poor monk among bones! O sun, O earth, O final applauses! Well-nigh the whole Roman race laments him, As much of it as is not ignorant of him. But O only living One and transformer of natures, If perchance he did aught that was not fitting for him, Granting him pardon, give him Eden as his inheritance.[552]

[542] Diehl, Etudes byzantines: Les mosaiques de Kahrie Djami.

[543] An English translation of the Protoevangelium is found in the Ante-Nicene Christian Library, vol. xvi.

[544] The remarkable head-dress he wears was given him as a special distinction by the Emperor Andronicus II. Palaeologus. The poet Philes (ode 41 in the appendix to vol. ii. of his works, lines 117-19) says [Greek: phorounta chrysen erythran ten kalyptran hen doron auto synanechonti kratos Anax ho lampros Andronikos paresche].

[545] A work reproducing, under the Pope's authority, the eighty-two miniatures illustrating the Life of the Madonna, which was composed by a monk James in the twelfth century (Cod. Vatic. Gr. 1162), is announced (Danesi, Editore, Roma, 1911), with a preface and descriptions of the miniatures by Cosimo Stornajolo. The miniatures are said to rival those of the Greek Codex 1028 in the National Library in Paris.

[546] Op. cit. pp. 134-41.

[547] i. p. 303.

[548] Carmina (ed. Treu), A. 1004, 1039-1042; B. 322-334.

[549] Diehl, Etudes byzantines: Les mosaiques de Kahrie Djami.

[550] See on the whole subject, C. Diehl, in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts, troisieme periode, tome 33, and in his Manuel d'art byzantin, pp. 732-41; Schmitt in his monograph on the Chora; Muehlmann, Archiv fuer christliche Kunst, 1886-87.

[551] Alludes to his marriage with a relative of the imperial family.

[552] In the translation I have been assisted by Sir W. M. Ramsay, Professor Bury, and Mr. E. M. Antoniadi. The meaning of [Greek: teleutaioi krotoi] is not clear. Various interpretations have been suggested; to read [Greek: brotoi], mortals, instead of [Greek: krotoi], and to construe [Greek: teleutaioi] adverbially, 'finally, O mortals!'; to understand a reference to the judgment day, 'O applauses given at the final judgment'; to take the phrase as equivalent to, 'O celebrities at (or to) the very end of time'; to understand it as signifying the eulogies actually given to the deceased by the poet. Professor Tendes, of Athens, whom I thank for his courtesy in this connection, suggests that the meaning is similar to that of the phrase [Greek: ta teleutaia] in the modern Greek form of eulogy, [Greek: ekame polla, alla ta teleutaia tou].... 'He did many things, but his last performances!' (surpassed all his previous deeds). Here the meaning would therefore be, 'O grandest achievements that men praise!'



CHAPTER XXV

THE DATING AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHURCHES

The dating of the Constantinople churches is a problem of great difficulty, and, in the absence of documentary evidence, we must often be contented with very indefinite suggestions. Many churches are known to have been founded at dates which are evidently earlier than the existing buildings, and have apparently been rebuilt at some later date of which the record has been lost. Other churches are known to have been 'repaired,' and here the question of how far 'repair' means 'rebuilding' is sometimes insoluble. Repair may mean simply a fresh coat of paint.

The architectural characteristics afford a certain clue, and the following chronological scheme has been drawn up by their guidance:—

The pre-Justinian period is characterised by simple construction and detail of a late Roman type. Of this we have one example—the basilica of S. John of the Studion, founded about 463. The existing building appears to be original.

The Justinian period commences with the beginning of the sixth century. It is characterised by the development of the drumless dome on pendentives. The plan is complicated, and the buildings are large in comparison with those of later date. To this period belong SS. Sergius and Bacchus (527 A.D.), the baptistery of S. Sophia, and the 'Great Church' of S. Sophia itself. S. Andrew in Krisei and S. Saviour in the Chora probably date from this period. The carved detail of the former closely resembles that of SS. Sergius and Bacchus, and the plan of the latter connects it with S. Sophia, Salonica (sixth century).

The Justinian period roughly includes the seventh century, and is followed by a long decline, marked by the great iconoclastic controversy which lasted almost until the middle of the ninth century. To this period belongs S. Irene (740 A.D.). In plan it is a double-domed cross church. In the arrangement of the dome-arches and galleries it resembles S. Theodosia, whilst in the presence of a western gallery over the narthex and in the number of columns in the 'nave arcade' it is like S. Sophia.

The accession of Basil the Macedonian (867 A.D.) marks the beginning of the second great period—the 'Basilian Renaissance.' We know that this was a period of great religious activity, and though we have, unfortunately, no known dates to guide us, the development of plan leads us to place a group of churches in the ninth, tenth, and eleventh centuries. These are S. Mary Pammakaristos, S. Mary Panachrantos, S. Theodosia, S. Mary Diaconissa, and SS. Peter and Mark.

They are all churches of considerable size; S. Mary Diaconissa and S. Theodosia being indeed large. They are characterised by the use of the ambulatory and domed cross plans. The carving is coarse and the capitals are of the clumsy Byzantine Corinthian type. The dome is raised on a high drum in S. Mary Pammakaristos and S. Mary Panachrantos, though this may be a later addition. The domes of the other three churches seem to be Turkish. S. Mary Pammakaristos and the south church in S. Mary Panachrantos are identical in plan with S. Andrew in Krisei, and it would be possible to date them earlier had we any evidence whatsoever. Unfortunately both have been very much altered.

S. Theodosia, S. Mary Diaconissa, and SS. Peter and Mark, taken in this order, form a series showing the gradual disappearance of the galleries and the evolution of the domed cross church into the 'four columned' church of the next period.

The Myrelaion (919-945), if the present church is of that date, is an unusually early example of this four-columned type. It is generally considered that this plan type dates at the earliest from the eleventh century. There is, however, no reason to believe that the church was rebuilt later; it is a perfectly normal example of its class, and nowhere is an early example more probable than in Constantinople. The Myrelaion may accordingly be taken as marking the commencement of the late Byzantine period in Constantinople.

The churches are now smaller; the gynecaeum, where present, is placed over the narthex; the use of patterning in the brickwork of the exterior, which occurs in some of the Basilian churches (e.g. the cornice of S. Theodosia), now becomes important, and alternate coursing in brick and stone is used with great effect. From this time onwards narthexes were frequently added to the existing churches.

S. Saviour Pantokrator (1118-1143 A.D.) is the largest late church in Constantinople, and is an unusually large church of its type. S. Saviour Pantepoptes (1081-1118), S. Theodore, and S. John in Trullo, belong to the same class. The last, with its circular dome and apse, is probably the latest of the three. S. Thekla (1057-1059) and Bogdan Serai are examples of hall churches of the same period.

The monastery of Manuel was founded in 829-842 A.D., but the building believed to be the refectory is probably much later. As part of the monastery it might, of course, have been built at any date subsequent to the foundation of the House.

The architecture of the Sanjakdar does not correspond to the date of the foundation of the monastery of the Gastria in the ninth century. The building is certainly of late date, subsequent to the eleventh century. Of the Balaban Mesjedi it is impossible to say anything. It is the remnant of some Byzantine structure.

From 1204 to 1261, during the Latin Empire, we need not look for much building in the Greek Church. Soon after the fall of that empire comes the erection of S. Mary of the Mongols (1261-1282) and Monastir Jamissi (1282-1328). In both cases the architectural character is what we should expect. Following on this we have, in the fourteenth century, the alterations made in S. Saviour in the Chora (c. 1300), and the parecclesion of the Pammakaristos (c. 1315).

This was the last effort of pure Byzantine architecture in Constantinople. During the hundred years preceding the Turkish conquest in 1453 the gradually increasing pressure from the East put a stop to all architectural schemes; the craftsmen and artists fled to Italy, and there took their part in the great revival known as 'The Renaissance.'



SUGGESTED CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Century.

V. S. John of the Studion, 463.

VI. SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 527-36. S. Sophia, 532-37. S. Saviour in the Chora (the Justinian foundation). S. Andrew in Krisei.

VIII. S. Irene, 740. S. Mary Panachrantos (South Church); possibly earlier. S. Mary Pammakaristos; possibly earlier.

IX. S. Theodosia. S. Mary Diaconissa. SS. Peter and Mark.

X. The Myrelaion. S. Mary Panachrantos (South Church).

XI. S. Thekla. S. Saviour in the Chora (restoration in the reign of Alexius I. Comnenus). S. Saviour Pantepoptes. S. Saviour Pantokrator.

XII. S. Theodore. S. John in Trullo. Refectory of the monastery of Manuel? Bogdan Serai?

XIII. S. Mary of the Mongols. Monastir Jamissi.

XIV. S. Saviour in the Chora, 1306. Final restoration by Theodore Metochites. Parecclesion of the church of S. Mary Pammakaristos, c. 1315. Sanjakdar Mesjedi (Gastria)? Balaban Mesjedi?



CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHURCHES ACCORDING TO THEIR TYPE

Basilica.—S. John of the Studion.

Octagon.—SS. Sergius and Bacchus.

Domed Basilica.—S. Saviour in the Chora.

Ambulatory.—S. Andrew in Krisei; S. Mary Panachrantos (South Church); S. Mary Pammakaristos.

Domed Cross Church.—S. Irene; S. Theodosia; S. Mary Diaconissa; SS. Peter and Mark.

Four Column Church.—Myrelaion; S. Saviour Pantepoptes; S. Saviour Pantokrator; S. John in Trullo; S. Mary Panachrantos (North Church); Parecclesion of S. Mary Pammakaristos.

Foiled Plan.—S. Mary of the Mongols.

Halls.—Bogdan Serai; Central Church of the Pantokrator; Monastir Mesjedi; Refectory of the monastery of Manuel; Parecclesion of S. Saviour in the Chora; S. Thekla.

Irregular.—Sanjakdar Mesjedi; Balaban Mesjedi.

BOOKS CONSULTED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK

Ante-Nicene Christian Library.

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BARONIUS. Annales ecclesiastici. Luccae, 1741.

BELIN, M. A. Histoire de la Latinite de Constantinople. 2me edition.

BELL, Miss LOTHIAN. Notes on a Journey through Cilicia and Lycaonia.

BONDELMONTIUS. Librum insularum Archipelagi.

BROCKHAUS. Die Kunst in den Athoskloestern. Leipzig, 1891.

BRUNN, PH. Constantinople, ses sanctuaires et ses reliques au commencement du XV siecle. Odessa, 1883.

BUTLER. Architecture and other Arts, II. Syria. New York, 1903.

CHEVALIER, J. B. Voyage de la Propontide et du Pont-Euxin. Paris, 1800.

CHOISY. L'Art de batir chez les Byzantins. Paris, 1883.

CHOISEUL-GOUFFIER. Voyage pittoresque en Grece.

CLAVIJO, RUY GONZALEZ DE. Vida de Gran Tamorlan y itinerario. Madrid, 1782.

CONSTANTIUS, Patriarch. [Greek: Konstantinias Palaia te kai Neotera], Ancient and Modern Constantinople, Translation by J. P. Brown. London, 1868; [Greek: Syngraphai hai Elassones. Konstantinoupolis], 1866.

Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae. Bonn.

CRUSIUS, M. Turcograecia.

DEHIO und Bezold. Die kirchliche Baukunst des Abendlandes.

DETHIER, PH. A. Siege de Constantinople.

DIDRON. Christian Iconography (Translation from the French). London, 1910.

DIEHL, C. Manuel d'art byzantin; Figures byzantines.

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DUeRM. Handbuch.

Eastern Palestine Memoirs.

EBERSOLT. Le Grand Palais de Constantinople.

FERGUSSON, JAMES. History of Ancient and Mediaeval Architecture.

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FRESHFIELD, EDWIN. Archaeologia.

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GOODYEAR, W. H. Catalogue of an Exhibition of Architectural Refinements. Edinburgh, 1905.

GYLLIUS, P. De Constantinopoleos Topographia. Elzevir ed. 1632.

" De Bosporo Thracio. Elzevir ed. 1632.

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PERIODICALS

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Byzantinische Zeitschrift.

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Annual of the British School at Athens.

Proceedings of the Greek Syllogos of Constantinople.

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LIST OF EMPERORS

Constantine I. the Great 306-337

Constantius II. 337-361

Julian 361-363

Jovian 363-364

Valens 364-378

Theodosius I. the Great 378-395

Arcadius 395-408

Theodosius II. 408-450

Marcian 450-457

Leo I. 457-474

Leo II. 474-474

Zeno 474-491

Anastasius I. 491-518

Justin I. 518-527

Justinian I. the Great 527-565

Justin II. 565-578

Tiberius 578-582

Maurice 582-602

Phocas 602-610

Heraclius 610-641

Heraclius Constantine III. and Heracleonas 641-642

Constans II. 642-668

Constantine IV. 668-685

Justinian II. 685-695

Leontius 695-697

Tiberius III. 697-705

Justinian II. (restored) 705-711

Philippicus 711-713

Anastasius II. 713-715

Theodosius III. 715-717

Leo III. the Isaurian 717-740

Constantine V. Copronymus 740-775

Leo IV. 775-779

Constantine VI. 779-797

Irene 797-802

Nicephorus I. 802-811

Stauracius 811

Michael I. Rhangabe 811-813

Leo V. the Armenian 813-820

Michael II. the Amorian 820-829

Theophilus 829-842

Michael III. 842-867

Basil I. 867-886

Leo VI. the Wise 886-912

Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus 912-958 Co-Emperors Alexander 912-913 Romanus I. Lecapenus 919-945 Constantine VIII. and Stephanus, sons of Romanus I. reigned five weeks in 944

Romanus II. 958-963

Basil II. Bulgaroktonos 963-1025 Co-Emperors Nicephorus II. Phocas 965-969 John I. Zimisces 969-976 Constantine IX. 976-1025

Constantine IX. (sole Emperor) 1025-1028

Romanus III. Argyrus 1028-1034

Michael IV. 1034-1042

Michael V. 1042

Zoe and Theodora 1042

Constantine X. Monomachus 1042-1054

Theodora (restored) 1054-1056

Michael VI. Stratioticus 1056-1057

Isaac I. Comnenus 1057-1059

Constantine XI. Ducas 1059-1067

Michael VII. Ducas 1067-1078 Co-Emperor Romanus IV. Diogenes 1067-1078

Nicephorus III. Botoniates 1078-1081

Alexius I. Comnenus 1081-1118

John II. Comnenus 1118-1143

Manuel I. Comnenus 1143-1180

Alexius II. Comnenus 1180-1183

Andronicus I. Comnenus 1183-1185

Isaac II. Angelus 1185-1195

Alexius III. Angelus 1195-1203

Isaac II. Angelus (restored), Alexius IV. Angelus 1203-1204

Nicolas Canabus 1204

Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphlus 1204

LATIN EMPERORS OF CONSTANTINOPLE

Baldwin I. 1204-1205

Henry 1205-1216

Peter 1217-1219

Robert 1219-1228

John of Brienne 1228-1237

Baldwin II. 1227-1361

BYZANTINE EMPERORS AT NICAEA

Theodore I. Lascaris 1204-1222

John III. Ducas 1222-1254

Theodore II. Ducas 1254-1259

John IV. Ducas 1259-1260

UNDER THE RESTORED BYZANTINE EMPIRE

Michael VIII. Palaeologus 1260-1282

Andronicus II. Palaeologus 1282-1328 Co-Emperor Michael IX. 1295-1320

Andronicus III. Palaeologus 1328-1341

John V. Palaeologus 1341-1391 Co-Emperor John VI. Cantacuzene 1341-1355

Manuel II. Palaeologus 1391-1425

John VII. Palaeologus 1425-1448

Constantine XII. Palaeologus 1448-1453



INDEX

Abaga, 274

Achaia, 273

Achilles, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Achmed, Mongolian Khan, 274

Achmed Pasha, 205

Achmed III., Sultan, 276

Achrida, 46

Acre, 228

Acritas, 39

Adrianople. See Gate

Aecatherina, Empress, 47, 197, 295

Aetius. See Church, Cistern

Agapetus, Pope, 184

Agatha, 197

Agathangelus, 302

Agatho, Pope, 67

Aivan Serai, 191, 207, 208, 209, 213

Akoimeti, 36, 37

Ak Serai. See Forum of the Bous

Alexander, bath of, 88

Alexander, Patriarch, 85, 86

Alexius, Patriarch, 43

Alexius Strategopoulos, 228

Ali Atik Mustapha Pasha, 304

Alsace, 224, 226

Alti Mermer. See Exokionion

Anastasia, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 270

Andrew of Crete, 108

Andronicus Ducas, 295

Andronicus, son of Manuel II., 229

Anemodoulion, 245

Anna Comnena, 147

Anna Dalassena, 138, 139, 211, 212, 295, 297

Anna, wife of Andronicus II., 141

Anna of Savoy, wife of Andronicus III., 144, 303

Anna, wife of John VII. Palaeologus, 128

Anna, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 270

Anselm, Bishop of Havalsberg, 220

Anthemius, 74

Anthimus, Saint, 291, 294

Antioch, 86, 290

Antony, Patriarch, 43, 69

Apocaucus, 144, 145

Aqueduct of Valens, 183, 184.

Arian, Arius, 85, 86

Armenia, Armenian, 10, 39, 258, 268

Arsenius, Patriarch, 110, 111, 112

Artavasdos, 293

Asia Minor, 1

Aspar. See Cistern

Athanasius, Patriarch, 232

Athens, 258

Athos, Mount, 116, 185, 230, 258, 290, 301, 303, 326

Avars, 48, 232

Avret Tash. See Column of Arcadius

Axuch, 221

Azerbaijan, 148

Babylas, Saint, 288, 294

Bactagius, 293

Baghdad, 69, 255, 272

Bagtche Kapoussi. See Gate of the Neorion

Bajazet I., Sultan, 47

Bajazet II., Sultan, 49, 276, 304. See Mosque

Balat, 148, 280

Baldwin, Count, 214

Baloukli. See Pege

Baptistery of S. Sophia, 2, 78, 332

Bara, monk, 282

Bardas, Caesar, 44, 256, 270

Basil, Saint, 41

Belisarius, 67

Bertha, wife of Manuel I. Comnenus, 222

Beshiktash, 107

Bithynia, 30, 89, 294

Blachernae, district of, 106, 165, 191, 193, 209, 210, 213, 282. See Palace

Black Sea, 228, 272, 300

Bogdan Serai. See Church

Bonus, 48

Branas, 303

Bucoleon. See Harbour, Palace

Buda, 280

Bulgaria, Bulgarian, 257, 272, 295, 297

Byzantium, 84

Caesarea, 273

Cana, 327

Candidus, 192

Cantacuzene, Michael, 280

Capelli, 228

Carbounaria, district of, 244, 245

Cassandra, 230

Chalcedon. See Council

Charabanda, 275

Charisius, 290, 291. See Gate

Choirosphacta, 44

Christoboulos, 276

Christopher, son of Romanus I., 197

Chrysocameron, 199

Chrysostom, S. John, 91

Church, Chapel, Monastery, of—

Note.—Under this head the references indicate only the passages in which a church is mentioned outside the special chapter devoted to it.

S. Acacius, 199 Acritas, 40 Aetius, 255, 256, 259 S. Anastasia Pharmacolytria, 243 S. Anastasius, 184 S. Andrew the Apostle, 109 S. Andrew, near the Gate of Saturninus, 109 S. Andrew 'God-Intoxicated,' 109 S. Andrew in Krisei, 7, 8, 15, 30, 130, 150, 151, 186, 332, 333, 335, 336 S. Andrew Strategos, 109 S. Anthimus, 291, 294 Apostles, Holy, 3, 64, 90, 123, 124, 146, 147, 168, 175, 176, 184, 219, 233 Archangels, Syge, 316 S. Aristina, 106, 112 Balaban Aga Mesjedi, 334, 335, 336 Bogdan Serai, 10, 15, 23, 27, 28, 201, 282, 334, 335, 336 Bosra, 70 Cenopolis, 88 Crimean Memorial Church, 281 S. Constantine, 35 S. Constanza, 1 Daudatus, 183 S. Demetrius, Salonica, 32, 53, 75, 222 S. Demetrius, Kanabou, 148, 191, 192, 205 Dere Aghsy, 5 Dexiocrates, 165 S. Diomed, 109 S. Elias, Salonica, 10, 114, 116 Etschmiadzin, 10 Euphrosyne, Libadia, 270 Forty Martyrs of Sebaste, 291, 294 S. Fosca, Torcello, 247 Gastria (Sanjakdar Mesjedi), 10, 24, 28, 107, 334, 335, 336 S. George, Ezra, 78 S. George, Genoa, 229 S. George, Phanar, 149, 191 S. George, Psamathia (Soulou Monastir), 106, 177, 268 S. George, Salonica, 1 Homonia, 88 Hormisdas, 64, 68 S. Ignatius, 294 S. Irene, 11, 12, 15, 26, 53, 72, 84, 85, 333, 335, 336 S. John the Baptist, Hebdomon, 283 S. John the Baptist in Petra, 203, 255, 282 S. John Baptist of the Studion, 2, 11, 12, 29, 31, 107, 256, 258, 268, 303, 332, 335, 336 S. John the Baptist in Trullo, 15, 16, 28, 147, 281, 334, 335, 336 S. John Evangelist, Hebdomon, 297 Kallou, 297 Kefele Mesjedi. See Manuel S. Lorenzo, Milan, 78 S. Luke, Stiris, 11, 16 S. Mamas, 106, 107, 197 Manoueliou, 254 Manuel, 11, 28, 47, 64, 254, 334, 335 SS. Manuel, Sabel, Ishmael, 253 Mara, 255 S. Mark's, Venice, 3, 13, 224, 238, 246, 247 Kyra Martha, 123, 124, 128, 166, 167 S. Martin's, London, 289 S. Mary (Theotokos) of Blachernae, 193 S. Mary, Curator, 265 S. Mary Diaconissa, 9, 12, 13, 16, 17, 20, 26, 30, 31, 32, 306, 310, 333, 335, 336 S. Mary Eleoussa, 240 S. Mary Euergetes, 164, 165, 166, 167 S. Mary Hodegetria, 227. See Eikon S. Mary Koimesis, Nicaea, 7 S. Mary Kosmosoteria, 296 S. Mary of the Mongols, 10, 114, 116, 334, 335, 336 S. Mary Pammakaristos, 7, 12, 14, 18, 20, 24, 25, 27, 28, 31, 129, 130, 173, 175, 198, 201, 202, 205, 255, 281, 333, 335, 336 S. Mary Panachrantos, of Lips, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 151, 152, 243, 248, 333, 335, 336 S. Mary Panachrantos, near S. Sophia, 123, 125, 126 S. Mary, Pege, 177 S. Mary Peribleptos, 18, 35, 45, 50, 106, 177, 258, 268, 297 S. Mary of Vlach Serai, 280 S. Mary, Chapel, in SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 69, 70 S. Mary, 55 S. Michael the Archangel, 239, 291, 292, 294 S. Mokius, 166 Monastir Mesjedi, 10, 20, 262, 334, 335 Myrelaion, 14, 17, 47, 129, 333, 334, 335, 336 S. Nicholas, 207 SS. Nicholas and Augustine, 281 S. Nicholas, Methana, 278 S. Nicholas, Myra, 6 S. Paul, Rome, 289 SS. Peter and Mark, 5, 9, 12, 13, 16, 27, 185, 186, 333, 335, 336 SS. Peter and Paul, 63, 64, 65, 66, 191, 192 Protaton, Mt. Athos, 185 Saccudio, 38 Sanjakdar Mesjedi. See Gastria S. Saviour in the Chora, 10, 12, 19, 20, 22, 23, 24, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 36, 107, 153, 186, 236, 240, 255, 256, 332, 335, 336 S. Saviour Euergetes, 1, 166, 167, 213 S. Saviour Pantepoptes, 9, 14, 18, 29, 141, 295, 334, 335, 336 S. Saviour Pantokrator, Mt. Athos, 290 S. Saviour Pantokrator, Constantinople, 10, 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 25, 26, 29, 31, 132, 153, 165, 166, 173, 215, 219, 244, 247, 270, 273, 295, 334, 335, 336 S. Saviour Philanthropos, 147, 148 Sepulchre, Holy, 118, 265 SS. Sergius and Bacchus, 2, 8, 11, 21, 23, 26, 30, 115, 332, 333, 335, 336 S. Sophia, Constantinople, 2, 5, 11, 12, 14, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 46, 47, 62, 63, 69, 71, 72, 74, 78, 84, 85, 88, 89, 90, 91, 97, 102, 111, 112, 117, 118, 122, 123, 126, 145, 146, 169, 175, 176, 185, 223, 227, 229, 231, 233, 243, 244, 293, 305, 306, 313, 314, 315, 332, 333, 335 S. Sophia, Kiev, 326 S. Sophia, Monemvasia, 18 S. Sophia, Salonica, 15, 102, 103, 310, 314, 315, 333 Soulou Monastir. See S. George, Psamathia S. Stephen, Triglia, 30 S. Symeon Stylites, 63 S. Thekla, 10, 28, 295, 334, 335, 336 S. Theodore, Athens, 244 S. Theodore the General, 244 S. Theodore (Vefa Meidan), 9, 14, 17, 19, 29, 31, 50, 73, 155, 334, 335 S. Theodore, Carbounaria, 244 S. Theodore, district of Claudius, 244 S. Theodore, in the Great Palace, 244 S. Theodore, district of Sphorakius, 244 S. Theodosia, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 23, 27, 28, 30, 114, 151, 156, 185, 186, 238, 283, 333, 334, 335, 336 Valens and Daudatus, 183 Vatopedi, 303 S. Vitale, 70, 72, 73, 75, 78

Cilicia, 221

Cistercian Abbey, 224

Cistern— Aetius, 64, 255. See Plate LXXVII. facing p. 262 Aspar, 253, 254, 256, 257 Bin-bin-derek (One Thousand and One Columns), 15 Mokius, 109, 166 Pulcheria, 131, 254 Studion, 48, 50, 54. See Plate X. facing p. 54

Claudius, district of, 244

Colosseum, 33

Column of— Arcadius, 109 Constantine the Great (Exokionion), 109

Constantine Ducas, 44, 126

Constantine Lips, 125, 126, 127

Constantine, Nobilissimus, 44, 45

Constantine Porphyrogenitus (son of Michael VIII.), 38, 110, 127

Constantine, son of Romanus I., 197

Constantine, Pope, 67

Cosmas, Patriarchs, 140, 141, 142, 143, 297

Council— The Second Council, 87 Chalcedon, 66 Ferrara, 230 Florence, 230 First Concilium Trullanum, 67, 202, 293 Second Concilium Trullanum (Quinisextum), 202

Craterus, House of, 199

Crete, 108

Crusade, Fourth, 213, 224, 298

Cucusus, 87

Curator, district of, 264

Dandolo, Henrico, 213

Danube, 209

Daphni, 258, 326

Daphnusium, 228

Dedeagatch, 296

S. Demetrius, Eikon of, 222

Denderis, 269

Dere Aghsy, 4

Dexiocrates, district of, 165

Didymotica, 299

Dionysius, Monk, 48

Diplokionion, 107

Edirne Kapoussi. See Gate of Charisius

Egri Kapou, district of, 209

Emperor— Alexius I. Comnenus, 43, 146, 147, 211, 212, 220, 294, 295, 297, 335 Alexius II. Comnenus, 223, 224 Alexius V. Ducas Murtzuphlus, 213 Anastasius I., 63, 282 Andronicus I. Comnenus, 223, 224, 297 Andronicus II. Palaeologus, 37, 109, 110, 111, 128, 140, 141, 142, 143, 168, 230, 263, 275, 282, 299, 302, 303, 324 Andronicus III. Palaeologus, 128, 141, 263, 275, 299, 303 Baldwin I., 214 Baldwin II., 227, 228 Basil I., 68, 335 Basil II., 43 Basiliscus, 37, 88 Charlemagne, 41 Conrad of Germany, 222 Constans, 87 Constantine the Great, 1, 3, 84, 85, 101 Constantine V. Copronymus, 38, 90, 101, 108, 196, 293 Constantine VI., 38, 39, 41 Constantine VII. Porphyrogenitus, 44, 126, 197, 199, 247 Constantine IX., 46 Constantine Palaeologus or Dragases, 174, 176, 177, 230, 259, 260 Constantius II., 85, 86 Henry, 227 Heraclius, 48, 292 Isaac II. Angelus, 297, 303 Isaac I. Comnenus, 37, 47, 197, 209, 210, 295 John I. Zimisces, 303 John II. Comnenus, 138, 210, 219, 220, 221, 239 John V. Cantacuzene, 144, 229, 263, 297, 301, 302, 303 John VI. Palaeologus, 144, 192, 229, 297, 302 John VII. Palaeologus, 47, 128, 229, 230 Justin I., 63, 64, 67 Justinian I., the Great, 3, 37, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 70, 73, 74, 75, 89, 97, 101, 102, 103, 184, 254, 288, 290, 291, 292, 332, 333 Justinian II., 67 Leo I. Macellus, 265 Leo III., the Isaurian, 89, 90, 101, 102, 164, 293 Leo V., the Armenian, 39, 68, 294 Leo VI., the Wise, 44, 90, 126, 247 Leopold I. of Austria, 191 Licinius, 246 Lothair the Great, 220 Manuel I. Comnenus, 85, 221, 222, 223 Manuel II. Palaeologus, 47, 229 Marcian, 36, 85 Maurice, 184, 197 Maximianus, 63, 246, 288 Michael I., 39 Michael II., 39, 68 Michael III., 69, 256, 269, 294 Michael V., 44, 45 Michael VII., 46, 47, 257, 295, 297 Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 47, 110, 127, 140, 228, 229, 272, 297, 298, 303 Nicephorus Botoniates, 46, 297 Nicephorus I., 39 Philippicus, 293 Phocas, 292 Romanus I. Lecapenus, 90, 196, 197, 199, 257 Romanus II., 197 Romanus III. Argyrus, 257 Theodore II. of Nicaea, 110 Theodosius I., the Great, 87, 196 Theodosius II., 36, 226 Theophilus, 68, 69, 199, 209, 253, 255, 256, 257, 269, 270 Valens, 183, 184 Zeno, 37, 88

Enos, 296

Ephesus, 47, 143, 222

Et Meidan, 244

Etschmiadzin, 10

Eubulus Hospice, 88

Eudocia, 91, 227

Eugenia, 230

Euphrosyne, daughter of Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 272

Euphrosyne, step-mother of Emperor Theophilus, 269

Euphrosyne, 270

Eusebius, Patriarch, 86

Excubiti, 292

Exokionion, 109

Eyoub, 106, 208

Ezra, 78

Factions, 88

Ferejik, 296

Ferrara, 230

Festus, 64

Fifth Hill, 137

Florence, 230

Forum of— Bous, 164 Constantine the Great, 85 Philadelphium, 184 Tarus, 184, 245, 265

Fourth Hill, 244

Gabalas, 144, 145

Galata, 85, 107, 176, 228

Galbius, 192

Galla Placidia, 2

Garsonostasion, 89

Gate— Adrianople (Edirne Kapoussi), 253, 254 Aurea. See Golden Gate Aurea, Porta, Spalato, 33 Aya Kapou. See Gate of S. Theodosia Beautiful Gate of S. Sophia, 69 Chalke (Bronze Gate), 164 Charisius, 265, 290, 304, 305 Dexiocrates, 165 Edirne Kapoussi. See Gate of Charisius Egri Kapou, 209 Eugenius, 111, 254 Golden Gate, 35, 109, 227 Gyrolimne, 263 Ispigas, 213 Jubali Kapoussi, 213 Koum Kapoussi, 62 Narli Kapoussi, 36, 48 Neorion, 254 Pege (Selivri Kapoussi), 106, 107, 228 Royal Gates of S. Sophia, 69 S. Romanus (Top Kapoussi), 262, 282 Saturninus, 109 Selivria. See Pege S. Theodosia (Aya Kapou), 164, 165, 212 Tchatlady Kapou, 62, 223 Xylokerkou, 107, 197 Xyloporta, 205 Yali Kiosk Kapoussi. See Gate of Eugenius

Gatulazzo, 229

Gennadius, Patriarch, 146, 147, 158, 175, 201, 230, 231, 232

Genoa, Genoese, 228, 254

George Scholarius. See Gennadius

Georgia, 148

Germanus, Patriarch, 293

Giotto, 327

Golden Horn, 91, 138, 146, 164, 166, 167, 191, 208, 209, 212, 213, 216, 219, 254, 280, 281

Goths, Gothic, 18, 29, 31, 34

Grammarian. See John the Grammarian

Greece, 10, 11, 16

Gregoras, 44

Gregory of Nazianzus, 87

Gregory, Patriarch, 112, 113

Gregory, Pope, 298

Halki, Island of, 138, 220, 240

Harbour— Bucoleon, 223 Heptascalon, 199 Hormisdas, 62

Hassan Pasha, 173

Hebdomon, 297

Helena, Empress, 268

Helena, wife of Constantine VII., 197

Heraclea, 144, 300

Hermogenes, 86

Hippodrome, 62, 63, 256

Hodegetria, Eikon of, 47, 227, 303

Holagu, 273, 274

Holy Well of Blachernae, 193

Holy Well of S. Nicholas, 207

Hormisdas, district of, 62. See Harbour

Hormisdas, Pope, 64, 291

Horreum, 199

Humbert, Cardinal, 46

Hylilas, John. See John the Grammarian

Ignatius, Patriarch, 90

Irene, Empress (mother of Constantine VI.), 38

Irene, daughter of Bardas, 270

Irene Ducaena, wife of Alexius I. Comnenus, 295, 297

Irene, wife of John II. Comnenus, 139, 219, 221, 239

Irene, wife of Andronicus II., 229

Irene, wife of Andronicus III., 128

Irene, wife of Manuel II., 230

Isaac, son of John II. Comnenus, 221

Isaac Sebastocrator, 295, 296, 297, 310

Isaac Palaeologus Asanes, 275

Isidore, Cardinal, 231

Ispigas. See Gate

Janissaries, 91

Jannes, 68

Jerusalem, 265, 268

John Comnenus, Curopalates and Grand Domestic, 138, 139

John the Grammarian, Patriarch, 68, 69

Joseph, Abbot of S. Saviour Pantokrator, 222

Joseph, Bishop of Thessalonica, 39, 40, 43

Joseph, Patriarch, 230

Jubali Kapoussi. See Gate

Julius VIII., Pope, 68

Juma Bazaar, 106

Kadikeui, 64

Kaffa, 258

Kalat-Seman, 63

Kan Kilissi. See Church of S. Mary of the Mongols

Kasr ibn Wardan, 4

Kerularios, Patriarch, 46

Kesme Kaya, 203, 280, 282

Khaled, 207

Kiev, 231, 326

Kraal of Servia, 142, 143

Krisis, district, 6, 108

Kusr en Nueijis, 2

Kynegion, 293

Kyriakos, Patriarch, 184

Kyros, Patriarch, 293

Kyzlar Aghassi Hamam, Bath of, 199

Ladislas, King of Hungary, 219

Lascaris, John, 110

Latin, 38

Laura, Mount Athos, 258

S. Laurentius, 65

Lecanomantis, 68

Leomacellum, 244

Libadia, 270

Longophetes, Teutal, 280

Lovitz, 210

S. Luke, 227

Lycus, 122, 126, 244

Macarius, 230

Macedonius, Patriarch, 86, 87

Mahomet, 208

Maimas, 199

Makrikeui, 283, 297

S. Mamas, suburb of. See Church

Manuel, General, 253, 254, 255, 256, 257

Maria, wife of Constantine VI., 38

Maria, wife of John VII. Palaeologus, 230

Maria Despoina of the Mongols, 229, 272, 273, 274, 275

Maria Ducaena, 295, 326

Maria Palaeologina, wife of Michael Ducas Glabas Tarchaniotes, 140

Maria, daughter of Isaac I. Comnenus, 197

Maritza, 296

S. Mark, Evangelist, 246

Marmora, Island of, 73

Marmora, Sea of, 36, 48, 62, 138, 146, 196, 224, 283

Maroulas, Phocas, 262, 263

Martin V., Pope, 230

Martin, Abbot, 224, 225, 226

Mecca, 113

Mehemed I., Sultan, 145

Mehemed the Conqueror, Sultan, 158, 175, 214, 232, 276, 277, 304

Menodora, 262

Methodius, Patriarch, 294

Metrodora, 262

Michael Glabas Tarchaniotes, 139, 140, 141, 155, 156, 157, 158

Michael Palaeologus Tarchaniotes, 140

Michael, Syncellus, 294, 326

Milan, 78, 118

Milion, 293

Minerva Medica, Temple, 1

Mistra, 326

Modius, 199

Moldavia, 203, 280, 281

Monemvasia, 16

Monferrat, Marquis of, 229

Mongols, Mongolian, 272, 274, 275, 334, 335

Moses, 68

Mosque, Achmed Pasha Mesjedi. See S. John in Trullo Aivas Effendi, 209

Mosque, Atik Mustapha Pasha Jamissi. See S. Andrew in Krisei Atik Mustapha Pasha. See Church of SS. Peter and Mark Balaban Aga Mesjedi. See Church Boudrom Jamissi. See Myrelaion Demirjilar Mesjedi, 122 Emir Ahor Jamissi. See Studion Eski Imaret Jamissi. See Church of the Pantepoptes Eski Jumah, Salonica, 53 Eyoub, 208 Fetiyeh. See Church of the Pammakaristos Gul Jamissi. See Church of S. Theodosia Hassan Pasha Mesjedi. See Church of S. Theodosia Hoja Mustapha Pasha Mesjedi. See Church of S. Andrew in Krisei Kalender Haneh Jamissi. See S. Mary Diaconissa Kahriyeh Jamissi. See Church of S. Saviour in the Chora Kassim Aga Mesjedi, 255 Kefele Mesjedi. See Monastery of Manuel Kurku Jamissi, 263 Kutchuk Aya Sofia. See Church of SS. Sergius and Bacchus Laleli Jamissi, 173 Monastir Mesjedi. See Church Odalar Mesjedi, 253 Phenere Isa Mesjedi. See S. Mary Panachrantos Rustem Pasha Jamissi, 27 Sanjakdar Mesjedi. See Gastria Shahzade Jamissi, 27, 183, 184, 199, 265 Sultan Bajazid, 27, 116, 117, 265 Sultan Mehemed the Conqueror, 122, 125, 265 Sultan Selim I., 27, 253, 254 Sultan Suleiman, 27 Sheik Suleiman Aga Mesjedi, 25, 270 Toklou Dede. See Church of S. Thekla Zeirek Kilissi Jamissi. See Church of the Pantokrator

Mousikos, 44

Murad II., Sultan, 146

Murad III., Sultan, 148

Musmiyeh, 2

Mustapha Pasha, 113

Mustapha Tchaoush, 262

Mutasim, Caliph, 256

Myra, 6

Muzalon, 110

Naucratius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Nestorius, Patriarch, 66

Nicaea, 7, 89, 110, 275

Nicene Creed, 85, 87

Nicephoras Gregoras, historian, 300, 301, 302

Nicetas, Eunuch, 199

Nicetas Stethetos, 46

Nicholas, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Nicholas, Patriarch, 90

Nicomedia, 86, 288, 291

Nika Riot, 63, 88, 101

Niphon, Bishop of Old Patras, 144

Niphon, Patriarch, 111

Nogaya, 272

Nymphodora, 262

Oaton, 202

Olympus, Mount, 294

Othman, 275

Oun Kapan, 219

Padua, 326, 327

Palace of— Blachernae, 202, 209, 227, 228, 263, 282, 295, 298 Bogdan Serai, 203 Constantine Porphyrogenitus, 19, 27, 247, 256, 299, 305 Great Palace, 48, 64, 90, 164, 184, 201, 227, 228, 244 Hebdomon, 202 Hormisdas, 62, 65 Magnaura, 202 Mangana, 147 Myrelaion, 196 Nicaea, 202 Pege, 46 Placidiae Augustae, 67 Placidianum, 67 Tekfour Serai. See Palace of Constantine Porphyrogenitus Trullus, 202, 281

Palestine, 2, 268, 294

Palmyra, 3

Pantheon, 1

Parisis, 224, 226

Paphlagonia, 223

Patras, Old, 144

Paul, Patriarch, 86, 87

Pege, 46, 177

Pelagion, 293

Peloponessus, 229, 273

Perama, 85

Perigord, 3

Persia, Persians, 48, 232, 272, 275, 290

Petra, Palaia Petra, 282, 283

Petronas, 270

Phanar, 149, 173, 191, 253, 272

Philip, the Apostle, 126

Philip, Prefect, 87

Phocas Maroules, 262, 263

Photius, Patriarch, 43, 44, 90, 257

Piazzetta of S. Mark, 246

Plato, Abbot, 39, 40

Porphyrius, charioteer, 91

Praetorium, at Musmiyeh, 2

Praetorium, 88

Prince's Islands, 138

Prinkipo, 39

Priscus, 292

Proconessus, Island of, 111

Prote, Island of, 197

Prussianus, 257

Psamathia, 35, 106, 166, 167, 177, 258, 268

Pulcheria, Empress, 227

Pulcheria, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 269, 270

Pulcheria. See Cistern

Pyrisca, 220

Raoul, Protovestarius, 110

Raoulaina, Protovestiarissa, 110. See Theodora

Raoul, 280

Ravenna, 2, 31, 32, 73, 75

Region I., 67

Region VII., 85

Rome, 1, 33, 34, 289

Rufinianai, 64

Russia, Russian, 40, 42, 48, 53, 272, 280, 303

Sabbas, 303

Salma Tomruk, district of, 253

Salonica, 1, 10, 15, 31, 32, 39, 53, 75, 92, 114, 116, 142, 312, 313, 314, 315, 333

Sampson, hospital of, 88, 89

Samuel, King of Bulgaria, 295

Sanjakdar Youkoussou, 277

Santabarenus, 44

Saracens, 207, 208, 232, 253, 255, 303

Saturninus. See Gate

Scholarius. See Gennadius

Scythicus, 299

Sebaste, 291

Selim I., Sultan, 113, 276

Selim II., Sultan, 173

Seraglio, 84, 91, 148, 296

Sergius, Patriarch, 257

Servia, 10, 272

Seventh Hill. See Xerolophos

Sigma, 45

Simonis, daughter of Andronicus II., 142

Sirkiji Iskelessi, 35

Sixth Hill, 209

Sklerena, 46

Sophiai, 64

Sophronius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Soulou Monastir. See S. Mary Peribleptos

Sozopolis, 144

Spalato, 33

Sphorakius, 243, 244

Stephen, son of Romanus I., 197

Strategopoulos, Alexius, 228

Stiris, 11, 16

Studius, 35, 36

Suleiman, Sultan, 280

Syge, 316

Sykai, 85

Symeon, King of Bulgaria, 127

Synadenus, 263

Synnada, 72

Synod of Constantinople (in 536), 291

Synod of Constantinople (under Photius), 257

Synod of Sardica (in 347), 87

Syria, Syrian, 1, 2, 86, 290, 291, 326

Tamerlane, 51

Tarchaniotes. See Michael

Taron, Prince of, 126

Tash Mektep, 262

Taurus Mountains, 221

Tchoukour Bostan, 109, 254

Tekfour Sarai. See Palace

Teutal Lougophetes, 280

Thebes, Duchy of, 272

Thekla, daughter of Emperor Theophilus, 209, 270

Theoctista, 269, 270

Theoctistos, 256, 270

Theodora— Empress of Justinian the Great, 62, 70, 73, 74, 75, 97, 102, 290 Empress of Emperor Theophilus, 40, 69, 255, 256, 269, 270, 294 Empress of Michael VIII. Palaeologus, 127 wife of Romanus I. Lecapenus, 197 Protovestiarissa, 110, 111, 112, 113 nun, 275

Theodore— Abbot of S. Saviour in the Chora, 290, 291, 292 Abbot of the Studion, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43 son of Manuel II., 229

Theodore Metochites, 297, 298, 299, 300, 301

Theodosia, Saint, 164

Theodosius, Abbot of the Studion, 40

Theodosius de Villehardouin, Abbot of the Pantokrator, 229, 273

Theodote, 38, 39

Theognosia, 113

Theophane, 117

Theophanes, Bishop of Heraclea, 144

Theophano, wife of Romanus II. and Nicephorus Phocas, 197

Third Hill, 243, 244

Thomais, nun, 128

Thrace, 86, 89

Timotheus, 40

Timovo, 298

Tivoli, 63

Toklou Dede. See Church of S. Thekla

Top Kapou. See Gate S. Romanus

Torcello, 247

Tornikes, 239, 302, 303, 310, 330

Trani, 46

Trebizond, 229, 272

Tricocca, 275

Triglia, 30

Trivulce, 118

Trullus. See Council, Palace

Turks, 275, 283

Varangians, 46

Vatopedi, 303

Veecus, Patriarch, 112, 122, 125, 126, 229, 297

Vefa Meidan, 177, 243, 244, 245

Venetian, 213, 214, 227, 228

Venice, 3, 224, 226, 227, 228, 238, 246

Verina, Empress, 265

Vienna, 280

Vigilius, Pope, 66, 67

Villehardouin, 297

Viros, 296, 297

Vlach Serai, 280

Vlanga, 196

Wallachian, 280

Wall of Constantine, 109

Wall of Heraclius, 207, 208

Wall of Leo, 207, 208

Walls of Theodosius II., 289, 290

War Office, 244, 265

Xene, 220

Xerolophos, 108, 109

Yali Kiosk Kapoussi. See Gate of Eugenius

Yedi Koule. See Golden Gate

Yolande, 229

Zeirek Mehemed Effendi, 233

Zinet, 144, 145

Zoe— Empress of Leo VI., 90 Empress, daughter of Constantine VIII., 44

THE END

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[Transcriber's note: * is used around words to mark bold text.]