My experiments upon the brain of man show that the pons on each side of the median line is the commanding head of the respiratory impulse, and in marking the organ of respiration on my busts, it is located around the mouth from the nose to the chin. When this region (especially its lower portion) is prominent it indicates active respiration and a forcible voice. Hence there is a great contrast in the vocal power of two such heads as are shown in the adjoining figure. This discovery has been verified by the pathological researches of Dr. J. B. Coste, published at Paris, 1857.



Following the line of the ascending fibres, after passing through the pons they continue expanding and plunge into the thalamus and corpus striatum. Their first appearance above the pons (marked in the engraving by the word Pedunc.) is usually called the crura or thighs of the brain. The right crus, running through the thalamus, expands by successive additions into the right hemisphere, and the left crus into the left hemisphere, of the cerebrum, and the two hemispheres unite together on the median line by the corpus callosum.

There is very little space for the crura (plural of crus) between the pons and the thalamus, but if we look at the posterior surface of the ascending fibres or crura we see a larger surface, on which we find a quadruple elevation called the corpora quadrigemina (the four twins). This is an important intermediate structure between the cerebrum and the cerebellum, and in fishes is the largest part of the brain, but in man is the smallest portion, as will be explained hereafter, and is the origin of the optic nerve, as well as a commanding head for the spinal system, from which convulsions may be produced.

The quadrigemina are distinguished also as the location of the pineal gland, which rests upon them, to which we may ascribe important psychic functions. The engraving shows the fibres connecting the quadrigemina with the cerebellum, and a channel under them (aqueduct of Sylvius) connecting the ventricles of the cerebrum with those of the spinal cord. What is called the fourth ventricle is the small space between the medulla oblongata and the cerebellum. At this spot the posterior surface of the medulla oblongata, as it gives origin to the pneumogastric nerve, which conveys the sensations of the lungs, becomes the immediate source of the respiratory impulse on which breathing depends, and hence is of the greatest importance to life. A very slight injury at this spot with a lancet or point of a knife would be fatal. It is recognized by converging fibres which look like a pen, and are therefore called the calamus scriptorius, or writer's pen.

If the reader has not fully mastered the intricacy of the brain structure, he will find his difficulties removed by studying two more skilful dissections. The following engraving presents the appearances when we cut through the middle of the brain horizontally and reveal the bottom of the ventricles, in which we see the great ganglion, or optic thalamus and corpus striatum, and the three localities at which the hemispheres are connected by fibres on the median line, called anterior, middle, and posterior commissures. These commissures are of no importance in our study; they assist the corpus callosum in maintaining a close connection between the right and left hemispheres.



Behind the thalami we see the quadrigemina, the posterior pair of which is labelled testes, and resting upon them we have the pineal gland, a centre of spiritual influx. Behind the thalami, the posterior lobes are cut away that we may look down to the cerebellum, and the middle of the cerebellum is also removed so that we may see the back of the medulla oblongata and its fibres, called restiform bodies, which give origin to the cerebellum. The fibres from the cerebellum to the quadrigemina are shown, and the space at the back of the medulla, called the fourth ventricle.

As the fibres of the medulla pass up through the pons to the great inferior ganglion, and the fibres of the corpus striatum pass outward and upward to form the cerebrum, this procession of the fibres is shown in the annexed engraving, in which we see the restiform bodies passing up to form the cerebellum, and the remainder of the medulla fibres passing through the pons, and then, under the name crus cerebri or thigh of the cerebrum, passing through the thalamus and striatum to expand in the left hemisphere of the cerebrum. We see the quadrigemina on the back of the ascending fibres and their connection by fibres with the cerebellum behind, as they connect with the thalami in front. This is as complete a statement of the structure of the brain as is necessary, and further anatomical details would only embarrass the memory.



The engraving above represents not an actual dissection, but the plan of the fibres as understood by the anatomist. The intricacy of the cerebral structure is so great that it would require a vast number of skilful dissections and engravings to make a correct portrait. Fortunately, this is not necessary for the general reader, who requires only to understand the position of the organs in the head, and the direction of their growth, which is in all cases directly outward from the central region or ventricles, so as to cause a prominence of the cranium—not a "bump," but a general fulness of contour. Bumps belong to the growth of bone—not that of the brain.

Let us next consider the genesis of the brain, which will give us a more perfect understanding of its structure, by showing its origin, the correct method of estimating its development.



CHAPTER III.—GENESIS OF THE BRAIN

Beginning of the brain—Its correspondence to the animal kingdom and the law of evolution—Inadequacy of physical causes in evolution—The Divine influence and its human analogy—Probability of influx—Possible experimental proof—Potentiality of the microscopic germinal element and its invisible life—Is it a complete microcosm?—The cosmic teaching of Sarcognomy—The fish form of the brain—The triple form of the brain—Decline of the middle brain—Brains of the codfish, flounder, and roach—Embryo of twelve weeks—Lowest type of the brain—Measurement of the embryo brain—Structure of the convolutions—Unfolding of the brain—Forms of twenty-one weeks and seven months—Anatomy shows the central region—Its importance—Neglect of prior authors—Errors of the phrenological school explained—Misled by Mr. Combe into a false system of measurement—How I was led to detect the error—Form of the animal head and form of the noble character—Line of the ventricles—Coronal and basilar development—Its illustration in two heads and in the entire animal kingdom—-Dulness of human observers—Anatomy shows the central region—Circular character of cerebral development—Accuracy of a true cerebral science, and errors of the Gallian system.

The brain begins in a human being in embryonic life, as it begins in the animal kingdom, void of the convolutions which are seen in its maturity,—beginning as a small outgrowth from the medulla oblongata, which after the second month extends into three small sacs of nervous membrane inclosing cavities, making a triple brain, such as exists in fishes, which are the lowest type of vertebrated animals,—animals that have a spinal column or backbone.

From this condition, the fishy condition of the nervous system of the embryo human being at the end of the second month, there is a regular growth which develops in the embryo the forms characteristic of higher orders of animals in regular succession,—fishes, reptiles, birds, and quadrupeds or mammalia, monkeys, and man.

This is the same order of succession which geologists assign to the development of the animal kingdom, the higher species coming in after the lower; and if every human being, instead of developing at once, according to the human type, is compelled to pass through this regular gradation of development, is it not apparent that the lower forms are absolutely necessary as a basis for the higher, and that the higher forms cannot arrive except by building up and giving additional development to the lower? In other words, the present status of humanity above the animal kingdom was attained not by a sudden burst of creative power, making a distinct and isolated being, but by the gradual and consecutive influx, which evolved new faculties and organs,—a process called evolution. How slow or how rapid this process may have been, science has not yet determined; but it would require incalculable millions of years if nothing but the common exciting effects of environment and necessity have been operative in evolution; and science has utterly failed to discover any power which could carry on development so effectively as to produce an entire transformation of species, and overcome the vast differences between the oyster and the bird, the fish and the elephant.

But as such transmutations of the nervous system do virtually occur in man before birth, we cannot say that they are impossible, for that which occurs in the womb under the influence of parental love may also occur in the womb of nature under the influence of Divine love; for love is the creative power, and as the maternal influx may determine the noble development of humanity or the ignoble development of monsters and animalized beings, it is obvious that the formative stage of all beings is a plasmic condition in which the most subtle or spiritual influences may totally change their destiny and development.

That such an influx may come to exalt or to modify the animal type is by no means unreasonable, for human beings in vast numbers are liable to such influences from the unseen, which exert a controlling influence, and many animals are as accessible to invisible influences as man, while their embryos are vastly more so than the parents. If then we recognize the spiritual being in man, and the same spiritual being disembodied as a potential existence,—if, moreover, we recognize the illimitable and incomprehensible psychical power behind the universe, of which man is one expression, we cannot fail to see that the embryonic development of animals from a lower to a higher form is entirely possible and probable; and in the absence of any other practicable method of evolution to higher types we are compelled to adopt this as the most rational.

What is difficult or utterly impossible when we rely on physical causes alone, becomes facile enough when we introduce the spiritual, and argue from what we see in the spiritual genesis of every human being to the analogous processes of nature on the largest scale.

If a false and brutal superstition did not stand in the way, clothed in pharisaical assumption and political power, experiments might be made on human beings and animals sufficient to settle most positively all doubt as to transmutation of species by the semi-creative power from the invisible world, combined with visible agencies.

Indeed, the entire difficulty vanishes from the mind of a philosopher when he refers to the fact that the potentiality of all being resides in a microscopic germinal element containing within itself an invisible spiritual energy, which determines for all time a continual succession of animals of certain forms and characteristics which human power has never been able to change.

Why is it that a simple speck of protoplasm void of visible organization—a mere jelly to hold the invisible life power—carries within itself in that invisible spiritual element the destiny of myriads of animal beings, and according to the nature of that invisible spiritual element it may develop into a Humboldt or an oyster, an elephant, a humming-bird, or a serpent?



To the Readers of the Journal of Man.

The establishment of a new Journal is a hazardous and expensive undertaking. Every reader of this volume receives what has cost more than he pays for it, and in addition receives the product of months of editorial, and many years of scientific, labor. May I not therefore ask his aid in relieving me of this burden by increasing the circulation of the Journal among his friends?

The establishment of the Journal was a duty. There was no other way effectively to reach the people with its new sphere of knowledge. Buckle has well said in his "History of Civilization," that "No great political improvement, no great reform, either legislative or executive, has ever been originated in any country by its ruling class. The first suggestors of such steps have invariably been bold and able thinkers, who discern the abuse, denounce it, and point out the remedy."

This is equally true in science, philanthropy, and religion. When the advance of knowledge and enlightenment of conscience render reform or revolution necessary, the ruling powers of college, church, government, capital, and the press, present a solid combined resistance which the teachers of novel truth cannot overcome without an appeal to the people. The grandly revolutionary science of Anthropology, which offers in one department (Psychometry) "the dawn of a new civilization," and in other departments an entire revolution in social, ethical, educational, and medical philosophy, has experienced the same fate as all other great scientific and philanthropic innovations, in being compelled to sustain itself against the mountain mass of established error by the power of truth alone. The investigator whose life is devoted to the evolution of the truth cannot become its propagandist. A whole century would be necessary to the full development of these sciences to which I can give but a portion of one life. Upon those to whom these truths are given, who can intuitively perceive their value, rests the task of sustaining and diffusing the truth.

The circulation of the Journal is necessarily limited to the sphere of liberal minds and advanced thinkers, but among these it has had a more warm and enthusiastic reception than was ever before given to any periodical. There must be in the United States twenty or thirty thousand of the class who would warmly appreciate the Journal, but they are scattered so widely it will be years before half of them can be reached without the active co-operation of my readers, which I most earnestly request.

Prospectuses and specimen numbers will be furnished to those who will use them, and those who have liberal friends not in their own vicinity may confer a favor by sending their names that a prospectus or specimen may be sent them. A liberal commission will be allowed to those who canvas for subscribers.

Enlargement of the Journal.

The requests of readers for the enlargement of the Journal are already coming in. It is a great disappointment to the editor to be compelled each month to exclude so much of interesting matter, important to human welfare, which would be gratifying to its readers. The second volume therefore will be enlarged to 64 pages at $2 per annum.

[Hand pointing right] SEE NEXT PAGE.

BOOKS RECEIVED FOR NOTICE.—"Unanswerable Logic: Spiritual discourses through the mediumship of Thomas Gales Forster," published by Colby and Rich; $1.50. This is an able and scholarly discussion of spiritual science. The style would not suggest mediumship as their source, but rather study and research. There are several passages the Journal would like to quote when space permits. Mr. Forster should be remembered with gratitude as an able and fearless pioneer in the diffusion of noble truths.

College of Therapeutics.

The large amount of scientific and therapeutic knowledge developed by recent discoveries, but not yet admitted into the slow-moving medical colleges, renders it important to all young men of liberal minds—to all who aim at the highest rank in their profession—to all who are strictly conscientious and faithful in the discharge of their duties to patients under their care, to have an institution in which their education can be completed by a preliminary or a post-graduate course of instruction.

The amount of practically useful knowledge of the healing art which is absolutely excluded from the curriculum of old style medical colleges is greater than all they teach—not greater than the adjunct sciences and learning of a medical course which burden the mind to the exclusion of much useful therapeutic knowledge, but greater than all the curative resources embodied in their instruction.

The most important of these therapeutic resources which have sometimes been partially applied by untrained persons are now presented in the College of Therapeutics, in which is taught not the knowledge which is now represented by the degree of M. D., but a more profound knowledge which gives its pupils immense advantages over the common graduate in medicine.

Therapeutic Sarcognomy, a science often demonstrated and endorsed by able physicians, gives the anatomy not of the physical structure, but of the vital forces of the body and soul as located in every portion of the constitution—a science vastly more important than physical anatomy, as the anatomy of life is more important than the anatomy of death. Sarcognomy is the true basis of medical practice, while anatomy is the basis only of operative surgery and obstetrics.

Indeed, every magnetic or electric practitioner ought to attend such a course of instruction to become entirely skilful in the correct treatment of disease.

In addition to the above instruction, special attention will be given to the science and art of Psychometry—the most important addition in modern times to the practice of medicine, as it gives the physician the most perfect diagnosis of disease that is attainable, and the power of extending his practice successfully to patients at any distance. The methods of treatment used by spiritual mediums and "mind cure" practitioners will also be philosophically explained.

The course of instruction will begin on Monday, the 2d of May, and continue six weeks. The fee for attendance on the course will be $25. To students who have attended heretofore the fee will be $15. For further information address the president,

JOSEPH RODES BUCHANAN, M. D. 6 JAMES ST., BOSTON.

The sentiments of those who have attended these courses of instruction during the last eight years were concisely expressed in the following statement, which was unanimously signed and presented to Dr. Buchanan by those attending his course in Boston, of which we present only the concluding resolution.

"Resolved, That Therapeutic Sarcognomy is a system of science of the highest importance, alike to the magnetic healer, to the electro-therapeutist, and to the medical practitioner,—giving great advantages to those who thoroughly understand it, and destined to carry the fame of its discoverer to the remotest future ages."

Dr. K. MEYENBERG, who is the Boston agent for Oxygen Treatment, is a most honorable, modest, and unselfish gentleman, whose superior natural powers as a magnetic healer have been demonstrated during eighteen years' practice in Washington City. Some of his cures have been truly marvelous. He has recently located in Boston as a magnetic physician.



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Buchanan's JOURNAL OF MAN. "Perhaps no journal published in the world is so far in advance of the age."—Plain Dealer, Cleveland.

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[Hand pointing right] The recent issue of the JOURNAL in Boston was immediately hailed with the same appreciative cordiality by the press, and by private correspondents.

"Dr. Buchanan's name has been so intimately associated with the foremost moral, social, and political reforms which have agitated the public mind for the last half century that the mention of it in connection with the foregoing publication under the old-time name will doubtless draw to it an extensive patronage."—Hall's Journal of Health, New York.

"It is a real pleasure to be able to turn to such a journal after, as a matter of courtesy, skimming over so much trash as is thrown broadcast.... He seems determined to reverse this order and use words that will not only express his ideas, but, at the same time, sink them in so they will stay."—Nonconformist.

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"Several years ago, the Advance, in an article on pyschometry, expressed the opinion that Dr. Buchanan was the greatest discoverer of this age, if not of any age of the world. We regard the publication of such a journal as an event of the century, greater than political changes. Prof. Buchanan by his discoveries has laid the foundation for the revolution of science."—Worthington Advance, Minnesota.

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"It is so full of valuable matter that to the thoughtful man it is a mine of gold."—Deutsche Zeitung, Charleston, S. C.

"His monthly is one of rare merits, as is everything that comes from the pen of this advanced thinker....We never read an article from the pen of this world-renowned thinker, but that we feel we are in the presence of one whose shoes' latchet we are unworthy to unloose."—Rostrum, Vineland, N. J.

"We are more than pleased to know that Prof. Buchanan at his age of life has taken upon himself such a broad, deep, beneficent task as publishing the JOURNAL OF MAN. We welcome it as a harbinger of knowledge that will send its light away down the corridors of time as a beacon of the nineteenth century....We believe that its future pages are destined to contain the vortex of questions, socially and morally, which are whirling through the human mind, and their solution, in a manner that will command the profound respect of philosophers, scientists, professors, doctors, philanthropists, and all grades and classes of thinkers....Every word is interesting and profitable to the human family."—Eastern Star, Maine.

"The article on the "Phrenological doctrines of Gall, their past and present status," is grand and masterly, and whets the appetite for what is promised in continuation. We hope our readers will give attention to this one article; it is worth the whole price of the magazine."—Medium and Daybreak, London, England.

THE LANGUAGE OF THE READERS OF THIS JOURNAL has expressed in every variety of style their generous and profound appreciation. One of its most enlightened and distinguished friends said that language could not fully express his pleasure, and in addition to his subscription sent an extra dollar to pay for the first number, which he considered was alone worth the subscription price. Another distinguished friend writes: "It is a leader, and leads in the right direction." Another whose celebrity fills England and America writes: "I follow your noble work ever with deep interest."

The following quotations show the general drift of expression: "It is a feast of good food for the soul."—A. C. D. "The Journal is a literary feast of which I am more than proud to be a partaker."—W. S. "Your "Moral Education" is one of the very best books ever written, and one of the greatest as well. Your Journal charms me. You are leading the leaders; lead on."—E. E. C. "I am much pleased with its resurrected body, so bright and attractive."—DR. C. W. "As a reader of the Journal more than thirty years ago who got his first weak conceptions of the marvellous facts in man's spiritual nature, from Dr. Buchanan's scientific discoveries, I hail the reappearance of the Journal."—D. S. F. "Praying that your life may be prolonged to complete the work you have planned, and fully accomplish the mission appointed you by high Heaven, the elevation of the race to a higher spiritual plane."—DR. E. D. "Your "New Education," a work destined to play a mighty role in this world of social redemption,—we quote from it and delight in it all the time."—M. H. "The truths that you so ably set forth have been felt and known by me for the last six or seven years, because I am unfortunately a victim of that one-sided education, called literary, which dwarfs instead of developing true and noble manhood."—L. I. G. of New Mexico. "The JOURNAL OF MAN should startle the advanced medical man with transports of joy."—DR. D. E. E. "I read it with great pleasure, as I do everything I can meet that comes from your pen."—H. T. L. "If I were younger I should place myself under your tuition."—W. B. "When I have read your thoughts I have felt elevated, and have wanted to grasp you in body as I do spiritually."—L. M. B. "I trust that you will be held in the form years yet to come to carry out the important work."—J. L. (England.) "I read every scrap of yours I can get my fingers over."—T. M. "I feel thankful from the depths of my soul that in all this wide world there is such a mind as your own."—P. C. M. "I do wish you could have taken charge of our American Anthropological University."—W. W. B. "Your method has been a much greater source of medical knowledge to me than that I have gained here."—A STUDENT IN COLLEGE. "Sarcognomy has been a source of wonderful aid to me; I cannot give in words my estimation thereof."—G. P. B., M. D. "It seems that since our beloved Denton's departure you are almost left alone to fight the great battle of Psychometry. If you will make Psychometry the leading theme in your JOURNAL, you will do more to hasten that dawn of a higher civilization that your noble science is destined to usher in than all other sciences combined."—DR. A. B. D. "I am delighted with it. I send for ten more copies for friends."—DR. B. F.

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Having had several years' practice, in which his powers as a healer have been tested, and been surprising to himself and friends, and having been thoroughly instructed in the science of Sarcognomy, offers his services to the public with entire confidence that he will be able to relieve or cure all who apply.

For his professional success he refers to Prof. Buchanan, and to numerous citizens whose testimonials he can show.

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Transcriber's Note: The Table of Contents came from the first issue of the volume. The article STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN is continued from the previous issue's page 32.

THE END