The influence of Bergson's thought upon religion and theology may be put finally as follows: We must reject the notion of a God for whom all is already made, to whom all is given, and uphold the conception of a God who acts freely in an open universe. The acceptance of Bergson's philosophy involves the recognition of a God who is the enduring creative impulse of all Life, more akin perhaps to a Mother-Deity than a Father-Deity. This divine vital impetus manifests itself in continual new creation. We are each part of this great Divine Life, and are both the products and the instruments of its activity. We may thus come to view the Divine Life as self-given to humanity, emptying itself into mankind as a veritable incarnation, not, however, restricted to one time and place, but manifest throughout the whole progress of humanity. Our conception will be that of a Deity, not external and far-off, but one whose own future is bound up in humanity, rejoicing in its joy, but suffering, by a kind of perpetual crucifixion, through man's errors and his failures to be loyal to the higher things of the spirit. Thus we shall see that, in a sense, men's noble actions promote God's fuller being. A Norwegian novelist has recently emphasized this point by his story of the man who went out and sowed corn in his late enemy's field THAT GOD MIGHT EXIST! [Footnote: The Great Hunger, by Johan Bojer.] But it is important to remember that in so far as we allow ourselves to become victims of habit, living only a materialistic and static type of existence, we retard the divine operations. On the other hand, in so far as our spirit finds joy in creative activity and in the furtherance of spiritual values, to this extent we may be regarded as fellow-labourers together with God. We cannot, by intellectual searching find out God, yet we may realize and express quite consistently with Bergson's philosophy the truth that "in Him we live, and move, and have our being."



CHAPTER XII

REFLECTIONS

Bergson not systematic—His style—Difficult to classify—Empirical and spiritual—Value of his ideas on Change, the nature of Mind, of Freedom- -Difficulties in his evolutionary theory—Ethical lack—Need for supplement-Emphasis on Will, Creativeness, Human Progress and Possibilities.

In concluding this study of Bergson's philosophy, it remains to sum up and to review its general merits and deficiencies. We must remember, in fairness to Bergson, that he does not profess to offer us A SYSTEM of philosophy. In fact, if he were to do so, he would involve himself in a grave inconsistency, for his thought is not of the systematic type. He is opposed to the work of those individual thinkers who have offered "systems" to the world, rounded and professedly complete constructions, labelled, one might almost say, "the last word in Philosophy." Bergson does not claim that his thought is final. His ideal, of which he speaks in his lectures on La Perception du Changement—that excellent summary of his thought—is a progressive philosophy to which each thinker shall contribute. If we feel disappointed that Bergson has not gone further or done more by attempting a solution of some of the fundamental problems of our human experience, upon which he has not touched, then we must recollect his own view of the philosophy he is seeking to expound. All thinking minds must contribute their quota. A philosophy such as he wishes to promote by establishing a method by his own works will not be made in a day. "Unlike the philosophical systems properly so called, each of which was the individual work of a man of genius, and sprang up as a whole to be taken or left, it will only be built up by the collective and progressive effort of many thinkers, of many observers also, completing, correcting, and improving one another." [Footnote: Introduction to Creative Evolution, p. xiv. (Fr. p. vii).] Both science and the older kind of metaphysics have kept aloof from the vital problems of our lives. In one of his curious but brilliant metaphors Bergson likens Life to a river over which the scientists have constructed an elaborate bridge, while the laborious metaphysicians have toiled to build a tunnel underneath. Neither group of workers has attempted to plunge into the flowing tide itself. In the most brilliant of his short papers: L'Intuition philosophique, he makes an energetic appeal that philosophy should approach more closely to practical life. His thought aims at setting forth, not any system of knowledge, but rather a method of philosophizing; in a phrase, this method amounts to the assertion that Life is more than Logic, or, as Byron put it, "The tree of Knowledge is not the tree of Life."

It is because Bergson has much to say that is novel and opposed to older conceptions that a certain lack of proportion occasionally mars his thought; for he—naturally enough—frequently lays little emphasis on important points which he considers are sufficiently familiar, in order to give prominent place and emphasis to some more novel point. Herein lies, it would now appear, the explanation of the seeming disharmony between Intuition and Intellect which was gravely distressing to many in his earlier writing on the subject. Later works, however, make a point of restoring this harmony, but, as William James has remarked: "We are so subject to the philosophical tradition which treats logos, or discursive thought generally, as the sole avenue to truth, that to fall back on raw, unverbalized life, as more of a revealer, and to think of concepts as the merely practical things which Bergson calls them, comes very hard. It is putting off our proud maturity of mind and becoming again as foolish little children in the eyes of reason. But, difficult as such a revolution is, there is no other way, I believe, to the possession of reality." [Footnote: Lecture on Bergson and his anti- intellectualism, in A Pluralistic Universe. It may be remarked here that, although James hailed Bergson as an ally, Bergson cannot be classed as a pragmatist. His great assertion is that just because intellect is pragmatic it does not help us to get a vision of reality. Cf. the interesting work on William James and Henri Bergson, by W. H. Kallen.]

Bergson's style of writing merits high praise. He is no "dry" philosopher; he is highly imaginative and picturesque; many of his passages might be styled, like those of Macaulay, "purple," for at times he rises to a high pitch of feeling and oratory. Yet this has been urged against him by some critics. The ironic remark has been repeated, in regard to Bergson, which was originally made of William James, by Dr. Schiller, that his work was "so lacking in the familiar philosophic catch-words, that it may be doubted whether any professor has quite understood it." There is in his works a beauty of style and a comparative absence of technical terms which have contributed much to his popularity. The criticism directed against his poetic style, accuses him of hypnotizing us by his fine language, of employing metaphors where we expect facts, and of substituting illustrations for proof. Sir Ray Lankester says: "He has exceeded the limits of fantastic speculation which it is customary to tolerate on the stage of metaphysics, and has carried his methods into the arena of sober science." [Footnote: In the preface to Elliot's volume, Modern Science and the Illusions of Bergson, p. xvii.] Another critic remarks that "as far as Creative Evolution is concerned, his writing is neither philosophy nor science." [Footnote: McCabe: Principles of Evolution, p. 254.] Certainly his language is charming; it called forth from William James the remark that it resembled fine silk underwear, clinging to the shape of the body, so well did it fit his thought. But it does not seem a fair criticism to allege that he substitutes metaphor for proof, for we find, on examination of his numerous and striking metaphors, that they are employed in order to give relief from continuous abstract statements. He does not submit analogies as proof, but in illustration of his points. For example, when he likens the elan vital to a stream, he does not suggest that because the stream manifests certain characteristics, therefore the life force does so too. Certainly that would be a highly illegitimate proceeding. But he simply puts forward this to help us to grasp by our imaginative faculty what he is striving to make clear. Some critics are apt to forget the tense striving which must be involved in any highly philosophical mind dealing with deep problems, to achieve expression, to obtain a suitable vehicle for the thought—what wrestling of soul may be involved in attempting to make intuitions communicable. Metaphor is undoubtedly a help and those of Bergson are always striking and unconventional. Had Kant, in his Critique of Pure Reason, given more illustrations, many of his readers would have been more enlightened.

Bergson's thought, although in many respects it is strikingly original and novel, is, nevertheless, the continuation, if not the culmination, of a movement in French philosophy which we can trace back through Boutroux, Guyau, Lachelier and Ravaisson to Maine de Biran, who died in 1824. Qui sait, wrote this last thinker, [Footnote: In his Pensees, p. 213.] tout ce que peut la reflection concentree et s'il n'y a pas un nouveau monde interieur qui pourra etre decouvert un jour par quelque Colomb metaphysicien.

Many of the ideas contained in Bergson's work find parallels in the philosophy of Schopenhauer, as given in his work The World as Will and Idea (Die Welt als Wille und Vorstellung), particularly his Voluntarism and his Intuitionism. The German thinker regarded all great scientific discoveries as an immediate intuition, a flash of insight, not simply the result of a process of abstract reasoning. Schelling also maintained a doctrine of intuition as supra-rational.

Ravaisson, [Footnote: Ravaisson (1813-1900) wrote De l'habitude, 1832; La metaphysique d'Aristote, 1837; and his Rapport sur la philosophie en France au xix siecle, 1867. See Bergson's Memoir, 1904.] to whom Bergson is indebted for much inspiration, attended the lectures of Schelling at Munich in 1835. This French thinker, Ravaisson, has had an important influence on the general development of thought in France during the latter half of the last century, and much of his work foreshadows Bergson's thought. He upheld a spiritual activity, manifesting itself most clearly in love and art, while he allowed to matter, to mathematics and logic only an imperfect reality. He extolled synthetic views of reality rather than analytic ones. We are prevented, he said, from realizing our true selves because of our slavery to habit. To the ultimate reality, or God, we can attain because of our kinship with that reality, and by an effort of loving sympathy enter into union with it by an intuition which lies beyond and above the power of intellectual searching. As Maine de Biran foretold the coming of a metaphysical Columbus, so Ravaisson, in his famous Rapport sur la philosophic en France au xix siecle, published in 1867, prophesied as follows: "Many signs permit us to foresee in the near future a philosophical epoch of which the general character will be the predominance of what may be called spiritualistic realism or positivism, having as generating principle the consciousness which the mind has of itself of an existence recognized as being the source and support of every other existence, being none other than its action."

Lachelier, a disciple of Ravaisson, brought out—as has been already remarked [Footnote: Page 3.]—the significance of the operations of vital forces and of liberty. Guyau, whose brief life ended in 1888 and whose posthumous work La Genese de I'Idee de Temps was reviewed by Bergson two years after the publication of his own Time and Free Will, laid great stress on the intensification and expansion of life. Boutroux, in his work, has insisted upon the fact of contingency.

These forecasts of Bergson's thought made by men to whom he owes much and for whom he personally has the greatest admiration are interesting, but we are not yet able to look upon his work through the medium of historical perspective. We can however see it as the culmination of various tendencies in modern French philosophy; first, the effort to bring philosophy into the open air of human nature, into immediate contact with life and with problems vital to humanity; secondly, the upholding of contingency in all things, thus ensuring human freedom; thirdly, a disparagement of purely intellectual constructions as true interpretations of human life and all existence, coupled with an insistence on an insight that transcends logical formulation.

As a thinker, Bergson is very difficult to classify. "All classification of philosophies is effected, as a rule, either by their methods or by their results, 'empirical' and 'a priori' is a classification by methods; 'realist' and 'idealist' is a classification by results. An attempt to classify Bergson's philosophy, in either of these ways, is hardly likely to be successful, since it cuts across all the recognized divisions." [Footnote: Mr. Bertrand Russell's remark at the opening of his Lecture on The Philosophy of Bergson, before The Heretics, Trinity College, Cambridge, March 11, 1912.] We find that Bergson cannot be put in any of the old classes or schools, or identified with any of the innumerable isms. He brings together, without being eclectic, action and reflection, free will and determinism, motion and rest, intellect and intuition, subjectivity and externality, idealism and realism, in a most unconventional way. His whole philosophy is destructive of a large amount of the "vested interests" of philosophy. "We are watching the rise of a new agnosticism," remarked Dr. Bosanquet. A similar remark came from one of Bergson's own countrymen, Alfred Fouillee, who, in his work Le Mouvement idealist et la reaction contre la science positive, expressed the opinion that Bergson's philosophy could but issue in le scepticisme et le nihilisme (p. 206). Bergson runs counter to so many established views that his thought has raised very wide and animated discussions. The list of English and American articles in the Bibliography appended to the present work shows this at a glance. In his preface to the volume on Gabriel Tarde, his predecessor in the chair of Modern Philosophy at the College de France, written in 1909, we find Bergson remarking: On mesure la portee d'une doctrine philosophique a la variete des idees ou elle s'epanouit et a la symplicite du principe ou elle se ramasse. This remark may serve us as a criterion in surveying his own work. The preceding exposition of his thought is a sufficient indication of the wealth of ideas expressed. Bergson is most suggestive. Moreover, no philosopher has been so steeped in the knowledge of both Mind and Matter, no thinker has been at once so "empirical" and so "spiritual." His thought ranges from subtle psychological analyses and minute biological facts to the work of artists and poets, all-embracing in its attempt to portray Life and make manifest to us the reality of Time and of Change. His insistence on Change is directed to showing that it is the supreme reality, and on Time to demonstrating that it is the stuff of which things are made. He is right in attacking the false conception of Time, and putting before us la duree as more real; right, too, in attacking the notion of empty eternity. But although Change and Development may be the fundamental feature of reality, Bergson does not convincingly show that it is literally THE Reality, nor do we think that this can be shown. He does not admit that there is any THING that changes or endures; he is the modern Heraclitus; all teaching which savours of the Parmenidean "one" he opposes. Yet it would seem that these two old conceptions may be capable of a reconciliation and that if all reality is change, there is a complementary principle that Change implies something permanent.

Then, again, we feel Bergson is right in exposing the errors which the "idea of the line," the trespassing of space, causes; but he comes very near to denying, in his statements regarding duree pure, any knowledge of the past as past; he overlooks the decisive difference between the "no more" and the "not yet" feeling of the child's consciousness, which is the germ of our clear knowledge of the past as past, and distinct from the future.

To take another of his "pure" distinctions, we cannot see any necessity for his formulation of what he terms "Pure Perception." Not only does it obscure the relation of Sensation to Perception, but it seems to be quite unknown and unknowable and unnecessary as an hypothesis. As to his "Pure" Memory, there is more to be said. It stands on a different plane and seems to be the statement of a very profound truth which sheds light on many difficult problems attaching to personality and consciousness, for it is the conservation of memories which is the central point in individuality. His distinction between the habit of repeating and the "pure" memory is a very good and very necessary one. In his study of the relation of Soul and Body, we find some of his most meritorious work— his insistence on the uniqueness of Mind and the futility of attempts to reduce it to material terms. His treatment of this question is parallel to that of William James in the first part of his Ingersoll Lecture at Harvard in 1898, when he called attention to "permissive" or "transmissive" function of the brain. Bergson's criticisms of Parallelism are very valuable.

No less so are his refutations of both physical and psychological Determinism. Men were growing impatient of a science claiming so much and yet admittedly unable to explain the really vital factors of existence, of which the free action of men is one of the most important. The value placed on human freedom, on the creative power of human beings to mould the future, links Bergson again with James, and it is this humanism which is the supremely valuable factor in the philosophies of both thinkers. This has been pointed out in the consideration of the ethical and political implications of Bergson's Philosophy. Nevertheless, although his insistence on Freedom and Creative Evolution implies that we are to realize that by our choices and our free acts we may make or mar the issue, and that through us and by us that issue may be turned to good, the good of ourselves and of our fellows, there is an ethical lack in Bergson's philosophy which is disappointing. Then, as has been remarked in the chapter on Religion, there is the lack of teleology in his conception of the Universe; his denial of ANY purpose hardly seems to be in harmony with his use of the phrase "the meaning of life."

Much in Bergson would point to the need for the addition of a philosophy of Values. This, however, he does not give us. He shirks the deeper problems of the moral and spiritual life of man. He undervalues, indeed ignores, the influence of transcendent ideas or ideals on the life- history of mankind. The study of these might have led him to admit a teleology of some kind; for "in the thinking consciousness the order of growth is largely determined by choice; and choice is guided by valuation. We are, in general, only partially aware of the ends that we pursue. But we are more and more seeking to attain what is good, true and beautiful, and the order of human life becomes more and more guided by the consciousness of these ends." [Footnote: Professor Mackenzie: Elements of Constructive Philosophy, p. 111.] Bergson, however, will not ultimately be able to evade the work of attempting some reconciliation of moral ideas and ideals with their crude and animal origins and environment, to which they are so opposed and to which they are actually offering a very strong opposition. That he himself has seen this is proved by the attention he is now giving to the problems of social Ethics.

There are four problems which confront every evolutionary theory. These concern the origin of: Matter, Life, Consciousness, and Conscience. Bergson finds it very difficult to account for the origin of Matter, and it is not clear from what he says why the original consciousness should have made Matter and then be obliged to fight against it in order to be free. Then, in speaking of the law of Thermodynamics, he says: "Any material system which should store energy by arresting its degradation to some lower level, and produce effects by its sudden liberation, would exhibit something in the nature of Life." This, however, is not very precise, for this would hold true of thunder-clouds and of many machines. In regard to Instinct, it has been pointed out by several experts that Instinct is not so infallible as Bergson makes out. Of the mistakes of Instinct he says little. Dr. McDougall in his great work Body and Mind says, when speaking of Bergson's doctrine of Evolution: "Its recognition of the continuity of all Life is the great merit of Professor Bergson's theory of Creative Evolution; its failure to give any intelligible account of individuality is its greatest defect. I venture to think," he continues, "that the most urgent problem confronting the philosophic biologist is the construction of a theory of life which will harmonize the facts of individuality with the appearance of the continuity of all life, with the theory of progressive evolution, and with the facts of heredity and biparental reproduction." [Footnote: McDougall, Body and Mind, Footnote to p. 377.]

In the light of such criticism it is important to note that Bergson is now giving attention to the problem of personality which he made the subject of his Gifford Lectures. It is a highly important problem for humanity, and concentration on it seems the demand of the times upon those who feel the urgent need of reflection and who have the ability to philosophize. Can philosophy offer any adequate explanation of human personality, its place and purpose in the cosmos? Why should individual systems of energy, little worlds within the world, appear inside the unity of the whole, depending on their environment, physical and mental, for much, but yet capable of freedom and unforeseen actions, and of creative and progressive development? Further, why should ideals concentrate themselves as it were round such unique centres of indeterminateness as these are? On these problems of our origin and destiny, in short, on an investigation of human personality, thinkers must concentrate. Humanity will not be satisfied with systems which leave no room for the human soul. Human personality and its experience must have ample place and recognition in any philosophy put forward in these days.

Bergson's work is a magnificent attempt to show us how, in the words of George Meredith: "Men have come out of brutishness." His theory of evolution is separated from Naturalism by his insistence on human freedom and on the supra-consciousness which is the origin of things; on the other hand, he is separated from the Idealists by his insistence upon the reality of la duree. He contrasts profoundly with Absolute Idealism. While in Hegel, Mind is the only truth of Nature, in Bergson, Life is the only truth of Matter, or we may express it—whereas for Hegel the truth of Reality is its ideality, for Bergson the truth of Reality is its vitality.

The need for philosophical thought, as Bergson himself points out, [Footnote: See the closing remarks in his little work on French philosophy, La Philosophie.] is world-wide. Philosophy aims at bringing all discussion, even that of business affairs, on to the plane of ideas and principles. By looking at things from a truly "general" standpoint we are frequently helped to approach them in a really "generous" frame of mind, for there is an intimate connexion between the large mind and the large heart.

Bergson has rendered valuable service in calling attention to the need for man to examine carefully his own inner nature, and the deepest worth and significance of his own experiences. For the practical purposes of life, man is obliged to deal with objects in space, and to learn their relations to one another. But this does not exhaust the possibilities of his nature. He has himself the reality of his own self-consciousness, his own spiritual existence to consider. Consequently, he can never rest satisfied with any purely naturalistic interpretation of himself. The step of realizing the importance of mental constructions to interpret the impressions of the external world, and the applying them to practical needs, was a great advance. Much greater progress, however, is there in man's realization of qualities within himself which transcend the ordinary dead level of experience, the recognition of the spiritual value of his own nature, of himself as a personality, capable even amid the fluctuations of the world about him, and the illusions of sense impressions, of obtaining a foretaste of eternity by a life that has the infinite and the eternal as its inheritance; "He hath set eternity in the heart of man." Man craves other values in life than the purely scientific. "There are more things in heaven and earth than are dreamt of" in the philosophies of the materialist or the naturalist. Bergson assures us that the future belongs to a philosophy which will take into account THE WHOLE of what is given. Transcending Body and Intellect is the life of the Spirit, with needs beyond either bodily satisfaction or intellectual needs craving its development, satisfaction and fuller realization. The man who seeks merely bodily satisfaction lives the life of the animal; even the man who poses as an intellectual finds himself entangled ultimately in relativity, missing the uniqueness of all things—his own life included. An intuitive philosophy introduces us to the spiritual life and makes us conscious, individually and collectively, of our capacities for development. Humanity may say: "It doth not yet appear what we shall be," for man has yet "something to cast off and something to become."



APPENDIX

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note on Bibliographies.

PART ONE.

Bergson's own writings chronologically arranged.

PART TWO.

Section 1. Books directly on Bergson: (a) French. (b) English and American. (c) Others.

Section 2. Books indirectly on Bergson: (a) French. (b) English and American.

Section 3. Articles: English and American. (a) Signed, under author. (b) Unsigned, under date.

Section 4. English Translations of Bergson.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

A NOTE ON BIBLIOGRAPHIES

The books and articles which have appeared, dealing with Bergson's thought, are truly legion. Three bibliographies have already been compiled, one in each of the countries: England, America and Germany, which are of value and merit attention.

In 1910, Mr. F. L. Pogson, M.A., prefixed to Time and Free Will (the English translation of the Essai sur les donnees immediates de la conscience) a comprehensive bibliography, giving a list of Bergson's own published works, and numerous articles contributed to various periodicals, and in addition, lists of articles in English, American, French, German and other foreign reviews upon Bergson's philosophy. This bibliography was partly reprinted in France two years later as an appendix to the little work on Bergson by M. Joseph Desaymard, La Pensee de Henri Bergson (Paris, Mercure de France, pp. 82, 1912).

Then in 1913, when Bergson paid his visit to America, Mr. W. Dawson Johnston, the Librarian of the Columbia University, New York, presented him with a copy of a little work of fifty-six pages entitled A Contribution to a Bibliography of Henri Bergson. This exhaustive work was prepared under the direction of Miss Isadore G. Mudge, the Reference Librarian, and includes all books published and all periodical literature of value by or on Bergson, complete up to 1913. "The bibliography includes" (to quote the Preface) "90 books and articles by Professor Bergson (including translations of his works), and 417 books and articles about him. These 417 items represent 11 different languages divided as follows: French, 170; English, 159; German, 40; Italian, 19; Polish, 5; Dutch, 3; Spanish, 3; Roumanian, 2; Swedish, 2; Russian, 2; Hungarian, 1." For this work Professor John Dewey wrote an introduction. It was published by the Columbia University Press in 1913, and is the best evidence of the world-wide popularity of Bergson and the international interest aroused by his writings.

A more recent compilation, however, which contains later books and articles, is a German one, which appeared during the war. It is the work of Walter Meckauer and forms a valuable part of his book Der Intuitionismus und seine Elemente bei Henri Bergson, published in Leipsig in 1917 (Verlag Felix Meiner).

The bibliography which follows gives more up-to- date lists of works than those mentioned, bringing the list of Bergson's writings up to 1919, and it includes books and articles on Bergson which have appeared in the current year (1920). All the important books in French, English, or German on Bergson are given. As the present work is designed mainly to meet the needs of English readers, lists of foreign articles are not given, but in order to show the wide interest aroused by Bergson's thought in the English speaking world, and for purposes of reference, a comprehensive list of articles which have appeared in English and American periodicals is appended. Finally, a list of the English Translations of Bergson's works is given in full under their publishers' names.



PART ONE

BERGSON'S OWN WRITINGS CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED

1878 SOLUTION OF A MATHEMATICAL PROBLEM. This, his first published work, appeared when he was nineteen years of age in Annales de Mathematiques. (Brisse et Gerono.) It is of interest, as it shows us an early ability in the study of this science.

1882 LA SPECIALITE. Discours au Lycee d'Angers—a publication of sixteen pages; address given at the prize-giving in August of that year. Angers: Imprimerie Lacheze et Dolbeau.

1884 EXTRAITS DE LUCRECE avec un commentaire, des notes et une tude sur la posie, la philosophie, la physique, le texte et la langue de Lucrce. Published Delagrave, Paris, 1884. By 1914 ten editions had appeared. This work is of interest in showing his ability in classical scholarship. Pp. xlvii l59.

1885 LA POLITESSE. Another address. This one was given at Clermont- Ferrand, and was published on August 5, 1885, in the local paper Moniteur du Puy de Dome. It is of interest because in it is to be found his original view of "Grace" which he developed later in the Essai sur les donnees immidiates de la conscience (1889).

1886 LA SIMULATION INCONSCIENTE DANS L'ETAT D'HYPNOTISME. His first contribution to the Revue philosophique (Vol. XXII, pp. 525-31). It is interesting to note that correspondence following the appearance of this article led to the inclusion in Myers' Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death of a case cited by Bergson (see Vol. I, p. 447), 1901.

1889 QUID ARISTOTELES DE LOCO SENSERIT. A Latin thesis, presented along with the following French thesis, for the degree of Docteur-es-Lettres. Published Alcan, Paris, pp. 82.

1889 ESSAI SUR LES DONNEES IMMEDIATES DE LA CONSCIENCE. French thesis, presented along with the above Latin thesis, for the degree of Docteur-es-Lettres. Published by Alcan, Paris, same year, in La Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine (pp viii-185) Eighteen editions called for by 1920.

English Translation: Time and Free Will, by F. L. Pogson, M.A. Published in 1910 by Swan & Sonnenschein (now George Allen & Unwin) in Library of Philosophy.

1891 LA GENESE DE L'IDEE DE TEMPS. A review, published in the Revue philosophique (Vol. for 1891, pp 185-190), of the book by Jean Mane Guyau, La Genese de l'Idee de Temps, with an introduction by Alfred Fouillee which appeared posthumously in 1890, two years after Guyau's death.

1895 LE BON SENS ET LES ETUDES CLASSIQUES. Discours au concours general des lycees et colleges, 1895— another prize-giving address. Published in Revue scientifique, 4th Ser., No. 15, pp. 705-713, June, 1901, and by Delalain, Paris, 1895.

1896 MATIERE ET MEMOIRE. Essai sur la relation du corps avec l'esprit. Bergson's second notable work Published by Alcan, Paris, in Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine, pp iii-280. Thirteen editions by 1919. English Translation: Matter and Memory, by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. S. Palmer. Published 1911, Swan & Sonnenschein (now George Allen & Unwin), in the Library of Philosophy.

1897 PRINCIPES DE METAPHYSIQUE ET DE PSYCHOLOGIE D'APRES MONSIEUR PAUL JANET. A critical review in Revue philosophique (Vol. XLIV, Nov., 1897, pp. 525-551).

1900 LE RIRE. Essai sur la signification du comique. First published as two articles in Revue de Paris, 1900 (Vol. I, pp. 512-545 and pp. 759-791). Book form, Paris (Alcan), 1901, Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaine, pp. vii-205. By 1919, seventeen editions. English Translation: Laughter—An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, by Brereton and Rothwell. Published 1911, Macmillan. This essay is based on a lecture given by Bergson while at Clermont-Ferrand, on Feb 18, 1884, a report of which appeared in the local paper Moniteur du Puy de Dome, Feb. 21, 1884.

1900 NOTES SUR LES ORIGINES PSYCHOLOGIES DE NOTRE CROYANCE A LA LOI DE CAUSALITE. Short paper of fifteen pages, read at the First International Congress of Philosophy, held in Paris, August 1 to 5, 1900 Published in Bibhotheque du Congres International de Philosophie, being special numbers of the Revue de metaphysique et de morale. Paris (Armand Colin). Discussion reported in the Revue, Sept, 1900, Vol VIII, pp 655-660.

1901 LE REVE. Confrence a l'Institut psychologique international. March 26, 1901 Published, Pans, Bulletin de l'Institut, May, 1901; Revue scientifique, June 8, 1901, and abridged, Revue de philosophie, 1901. As Book, Alcan, 1901. Reprinted in the volume of collected papers L'Energie spiriuelle, 1919, pp 91-116. English Translation: Dreams, by Dr Edwin E Slosson. Published first as articles in the Independent of Oct 23 and 30, 1913 Book form 1914 Fisher Unwin. Reissued in 1920 in Mind-Energy, English Translation of L'Energie spirituelle.

1901 LE PARALLELISME PSYCHO-PHYSIQUE ET LA METAPHYSIQUE POSITIVE. Bergson's first contribution to the Bulletin de la Societe franaise de philosophie, June, 1901. The important lecture in which he defended the propositions set forth on pages 53-54 of this present work.

1901 L'INCONSCIENT DANS LA VIE MENTALE. Article in the Bulletin de la Socit franaise de philosophie.

1901 LE VOCABULAIRE TECHNIQUE ET CRITIQUE DE LA PHILOSOPHIE. Article in the Bulletin de la Socit franaise de philosophie.

1902 L'EFFORT INTELLECTUEL. Article in the Revue philosophique, Jan, 1902, Vol XLIII, pp 1-27. This article supplements parts of the larger work Matire et Mmoire. Reprinted in 1919 in the volume of collected essays, L'Energie spintuelle, pp 163-202 English Translation in 1920 in volume Mind-Energy (Macmillan).

1902 L'INTELLECT ET LA VOLONTE Discours au Lyce Voltaire, July, 1902 Published Imprimerie Quelquejeu

1902 LE VOCABULAIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Collaboration Bulletin de la Societ franaise de philosophie, July, 1902.

1903 RAPPORT SUR LA FONDATION "CARNOT" (1902). Published in Jan, 1903, in Seances et travaux de l'Academie des sciences morales et pohtiques. Also Memoires de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1904.

1903 INTRODUCTION A LA METAPHYSIQUE. Article in Revue de mtaphysique et de morale. Paris, Jan, 1903. English Translation: An Introduction to Metaphysics, by T. E. Hulme Published in 1913, Macmillan. Valuable as an independent statement of his doctrine of Intuition. Not to be regarded as a mere epitome of the larger works, although it makes a good preface to them. To be included in forthcoming volume of collected essays and lectures.

1903 LA PLACE ET LE CARACTERE DE LA PHILOSOPHIE DANS L'ENSEIGNEMENT SECONDAIRE. Article in the Bulletin de la Societ franaise de philosophie, Feb., 1903, p. 44. An address delivered before the Societ in Dec., 1902.

1903 LA NOTION DE LA LIBERTE MORALE. Article in the Bulletin de la Societ franaise de philosophie, April, 1903, p. 101.

1903 RAPPORT SUR LE PRIX "HALPHEN." Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, July, 1903. Also Memoir es de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1904.

1903 LA PHILOSOPHIE SOCIALE DE COURNOT. Article in the Bulletin de la Societ franaise de philosophie, Aug, 1903, p. 229.

1904 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE RUSKIN "LA BIBLE D'AMIENS." Traduction francaise de M. Proust, Seances de l'Acadimie des sciences morales et politiques, 1904.

1904 NOTICE SUR LA VIE ET SUR LES OEUVRES DE FELIX RAVAISSON-MOLLIEN, Lue dans les seances du 20 et 27 fevrier, 1904, de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

Published in Seances et travaux de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, Paris, 1904, and in Memoires de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, in 1907.

1904 LE PARALOGISME PSYCHO-PHYSIOLOGIQUE. Lecture given at the Second International Congress of Philosophy held at Geneva from Sept. 4 to 8, 1904. Published in Revue de metaphysique et de morale, numero exceptionel (Nov, 1904). Reprinted in 1919 in the volume of collected essays L'Energie spirituelle, pp. 203-223, under new title Le Cerveau et la pensee: une illusion philosophique. English Translation, 1920 in volume: Mind-Energy.

1904 LES COURBES RESPIRATOIRES PENDANT L'HYPNOSE Article contributed to the Bulletin de l'Institut general psychologique.

1904 PREFACE de la Psychologie Rationelle, d'Emile Lubac. Published at Paris, Alcan. Four pages on Intuition.

1904 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. MORTET "Notes sur le texte des 'Institutiones' de Cassiodore." Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1904 VISION DE LUEURS DANS L'OBSCURITE PAR LES SENSITIFS. Bulletin de l'Institut general psychologique, Jan., 1904.

1904 LES RADIATIONS "N." Bulletin de l'Institut general psychologiques, Jan., 1904.

1905 ESPRIT ET MATIERE. Article in the Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie.

1905 THEORIE DE LA PERCEPTION. Article in the Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, March, 1905, pp. 94-95. An address given in Dec., 1904.

1905 REPONSE A MONSIEUR RAGEOT. Article in Revue philosophique, Vol LX, p 229. Criticism by Monsieur Rageot appears on p. 84. See Ward on this point. Realm of Ends, p. 307.

1905 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. OSSIP LOURIE (now Professeur a l'Universite nouvelle de Bruxelles). Le Bonheur et l'intelligence, published by Alcan in 1904. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1905 RELATION A WILLIAM JAMES ET A JAMES WARD. A Letter on la duree in the Revue philosophique, Aug., 1905. Vol. LX, pp. 229-230

1906 RAPPORT SUR LE CONCOURS POUR LE PRIX "BORDIN" (1905). Ayant pour sujet "Maine de Biran." Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1906: also Memoires de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1907.

1906 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. BARDOUX. Essai d'une psychology de l'Angleterre contemporaine (premiere partie). Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1906 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M LUQUET, entitule:— Idees generales de psychologie. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1906 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. GAULTIER, entitule:— Le Sens de l'art, avec une preface de M. Emile Boutroux. Sances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1907 L'EVOLUTION CREATRICE. Published by Alcan, Paris, in La Bibliothque de philosophie contemporaine, 1907 (pp viii 4O3). By 1918 the work was in its twenty-first edition. English Translation: Creative Evolution, by Arthur Mitchell, Ph.D. Published in 1911, Macmillan. This is Bergson's third large work, and his most important, being one of the most profound and original contributions to the philosophieal consideration of the theory of Evolution. "Un livre comme L'Evolution cratrice n'est pas seulement une oeuvre mais une date celle d'une direction nouvelle imprime a la pense." Pierre Imbart de la Tour—in Le Pangermanisme et la philosophie de l'histoire.

1907 ARTICLE SUR "L'EVOLUTION CREATRICE." Revue du Mois, Sept., 1907, pp. 351-354. Bergson's reply to a critic, M. Le Dantec.

1907 VOCABULAIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Collaboration. Bulletin de la Societ franaise de philosophie, Aug., 1907.

1907 RAPPORT SUR LE CONCOURS POUR LE PRIX "LE DISSEZ DE PENANRUN." Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1907. PP. 91-102. Also in Memoires de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques, 1909.

1907 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. BARDOUX. Psychologie de l'Angleterre contemporaine (Deuxieme partie). Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1908 REPONSE A UNE ENQUETE INTERNATIONALE SUR LA QUESTION RELIGIEUSE. Arranged by the Mercure de France, and published in Paris in the book La Question Religieuse, by Frederic Charpin. Bergson's answer is less than a page.

1908 L'INFLUENCE DE SA PHILOSOPHIE SUR LES ELEVES DES LYCEES. Article in the Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, Jan., 1908 Address delivered before the Societ in the previous Nov.

1908 LETTRE SUR L'INFLUENCE DE SA PHILOSOPHIE SUR LES ELEVES DES LYCEES Appended to Binet's L'Evolution de l'ensignement philosophique, in L'Anne psychologique, 1908, pp. 230-231.

1908 LE SOUVENIR DU PRESENT ET LA FAUSSE RECONAISSANCE. Article in the Revue philosophique, Dec, 1908, pp 561- 593. Reprited in 1919 in the volume of collected essays L'Energie spirituelle, pp 117-161 English Translation in volume: Mind-Energy. Macmillan, 1920.

1908 L'EVOLUTION DE L'INTELLIGENCE GEOMETRIQUE. Article in the Revue de metaphysique et de morale, Jan, 1908, pp. 28-33. Another reply to a critic, Monsieur Borel.

1908 VOCABULAIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Collaboration. Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, Aug, 1908. On the words "immediat" and "inconnaissable"

1908 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. MERLANT, ayant pour sujet "Senancour" Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1908 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. BAZAILLAS, entitule:— Musique et inconscience. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1908 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. BOIRAC, entitule:— La psychologie inconnue. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1908 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. NAYRAC. La Fontaine. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1909 PREFACE A "GABRIEL TARDE" A volume of the collection Les Grands Philosophes, published by Louis Michaud, Paris. This book was written by Tarde's sons. It is interesting to note that Tarde was Bergson's predecessor in the Chair of Modern Philosophy at the College de France. The Preface (pp. 5 and 6) treats of Causality A volume of this same series devoted to Bergson himself appeared in 1910, by Rene Gillouin.

1909 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. MEYERSON, entitule:— Identiti et realite. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1909 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. HENRI DELACROIX. Etudes d'histoire et de psychologie du mysticisme. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1909 L'ORGANISATION DES CONGRES DE PHILOSOPHIE. Article in the Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, Jan., 1909.

1909 VOCABULAIRE PHILOSOPHIQUE. Collaboration Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, Aug., 1909.

1910 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. WENDELL. La France d'aujourd hui. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politques.

1910 RAPPORT SUR LE CONCOURS POUR LES PRIX "CHARLES L'EVEQUE." Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1910 JAMES ET BERGSON. Remarques a propos d'un article de Mr. W. B. Pitkin, intitule James and Bergson, or, Who is against Intellect? Mr. Pitkin's article appeared in the Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods on April 28, 1910. Bergson's reply appeared in the same journal on July 7th of the same year.

1910 NEW INTRODUCTION WRITTEN IN ENGLISH FOR THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF MATIERE ET MEMOIRE. This new introduction was subsequently translated into French and prefaced to the next French edition of Matiere et Memoire which appeared. This was the seventh edition. The English translation by Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer was published in 1911 (see note under date 1896). The new introduction called attention mainly to the change in orthodox opinion regarding aphasia which had come about since the original publication of the work in French in 1896—a change of view which only served to make Bergson's opinions appear less novel and more probable.

1910 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. DAURIAC. Le musicien-poete Wagner: etude de psychologie musicale. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1910 RAPPORT SUR UN OUVRAGE DE M. JOUSSAIN. entitule:— Le Fondement psychologique de la morale. Seances de l'Academie des sciences morales et politiques.

1910 L'INCONSCIENT DANS LA VIE MENTALE Remarques a propos d'une these soutenue par M. Dwelshauvers (Now Belgian Professor.) An address delivered to the Societe in the previous November. Published in the Bulletin de la Societe francaise de philosophie, Feb., 1910. Here Bergson has another encounter with a critic. As far back as 1901 Bergson contributed to this same periodical an article bearing this title. M. Georges Dwelshauvers criticized Bergson's views in his articles—

"Raison et Intuition," tude sur la philosophie de M. Bergson, in La Belgique artistique et litteraire, Nov.-Dec., 1905, and April, 1906.

"Bergson et la methode intuitive," in the Revue des Mois, Sept., 1907.

"De l'intuition dans l'acte de l'esprit," in the Revue de mtaphysique et de morale, Jan., 1908.

1911 L'INTUITION PHILOSOPHIQUE. Paper read at the Fourth International Congress of Philosophy, held at Bologna, April 5 to 11, 1911. Published in Nov. in Revue de mtaphysique et de morale (Numero exceptionel), pp. 809-827. To reappear in forthcoming second volume of collected papers.

1911 LA PERCEPTION DU CHANGEMENT. Deux confrences faites a l'Universit d'Oxford, les 26 et 27 Mai, 1911. Published in original French by the Clarendon Press, Oxford, in 1911. (Out of print now.) To reappear in forthcoming second volume of collected essays and lectures.

1911 LIFE AND CONSCIOUSNESS. The Huxley Lecture delivered at University of Birmingham, May 29, 1911. Published in The Hibbert Journal for Oct., 1911, Vol X, pp. 24-44, and also in the volume Huxley Memorial Lectures in 1914. In a revised and somewhat developed form this appeared in 1919 in the volume of collected essays and lectures L'Energie spirituelle, pp. 1-29 (Mind-Energy, 1920).

1911 VERITE ET REALITE Introduction of sixteen pages written for the French Translation of William James' Pragmatism. Translated by Le Brun. Published Flammarion, Paris.

1911 LES REALITES QUE LA SCIENCE N'ATTEINT PAS. Article in Foi et Vie (French Protestant Review).

1911 LA NATURE DE L'AME. Four lectures delivered at the University of London, Oct., 1911. Up to the time of writing, these lectures have not been published Reports are to be found, however, in The Times, Oct 21, 23, 28 and 30, 1911 (For definite information regarding these lectures, I am indebted to Mr. Reginald Rye, Librarian of the University of London, to the University of London Press, and to Professor Bergson himself.)

1912 L'AME ET LE CORPS. Confrence faite pour la Societ Foi et Vie. Published in Le Matrialisme actuel, Paris, 1913, Flammarion. During the year 1912, the Paris Review Foi et Vie arranged a series of lectures on Materialism. These were given in Paris, alternating with a series on Pascal, likewise arranged by Foi et Vie, under the direction of in Paul Doumergue, chief editor This was the sixth year in which such courses of lectures had been arranged by this Review. The most of these lectures were subsequently published in the Review itself, but the 1912 lectures on Materialism were issued separately in a volume entitled Le Materialisme actuel, published in the Bibliotheque de philosophie scientifique, with a preface by in Paul Doumergue. Two illustrious names headed the list of lecturers—those of Henri Bergson and the late Henri Poincare. Bergson's lecture bears the title L'Ame et le Corps, pp. 7-48. (I am told by Prof. Bergson that it is a Summary of the four unpublished London lectures.) This was reprinted in 1919 in L'Energie spirituelle, pp. 31-63 (Mind-Energy, 1920).

1912 PREFACE written for the French Translation of Eucken's Der Sinn und der Wert des Lebens Le sens et la valeur de la vie—translated by M. A. Hullet and A. Leicht. Published, Paris, Alcan.

1912 LETTER ON HIS PHILOSOPHY IN RELATION TO THEOLOGY. Written to Father de Tonquedec, S J, in the Jesuit periodical Les Etudes of Feb 20, 1912,Vol CXXX, pp 514-515. Father de Tonquedec had criticized Bergson's philosophy from the point of view of Roman Catholic Theology. The following are amongst his criticisms: La Notion de la veritt dans la philosophie nouvelle, Paris, 1908. Comment interpreter l'ordre du monde a-propos du dernier ouvrage de in Bergson, Paris, Beauchesne, 1908. Bergson est-il moniste? Article in Les Annales de philosophie chretienne, March, 1912. Dieu dans l'Evolution cratrice, Beauchesne, 1912, which gives two letters from Bergson

1913 FANTOMES DE VIVANTS ET RECHERCHE PSYCHIQUE Presidential address to the British Society for Psychical Research. Delivered at the Aeolian Hall, London, May 28, 1913. Published report in the Times, May 29, 1913; and of the New York Times, Sept 27,1914, Proceedings of the Society, Vol 1914-15, pp 157-175. This address was reprinted in 1919 in L'Energie spirituelle, pp 65-89. English Translation: Mind- Energy, 1920.

1914 LETTER TO "LE FIGARO." Letter on his Philosophy generally, March 7, 1914.

1914 THE PROBLEM OF PERSONALITY. The Gifford Lectures at Edinburgh University One course of eleven lectures, given in the Spring. The Autumn course was abandoned owing to the War. These lectures have not yet been published. (For information regarding them I am indebted to Mr. F. C. Nicholbon, Librarian of the University of Edinburgh, and to Prof. Bergson himself.)

1914 LA FORCE QUI S'USE ET CELLE QUI NE S'USE PAS. Article written for the famous organ of the poilus. Bulletin des Armees de la Republique francaise, Nov. 4, 1914.

1914 HOMMAGE AU ROI ALBERT ET AU PEUPLE BELGE. Contribution to King Albert's Book, issued by the Daily Telegraph.

1915 LA SIGNIFICATION DE LA GUERRE Collection of War speeches and writings in the series Pages actuelles, 1914-15. Published by Bloud et Gay, Paris, 1915. Small volume of 47 pages Contains: 1. Discours prononce a l'Academie des Sciences morales et politiques le 12 dec, 1914, pp 7-29. This was a Presidential address La Signification de la Guerre. 2. Allocution prononcee a l'Academie le 16 Jan, 1915, a l'occasion de l'installation de M. Alexandre Ribot au fauteuil de la presidence (in succession to Bergson). Reported only in part, pp 33-35. 3. La force qui s'use et celle qui ne s'use pas, pp 39-42. Reprinted from the pages of the Bulletin des Armees de la, Republique francaise, Nov. 4, 1914. 4. Hommage au Roi Albert et au Peuple Belge, pp 45-46. Reprinted from King Albert's Book, War publication of Daily Telegraph. Items Nos 1 and 3 have been translated into English as The Meaning of the War, with preface by Dr. H. Wildon Carr. Published 1915, Fisher Unwin. No. 1 appeared in The Hibbert Journal in English, as "Life and Matter at War," April, 1915, pp. 465-475; and in the American paper The Living Age on July 31, 1915, pp. 259-264

1915 AUTOUR DE LA GUERRE A discourse on the Evolution of German Imperialism, delivered before the Academie des Sciences morales et politiques. Published in La Revue, Feb.-March, 1915, pp. 369-377.

1915 LA PHILOSOPHIE. Ouvrage publi sous les auspices du ministre de l'Instruction publique. A delightful little work of 27 pages. Reprinted from La Scienc franaise, Tome I. Published in the series of that name by Larousse, Pans, and costing fifty centimes. It is a review of French Philosophy, and contains a bibliography, and portraits of the philosophers, Descartes, Malebranche, Pascal, and Renouvier.

1916 LETTRE A PROF. HOFFDING. Published in the original French in the French edition of the Danish Professor's Lectures on Bergson; La Philosophie de Bergson expose et critique par H. Hoffding, Professeur a l'Universit de Copenhague. Traduit d'aprs l'dition danoise avec un avant- propos par Jacques de Coussange et suivi d'une lettre de M. Bergson l'auteur. Alcan, Paris. The letter, pp. l57-165.

1917 PREFACE A "LA MISSION FRANCAISE EN AMERIQUE 24 AVRIL-13 MAI, 1917." Compiled by M. R. Viviani, published, Flammarion, Paris, 1917, pp 264. Bergson's Preface is seven pages.

1918 DISCOURS DE RECEPTION. Bergson's address on being received by the Academy. On M. Ollivier. Published by Perrin, Paris. Seance de l'Academie francaise, Jan. 24, 1918, pp. 44. (The work also contains the reply to Bergson by the Director of the Academy, M. Rene Doumic, pp. 45-75.)

1919 L'ENERGIE SPIRITUELLE (Essais et Conferences). Felix Alcan's Bibliotheque de philosophie contemporaire, pp. 227. This is a volume of collected essays and lectures of which three editions appeared in 1919. It deals with the concept of mental force, with problems of the interaction of mind and body, and with Bergson's view of "tension" and "detension" in relation to matter and mind. With a brief foreword, explaining that this is the first of a couple of volumes of collected essays, there are seven papers: 1. "La Conscience et la Vie," pp. 1-29. A revised and developed version of "Life and Consciousness," the Huxley Lecture of 1911. 2. "L'Ame et le Corps," pp. 31-63. Reprinted from Le Materialisme actuel. Lecture given in 1912. 3. "Fantomes de Vivants et Recherche Psychique," pp. 65-89. Presidential address of 1913. 4. "Le Reve," pp. 91-116. The lecture of 1901. 5. "Le Souvenir du present et la fausse reconnaissance," pp. 117-161. Reprint from Revue philosophique of article of 1908. 6. "L'Effort intellectuel," pp. 163-202. Reprint from Revue philosophique of article of 1902. 7. "Le Cerveau et la Pensee: une illusion philosophique," pp. 203-223. The Lecture given at the International Congress at Geneva, formerly printed in the Revue de metaphysique et de morale as "Le Paralogisme psycho- physiologique." English Translation: MIND-ENERGY, by Dr. Wildon Carr. Macmillan, 1920.

The forthcoming second volume of collected essays on The Method of Intuitional Philosophy will contain inter alia: Introduction on "Method." Reprint of "L'Intuition philosophique." Introduction a la metaphysique, "La Perception du Changement."

Three articles, bearing the titles "Memoire et reconaissance," "Perception et matiere" and "L'Idee de neant," which appeared respectively in Revue philosophique (1896), Revue de metaphysique et de morale (1896) and Revue philosophique (1906) have been omitted from their places in the above list because they were subsequently incorporated into the larger works Matiere et Memoire and L'Evolution creatrice.



BIBLIOGRAPHY

PART TWO

BOOKS AND ARTICLES ON BERGSON

Section I. Books directly on Bergson

(a) French Publications.

BENDA, Julien. Le Bergsonisme ou une Philosophie de la Mobilit. Paris, Mercure de France. 1912.

Une Philosophie pathtique. Cahiers de la Quinzaine. Paris, 1913, Ser. 15, Cah 2.

Sur le succes du Bergsonisme. 1914. Incorporates Une Philosophie pathtique.

BERTHELOT, R. Un Romantisme Utilitaire. Paris, 1911. Vol. 2, Le Pragramatisme chez Bergson.

Le pragmatisme de Bergson. Paris, Alcan, 1913.

COIGNET, Clarisse. De Kant a Bergson. Reconciliation de la religion et de la science dans un spiritualisme nouveau. Paris, 1911 (Alcan). Concluding 60 pages deal with Bergson.

DESAYMARD, Joseph. La Pensee d'Henri Bergson. In series Les Hommes et les Idees. Paris, 1912. Mercure de France. Pp. 82. With portrait and bibliography (reprint of Mr. Pogson's list).

DWELSHAUVERS, Georges. Raison et intuition. Etudes sur la philosophie de Bergson, 1906.

FARGES. Theorie fondamentale de l'Acte et de la Puissance avec la critique de la philosophie nouvelle de MM. Bergson et Le Roy. Paris, 1909. (Etudes philosophiques, No. 1.)

La philosophie de M. Bergson. Expose et critique. Paris, 1912.

FOUILLEE, Alfred. La Pensee et les nouvelles ecoles anti-intellectuelles. Paris, 1910.

GAGNEBIN, S. La philosophie de l'intuition. 1912. Saint Blaise, 'Foyer Solidariste. Pp. 240. Mainly on Le Roy, Bergson's disciple, but a third of the book deals with the master.

GILLOUIN, Rene. Bergson: Choix de textes, etudes sur l'OEuvre, notices biographiques et bibliographiques. Paris, 1910, Michaud. Series Les Grands Philosophes. Illustrated. Pp. 220.

Essay of 30 pages on Bergson's philosophy. Extracts from Bergson's works. Pp. 39-220.

La Philosophie de M. Bergson. Paris, 1911, Grasset. Pp. 187.

GRANDJEAN, F. Une revolution dans la philosophie, La Doctrine de Bergson. Atar, Geneva, 2nd ed., 1916.

LE ROY, Edouard. Une Philosophie nouvelle: Henri Bergson. Paris, 1912. English Translation: A New Philosophy: Henri Bergson, by Vincent Benson. 1913. Williams and Norgate. Pp. 235. The author of this work is Bergson's famous pupil, who now lectures in his place at the College de France.

MARITAIN, J. La philosophie bergsonienne. Paris, Riviere, 1914. Pp. 477.

MEUNIER, D. Lecon de Bergson. 1914.

PEGUY, Charles. Note Sur M. Bergson et la philosophie bergsonienne. Paris. (Bourgeois). Cahiers de la Quinzaine. Pp. 101.

PENIDO, Dr. M. T. L. La methode intuitive de Bergson. Essai critique. Atar, Geneva, and Alcan, Paris, 1918, pp. 220.

SEGOND, J. L'Intuition bergsonienne. Alcan, Paris, 1912 and 1913. Pp. 157.

(b) English and American Publications

BALSILLIE, David. An Examination of Professor Bergson's Philosophy. 1912. Williams and Norgate. Pp. 228.

CARR, Dr. H. Wildon. Henri Bergson: The Philosophy of Change, 1912. Jack, "The People's Books." Pp. 91. Good brief sketch. 1919. Jack and Nelson. Second revised edition. Pp. 126.

The Philosophy of Change: A study of the Fundamental Principle of the Philosophy of Bergson. 1914. Macmillan. Pp. 216.

Time and History in Contemporary Philosophy, with special reference to Bergson and Croce. Proceedings of British Academy, 1918. Pp. 20. Separately, Oxford University Press.

CUNNINGHAM, Gustave W., Dr. Study in the Philosophy of Bergson. 1916. Longman. New York. Pp. 212.

DODSON, G. R., Dr. Bergson and the Modern Spirit. An Essay in Constructive Thought. 1914. Lindsey Press. Pp. 295.

ELLIOT, Hugh S. R. Modern Science and the Illusions of Professor Bergson. 1912. Preface by Sir Ray Lankester. Longman, New York, and 1913, Longman, London. Pp. 257. Very hostile to Bergson, indeed contemptuously or bitterly so.

GERRARD, Father Thomas. Bergson: an Exposition and Criticism from the point of view of Saint Thomas Aquinas. 1913. Sands & Co. Pp. 208.

HERMANN, Mrs. E. Bergson and Eucken. Their significance for Christian Thought. 1912. James Clark & Co. Pp. 224.

HOFFDING, Prof Harald. Six Lectures on Bergson. Delivered 1913. Published in the volume Modern Philosophers, Macmillan, 1915. Pp. 227-302. Translated by Alfred C. Mason.

HOUGH, Dr. Lynn H. The Quest of Wonder. Studies in Bergson and Theology.

JOHNSTON, W. (with MISS I. MUDGE). A Contribution to a Bibliography of Henri Bergson. 1913. Columbia University Press, New York. Pp. 56. For this pamphlet, Professor John Dewey has written an introduction.

KALLEN, H. M. William James and Henri Bergson: A Study of Contrasting Theories of Life. 1914. Chicago University Press. Pp. 248.

KITCHIN, Darcy B. Bergson for Beginners: A Summary of his Philosophy. 1913. Geo. Allen and Unwin. Pp. 309.

LE ROY, Edouard. A New Philosophy: Henri Bergson. 1913. Williams and Norgate. English Translation by V. Benson of Une Nouvelle philosophie. Pp. 235.

LIBBY, M. F. The Continuity of Bergson's Thought. 1912. University of Colorado Studies, Vol. 9, No. 4. Pp. 147-202.

LINDSAY, A. D. The Philosophy of Bergson. 1911. Dent. Pp. 247.

LOVEJOY. Bergson and Romantic Evolutionism. 1914. University of California Press, Berkeley. Pp. 61.

MILLER, Lucius Hopkins. Bergson and Religion. 1916. Holt & Co., New York. (Out of print.)

MITCHELL, Dr. Arthur. Studies in Bergson's Philosophy. 1914. Kansas University Humanistic Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2. Pp. 115.

PECKHAM, G. W. The Logic of Bergson's Philosophy. (Time and Free Will compared with Matter and Memory.) 1917. Archives of Philosophy, Columbia University Press, New York, No. 8. Pp. 68.

RUHE AND PAUL. Henri Bergson: An Account of his Life and Philosophy. 1914. Macmillan. Pp. 245 (With portrait.)

RUSSELL, Hon. Bertrand. The Philosophy of Bergson. 1914. London, Macmillan for Bowes, Cambridge. Pp. 36. Lecture to The Heretics, Cambridge, March 11, 1912. Contains reply by Dr. Wildon Carr, and rejoinder by Mr. Russell.

SAIT, Bernard Una. The Ethical Implications of Bergson's Philosophy. 1914. Columbia University Contributions to Philosophy and Psychology. New York Science Press. Pp. 183.

SEWELL, Frank, Dr. Is the Universe Self-Centred or God-Centred? 1913. Examination of the systems of Eucken and Bergson. Presidential Address to Swedenborg Scientific Association, Philadelphia, USA. Published by the Association. Pp. 13.

SHASTRI, Prabhu Datta. The Conception of Freedom in Hegel, Bergson, and Indian Philosophy. 1914. Address before the Calcutta Philosophical Society, March 14, 1913. Published Albion Press, Calcutta. Pp. 26.

SOLOMON, Joseph. Bergson. 1911. Constable, in Series Philosophies Ancient and Modern. Pp. 128.

STEWART, Dr. J. M'Kellar. A Critical Exposition of Bergson's Philosophy. 1911. Macmillan Pp. 295.

WILM, Emil C. Henri Bergson: A Study in Radical Evolution. (1914.) Sturgis



HOOGVILD, J.E.H.J. De Niewe Wysbegeerte: Een studie over H. Bergson. 1911.

JACOBSON, Malte. Henri Bergson's Intuitionsfilosofi.

LEVI, A. La filosofia della contingenza. Firenze, Seeber, 1905. In L'indeterminismo nella filosofita francese contemporanea.

LARSSON, Prof. Hans. Intuitionsprobleme.

OLGIATI, F. La Filosofia di Enrico Bergson, 1914.

PAPINI, Giovanni. Stroncature. Firenze, 1918. Libreria della voce. Section on Bergson and Croce (in French), written in 1914. Pp. 51-56.

RUHE, Algot. Henri Bergson: Tankesattet. 1914. Swedish volume (similar to his English work in conjunction with Miss Paul). Stockholm.

Section II. Books dealing Indirectly with Bergson

(a) French Publications

CHAUMEIX, A. Pragmatisme et Modernisme. Paris, Alcan, 1909

DWELSHAUVERS, Georges. La Synthse mentale. Alcan, Paris, 1908.

FOUILLEE, Alfred. Le Mouvement idaliste et la Raction centre la Science positive, 1896. Paris, Alcan.

IMBART DE LA TOUR, Pierre. Le Pangermanisme et la Philosophie de L'Histoire. Letter to Bergson, published in book form, 1916. Reprinted from Pour la verite, 1914-15. Perrin. Pp. 75. This letter was occasioned by Bergson's writings on the War.

LANESSAN, J. de. Transformation et Crationisme. 1914. Paris, Alcan.

PIAT, Clodius. Insuffisance des Philosophies de L'Intuition. 1908. Paris, Plon-Nourrit. Pp. 319.

SOREL, Georges. Reflexions sur la Violence. This has been translated into English by T.E. Hulme, and published by Geo. Allen and Unwin, Reflections on Violence. Les Illusions du Progres. Le Mouvement socialists. Collected volumes of the periodical.

WILBOIS. Devoir et Dure. 1912. Paris, Alcan. Pp. 408.

(b) English and American Publications

ALIOTTA. The Idealistic Reaction against Science 1914. Macmillan. English translation from Italian by W. Agnes McCaskill.

BENNETT, W. The Ethical Aspects of Evolution Regarded as the Parallel Growth of Opposite Tendencies. 1908. Clarendon Press, Oxford.

BJORKMAN, Edwin. Voices of Tomorrow. Critical studies of the New Spirit in Literature. London, Grant Richards. See Section The New Mysticism, Part 3, Its Philosopher, Henri Bergson, pp. 205-223.

BOSANQUET, B. The Principle of Individuality and Value. 1912. Macmillan. The Gifford Lectures for 1911. The Value and Destiny of the Individual. Gifford Lectures, 1912.

BURNS, Delisle. Political Ideals. Clarendon Press, Oxford Discusses in concluding pages the rational element in politics.

CALDWELL, Dr. Wm. Pragmatism and Idealism 1913. Macmillan, New York, and A. and C. Black, London. Chap. (9) is entitled "Pragmatism and Idealism in the Philosophy of Bergson," pp. 234-261.

CARR, H. Wildon. The Problem of Truth. Jack. "People's Books."

DREVER, Dr James. Instinct in Man. 1917. Cambridge University Press.

FREUD. Wit and its Relation to the Unconscious. Fisher Unwin. Remarks on Bergson's Le Rire, pp. 301 and 360.

GRUBB. The Religion of Experience. Chapter IV. Bergson and Intuition.

HARLEY, J. H. Syndicalism. "People's Books."

HARPER, Dr. J. Wilson. Christian Ethics and Social Progress. 1912. Contains chapter on Bergson.

HOCKING. Meaning of God in Human Experience. Yale University Press. 1912.

HUGEL, Baron Frednch von. Eternal Life: its Implications and Applications. T. and T. Clark. 1912. Deals with Bergson's view of duree and of Liberty, pp. 288-302.

HUNT, Harriet E. The Psychology of Auto-Education. Based on the interpretation of Intellect, given by Bergson in his Creative Evolution Illustrated in the work of Maria Montessori. 1912. Bardeen, Syracuse, New York.

INGE, Very Rev Dr W.R. The Philosophy of Plotmus. Gifford Lectures, published 1919. These lectures on the great Neo-platonist to whom Bergson owes not a little, contain important discussions of Bergson's views on Time, Consciousness and Change.

JACKS, L.P. Alchemy of Thought. Holt & Co, New York. 1911.

JAMES, William A Pluralistic Universe (Hibbert Lectures) 1909. Lectures 5 and 6, pp 181-273.

JEVONS, Dr F.B. Personality. Methuen, 1913. Especially Chap. 3 on Bergson, pp 78-124.

JOHNSON, F.H. God in Evolution. A Pragmatic Study of Theology.. Longman. 1911.

JOHNSTONE, Dr James The Philosophy of Biology. 1914. Cambridge University Press.

JONES, Prof. Tudor. The Spiritual Ascent of Man. 1916. University of London Press, Chapter (4) Intellect and Intuition.

LAIRD, John Problems of the Self. Shaw Lectures at Edinburgh for 1914. 1917. Macmillan.

LODGE, Sir Oliver. Modern Problems. Methuen, 1912. Balfour and Bergson, pp. 189-210 (Chap. 18). Reprint of Article in Hibbert Journal (1912).

MACKENZIE, Prof. Elements of Constructive Philosophy. 1918. Geo Allen & Unwin.

MARSHALL Consciousness. On Revival and Memory. P. 436.

MELLOR, Dr Stanley A. Religion as Affected by Modern Science and Philosophy. 1914. Lindsey Press. Devotes a section to the consideration of Bergson and Religion, pp 147-166.

McCABE, Joseph. Principles of Evolution. Collins—Nation's Library. Very hostile to Bergson, pp 247-253.

McDOUGALL, William. Body and Mind 1911. Methuen & Co.

MORGAN, C. Lloyd. Instinct and Experience. Methuen. 1912.

PERRY, R.B. Present Philosophical Tendencies. 1912. Longmans. U.S.A.

PRINGLE-PATTISON, A.S. The Idea of God. Gifford Lectures, 1912-13. Lecture (19) on Bergson, pp. 366-385.

RUSSELL, Bertrand Our Knowledge of the External World. 1914. Open Court Publishing Co. Chapter (8) on Cause and Free Will, criticizes Bergson, pp. 229-242. The Principles of Social Reconstruction. Geo. Allen & Co. 1917. Shows Impulse to be greater than conscious purpose in our social life. Mysticism and Logic. 1918. Longman. Roads to Freedom. On Socialism, Anarchism and Syndicalism. Geo. Allen & Co. 1918.

SANTAYANA, Prof. George. Winds of Doctrine.. Scribner, U.S.A.

SAROLEA, Prof. Charles. The French Renascence. 1916. Allen and Unwin. Chapter on Bergson, pp. 271-284, with portrait.

SCOTT. J.W. Syndicalism and Philosophical Realism. 1919. A.& C. Black. For Bergson, pp. 70-160.

SLOSSON, Dr. E. Major Prophets of To-day. 1914. Little, Boston, U.S.A. Pp. 44-103. (Portrait.)

SMITH, Norman Kemp, D. Phil. Commentary to Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. 1918. Macmillan.

SORLEY, Dr. W.R. Moral Values and the Idea of God. Cambridge University Press, 1918. Gifford Lectures, 1914-15. Discusses Intuition and Vital Impulse.

STEBBING, L. Susan, M.A. Pragmatism and French Voluntarism with Special Reference to the Notion of Truth in the Development of Philosophy from Maine de Biran to Bergson. M.A. (London.) Thesis, 1912. Cambridge University Press, 1914. Girton College Studies, No 6.

UNDERHILL, Evelyn. Mysticism. A Study in the Nature and development of man's spiritual consciousness. Dutton, U.S.A. 1912.

WALLAS, Graham. The Great Society. Error on p. 236, where he has 1912 for 1911, as date of Bergson's Lectures at London University.

WARD, Prof. James. The Realm of Ends. (Pluralism and Theism.) Cambridge University Press. Cf. pp. 306-7.

WARDELL, R.J. Contemporary Philosophy. Contains careless blunders. The date of the publication of L'Evolution creatrice in Paris is given as 1901 instead of 1907. This is on page 74. Then on page 95, Lectures given at London University are referred to as having been given at Oxford. The whole section of 28 pages, devoted to Bergson, tends to be somewhat misleading.

WEBB, C.C.J. God and Personality. Gifford Lectures, 1918-19. Geo. Allen and Unwin.

WOODBRIDGE, F.J.E. The Purpose of History. Reflections on Bergson, Dewey and Santayana. 1916. Columbia University Press.

Section III. English and American Articles

(a) Signed Articles

ABBOTT. "Philosophy of Progress." Outlook, Feb, 1913.

AKELY. "Bergson and Science." Philosophical Review, May, 1915.

ALEXANDER, H.B. "Socratic Bergson." Mid-West Quarterly, Oct., 1913.

ALEXANDER, S. "Matire et Mmoire." Mind, Oct, 1897.

ARMSTRONG. "Bergson, Berkeley and Intuition." Philosophical Review, 1914.

BABBITT. "Bergson and Rousseau." Nation, Nov., 1912.

BALDWIN. "Intuition." American Year Book, 1911.

BALFOUR. "Creative Evolution and Philosophic Doubt." Hibbert Journal, Oct, 1911; and Living Age, Dec. 2, 1911.

BALSILLIE. "Bergson on Time and Free Will." Mind, 1911.

BARR. "The Dualism of Bergson." Philosophical Review, 1914.

BEYER. "Creative Evolution and the Woman's Question." Educational Review, Jan, 1914.

BJORKMAN. "The Philosopher of Actuality." Forum, Sept, 1911. "Is there Anything New?" Forum. "Bergson: Philosopher or Prophet?" Review of Reviews, Aug, 1911.

BLACKLOCK. "Bergson's Creative Evolution." Westminster Review, Mar., 1912.

BODE "L'Evolution creatrice." Philosophical Review, 1908. "Creative Evolution." American Journal of Psychology, April, 1912.

BOSANQUET. Prediction of Human Conduct." International Journal of Ethics, Oct, 1910.

BOYD. "L'Evolution cratrice." Review of Theology and Philosophy, Oct, 1907.

BROWN. "Philosophy of Bergson." Church Quarterly Revtew, April, 1912.

BURNS. "Criticism of Bergson's Philosophy." North American Review, March, 1913.

BURROUGHS. "The Prophet of the Soul." Atlantic Monthly, Jan., 1914.

BUSH. "Bergson's Lectures." Columbia University Quarterly, 1913.

CALKINS. "Bergson: Personalist." Philosophieal Review, 1912-13. No. (6).

CARR "Philosophy of Bergson" Hibbert Journal, July, 1910. "Creative Evolution" Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol. 9 and 10. "Bergson's Theory of Instinct" Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol 10. "Bergson's Theory of Knowledge." Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol 9 "Psycho-physical Parallelism as a working hypothesis in Psychology." Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol. 1910-11. "The Philosophy of Bergson." Mind, Oct, 1911. "Science and Bergson" Mind, Oct, 1912. "On Mr Russell's Reasons for supposing that Bergson's Philosophy is not true" Cambridge Magazine, April, 1913. "The Concept of Mind-Energy." Mind, Jan., 1920.

CARUS. "The Anti-intellectual movement of to-day." Monist, July, 1912.

COCKERELL. "The New Voice in Philosophy." Dial, Oct., 1911.

COOKE. "Ethics and New Intuitionists." Mind, 1913.

CORRANCE. "Bergson and the Idea of God." Hibbert Journal, Feb, 1914.

CORY. "Bergson's Intellect and Matter." Philosophical Review, May, 1914. "Answer to Mr. Bertrand Russell's Philosophy of Bergson." Monist, Jan, 1914.

COSTELLOE (Mrs. ADRIAN STEPHEN). "What Bergson means by Inter-penetration" Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol. 1913-14. "Complexity and Synthesis: Data and Methods of Russell and Bergson. Proc. Aristotelian Soc., 1914-15.

COX. "Bergson's Message to Feminism." Forum, May, 1913.

CUNNINGHAM. "Bergson's Conception of Duration." Philosophical Review, 1914-15. "Bergson's Conception of Finality." Philosophical Review, 1914-15.

DIMNET. "Meaning of Bergson's Success." Saturday Review, 1914.

DOLSON. "Philosophy of Bergson." I. Philosophical Review, Nov., 1910. "Philosophy of Bergson." II. Philosophical Review, Jan., 1911.

DOUGLAS. "Christ and Bergson." North American Review, April, 1913.

DUBRAY. "Philosophy of Bergson." Bulletin of Catholic University of Washington, April, 1914.

DURBAN. "Philosophy of Bergson. Homiletic Review, Jan., 1912.

EWALD. "Philosophy in Germany in 1911." Trans. from German by Hammond. Philosophieal Review, Sept., 1912.

FAWCETT. "Matter and Memory." Mind, April, 1912.

FERRAR. "L'Evolution cratrice." Commonwealth, Dec., 1909.

FOSTER. "Henri Bergson." Overland, April, 1918.

GARDINER. "Memoire et Reconnaissance." Psychological Review, 1896.

GERRARD. "Bergson's Philosophy of Change." Catholic World, Jan, 1913. "Bergson, Newman and Aquinas." Catholic World, Mar., 1913. "Bergson and Freedom." Catholic World, May, 1913. "Bergson and Finahsm." Catholic World, June, 1913. "Bergson and Divine Fecundity." Catholic World, Aug., 1913.

GIBSON. "The Intuitiomsm of Bergson." The Quest, Jan., 1911,

GOETZ. "Bergson," A poem. Open Court, Sept., 1912.

GOULD. "Balfour and Bergson." Literary Guide and Rationalist Review, Nov., 1911.

GUNTHER. "Bergson, Pragmatism and Schopenhauer." Monist, Vol. 22.

HICKS. "Recent Bergson Literature." Hibbert Journal, Jan., 1911. " " " " " " 1912.

HOCKING. "Significance of Bergson" Yale Review, 1914.

HOOKHAM. "Bergson as Critic of Darwin." National Review, Mar, 1912. "Further Notes on Bergson." National Review, April, 1912.

HULME. "The New Philosophy." New Age, July, 1909.

HUNEKER. "The Playboy of Western Philosophy." Forum, March,

HUSBAND. "L'Evolution creatrice." International Journal of Ethics, July, 1912.

JAMES. "Philosophy of Bergson." Hibbert Journal, April, 1909. "Bradley or Bergson?" Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods, Jan, 1910. "A Great French Philosopher at Harvard." Nation (U. S), March, 1910.

JOHNSTON. "Where Bergson Stands." Harper's Weekly, March, 1913.

JOHNSTONE. "Bergson's Philosophy of the Organism." Proc. of Liverpool Biological Society, 1913.

JORDAN. "Kant and Bergson." Monist, 1913.

JOURDAIN. "Logic, Bergson and H. G. Wells." Hibbert Journal, Vol. 10.

KALLEN. "James, Bergson and Mr Pitkin." Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, June, 1910. "James, Bergson and Traditional Metaphysics" Mind, 1914. "Laughter" Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, May, 1912.

KEEFFE. "Bergson's Critical Philosophy." Irish Theological Studies, April, 1913.

KHOROSHKO. "Bergson's Philosophy from a Physician's Point of View." Russkaya Misl., Feb, 1915.

LALANDE. "Philosophy in France in 1905." Philosophieal Rev., May, 1906. "Philosophy in France in 1907." Philosophieal Rev., May, 1908. "Philosophy in France in 1912." Philosophieal Rev., April, 1914.

LEIGHTON "On Continuity and Discreteness." Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, April, 1910.

LEWIS. "Bergson and Contemporary Thought." University of California Chronicle, 1914.

LICORISH "Bergson's Creative Evolution and the Nervous System in Organic Evolution" Lancet, Vol. 182.

LIPPMANN "The most Dangerous Man in the World." Everybody's Magazine, July, 1912. "Bergson's Philosophy" New York Times Book Review, Nov, 1912.

LODGE "Bergson's Intuitional Philosophy Justified." Current Literature, April, 1912. "Balfour and Bergson" Hibbert Journal, Jan., 1912.

LOVEDAY. "L'Evolution creatrice" Mind, 1908.

LOVEJOY. "The Metaphysician of the Life Force" Nation, Sept, 1909 "The Problem of Time in Recent French Philosophy, (III). Bergson s Temporalism and Anti-intellectualism" Philosophical Review, May, 1912 "Practical Tendencies of Bergsonism" International Journal of Ethics, 1913 "Some Antecedents of Bergson's Philosophy" Mind, 1913. "Bergson and Romantic Evolutionism." University of California Chronicle, 1914.

LOW. "Mr Balfour in the Study." Edinburgh Review, Oct, 1912.

MARTIN. "Bergson's Creative Evolution" Pnnceton Theological Review, Jan., 1912.

MASON. "Bergson's Principle" Nation, July, 1911. "Bergson's Method Confirmed" North American Review, Jan, 1913.

McCABE. "The Anti rationalism of Bergson." Literary Guide and Rationalist Review, Oct 4-1911.

MACASKILL. "Intellect and Intuition" Footnote to "Bergson and Bradley." Contemporary Review, July, 1915.

MACDONALD "L'Effort itellectuel" Philosophical Review, July, 1902.

McGILVARY. "Philosophy of Bergson" Philosophical Review, Sept, 1912.

MACKINTOSH. "Bergson and Religion" Biblical World, Jan, 1913

MEREDITH. "Critical Side of Bergson's Philosophy." Westminster Review, Feb, 1912.

MILLER. "Bergson and Religion." Biblical World, Nov., 1915.

MITCHELL. "L'Evolution creatrice" Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, Oct, 1908. "Studies on Bergson." Bulletin of University of Kansas, 1915.

MOORE. A. W. "Bergson and Pragmatism." Philosophical Review, 1912.

MOORE, C. L "Return of the Gods." The Dial, Nov, 1912.

MORIES. "Bergson and Mysticism" Westminster Review, June, 1912.

MORRISON. "The Treatment of History by Philosophers." Proc Aristotelian Soc, Vol. 1913-14.

MUIRHEAD. "Creative Evolution" Hibbert Journal, 1911. "Matter and Memory" Hibbert Journal, 1911. "Time and Free Will." Hibbert Journal, 1911.

MULFORD. "What is Intuition ?" Monist, Vol. 26, 1916.

OVERSTREET. "Mind and Body." Psychological Bulletin, Jan., 1912.

PALMER. "Thought and Instinct" Nation, June, 1909 "Life and the Brain" Contemporary Review, Oct, 1909. "Presence and Omni-presence." Contemporary Review, June, 1908

PAULHAN. "Contemporary Philosophy in France." Philosophical Review, Jan, 1900.

PERRY. "Philosophy of Bergson." Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1911.

PITKIN "James and Bergson, or, Who is against Intellect ?" Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, April, 1910

POULTON. "Darwin and Bergson on Evolution." Bedrock, April, 1912.

QUICK "Creative Evolution and the Individual." Mind, 1913.

RADHAKRISHNAN. "Bergson's Idea of God" Quest, Oct, 1916. "Bergson and Absolute Idealism 1." Mind, Jan, 1919. "Bergson and Absolute Idealism 2." Mind, July, 1919.

ROBINSON "The Philosophy of Bergson." Churchman, March, 1912.

ROSS "A New Theory of Laughter" Nation, Nov, 1908. "The Philosophy of Vitalism" Nation, March, 1909.

ROOSEVELT. "The Search for Truth in a Reverent Spirit." Outlook, Dec, 1911.

ROYCE. "The Reality of the Temporal" International Journal of Ethics, April, 1910.

RUSSELL, B. "Philosophy of Bergson." Monist, July, 1912. "Mr Carr's Defence of Bergson." Cambridge Magazine, April, 1913.

RUSSELL, J. E. "Bergson's Anti-Intellectualism." Journal of Philosophy, Psychology and Scientific Methods, 1912.

SANBORN. "Bergson: His Personality, Philosophy and Influence." Century Review, Dec, 1912. "Bergson; Creator of a New Philosophy." Outlook, Feb, 1913.

SAUVAGE. "The New Philosophy in France" Catholic University Bulletin, Washington, April, 1906, and March, 1908.

SCOTT "Pessimism of Bergson" Hibbert Journal, Oct, 1912; International Journal of Ethics, Jan, 1914; Mind, July, 1913.

SHEPHERD. "Le Souvenir du present et la fausse reconnaissance." Psychological Bulletin, Sept., 1910.

SHIMER. "Bergson's View of Organic Evolution." Popular Science Monthly Feb., 1913.

SHOTWELL "Bergson's Philosophy." Political Science Quarterly, March, 1913.

SLATER. "Vision of Bergson." Forum, Dec., 1914.

SLOSSON. "Major Prophets of To-day" Independent, June, 1911. "Recent Developments of Bergson's Philosophy." Independent, June, 1913.

SMITH "Subjectivism and Realism in Modern Philosophy." Philosophical Review, April, 1908.

SOLOMON. "Bergson's Philosophy." Mind, Jan, 1911, also Fortnightly Review, Dec, 1911 "Creative Evolution." Mind, July, 1911.

STEBBING. "Notion of Truth in Bergson's Theory of Knowledge." Proc. Aristotelian Soc, Vol 1912-13.

STORK. "Bergson and his Philosophy." Lutheran Quarterly, 1913.

STOUT. "Free Will and Determinism." Speaker, May, 1890.

STRANGE. "Bergson's Theory of Intuition." Monist, 1915.

SYMONS "Bergson's Theory of Intellect and Reality." Scientific American Supplement, Dec, 1916.

TAYLOR. "Henri Bergson." Quest, 1912.

TAYLOR, A.E. "Matter and Memory." International Journal of Ethics, Oct., 1911. "Creative Evolution." International Journal of Ethics, July, 1912.

THOMSON "Biological Philosophy of Bergson." Nature, Oct., 1911.

TITCHENER. "Laughter." American Journal of Psychology, Jan., 1912.

TOWNSEND. "Bergson and Religion." Monist, July, 1912.

TUFTS. "Humor." Psychological Review, 1901.

TUTTLE "Bergson on Life and Consciousness." Philosophical Review, Jan., 1912.

TYRRELL, G. "Creative Evolution." Hibbert Journal, Jan., 1908.

TYRRELL, H. "Bergson." A Poem. Art World, Sept., 1917.

UNDERHILL "Bergson and the Mystics." Living Age, March, 1912, and English Review, Feb., 1912.

WATERLOW. "Philosophy of Bergson." Quarterly Review, Jan., 1912.

WHITE. "Bergson and Education." Educational Review, May, 1914.

WHITTAKER, A.L. "Bergson: First Aid to Common-sense." Forum, March, 1914.

WHITTAKER, T. "Les donnees immediates de la conscience." Mind, April, 1890.

WILLCOX. "Impressions of M. Bergson." Harper's Weekly, March, 1913. "Implications of Bergson's Philosophy." North American Review, March, 1914.

WILLIAMS. "Syndicalism in France and Its Relation to the Philosophy of Bergson." Hibbert Journal, Feb., 1914.

WILM "Bergson and Philosophy of Religion" Biblical World, Nov., 1913.

WOLF. "Natural Realism and Present Tendencies in Philosophy" Proc Aristotelian Soc, Vol, 1908-9. "Philosophy of Bergson." Jewish Review, Sept, 1911.

WOLFF. "Balfour on Teleology and Bergson's Creative Evolution." Hibbert Journal, Jan, 1912.

WYANT "Bergson and His Philosophy." Bookman, March, 1915.

(b) Unsigned Articles

1909 Sept. "Creative Evolution." Nation. 1909 Dec. "Creative Evolution." Current Literature. 1909 Dec. "Bergson's New Idea" Current Literature.

1910 Sept. "Bergson on Free Will" Spectator. 1910 Oct. "Time and Free Will." Athenaeum. 1910 Oct. "Time and Free Will." Saturday Review. 1910 Nov. "Time and Free Will." Nation (USA)

1911 April "Creative Evolution" Athenaeum 1911 May "Bergson's Wonder-working Philosophy." Current Literature. "Bergson and Others" Spectator. 1911 June "Creative Evolution" Saturday Review. 1911 June "Bergson in English" Nation. 1911 Aug. "Latest of Philosophers" New York Times. 1911 Aug. "New Conception of God as Creative Evolution." Current Literature 1911 Oct. "Creative Evolution" Bookman. 1911 Oct. "Creative Evolution" Dial. 1911 Oct. "Creative Evolution" Nature. 1911 Oct. "Matter and Memory." International Journal of Ethics. 1911 Dec. "Balfour's Objections to Bergson's Philosophy." Current Literature.

1912 Jan. "Bergson and Balfour discuss Philosophy." Review of Reviews. 1912 Jan. "The Soul" Educational Review 1912 Feb. "Is the Philosophy of Bergson that of a Charlatan?" Current Literature 1912 Feb. "Bergson on Comedy" Living Age 1912 Aprl "Bergson's Intuitional Philosophy justified by Sir Oliver Lodge." Current Literature. 1912 Aprl "Laughter" Edinburgh Review 1912 Aprl "Bergson Criticized." London Quarterly Review 1912 June "Laughter." North American Review. "Modern Science and Bergson." Contemporary Review. July "Creative Evolution." International Journal of Ethics. "Pressing Forward into Space." Nation. "Balfour and Bergson." Westminster Review. Sept. "Prof. Henri Bergson." Open Court. "Laughter." Dublin Review.

1913 Feb. "Eucken and Bergson." Independent. "Bergson's Lectures." Outlook. March "Bergson's New Idea of Evolution." Literary Digest. "Bergson's Reception in America." Current Opinion. "Visiting the French Philosopher." Literary Digest. "The Jewishness of Bergson." Literary Digest. "Bergson at the City College." Outlook. 1913 March "The Spiritual Philosopher." Review of Reviews. April "Introduction to Metaphysics." Contemporary Review. "Bergson and Eucken under Fire." Current Opinion. Oct. "Such Stuff as Dreams are Made On." Independent. "The Birth of a Dream." Independent. "Bergson on Psychical Research." Educational Review.

1914 March "Portrait of Bergson." American Magazine. May "Threatened Collapse of Bergson boom in France." Current Opinion. July "The Banning of Bergson." Independent. Dec. "Bergson Looking Backward." Literary Digest. "Bergson on Germany's Moral Force." Literary Digest.

1915 Jan. "Mr. Kallen on Bergson." North American Review. April " " " Nation. "Mr. Wildon Carr and Philosophy of Change." Quest. 1917 May "Bergson and the Art World." Art World. Sept. "Are Americans Money Worshippers? Bergson's Opinion." Outlook. Dec. "Bergson thanks America." New Republic.

1919 Dec. "French Ideals in Education and the American Student." Living Age.



Section IV. The English Translations of Bergson's Works

As, in the foregoing lists, the English Translations of Bergson's Works are given separately under the heading of the date and title of the original work, they are here set forth together under the title of the publishers with translators' names and the published prices for convenience of reference for English readers or students.

GEORGE ALLEN AND UNWIN, LTD. Time and Free Will. Translator—F. L. Pogson, M.A. Pp. xxiii+252 (12/6).

Matter and Memory. Translators—Nancy Margaret Paul and W. Scott Palmer. Pp. xx+339 (12/6).

Both of these are in "The Library of Philosophy."

MACMILLAN AND CO., LTD. Creative Evolution. Translator—Arthur Mitchell, Ph.D. Pp. xv+407 (12/6).

Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, Translators— Cloudesley Brereton L.-es-L., M.A., and Fred Rothwell, B.A. Pp. vi+200 (4/6).

An Introduction to Metaphysics. Translator—T. E. Hulme. Pp. vi+79 (3/e).

Mind-Energy. Translator. Dr. Wildon Carr. (Announced.)

T. FISHER UNWIN, LTD. Dreams. Translator—Dr. Slosson. Pp. 62 (2/6).

The Meaning of the War. Editor, Dr. Carr. Pp. 47 (1/6).

The above are all the English Translations which have appeared up to now. The Oxford University Press published in the original French the lectures given at Oxford, La Perception du Changement. These are now out of print, but will be included in the forthcoming volume of Essays.

THE END