rd-bora, w. m. counsellor, adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

rden, st. f., order, arrangement, law: see Note on 1143; comp. worold-rden(?).

-rran, w. v.: 1) to raise, lift up: pret. pl. þ wron monige þ his mg ... ricone -rrdon (there were many that lifted up his brother quickly), 2984.—2) figuratively, to spread, disseminate: pret. part. bld is -rred (thy renown is far-spread), 1704.

rs, st. m., on-rush, attack, storm: acc. sg. gðe rs (the storm of battle, attack), 2627; instr. pl. gðe rsum, 2357.—Comp.: gð-, hand-, heaðo-, mægen-, wæl-rs.

(ge-)rsan, w. v., to rush (upon): pret. sg. rsde on þone rfan, 2691, 2840.

rswa, w. m., prince, ruler: dat. sg. weoroda rswan, 60.

reccan, w. v., to explicate, recount, narrate: inf. frum-sceaft fra feorran reccan (recount the origin of man from ancient times), 91; gerund, t lang is t reccenne, h ic ... (too long to tell how I...), 2094; pret. sg. syllc spell rehte (told a wondrous tale), 2111; so intrans. feorran rehte (told of olden times), 2107.

reced, st. n., building, house; hall (complete in itself): nom. sg., 412, 771, 1800; acc. sg., 1238; dat. sg. recede, 721, 729, 1573; gen. sg. recedes, 326, 725, 3089; gen. pl. receda, 310.—Comp.: eorð-, heal-, horn-, win-reced.

regn-heard, adj., immensely strong, firm: acc. pl. rondas regn-hearde, 326.

regnian, rnian, w. v., to prepare, bring on or about: inf. dað rn[ian] hond-gesteallan (prepare death for his comrade), 2169.

ge-regnian, to prepare, deck out, adorn: pret. part. medu-benc monig ... golde ge-regnad, 778.

regn-, rn-weard, st. m., mighty guardian: nom. pl. rn-weardas (of Bowulf and Grendel contending for the possession of the hall), 771.

rest, ræst, st. f.: 1) bed, resting-place: acc. sg. ræste, 139; dat. sg. on ræste (genam) (from his resting-place), 1299, 1586; t ræste (to bed), 1238. Comp.: flet-ræst, sele-rest, wæl-rest.—2) repose, rest; in comp. fen-ræst.

ge-reste (M.H.G. reste), f., resting-place: in comp. wind-gereste.

restan, w. v.: 1) to rest: inf. restan, 1794; pret. sg. reflex. reste hine þ rm-heort, 1800.—2) to rest, cease: inf., 1858.

rc (O.H.G. rouh), st. m., reek, smoke: instr. sg. rce, 3157.—Comp.: wæl-, wudu-rc.

rcan (O.H.G. ruohjan), w. v. w. gen., to reck, care about something, be anxious: pres. sg. III. wpna ne rceð (recketh not for weapons, weapons cannot hurt him), 434.

rðe, adj., wroth, furious: nom. sg., 122, 1586; nom. pl. rðe, 771. Also, of things, wild, rough, fierce: gen. sg. rðes and-httres (fierce, penetrating heat), 2524.

raf, st. n., booty, plunder in war; clothing, garments (as taken by the victor from the vanquished): in comp. heaðo-, wæl-raf.

rafian, w. v., to plunder, rob, w. acc.: inf. hord rafian, 2774; pret. sg. þenden rafode rinc ðerne, 2986; wæl rafode, 3028; pret. pl. wæl rafedon, 1213.

be-rafian, w. instr., to bereave, rob of: pret. part. since be-rafod, 2747; golde be-rafod, 3019.

reord, st. f., speech, language; tone of voice: acc. sg. on-cnow mannes reorde (knew, heard, a human voice), 2556.

reordian, w. v., to speak, talk: inf. fela reordian (speak much), 3026.

ge-reordian, to entertain, to prepare for: pret. part. þ wæs eft sw r ... flet-sittendum fægere ge-reorded (again, as before, the guests were hospitably entertained), 1789

rot, st. m.?, f.?, noise, tumult? (grave?): instr. sg. rote, 2458. Bugge, in Zachers Zeits. 4, 215, takes rote as dat. from rot (rest, repose).

roc, adj., savage, furious: nom. sg., 122.

be-rofan, st. v., to rob of, bereave: pret. part. w. instr. acc. sg. fem. golde berofene, 2932; instr. sg. rote berofene, 2458.

ron. See rwan.

rotan, st. v., to weep: pres. pl. oð þæt ... roderas rotað, 1377.

row, adj., excited, fierce, wild: in comp. bld-, gð-, wæl-row. See hrow.

ricone, hastily, quickly, immediately, 2984.

riht, st. n., right or privilege; the (abstract) right: acc. sg. on ryht (according to right), 1556; sð and riht (truth and right), 1701; dat. sg. wið rihte, 144; æfter rihte (in accordance with right), 1050; syllc spell rehte æfter rihte (told a wondrous tale truthfully), 2111; mid rihte, 2057; acc. pl. ealde riht (the ten commandments), 2331; —Comp. in ðel-, folc-, land-, un-, word-riht.

riht, adj., straight, right: in comp. up-riht.

rihte, adv., rightly, correctly, 1696. See æt-rihte.

rinc, st. m., man, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 399, 2986; also of Grendel, 721; acc. sg. rinc, 742, 748; dat. sg. rince, 953; of Hrðgr, 1678; gen. pl. rinca, 412, 729.—Comp. in beado-, gð-, here-, heaðo-, hilde-, mago-, s-rinc.

ge-risne, ge-rysne, adj., appropriate, proper: nom. sg. n. ge-rysne, 2654.

rce, st. n.: 1) realm, land ruled over: nom. sg., 2200, 2208; acc. sg. rce, 913, 1734, 1854, 3005; gen. sg. rces, 862, 1391, 1860, 2028, 3081. Comp. Swo-rce.—2) council of chiefs, the king with his chosen advisers(?): nom. sg. oft gesæt rce t rne, 172.

rce, adj., mighty, powerful: nom. sg. (of Hrðgr), 1238; (of Hygelc), 1210; (of Æsc-here), 1299; weak form, se rca (Hrðgr), 310; (Bowulf), 399; (Hygelc), 1976.—Comp. gimme-rce.

rcsian, rxian, w. v. intrans., to rule, reign: inf. rcsian, 2212; pret. sg. rxode, 144.

rdan, st. v., to ride: subj. pres. þæt his byre rde giong on galgan, 2446; pres. part. nom. pl. rdend, 2458; inf. wicge rdan, 234; marum rdan, 856; pret. sg. s-genga ... s þe on ancre rd, 1884; him t-ganes rd (rode to meet them), 1894; pret. pl. ymbe hlw riodan (rode round the grave-mound), 3171.

ge-rdan, w. acc., to ride over: pret. sg. s þe næs ge-rd (who rode over the promontory), 2899.

rm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dæg-, un-rm.

ge-rm, st. n., series, number: in comp. dgor-ge-rim.

ge-rman, w. v., to count together, enumerate in all: pret. part. in comp. forð-germed.

-rsan, st. v., to arise, rise: imper. sg. -rs, 1391; pret. sg. -rs þ se rca, 399; so, 652, 1791, 3031; -rs þ b ronde (arose by his shield), 2539; hwanan so fhð -rs (whence the feud arose), 2404.

rodor, st. m., ether, firmament, sky (from radius?, Bugge): gen. sg. rodores candel, 1573; nom. pl. roderas, 1377; dat. pl. under roderum, 310; gen. pl. rodera, 1556.

rf, adj., fierce, of fierce, heroic, strength, strong: nom. sg., 2539; also with gen. mægenes rf (strong in might), 2085; so, þah þe h rf se nð-geweorca, 683; acc. sg. rfne, 1794; on þone rfan, 2691.—Comp.: beadu-, brego-, ellen-, heaðo-, hyge-, sige-rf.

rt, adj., glad, joyous: in comp. un-rt.

rwan, st. v., to row (with the arms), swim: pret. pl. ron (for rowon), 512, 539.

rm, st. m., space, room: nom. sg., 2691.

rm, adj.: 1) roomy, spacious: nom. sg. þhte him eall t rm, wongas and wc-stede (fields and dwelling seemed to him all too broad, i.e. could not hide his shame at the unavenged death of his murdered son), 2462.—2) in moral sense, great, magnanimous, noble-hearted: acc. sg. þurh rmne sefan, 278.

rm-heort, adj., big-hearted, noble-spirited: nom. sg., 1800, 2111.

ge-rm-lc, adj., commodious, comfortable: compar. ge-rm-lcor, 139.

rn, st. f., secrecy, secret discussion, deliberation or council: dat. sg. ge-sæt rce t rne, 172.—Comp. beado-rn.

rn-stæf, st. m., rune-stave, runic letter: acc. pl. þurh rn-stafas, 1696.

rn-wita, w. m., rune-wit, privy councillor, trusted adviser: nom. sg., 1326.

ge-rysne. See ge-risne.

ge-ryman, w. v.: 1) to make room for, prepare, provide room: pret. pl. þæt he him ðer flet eal ge-rymdon, 1087; pret. part. þ wæs Gat-mæcgum ... benc gerymed, 492; so, 1976.—2) to allow, grant, admit: pret. part. þ m ge-rymed wæs (sð) (as access was permitted me), 3089; þ him gerymed wearð, þæt he wæl-stwe wealdan mston, 2984.

S

ge-saca, w. m., opponent, antagonist, foe: acc. sg. ge-sacan, 1774.

sacan, st. v., to strive, contend: inf. ymb feorh sacan, 439.

ge-sacan, to attain, gain by contending (Grein): inf. gesacan sceal swl-berendra ... gearwe stwe (gain the place prepared, i.e. the death-bed), 1005.

on-sacan: 1) (originally in a lawsuit), to withdraw, take away, deprive of: pres. subj. þætte freoðuwebbe fores on-sæce ... lofne mannan, 1943.—2) to contest, dispute, withstand: inf. þæt h smannum on-sacan mihte (i.e. hord, bearn, and bryde), 2955.

sacu, st. f., strife, hostility, feud: nom. sg., 1858, 2473; acc. sg. sæce, 154; sæcce, 1978, 1990, 2348, 2500, 2563; dat. sg. æt (t) sæcce, 954, 1619, 1666, 2613, 2660, 2682, 2687; gen. sg. secce, 601; gen. pl. sæcca, 2030.

ge-sacu, st. f., strife, enmity: nom. sg., 1738.

sadol, st. m., saddle: nom. sg., 1039.

sadol-beorht, adj., with bright saddles (?): acc. pl. sadol-beorht, 2176.

ge-saga. See secgan.

samne, somne, adv., together, united; in æt-somne, together, united, 307, 402, 491, 544, 2848.

t-somne (together), 3123; þ se wyrm ge-bah snde t-somne (when the dragon quickly coiled together), 2569.

samod, somod: I. adv., simultaneously, at the same time: somod, 1212, 1615, 2175, 2988; samod, 2197; samod æt-gædere, 387, 730, 1064.—II. prep. w. dat., with, at the same time with: samod r-dæge (with the break of day), 1312; somod r-dæge, 2943.

sand, st. n., sand, sandy shore: dat. sg. on sande, 295, 1897, 3043(?); æfter sande (along the shore), 1965; wið sande, 213.

sang, st. m., song, cry, noise: nom. sg. sang, 1064; swutol sang scopes, 90; acc. sg. sige-lasne sang (Grendel's cry of woe), 788; srigne sang (Hrðel's dirge for Herebeald), 2448.

sl, st. m., rope: dat. sg. sle, 1907; on sle (sole, MS.), 302.

sl. See sl.

sr, st. n., wound, pain (physical or spiritual): nom. sg. sr, 976; so sr, 2469; acc. sg. sr, 788; sre, 2296; dat. (instr.) sg. sre, 1252, 2312, 2747.—Comp. lc-sr.

sr, adj., sore, painful: instr. pl. srum wordum, 2059.

sre, adv., sorely, heavily, ill, graviter: s þe him [s]re gesced (who injured him sorely), 2224.

srig, adj., painful, woeful: acc. sg. srigne sang, 2448.

srig-ferð, adj., sore-hearted, grieved: nom. sg. srig-ferð (Wglf), 2864.

srig-md, adj., sorrowful-minded, saddened: dat. pl. srig-mdum, 2943.

sr-lc, adj., painful: nom. sg., 843; acc. sg. neut., 2110.

swol, swl, st. f., soul (the immortal principle as contrasted with lf, the physical life): nom. sg. swol, 2821; acc. sg. swle, 184, 802; hðene swle, 853; gen. sg. swele, 1743; swle, 2423.

swl-berend, pres. part., endowed with a soul, human being: gen. pl. swl-berendra, 1005.

swul-dror, st. n., (blood gushing from the seat of the soul), soul-gore, heart's blood, life's blood: instr. sg. swul-drore, 2694.

swul-las, adj., soulless, lifeless: acc. sg. swol-lasne, 1407; swul-lasne, 3034.

sæce, sæcce. See sacu.

sæd, adj., satiated, wearied: in comp. hilde-sæd.

sæl, st. n., habitable space, house, hall: dat. sg. sel, 167; sæl, 307, 2076, 2265.

sæld, st. n., hall, king's hall or palace: acc. sg. geond þæt sæld (Heorot), 1281.

s, st. m. and f., sea, ocean: nom. sg., 579, 1224; acc. sg. on sdne s, 507; ofer s, 2381; ofer s sde, 2395; dat. sg. t s, 318; on s, 544; dat. pl. be sm tweonum, 859, 1298, 1686, 1957.

s-bt, st. m., sea-boat: acc. sg., 634, 896.

s-cyning, st. m., sea-king, king ruling the sea: gen. pl. s-cyninga, 2383.

s-dor, st. n., sea-beast, sea-monster: nom. sg., 1511.

s-draca, w. m., sea-dragon: acc. pl. s-dracan, 1427.

ge-sgan, w. v., to fell, slay: pret. part. hæfdon eal-fela eotena cynnes sweordum ge-sged (felled with the sword), 885.

sge. See on-sge.

s-genga, w. m., sea-goer, i.e. sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1883, 1909.

s-gap, adj., spacious (broad enough for the sea): nom. sg. s-gap naca, 1897.

s-grund, st. m., sea-bottom, ocean-bottom: dat. sg. s-grunde, 564.

sl, sl, sl, st. f.: 1) favorable opportunity, good or fit time: nom. sg. sl, 623, 1666, 2059; sl and ml, 1009; acc. sg. sle, 1136; gen. pl. sla and mla, 1612.—2) Fate(?): see Note on l. 51.—3) happiness, joy: dat. pl. on slum, 608; slum, 644, 1171, 1323. See sl, adj.

ge-slan, w. v., to turn out favorably, succeed: pret. sg. him ge-slde þæt ...(he was fortunate enough to, etc.), 891; so, 574; efne swylce mla, swylce hira man-dryhtne þearf ge-slde (at such times as need disposed it for their lord), 1251.

slan (see sl), w. v., to tie, bind: pret. sg. slde ... sð-fæðme scip, 1918; pl. s-wudu sldon, 226.

ge-slan, to bind together, weave, interweave: pret. part. earm-baga fela searwum ge-sled (many curiously interwoven armlets, i.e. made of metal wire: see Guide to Scandinavian Antiquities, p. 48), 2765.

on-slan, with acc., to unbind, unloose, open: on-sl meoto, sige-hrð secgum (disclose thy views to the men, thy victor's courage; or, thy presage of victory?), 489.

s-lc, st. n., sea-gift, sea-booty: instr. sg. s-lce, 1625; acc. pl. þs s-lc, 1653.

s-ld, st. f., sea-way, sea-journey: dat. sg. s-lde, 1140, 1158.

s-lðend, pres. part., seafarer: nom. pl. s-lðend, 411, 1819, 2807; s-lðende, 377.

s-man, m., sea-man, sea-warrior: dat. pl. s-mannum, 2955; gen. pl. s-manna, 329 (both times said of the Gatas).

smra, weak adj. compar., the worse, the weaker: nom. sg. smra, 2881; dat. sg. smran, 954.

s-mðe, adj., sea-weary, exhausted by sea-travel: nom. pl. s-mðe, 325.

s-næs, st. m., sea-promontory, cape, naze: acc. pl. s-næssas, 223, 571.

sne, adj., careless, slow: compar. sg. nom. h on holme wæs sundes þ snra, þ hyne swylt fornam (was the slower in swimming in the sea, whom death took away), 1437.

s-rinc, st. m., sea-warrior or hero: nom. sg., 691.

s-sð, st. m., sea-way, path, journey: dat. sg. æfter s-sðe, 1150.

s-wang, st. m., sea-shore or beach: acc. sg. s-wong, 1965.

s-weal, st. m., (sea-wall), seashore: dat. sg. s-wealle, 1925.

s-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), vessel, ship: acc. sg. s-wudu, 226.

s-wylm, st. m., sea-surf, billow: acc. pl. ofer s-wylmas, 393.

scacan, sceacan, st. v., properly, to shake one's self; hence, to go, glide, pass along or away: pres. sg. þonne mn sceaceð lf of lce, 2743; inf. þ cm beorht [sunne] scacan [ofer grundas], (the bright sun came gliding over the fields), 1804; pret. sg. duguð ellor scc (the chiefs are gone elsewhither, i.e. have died), 2255; þonne strla storm ... scc ofer scild-weall (when the storm of arrows leapt over the wall of shields), 3119; pret. part. wæs hira bld scacen (their bravest men had passed away), 1125; þ wæs winter scacen (the winter was past), 1137; so, sceacen, 2307, 2728.

scadu, sceadu, st. f., shadow, concealing veil of night: acc. sg. under sceadu bregdan (i.e. kill), 708.

scadu-genga, w. m., shadow-goer, twilight-stalker (of Grendel): nom. sg. sceadu-genga, 704.

scadu-helm, st. m., shadow-helm, veil of darkness: gen. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu (shapes of the shadow, evil spirits wandering by night), 651.

scalu, st. f., retinue, band (part of an armed force); in comp. hand-scalu: mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

scamian, w. v., to be ashamed: pres. part. nom. pl. scamiende, 2851; n h þre feoh-gyfte ... scamigan þorfte (needed not be ashamed of his treasure-giving), 1027.

scawa (see scawlan), w. m., observer, visitor: nom. pl. scawan, 1896.

ge-scd, st. n., difference, distinction: acc. sg. g-hwæðres gescd, worda and worca (difference between, of, both words and deeds), 288.

ge-scdan, st. v., to decide, adjudge: pret. sg. rodera rdend hit on ryht gescd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556.

scnan? See scnan, pret. pl. scionon, 303; the imaginary scnan having been abandoned.

ge-scæp-hwle, st. f., fated hour, hour of death (appointed rest?): dat. sg. t gescæp-hwle (at the fated hour), 26.

sceððan, w. v., to scathe, injure: inf. w. dat. pers., 1034; aldre sceððan (hurt her life), 1525; þæt on land Dena lðra nnig mid scipherge sceððan ne meahte (injure through robber incursions), 243; pret. sg. þr him nnig wæter wihte ne sceðede, 1515.

ge-sceððan, the same: inf. þæt him ... ne mihte eorres inwit-feng aldre gesceððan, 1448.

scenc, st. m., vessel, can: in comp. medu-scenc.

scencan, w. v., to hand drink, pour out: pret. sg. scencte scr wered, 496 (cf. skinker = cup-bearer).

scenne, w. f.?, sword-guard?: dat. pl. on þm scennum scran goldes, 1695.

sceran, st. v., to shear off, cleave, hew to pieces: pres. sg. þonne heoru bunden ... swn ofer helme andweard scireð (hews off the boar-head on the helm), 1288.

ge-sceran, to divide, hew in two: pret. sg. helm oft ge-scær (often clove the helm in two), 1527; so, gescer, 2974.

scerwen, st. f.?, in comp. ealu-scerwen (ale-scare or panic?), 770.

sct. See scotan.

sceadu. See scadu.

sceaða, w. m.: 1) scather, foe: gen. pl. sceaðena, 4.—2) fighter, warrior: nom. pl. scaðan, 1804.—Comp.: attor-, dol-, fond-, gð-, hearm-, lod-, mn-, sin-, þod-, ht-sceaða.

sceaðan, st. v. w. dat., to scathe, injure, crush: pret. sg. s þe oft manegum scd (which has oft oppressed many), 1888.

ge-sceaðan, w. dat., the same: pret. sg. sw him r gescd hild æt Heorote, 1588; s þe him sre ge-sced (who injured him sorely), 2224; n þy r in gescd hlan lce, 1503; bill r gescd eald-hlfordes þm þra mðma mund-bora wæs (the weapon of the ancient chieftain had before laid low the dragon, the guardian of the treasure), 2778 (or, sheathed in brass?, if r and gescd form compound).

sceaðen-ml, st. n., deadly weapon, hostile sword: nom. sg., 1940.

sceaft, st. m., shaft, spear, missile: nom. sg. sceft, 3119.—Comp.: here-, wæl-sceaft.

ge-sceaft, st. f.: 1) creation, earth, earthly existence: acc. sg. þs lnan ge-sceaft, 1623.—2) fate, destiny: in comp. forð-, lf-, ml-gesceaft.

scealc, st. m., servant, military retainer: nom. sg., 919; (of Bowulf), 940.—Comp bor-scealc.

ge-sceap, st. n.: 1) shape, creature: nom. pl. scadu-helma ge-sceapu, 651.—2) fate, providence: acc. sg. hah ge-sceap (heavy fate), 3085.

sceapan, sceppan, scyppan, st. v., to shape, create, order, arrange, establish: pres. part. scyppend (the Creator), 106; pret. sg. scp him Heort naman (shaped, gave, it the name Heorot), 78; pres. part. wæs so wrht scepen heard wið Hgas, syððan Hygelc cwm (the contest with the Hgas became sharp after H. had come), 2915.

ge-sceapan, to shape, create: pret. sg. lf ge-scep cynna gehwylcum, 97.

scear, st. m., massacre: in comp. gð-, inwit-scear, 2429, etc.

scearp, adj., sharp, able, brave: nom. sg. scearp scyld-wiga, 288.—Comp.: beadu-, heaðo-scearp.

scearu, st. f., division, body, troop: in comp. folc-scearu; that is decided or determined, in gð-scearu (overthrow?), 1214.

sceat, st. m., money; also unit of value in appraising (cf. Rieger in Zacher's Zeits. 3, 415): acc. pl. sceattas, 1687. When numbers are given, sceat appears to be left out, cf. 2196, 2995 (see þsend).—Comp. gif-sceat.

scat, st. m., region, field: acc. pl. gefrætwade foldan scatas leomum and lafum, 96;—top, surface, part: gen. pl. eorðan scata, 753.

scawere, st. m., observer, spy: nom. pl. scaweras, 253.

scawian, w. v. w. acc., to see, look at, observe: inf. scawian, 841, 1414, 2403, 2745, 3009, 3033; scawigan, 1392; pres. sg. II. þæt g genge nan scawiað bagas and brd gold, 3105; subj. pres. þæt ic ... scawige swegle searo-gimmas, 2749; pret. sg. scawode, 1688, 2286, 2794; sg. for pl., 844; pret. pl. scawedon, 132, 204, 984, 1441.

ge-scawian, to see, behold, observe: pret. part. ge-scawod, 3076, 3085.

sceorp, st. n., garment: in comp. hilde-sceorp.

scotan, st. v., to shoot, hurl missiles: pres. sg. s þe of fln-bogan fyrenum scoteð, 1745; pres. part. nom. pl. scotend (the warriors, bowmen), 704, 1155; dat. pl. for scotendum (MS. scotenum), 1027.

ge-scotan, w. acc., to shoot off, hurry: pret. sg. hord eft gescat (the dragon darted again back to the treasure), 2320.

of-scotan, to kill by shooting: pret. sg. his mg of-sct ... bldigan gre (killed his brother with bloody dart), 2440.

scild, scyld, st. m., shield: nom. sg. scyld, 2571; acc. sg. scyld, 437, 2076; acc. pl. scyldas, 325, 333, 2851.

scildan, scyldan, w. v., to shield, protect: pret. subj. nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

scild-freca, w. m., shield-warrior (warrior armed with a shield): nom. sg. scyld-freca, 1034.

scild-weall, st. m., wall of shields: acc. sg. scild-weall, 3119.

scild-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior: nom. sg. scyld-wiga, 288.

scinna, w. m., apparition, evil spirit: dat. pl. scynnum, 940.

scip, st. n., vessel, ship: nom. sg., 302; acc. sg., 1918; dat. sg. t scipe, 1896; gen. sg. scipes, 35, 897; dat pl. t scypum (scypon, MS.), 1155.

scip-here, st. m., (exercitus navalis) armada, fleet: dat. sg. mid scip-herge, 243.

ge-scfe (for ge-scyfe), adj., advancing (of the dragon's movement), 2571; = G. schief?

scnan, st. v., to shine, flash: pres. sg. sunne ... sðan scneð, 607; so, 1572; inf. geseah blcne loman beorhte scnan, 1518; pret. sg. (gð-byrne, woruld—candel) scn, 321, 1966; on him byrne scn, 405; pret. pl. gold-fg scinon web æfter wgum, 995; scionon, 303.

scr, adj., sheer, pure, shining: nom. sg. hring-ren scr, 322; scr metod, 980; acc. sg. n. scr wered, 496; gen. sg. scran goldes, 1695.

scr-ham, adj., bright-armored, clad in bright mail: nom. pl. scr-hame, 1896.

scoten. See scoten.

ge-scd, pret. part., shod (calceatus), covered: in comp. r-ge-scd(?). See ge-sceaðan, and Note.

scop, st. m., singer, shaper, poet: nom. sg., 496, 1067; gen. sg. scopes, 90.

scræf, st. n., hole in the earth, cavern: in comp. eorð-scræf.

scrðan, st. v., to stride, go: pres. pl. scrðað, 163; inf. scrðan, 651, 704; scrðan t, 2570.

scrfan, st. v., to prescribe, impose (punishment): inf. h him (Grendel) scr metod scrfan wille, 980.

for-scrfan, w. dat. pers., to proscribe, condemn: pret. part. siððan him scyppend for-scrifen hæfde, 106.

ge-scrfan, to permit, prescribe: pret. sg. sw him Wyrd ne ge-scrf (as Weird did not permit him), 2575.

scrd, st. m., clothing, covering; ornament: in comp. beadu-, byrdu-scrd.

scucca, w. m., shadowy sprite, demon: dat. pl. scuccum, 940.

sculan, aux. v. w. inf.: 1) shall, must (obligation): pres. sg. I., III. sceal, 20, 24, 183, 251, 271, 287, 440, 978, 1005, 1173, 1387, 1535, etc.; scel, 455, 2805, 3011; II. scealt, 589, 2667; subj. pres. scyle, 2658; scile, 3178; pret. ind. sg. I., III. scolde, 10, 806, 820, 966, 1071, 1444, 1450, etc.; sceolde, 2342, 2409, 2443, 2590, 2964; II. sceoldest, 2057; pl. scoldon, 41, 833, 1306, 1638; subj. pret. scolde, 1329, 1478; sceolde, 2709.—2) w. inf. following it expresses futurity, = shall, will: pres. sg. I., III. sceal bodan (shall offer), 384; so, 424, 438, 602, 637, 1061, 1707, 1856, 1863, 2070; sceall, 2499, 2509, etc.; II. scealt, 1708; pl. wit sculon, 684; subj. pret. scolde, 280, 692, 911; sceolde, 3069.—3) sculan sometimes forms a periphrastic phrase or circumlocution for a simple tense, usually with a slight feeling of obligation or necessity: pres. sg. h ge-wunian sceall (he inhabits; is said to inhabit?), 2276; pret. sg. s þe wæter-egesan wunian scolde, 1261; wæcnan scolde (was to awake), 85; s þone gomelan grtan sceolde (was to, should, approach), 2422; þæt se byrn-wiga bgan sceolde (the corseleted warrior had to bow, fell), 2919; pl. þ þe beado-grman bywan sceoldon (they that had to polish or deck the battle-masks), 2258; so, 230, 705, 1068.—4) w. omitted inf., such as wesan, gangan: unc sceal worn fela mðma ge-mnra (i.e. wesan). 1784; so, 2660; sceal se hearda helm ... ftum befeallen (i.e. wesan), 2256; ic him æfter sceal (i.e. gangan), 2817; subj. þonne þ forð scyle (i.e. gangan), 1180. A verb or inf. expressed in an antecedent clause is not again expressed with a subsequent sceal: gð Wyrd sw ho scel (Weird goeth ever as it shall [go]), 455; gð-bill ge-swc sw hit n sceolde (i.e. ge-swcan), 2586.

sca, w. m., shadowy demon: in comp. dað-sca.

scfan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to move forward, hasten: pret. part. þ wæs morgen-loht scofen and scynded, 919.—2) w. acc., to shove, push: pret. pl. guman t scufon ... wudu bundenne (pushed the vessel from the land), 215; dracan scufun ... ofer weall-clif (pushed the dragon over the wall-like cliff), 3132. See wd-scofen(?)

be-scfan, w. acc., to push, thrust down, in: inf. w bið þm þe sceal ... swle be-scfan in fyres fæðm (woe to him that shall thrust his soul into fire's embrace), 184.

scr, st. m., shower, battle-shower: in comp. sern-scr.

scr-heard, adj., fight-hardened? (file-hardened?): nom. pl. scr-heard, 1034.

scyld, scyldan. See scild, scildan.

scyldig, adj., under obligations or bound for; guilty of, w. gen. and instr.: ealdres (morðres) scyldig, 1339, 1684, 2062; synnum scyldig (guilty of evil deeds), 3072.

scyndan, w. v., to hasten: inf. scyndan, 2571; pret. part, scynded, 919

scynna. See scinna.

scyppend. See sceapan.

scyran, w. v., to arrange, decide: inf. þæt hit sceaðen-ml scyran mste (that the sword must decide it), 1940. O.N. skora, to score, decide.

scyne, adj., sheen, well-formed, beautiful: nom. sg. mægð scyne, 3017.

s, se, pron. dem. and article, the: m. nom., 79, 84, 86, 87, 90, 92, 102, etc.; fem, so, 66, 146, etc.; neut. þæt;—relative: s (who), 1611, 2866; s þe (he who), 2293; so þe (she who), 1446; s þe (for so þe), 1345, 1888, 2686; cf. 1261, 1498; (Grendel's mother, as a wild, demonic creature, is conceived now as man, now as woman: woman, as having borne a son; man, as the incarnation of savage cunning and power); se for so, 2422; dat. sg. þm (for þm þe), 2780.

secce. See sacu.

secg, st. m., man, warrior, hero, spokesman (secgan?): nom. sg., 208, 872, 2228, 2407, etc.; (Bowulf), 249, 948, 1312, 1570, 1760, etc.; (Wulfgr), 402; (Hunferð), 981; (Wglf), 2864; acc. sg. sinnigne secg (Grendel's mother, cf. se), 1380; dat. sg. secge, 2020; nom. pl. secgas, 213, 2531, 3129; dat. pl. secgum, 490; gen. pl. secga, 634, 843, 997, 1673.

secg, st. f., sword (sedge?): acc. sg. secge, 685.

secgan, w. v., to say, speak: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. gode ic þanc secge, 1998; so, 2796; pres. part. sw se secg hwata secgende wæs lðra spella (partitive gen.), 3029; inf. secgan, 582, 876, 881, 1050; pret. sg. sægde him þæs lanes þanc, 1810; pret. sg. II. hwæt þ worn fela ... sægdest from his sðe, 532.—2) without acc inf. sw w sðlce secgan hyrdon, 273; pret. sg. sægde, 2633, 2900—3) w. depend. clause: pres. sg. ic secge, 591; pl. III. secgað, 411; inf. secgan, 51, 391, 943, 1347, 1701, 1819, 2865, 3027; gerund. t secganne, 473, 1725; pret. sg. sægde, 90, 1176; pl. sægdon, 377, 2188; sdan, 1946.

-secgan (edicere), to say out, deliver: inf. wille ic -secgan suna Healfdenes ... mn rende, 344.

ge-secgan, to say, relate: imper. sg. II. ge-saga, 388; þæt ic his rest þ eft ge-sægde (that I should, after, tell thee its origin), 2158; pret. part. gesægd, 141; gesd, 1697.

sefa, w. m., heart, mind, soul, spirit: nom. sg., 49, 490, 595, 2044, 2181, 2420, 2601, 2633; acc. sg. sefan, 278, 1727, 1843; dat. sg. sefan, 473, 1343, 1738.—Comp. md-sefa.

ge-segen, st. f., legend, tale: in comp. eald-ge-segen.

segl, st. n., sail: nom. sg., 1907.

segl-rd, st. f., sail-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. on segl-rde, 1430.

segn, st. n., banner, vexillum: nom. sg., 2768, 2959; acc. sg. segen, 47, 1022; segn, 2777; dat. sg. under segne, 1205.—Comp. hafod-segn.

sel, st. n., hall, palace. See sæl.

seld, st. n., dwelling, house: in comp. medu-seld.

ge-selda, w. m., contubernalis, companion: acc. sg. geseldan, 1985.

seldan, adv., seldom: oft [n] seldan, 2030.

seld-guma, w. m., house-man, home-stayer(?); common man?, house-carl?: nom. sg., 249.

sele, st. m. and n., building consisting of one apartment; apartment, room: nom. sg., 81, 411; acc. sg. sele, 827, 2353; dat. sg. t sele, 323, 1641; in (on, t) sele þm han, 714, 920, 1017, 1985; on sele (in the den of the dragon), 3129.—Comp.: bah-, bor-, dryht-, eorð-, gest-, gold-, grund-, gð-, hah-, hring-, hrf-, nið-, win-sele.

sele-dram, st. m., hall-glee, joy in the hall: acc. sg. þra þe þis lf ofgeaf, geswon sele-dram (referring to the joy of heaven?), 2253.

sele-ful, st. n., hall-goblet: acc. sg., 620.

sele-gyst, st. m., hall-guest, stranger in hall or house: acc. sg. þone sele-gyst, 1546.

sele-rdend, pres. part., hall-ruler, possessor of the hall: nom. pl., 51; acc. lode mne sele-rdende, 1347.

sele-rest, st. f., bed in the hall: acc. sg. sele-reste, 691.

sele-þegn, st. m., retainer, hall-thane, chamberlain: nom. sg., 1795.

sele-weard, st. m., hall-ward, guardian of the hall: acc. sg., 668.

self, sylf, pron., self: nom. sg. strong form, self, 1314, 1925 (? selfa); þ self, 595; þ þ self, 954; self cyning (the king himself, the king too), 921, 1011; sylf, 1965; in weak form, selfa, 1469; h selfa, 29, 1734; þm þe him selfa dah (that can rely upon, trust to, himself), 1840; seolfa, 3068; h sylfa, 505; god sylfa, 3055; acc. sg. m. selfne, 1606; hine selfne (himself), 962; hyne selfne (himself, reflex.), 2876; wið sylfne (beside), 1978; gen. sg. m. selfes, 701, 896; his selfes, 1148; on snne sylfes dm (at his own will), 2148; sylfes, 2224, 2361, 2640, 2711, 2777, 3014; his sylfes, 2014, 2326; fem. hire selfre, 1116; nom. pl. selfe, 419; Sð-Dene sylfe, 1997.

ge-sella, w. m., house-companion, comrade: in comp. hand-gesella.

sellan, syllan, w. v.: 1) w. acc. of thing, dat. of pers., to give, deliver; permit, grant, present: pres. sg. III. seleð him on ðle eorðan wynne, 1731; inf. syllan, 2161, 2730; pret. sg. sealde, 72, 673, 1272, 1694, 1752, 2025, 2156, 2183, 2491, 2995; nefne god sylfa sealde þm þe h wolde hord openian (unless God himself gave to whom he would to open the hoard), 3056; pret. sg. II. sealdest, 1483.—2) to give, give up (only w. acc. of thing): r h feorh seleð (he prefers to give up his life), 1371; nallas on gylp seleð ftte bagas (giveth out gold-wrought rings, etc.), 1750; pret. sg. sinc-fato sealde, 623; pl. byrelas sealdon wn of wunder-fatum, 1162.

ge-sellan, w. acc. and dat. of pers., to give, deliver; grant, present: inf. ge-sellan, 1030; pret. sg. ge-sealde, 616, 1053, 1867, 1902, 2143, etc.

sel-lc, syl-lc (from seld-lc), adj., strange, wondrous: nom. sg. glf ... syllc, 2087; acc. sg. n. syllc spell, 2110; acc. pl. sellce s-dracan, 1427. Compar. acc. sg. syllcran wiht (the dragon), 3039.

semninga, adv., straightway, at once 645, 1641, 1768.

sendan, w. v. w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers., to send: pret. sg. þone god sende folce t frfre (whom God sent as a comfort to the people), 13; so, 471, 1843.

for-sendan, to send away, drive off pret. part. h wearð on fonda geweald ... snde for-sended, 905.

on-sendan, to send forth, away, w. acc. of thing and dat. of pers.: imper. sg. on-send, 452, 1484; pret. sg. on-sende, 382; pl. þ hine ... forð on-sendon nne ofer yðe (who sent him forth alone over the sea), 45; pret. part. bealo-cwealm hafað fela feorh-cynna feorr on-sended, 2267.

sendan (cf. Gl. Aldhelm, sanda = ferculorum, epularum, in Haupt IX. 444), w. v., to feast, banquet: pres. sg. III. sendeð, 601.—Leo.

serce, syrce, w. f., sark, shirt of mail: nom. sg. syrce, 1112; nom. pl. syrcan, 226; acc. pl. grge syrcan, 334.—Comp.: beadu-, heoro-serce; here-, leoðo-, lc-syrce.

sess, st. m., seat, place for sitting: dat. sg. sesse, 2718; þ h b sesse gong (by the seat, i.e. before the dragon's lair), 2757.

setl, st. n., seat, settle: acc. sg., 2014; dat. sg. setle, 1233, 1783, 2020; gen. sg. setles, 1787; dat. pl. setlum, 1290.—Comp.: hah-, hilde-, meodu-setl.

settan, w. v., to set: pret. sg. setton s-mðe sde scyldas ... wið þæs recedes weall (the sea-wearied ones set their broad shields against the wall of the hall), 325; so, 1243.

-settan, to set, place, appoint: pret. pl. he him -setton segen [gyl]-denne hah ofer hafod, 47; pret. part. hæfde kyninga wuldor Grendle t-ganes ... sele-weard -seted, 668.

be-settan, to set with, surround: pret. sg. (helm) besette swn-lcum (set the helm with swine-bodies), 1454.

ge-settan: 1) to set, set down: pret. part. sw wæs ...þurh rn-stafas rihte ge-mearcod, ge-seted and ge-sd (thus was ... in rune-staves rightly marked, set down and said), 1697.—2) to set, ordain, create: pret. sg. ge-sette ... sunnan and mnan loman t lohte land-bendum, 94.—3) = componere, to lay aside, smooth over, appease: pret. sg. þæt h mid þy wfe wæl-fhða ... dl ... ge-sette, 2030.

scan, w. v., to follow after, hence: 1) to seek, strive for, w. acc.: pret. sg. sinc-fæt shte (sought the costly cup), 2301; ne shte searo-nðas, 2739; so, 3068. Without acc.: þonne his myne shte (than his wish demanded), 2573; hord-weard shte georne æfter grunde (the hoard-warden sought eagerly along the ground), 2294.—2) to look for, come or go some whither, attain something, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. s þe ... biorgas sceð, 2273; subj. þah þe hð-stapa holt-wudu sce, 1370; imper. sc gif þ dyrre (look for her, i.e. Grendel's mother, if thou dare), 1380; inf. scean, 200, 268, 646, 1598, 1870, 1990, 2514(?), 3103, etc.; scan, 665, 1451; drihten scean (seek, go to, the Lord), 187; scean wyn-las wc (Grendel was to seek a joyless place, i.e. Hell), 822; so, scan dofla gedræg, 757; swle scan (seek the life, kill), 802; so, scean swle hord, 2423; gerund. sæcce t sceanne, 2563; pret. sg. I., III. shte, 139, 208, 376, 417, 2224; II. shtest, 458; pl. shton, 339.—3) to seek, attack: þ s sceað t Swona lode, 3002; pret. pl. hine wræc-mæcgas ofer s shtan, 2381.

ge-scan: 1) to seek, w. acc.: inf. gif h gescean dear wg ofer wpen, 685.—2) to look for, come or go to attain, w. acc.: inf. ge-scean, 693; gerund, t ge-scanne, 1923; pret. sg. ge-shte, 463, 520, 718, 1952; pret. part. nom. pl. feor-cyððe boð slran ge-shte þm þe hine selfa dah, 1840.—3) to seek with hostile intent, to attack: pres. sg. ge-sceð 2516; pret. sg. ge-shte, 2347; pl. ge-shton, 2927; ge-shtan, 2205.

ofer-scan, w. acc., to surpass, outdo (in an attack): pres. sg. wæs so hond t strong, s þe mca gehwane ... swenge ofer-shte, þonne h t sæcce bær wpen wundrum heard (too strong was the hand, that surpassed every sword in stroke, when he [Bowulf] bore the wondrous weapon to battle, i.e. the hand was too strong for any sword; its strength made it useless in battle), 2687.

sl, st. f. See sl.

sl, sl, adj., good, excellent, fit, only in compar.: nom. sg. m. slra, 861, 2194; þm þr slra wæs (to the one that was the better, i.e. Hygelc), 2200; dað bið slla þonne edwt-lf, 2891; neut. slre, 1385; acc. sg. m. slran þ (a better than thee), 1851; slran, 1198; neut. þæt slre, 1760; dat. sg. m. slran sweord-frecan, 1469; nom. pl. fem. slran, 1840. Superl., strong form: nom. sg. neut. slest, 173, 1060; hsa slest, 146, 285, 936; ofost is slest, 256; bolda slest, 2327; acc. sg. neut. hrægla slest, 454; hsa slest, 659; billa slest, 1145;—weak form: nom. sg. m. reced slesta, 412; acc. sg. m. þone slestan, 1407, 2383; (þæs, MS.), 1957; dat. sg. m. þm slestan, 1686; nom. pl. slestan, 416; acc. pl. þ slestan, 3123.

sl, compar. adv., better, fitter, more excellent, 1013, 2531; ne byð him wihte þ sl (he shall be nought the better for it), 2278; so, 2688.

sealma (Frisian selma, in bed-selma), w. m., bed-chamber, sleeping-place: acc. sg. on sealman, 2461.

sealt, adj., salty: acc. sg. neut. ofer sealt wæter (the sea), 1990.

searo (G. sarwa, pl.), st. n.: 1) armor, accoutrements, war-gear: nom. pl. s-manna searo, 329; dat. pl. secg on searwum (a man, warrior, in panoply), 249, 2701; in (on) searwum, 323, 1558; 2531, 2569; instr. pl. searwum, 1814.—2) insidiae, ambuscade, waylaying, deception, battle: þ ic of searwum cwm, fh from fondum, 419.—3) cunning, art, skill: instr. pl. sadol searwum fh (saddle cunningly ornamented), 1039; earmbaga fela, searwum ge-sled (many cunningly-linked armlets), 2765.—Comp. fyrd-, gð-, inwit-searo.

searo-bend, st. f., band, bond, of curious workmanship: instr. pl. searo-bendum fæst, 2087.

searo-fh, adj., cunningly inlaid, ornamented, with gold: nom. sg. here-byrne hondum ge-brden, sd and searo-fh, 1445.

searo-ge-þræc, st. n., heap of treasure-objects: acc. sg., 3103.

searo-gim, st. m., cunningly set gem, rich jewel: acc. pl. searo-gimmas, 2750; gen. pl. searo-gimma, 1158.

searo-grim, adj., cunning and fierce: nom. sg., 595.

searo-hæbbend, pres. part. as subst., arms-bearing, warrior with his trappings: gen. pl. searo-hæbbendra, 237.

searo-net, st. n., armor-net, shirt of mail, corselet: nom. sg., 406.

searo-nð, st. m.: 1) cunning hostility, plot, wiles: acc. pl. searo-nðas, 1201, 2739.—2) also, only hostility, feud, contest: acc. pl. searo-nðas, 3068; gen. pl. searo-nða, 582.

searo-þanc, st. m., ingenuity: instr. pl. searo-þoncum, 776.

searo-wundor, st. n., rare wonder: acc. sg., 921.

seax, st. n., shortsword, hip-knife; dagger: instr. sg. seaxe, 1546.—Comp. wæl-seax.

seax-ben, st. f., dagger-wound: instr. pl. siex-bennum, 2905.

seofon, num., seven, 517; seofan, 2196; decl. acc. syfone, 3123.

seomian, w. v.: 1) intrans., to be tied; lie at rest: inf. siomian, 2768; pret. sg. seomode, 302.—2) w. acc., to put in bonds, entrap, catch: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade (cf. 2086-2092, 161.

seonu, st. f., sinew: nom. pl. seonowe, 818.

soc, adj., feeble, weak; fatally ill: nom. sg. feorh-bennum soc (of Bowulf, sick unto death), 2741; siex-bennum soc (of the dead dragon), 2905; nom. pl. mdes soce (sick of soul), 1604.—Comp.: ellen-, feorh-, heaðo-soc.

soðan, st. v. w. acc., to seethe, boil; figuratively, be excited over, brood: pret. sg. ic þæs md-ceare sorh-wylmum sað (I pined in heart-grief for that), 1994; so, 190.

seoloð, st. m.?, bight, bay (cf. Dietrich in Haupt XI. 416): gen. pl. sioleða bi-gong (the realm of bights = the [surface of the] sea?), 2368.

son, syn, st. f., aspect, sight: in comp. wlite-, wundor-son, an-syn.

son, st. v., to see: a) w. acc.: inf. searo-wunder son, 921; so, 387, 1181, 1276, 3103; þr mæg nihta ge-hwm nð-wundor son (there may every night be seen a repulsive marvel), 1366; pret. sg. ne seah ic ... heal-sittendra medudram mran, 2015.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj.: ne seah ic elþodige þus manige men mdiglcran, 336.—c) w. prep. or adv.: pret. sg. seah on enta ge-weorc, 2718; seah on un-lofe, 2864; pl. folc t sgon (looked on), 1423.

ge-son, to see, behold: a) w. acc.: pres. sg. III. s þe bah ge-syhð, 2042; inf. ge-son, 396, 571, 649, 962, 1079, etc.; pret. sg. geseah, 247, 927, 1558, 1614; pl. ge-swon, 1606, 2253.—b) w. acc. and predicate adj., pres. sg. III. ge-syhð ... on his suna bre win-sele wstne (sees in his son's house the wine-hall empty; or, hall of friends?), 2456.—c) w. inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah ... beran ofer bolcan beorhte randas (saw shining shields borne over the gang-plank), 229; pret. pl. mre mððum-sweord monige ge-swon beforan beorn beran, 1024.—d) w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. ge-seah, 729, 1517, 1586, 1663, 2543, 2605, etc.; pl. ge-swon, 221, 1348, 1426; ge-sgan, 3039; ge-sgon, 3129.—e) w. depend, clause: inf. mæg þonne ... geson sunu Hrðles, þæt ic (may the son of H. see that I...), 1486; pret. pl. ge-swon, 1592.

geond-son, to see, look through, over, w. acc.: pret. sg. (ic) þæt eall geond-seh, 3088.

ofer-son, to see clearly, plainly: pret. pl. ofer-swon, 419.

on-son, to look on, at, w. acc.: pret. pl. on-swon, 1651.

sowian, w. v., to sew, put together, link: pret. part. searo-net sowed smiðes or-þancum (the corselet woven by the smith's craft), 406.

sib, st. f., peace, friendship, relationship: nom. sg., 1165, 1858; sibb, 2601; acc. sibbe, 950, 2432, 2923; instr. sg. sibbe (in peace?), 154.—Comp.: dryht-, friðo-sib.

sib-æðeling, st. m., nobilis consanguineus, kindred prince or nobleman: nom. pl. -æðelingas, 2709.

sibbe-gedryht, st. f., body of allied or related warriors: acc. sg. sibbe-gedriht (the Danes), 387; (the Gatas), 730.

siððan, syððan: 1) adv.: a) since, after, from now on, further, 142, 149, 283, 567, 1903, 2052, 2065, 2176, 2703, 2807, 2921; seoððan, 1876.—b) then, thereupon, after, 470, 686, 1454, 1557, 1690, 2208; seoððan, 1938; r n siððan (neither before nor after), 719.

2) Conj.: a) w. ind. pres., as soon as, when, 413, 605, 1785, 2889, 2912.—b) w. ind. pret., when, whilst, 835, 851, 1205, 1207, 1421, 1590, 2357, 2961, 2971, 3128; seoððan, 1776;—since, 649, 657, 983, 1199, 1254, 1309, 2202;—after, either with pluperf.: siððan him scyppend forscrifen hæfde (after the Creator had proscribed him), 106; so, 1473; or with pret. = pluperf.: syððan niht becm (after night had come on), 115; so, 6, 132, 723, 887, 902, 1078, 1149, 1236, 1262, 1282, 1979, 2013, 2125; or pret. and pluperf. together, 2104-2105.

siex. See seax.

sige-dryhten, st. m., lord of victory, victorious lord: nom. sg. sige-drihten, 391.

sige-adig, adj., blest with victory, victorious: acc. sg. neut. sige-adig bil, 1558.

sige-folc, st. n., victorious people, troop: gen. pl. sige-folca, 645.

sige-hrð, st. f., confidence of victory(?): acc. sg., 490. See Note.

sige-hrðig, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 94, 1598, 2757.

sige-hwl, st. f., hour or day of victory: gen. sg. sige-hwle, 2711.

sige-las, adj., devoid of victory, defeated: acc. sg. sige-lasne sang, 788.

sige-rf, adj., victorious: nom. sg., 620.

sige-þod, st. f., victorious warrior troop: dat. sg. on sige-þode, 2205.

sige-wpen, st. n., victor-weapon, sword: dat. pl. sige-wpnum, 805.

sigl, st. n.: 1) sun: nom. sg. sigel, 1967.—2) sun-shaped ornament: acc. pl. siglu, 3165; sigle (bracteates of a necklace), 1201; gen. pl. sigla, 1158.—Comp. mððum-sigl.

sigor, st. m., victory: gen. sg. sigores, 1022; gen. pl. sigora, 2876, 3056.—Comp.: hrð-, wg-sigor.

sigor-adig, adj., victorious: nom. sg. sigor-adig secg (of Bowulf), 1312, 2353.

sin. See syn.

sinc, st. n., treasure, jewel, property: nom. sg., 2765; acc. sg. sinc, 81, 1205, 1486, 2384, 2432; instr. sg. since, 1039, 1451, 1616, 1883, 2218, 2747; gen. sg. sinces, 608, 1171, 1923, 2072; gen. pl. sinca, 2429.

sinc-fh, adj., treasure-decked: acc. sg. neut. weak form, sinc-fge sel, 167.

sinc-fæt, st. n., costly vessel: acc. sg., 2232, 2301;—a costly object: acc. sg., 1201 (i.e. mene); acc. pl. sinc-fato, 623.

sinc-ge-stron, st. n., precious treasure, jewel of value : instr. pl. -gestronum, 1093; gen. pl. -gestrona, 1227.

sinc-gifa, w. m., jewel-giver, treasure-giver = prince, ruler: acc. sg. sinc-gyfan, 1013; dat. sg. sinc-gifan (of Bowulf), 2312; (of Æschere), 1343.

sinc-mððum, st. m., treasure: nom. sg., 2194.

sinc-þego, f., acceptance, taking, of jewels: nom. sg., 2885.

sin-dolh, st. n., perpetual, i.e. incurable, wound: nom. sg. syn-dolh, 818.

sin-fra, w. m., wedded lord, husband: nom. sg., 1935.

sin-gl, adj., continual, lasting: acc. sg. fem, sin-gle sæce, 154.

sin-gles, adv. gen. sg., continually, ever, 1778; syngales, 1136.

singla, adv. gen. pl., the same, 190.

singan, st. v., to sound, ring, sing: pret. sg. hring-ren scr song in searwum (the ringed iron rang in the armor), 323; horn stundum song fs-lc f[yrd]-loð (at times the horn rang forth a ready battle-song), 1424; scop hwlum sang (the singer sang at whiles), 496.

-singan, to sing out, sing to an end: pret. part. loð wæs -sungen, 1160.

sin-here, st. m., (army without end?), strong army, host: instr. sg. sin-herge, 2937.

sin-niht, st. f., perpetual night, night after night: acc. pl. sin-nihte (night after night), 161.

sin-sceaða, w. m., irreconcilable foe: nom. sg. syn-scaða, 708; acc. sg. syn-scaðan, 802.

sin-snd, st. f., (continuous biting) bite after bite: dat. pl. syn-sndum swealh (swallowed bite after bite, in great bites), 744.

sittan, st. v.: 1) to sit: pres. sg. Wglf siteð ofer Bowulfe, 2907; imper. sg. site n t symle, 489; inf. þr swið-ferhðe sittan odon (whither the strong-minded went and sat), 493; ode ... t hire fran sittan (went to sit by her lord), 642; pret. sg. on wicge sæt (sat on the horse), 286; æt ftum sæt (sat at the feet), 500, 1167; þr Hrðgr sæt (where H. sat), 356; so, 1191, 2895; h gewrgad sæt ... fran eaxlum nah, 2854; pret. pl. ston, 1165; gistas stan (MS. scan) ... and on mere staredon (the strangers sat and stared on the sea), 1603.—2) to be in a certain state or condition (quasi copula): pret. sg. mre þoden ... unblðe sæt, 130.—Comp.: flet-, heal-sittend.

be-sittan, obsidere, to surround, besiege, w. acc.: besæt þ sin-herge sweorda lfe wundum wrge (then besieged he with a host the leavings of the sword, wound-weary), 2937.

for-sittan, obstrui, to pass away, fail: pres. sg. agena bearhtm for-siteð (the light of the eyes passeth away), 1768.

ge-sittan: 1) to sit, sit together: pret. sg. monig-oft ge-sæt rce to rne (very often sat the king deliberating with his council (see rce), 171; wið earm ge-sæt (supported himself upon his arm, sat on his arm?), 750; fða eal ge-sæt (the whole troop sat down), 1425; ge-sæt þ wið sylfne (sat there beside, near to, him, i.e. Hygelc), 1978;

ge-sæt þ on næsse, 2418; so, 2718; pret. part. (syððan) ... w t symble ge-seten hæfdon, 2105.—2) w. acc., to seat one's self upon or in something, to board: pret. sg. þ ic ... s-bt ge-sæt, 634.

of-sittan, w. acc., to sit over or upon: pret. sg. of-sæt þ þone sele-gyst, 1546.

ofer-sittan, w. acc., to dispense with, refrain from (cf. ofer, 2 [c]): pres. sg. I. þæt ic wið þone gð-flogan gylp ofer-sitte, 2529; inf. secge ofer-sittan, 685.

on-sittan (O.H.G. int-sizzan, to start from one's seat, to be startled), w. acc., to fear: inf. þ fhðe, atole ecg-þræce ower lode swðe onsittan to dread the hostility, the fierce contest, of your people, 598.

ymb-sittan, to sit around, w. acc.: pret. pl. (þæt he) ... symbel ymb-ston (sat round the feast), 564. See ymb-sittend.

sd, adj.: 1) wide, broad, spacious, large: nom. sg. (here-byrne, glf) sd, 1445, 2087; acc. sg. m. sdne scyld, 437; on sdne s, 507; fem. byrnan sde (of a corselet extending over the legs), 1292; ofer s sde, 2395; neut. sde rce, 1734, 2200; instr. sg. sdan herge, 2348; acc. pl. sde s-næssas, 223; sde scyldas, 325; gen. pl. sdra sorga (of great sorrows), 149.—2) in moral sense, great, noble: acc. sg. þurh sdne sefan, 1727.

side, adv., far and wide, afar, 1224.

sd-fæðme, adj., broad-bosomed: acc. sg. sd-fæðme scip, 1918.

sd-fæðmed, quasi pret. part., the same: nom. sg. sd-fæðmed scip, 302.

sd-rand, st. m., broad shield: nom. sg., 1290.

sð (G. seþu-s), adj., late: superl. nom. sg. sðast sige-hwle (the last hour, day, of victory), 2711; dat. sg. æt sðestan (in the end, at last), 3014.

sð, adv. compar., later: r and sð (sooner and later, early and late), 2501.

sð (G. sinþ-s), st. m.: l) road, way, journey, expedition; esp., road to battle: nom. sg., 501, 3059, 3090; næs þæt ðe sð (that was no easy road, task), 2587; so, þæt wæs gocor sð, 766; acc. sg. sð, 353, 512, 909, 1279, 1430, 1967; instr. dat. sðe, 532, 1952, 1994; gen. sg. sðes, 579, 1476, 1795, 1909. Also, return: nom. sg., 1972.—2) undertaking, enterprise; esp., battle-work: nom. sg. nis þæt ower sð, 2533; ne bið swylc earges sð (such is no coward's enterprise), 2542; acc. sg. sð, 873. In pl.= adventures: nom. sðas, 1987; acc. sðas, 878; gen. sða, 318.—3) time (as iterative): nom. sg. næs þæt forma sð (that was not the first time), 717, 1464; so, 1528, 2626; acc. sg. oftor micle þonne on nne sð, 1580; instr. sg. (forman, ðre, þriddan) sðe, 741, 1204, 2050, 2287, 2512, 2518, 2671, 2689, 3102.—Comp.: cear-, eft-, ellor-, gryre-, s-, wil-, wrc-sð.

ge-sð, st. m., comrade, follower: gen. sg. ge-sðes, 1298; nom. pl. ge-sðas, 29; acc. pl. ge-sðas, 2041, 2519; dat. pl. ge-sðum, 1314, 1925, 2633; gen. pl. ge-sða, 1935.—Comp.: eald-, wil-gesð.

sð-fæt, st. m., way, journey: acc. sg. þone sð-fæt, 202; dat. sg. sð-fate, 2640.

sð-fram, -from, adj., ready for the journey: nom. pl. sð-frome, 1814.

sðian, w. v., to journey, march: inf., 721, 809; pret. sg. sðode, 2120.

for-sðian, iter fatale inire (Grein): pret. sg. hæfde þ for-sðod sunu Ecg-þowes under gynne grund (would have found his death, etc.), 1551.

se, sy. See wesan.

sgan, st. v., to descend, sink, incline: pret. pl. sigon æt-somne (descended together), 307; sigon þ t slpe (they sank to sleep), 1252.

ge-sgan, to sink, fall: inf. ge-sgan æt sæcce (fall in battle), 2660.

sn, poss. pron., his: acc. sg. m. snne, 1961, 1985, 2284, 2790; dat. sg. snum, 1508.

slp, st. m., sleep: nom. sg., 1743; dat. sg. t slpe, 1252.

slpan, st. v., to sleep: pres. part. nom. sg. slpende, 2220; acc. sg. h gefng ... slpendne rinc (seized a sleeping warrior], 742; acc. pl. slpende fræt folces Denigea fftyne men (devoured, sleeping, fifteen of the people of the Danes), 1582.

slac, adj., slack, lazy: nom. sg., 2188.

sleahan, slan: 1) to strike, strike at: a) intrans.: pres. subj. sg. þæt h m ongan sla (that he should strike at me), 682; pret. sg. yrringa slh (struck angrily), 1566; so, slh hilde-bille, 2680. b) trans.: pret. sg. þæt h þone nð-gæst nioðor hwne slh (that he struck the dragon somewhat lower, etc.), 2700.—2) w. acc.: to slay, kill: pret. sg. þæs þe h bel slg (because he slew A.), 108; so, slg, 421, 2180; slh, 1582, 2356; pl. slgon, 2051; pret. part. þ wæs Fin slægen, 1153.

ge-slan, w. acc.: 1) to fight a battle: pret. sg. ge-slh þn fæder fhðe mste, 459.—2) to gain by fighting: syððan he þ mrða ge-slgon, 2997.

of-slan, to ofslay, kill, w. acc.: pret. sg. of-slh, 574, 1666, 3061.

slðe (G. sleiþ-s), adj., savage, fierce, dangerous: acc. sg. þurh slðne nð, 184; gen. pl. slðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

slðen, adj., furious, savage, deadly nom. sg. sweord-bealo slðen, 1148.

sltan, st. v., to slit, tear to pieces, w. acc.: pret. sg. slt (slpendne rinc), 742.

slyht, st. m., blow: in comp. and-slyht.

ge-slyht, st. n. (collective), battle, conflict: gen. pl. slðra ge-slyhta, 2399.

smið, st. m., smith, armorer: nom. sg. wpna smið, 1453; gen. sg. smiðes, 406.—Comp. wundor-smið.

be-smiðian, w. v., to surround with iron-work, bands, etc.: pret. part. h (the hall Heorot) þæs fæste wæs innan and tan ren-bendum searo-þoncum besmiðod (i.e. the beams out of which the hall was built were held together skilfully, within and without, by iron clamps), 776.

snell, adj., fresh, vigorous, lively; of martial temper: nom. sg. se snella, 2972.

snellc, adj., the same: nom. sg., 691.

snotor, snottor, adj., clever, wise, intelligent: nom. sg. snotor, 190, 827, 909, 1385; in weak form, (se) snottra, 1314, 1476, 1787; snotra, 2157, 3121; nom. pl. snotere, 202, 416; snottre, 1592.—Comp. fore-snotor.

snotor-lce, adv., intelligently, wisely: compar. snotor-lcor, 1483.

snde, adv., hastily, quickly, soon, 905, 1870, 1972, 2326, 2569, 2753.

be-snyðian, w. v., to rob, deprive of: pret. sg. þætte Ongenþo ealdre be-snyðede Hæðcyn, 2925.

snyrian, w. v., to hasten, hurry: pret. pl. snyredon æt-somne (hurried forward together), 402.

snyttru, f., intelligence, wisdom: acc. sg. snyttru, 1727; dat. pl. mid mdes snyttrum, 1707; þ w ealle r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed which all of us together could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943. Adv., wisely, 873.

somne. See samne.

sorgian, w. v.: 1) to be grieved, sorrow: imper. sg. II. ne sorga! 1385.—2) to care for, trouble one's self about: inf. n þ ymb mnes ne þearft lces feorme leng sorgian (thou needst not care longer about my life's [body's] sustenance), 451.

sorh, st. f., grief, pain, sorrow: nom. sg., 1323; sorh is m t secganne (pains me to say), 473; acc. sg. sorge, 119, 2464; dat. instr. sg. mid þre sorge, 2469; sorge (in sorrow, grieved), 1150; gen. sg. worna fela ... sorge, 2005; dat. pl. sorgum, 2601; gen. pl. sorga, 149.—Comp.: hyge-, inwit-, þegn-sorh.

sorh-cearig, adj., curis sollicitus, heart-broken: nom. sg., 2456.

sorh-ful, adj., sorrowful, troublesome, difficult: nom. sg., 2120; acc. sg. sorh-fullne (sorh-fulne) sð, 512, 1279, 1430.

sorh-las, adj., free from sorrow or grief: nom. sg., 1673.

sorh-leoð, st. n., dirge, song of sorrow: acc. sg., 2461.

sorh-wylm, st. m., wave of sorrow nom. pl. sorh-wylmas, 905.

scn, st. f., persecution, hostile pursuit or attack (see scan): dat, (instr.) þre scne (by reason of Grendel's persecution), 1778.

sð, st. n., sooth, truth:: acc. sg. sð, 532, 701, 1050, 1701, 2865; dat. sg. t sðe (in truth), 51, 591, 2326.

sð, adj., true, genuine: nom. sg, þæt is sð metod, 1612; acc. sg. n. gyd wræc sð and sr-lc, 2110.

sðe, adv., truly, correctly, accurately, 524; sðe gebunden (of alliterative verse: accurately put together), 872.

sð-cyning, st. m., true king: nom. sg. sigora sð-cyning (God), 3056.

sð-fæst, adj., soothfast, established in truth, orthodox (here used of the Christian martyrs): gen. pl. sð-fæstra dm (glory, realm, of the saints), 2821.

sð-lce, adv., in truth, truly, truthfully, 141, 273, 2900.

sfte, adv., gently, softly: compar. þy sft (the more easily), 2750.—Comp. un-sfte.

sna, adv., soon, immediately, 121, 722, 744, 751, 1281, 1498, 1592, 1619, 1763, etc.

on-spannan, st. v., to un-span, unloose: pret. sg. his helm on-spon (loosed his helm), 2724.

spel, st. n., narrative, speech: acc. sg. spell, 2110; acc. pl. spel, 874; gen. pl. spella, 2899, 3030.—Comp. wa-spel.

spd, st. f.: 1) luck, success: in comp. here-, wg-spd.—2) skill, facility: acc. sg. on spd (skilfully), 874.

spwan, st. v., to spit, spew, w. instr.: inf. gldum spwan (spit fire), 2313

spor, st. n., spur: in comp. hand-spor.

spwan, st. v., to speed well, help, avail: pret. sg. him wiht ne spow (availed him naught), 2855; h him æt te spow (how he sped in the eating), 3027.

sprc, st. f., speech, language: instr. sg. frcnan sprce (through bold, challenging, discourse), 1105.—Comp.: fen-, gylp-sprc.

sprecan, st. v., to speak: inf. ic sceal forð sprecan gn ymbe Grendel (I shall go on speaking about G.), 2070; w. acc. s þe wyle sð sprecan (he who will speak the truth), 2865; imper. t Gatum sprec (sprc, MS.), 1172; pret. sg. III. spræc, 1169, 1699, 2511, 2725; word æfter spræc, 341; n ymbe þ fhðe spræc, 2619; II. hwæt þ worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprce (how much thou hast spoken of Breca!), 531; pl. hwæt wit ge sprcon (what we two spoke of before), 1477; gomele ymb gdne on-geador sprcon, þæt big ... (the graybeards spoke together about the valiant one, that they ...), 1596; sw wit furðum sprcon (as we two spoke, engaged, before), 1708; pret. part. þ wæs ... þryð-word sprecen, 644.

ge-sprecan, w. acc., to speak: pret. sg. ge-spræc, 676, 1399, 1467, 3095.

sprot, st. m., pole; spear, pike: in comp. eofor-sprot.

springan, st. v., to jump, leap; flash: pret. sg. hr wde sprong (the body bounded far), 1589; swt drum sprong forð under fexe (the blood burst out in streams from under his hair), 2967; pl. wde sprungon hilde-loman (flashed afar), 2583. Also figuratively: bld wde sprang (his repute spread afar), 18.

ge-springan, to spring forth: pret. sg. sw þæt bld ge-sprang (as the blood burst forth), 1668. Figuratively, to arise, originate: pret. sg. Sigemunde gesprong æfter dað-dæge dm un-lytel, 885.

on-springan, to burst in two, spring asunder: pret. pl. seonowe onsprungon, burston bnlocan 818.

standan, st. v.: 1) absolutely or with prep., to stand: pres. III. pl. ored-geatwe þ g þr on standað (the warlike accoutrements wherein ye there stand), 2867; inf. ge-seah ... orcas stondan (saw vessels standing), 2761; pret. sg. æt hyðe std hringed-stefna (in the harbor stood the curved-prowed?, metal-covered?, ship), 32; std on stapole (stood near the [middle] column), 927; so, 1914, 2546; þæt him on aldre std here-strl hearda (that the sharp war-arrow stood in his vitals), 1435; so, 2680; pl. gras stdon ... samod æt-gædere (the spears stood together), 328; him big stdan bunan and orcas (by him stood cans and pots), 3048. Also of still water: pres. sg. III. nis þæt feor heonon ... þæt se mere standeð, 1363.—2) with predicate adj., to stand, continue in a certain state: subj. pres. þæt þes sele stande ... rinca ge-hwylcum del and unnyt (that this hall stands empty and useless for every warrior), 411; inf. hord-wynne fand eald ht-sceaða opene standan, 2272; pret. sg. oð þæt del std hsa slest, 145; so, 936; wæter under std drorig and ge-drfed, 1418—3) to belong or attach to; issue: pret. sg. Norð-Denum std atelc egesa (great terror clung to, overcame, the North Danes), 784; þra num std sadol searwum fh (on one of the steeds lay an ingeniously-inlaid saddle), 1038; byrne-loma eldum on andan (burning light stood forth, a horror to men), 2314; loht inne std (a light stood in it, i.e. the sword), 1571; him of agum std ... loht unfger (an uncanny light issued from his eyes), 727; so, þæt [fram] þm gyste [gryre-] brga std, 2229.

-standan, to stand up, arise: pret. sg. -std, 760, 1557, 2093.

æt-standan, to stand at, near, or in: pret. sg. þæt hit (i.e. þæt swurd) on wealle æt-std, 892.

for-standan, to stand against or before, hence: 1) to hinder, prevent: pret. sg. (brost-net) wið ord and wið ecge in-gang for-std (the shirt of mail prevented point or edge from entering), 1550; subj. nefne him wtig god wyrd for-stde (if the wise God had not warded off such a fate from them, i.e. the men threatened by Grendel), 1057.—2) defend, w. dat. of person against whom: inf. þæt h ... mihte haðo-lðendum hord for-standan, bearn and bryde (that he might protect his treasure, his children, and his spouse from the sea-farers), 2956.

ge-standan, intrans., to stand: pret. sg. ge-std, 358, 404, 2567; pl. nealles him on hape hand-gesteallan ... ymbe gestdon (not at all did his boon-companions stand serried around him), 2597.

stapa, w. m., stepper, strider: in comp. hð-, mearc-stapa.

stapan, st. v., to step, stride, go forward: pret. sg. eorl furður stp, 762; gum-fða stop lind-hæbbendra (the troop of shield-warriors strode on), 1402.

æt-stapan, to stride up or to: pret. sg. forð nar æt-stp (strode up nearer), 746.

ge-stapan, to walk, stride: pret. sg. h to forð gestp dyrnan cræfte, dracan hafde nah (he, i.e. the man that robbed the dragon of the vessel, had through hidden craft come too near the dragon's head), 2290.

stapol, st. m., (= ), trunk of a tree; hence, support, pillar, column: dat. sg. std on stapole (stood by or near the wooden middle column of Heorot), 927; instr. pl. þ stn-bogan stapulum fæste (the arches of stone upheld by pillars), 2719. See Note.

starian, w. v., to stare, look intently at: pres. sg. I. þæt ic on þone hafelan ... agum starige (that I see the head with my eyes), 1782; þra frætwa ... þ ic hr on starie (for the treasures ... that I here look upon), 2797; III. þonne h on þæt sine starað, 1486; sg. for pl. þra þe on swylc starað, 997; pret. sg. þæt (sin-fra) hire an dæges agum starede, 1936; pl. on mere staredon, 1604.

stn, st. m., 1) stone: in comp. eorclan-stn.—2) rock: acc. sg. under (ofer) hrne stn, 888, 1416, 2554, 2745; dat. sg. stne, 2289, 2558.

stn-beorh, st. m., rocky elevation, stony mountain: acc. sg. stn-beorh stapne, 2214.

stn-boga, w. m., stone arch, arch hewn out of the rock: dat. sg. stn-bogan, 2546; nom. pl. stn-bogan, 2719.

stn-clif, st. n., rocky cliff: acc. pl. stn-cleofu, 2541.

stn-fh, adj., stone-laid, paved with stones of different colors: nom. sg. strt wæs stn-fh (the street was of different colored stones), 320.

stn-hlið, st. n., rocky slope: acc. pl. stn-hliðo, 1410.

stæf, st. m.: 1) staff: in comp. rn-staf.—2) elementum: in comp. r-, ende-, fcen-stæf.

stl, st. m., place, stead: dat. sg. þæt þ m wre forð-gewitenum on fæder stle (that thou, if I died, wouldst represent a father's place to me), 1480.

stlan, w. v., to place; allure or instigate: inf. þ ic on morgne ge-frægn mg ðerne billes ecgum on bonan stlan (then I learned that on the morrow one brother instigated the other to murder with the sword's edge; or, one avenged the other on the murderer?, cf. 2962 seqq.), 2486.

ge-stlan, to place, impose, institute: pret. part. g feor hafað fhðe ge-stled (Grendel's mother has further begun hostilities against us), 1341.

stede, st. m., place, -stead: in comp. bl-, burh-, folc-, hah-, meðel-, wang-, wc-stede.

stefn, st. f., voice: nom. sg., 2553; instr. sg. nwan (nowan) stefne (properly nov voce) = denuo, anew, again, 2595, 1790.

stefn, st. m., prow of a ship: acc. sg., 213; see bunden-, hringed-, wunden-stefna.

on-stellan, w. v., constituere, to cause, bring about: pret. sg. s þæs or-leges r on-stealde, 2408.

steng, st. m., pole, pike: in comp wæl-steng.

ge-steppan, w. v., to stride, go: pret. sg. folce ge-stepte ofer s sde sunu htheres (O.'s son, i.e. adgils, went with warriors over the broad sea), 2394.

stede (O.H.G. stti, M.H.G. stte), adj., firm, steady: nom. sg. wæs stde nægla ge-hwylc style ge-lcost (each nail-place was firm as steel), 986.

stpan, w. v. w. acc., to exalt, honor: pret. sg. þah þe hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stpte, 1718.

ge-steald, st. n., possessions, property: in comp. in-gesteald, 1156.

ge-stealla, w. m., (contubernalis), companion, comrade: in comp. eaxl-, fyrd-, hand-, lind-, nyd-ge-stealla.

stearc-heort, adj., (fortis animo), stout-hearted, courageous: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2289; (of Bowulf), 2553.

stap, adj., steep, projecting, towering: acc. sg. stapne hrf, 927; stn-beorh stapne, 2214; wið stapne rond, 2567; acc. pl. m. beorgas stape, 222; neut. stap stn-hliðo, 1410.—Comp. heaðo-stap.

stille, adj., still, quiet: nom. sg. wd-floga wundum stille, 2831.

stille, adv., quietly, 301.

stincan, st. v., to smell; snuff: pret. sg. stonc þ æfter stne (snuffed along the stone), 2289.

stð, adj., hard, stiff: nom. sg. wunden-ml (swurd) ... stð and stylecg, 1534.

stð-md, adj., stout-hearted, unflinching: nom. sg., 2567.

stg, st. m., way, path: nom. sg., 320, 2214; acc. pl. stge nearwe, 1410—Comp. medu-stg.

stgan, st. v., to go, ascend: pret. sg. þ h t holme [st]g (when he plunged forward into the sea), 2363; pl. beornas ... on stefn stigon, 212; Wedera lode on wang stigon, 225; subj. pret. r h on bed stige, 677.

-stgan, to ascend: pres. sg. þonon yð-geblond up -stgeð won t wolcnum, 1374; gð-rinc -sth (the fierce hero ascended, i.e. was laid on the pyre? or, the fierce smoke [rc] ascended?), 1119; gamen eft -sth (joy again went up, resounded), 1161; wudu-rc -sth sweart of swioðole, 3145; swg up -stg, 783.

ge-stgan, to ascend, go up: pret. sg. þ ic on holm ge-sth, 633.

storm, st. m., storm: nom. sg. strla storm (storm of missiles), 3118; instr. sg. holm storme wol (the sea billowed stormily), 1132.

stl, st. m., chair, throne, seat: in comp. brego-, ðel-, gif-, gum-stl.

stw, st. f., place, -stow: nom. sg. nis þæt horu stw (a haunted spot), 1373; acc. sg. frcne stwe, 1379; grund-bendra gearwe stwe (the place prepared for men, i.e. death-bed; see gesacan and ge-nydan), 1007: comp. wæl-stow.

strang, strong, adj., strong; valiant; mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win t strang (that sorrow was too great), 133; þ eart mægenes strang (strong of body), 1845; wæs so hond t strong (the hand was too powerful), 2685; superl. wigena strengest (strongest of warriors), 1544; mægenes strengest (strongest in might), 196; mægene strengest, 790.

strdan? (cf. strde = passus, gressus), to tread, (be)-stride, stride over (Grein): subj. pres. s þone wong strde, 3074. See Note.

strl, st. m., arrow, missile: instr. sg. biteran strle, 1747; gen. pl. strla storm, 3118.

strt, st. f., street, highway: nom. sg., 320; acc. sg. strte, 1635; fealwe strte, 917.—Comp.: lagu-, mere-strt.

strengel, st. m., (endowed with strength), ruler, chief: acc. sg. wigena strengel, 3116.

strengo, st. f., strength, power, violence: acc. sg. mægenes strenge, 1271; dat. sg. strenge, 1534; strengo, 2541;—dat. pl. strengum = violently, powerfully [loosed from the strings?], 3118: in comp. hilde-, mægen-, mere-strengo.

strgan (O.S. strwian), w. v., to strew, spread: pret. part, wæs þm yldestan ... morðorbed strd (the death-bed was spread for the eldest one), 2437.

stram, st. m., stream, flood, sea: acc. sg. stram, 2546; nom. pl. stramas, 212; acc. pl. stramas, 1262: comp. brim-, agor-, firgen-, lagu-stram.

ge-stron (cf. stron = robur, vis), st. n., property, possessions; hence, valuables, treasure, jewels: nom. pl. Heaðo-beardna ge-stron (the costly treasure of the Heathobeardas, i.e. the accoutrements belonging to the slain H.), 2038; acc. pl. æðelinga, eorla ge-stron, 1921, 3168.—Comp.: r-, eald-, eorl-, hah-, hord-, long-, mðm-, sinc-, þod-ge-stron.

strdan, st. v., to plunder, carry off: subj. pres. næs þ on hlytme hw þæt hord strude, 3127.

ge-strynan, w. v. w. acc., to acquire, gain: inf. þæs þe (because) ic mste mnum lodum ... swylc ge-strynan, 2799.

stund, st. f., time, space of time, while: adv. dat. pl. stundum (at times), 1424.

styrian, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to arrange, put in order, tell: inf. secg eft on-gan sð Bowulfes snyttrum styrian (the poet then began to tell B.'s feat skilfully, i.e. put in poetic form), 873.—2) to rouse, stir up: pres. sg. III. þonne wind styreð lð ge-widru (when the wind stirreth up the loathly weather), 1375.—3) to move against, attack, disturb: subj. pres. þæt h ... hring-sele hondum styrede (that he should attack the ring-hall with his hands), 2841.

styrman, w. v., to rage, cry out: pret. sg. styrmde, 2553.

style, st. n., steel: dat. sg. style, 986.

styl-ecg, adj., steel-edged: nom. sg., 1534.

be-styman, w. v., to inundate, wet, flood: pret. part. (wron) eal benc-þelu blde be-stymed, 486.

suhtor-ge-fæderan (collective), w. m. pl., uncle and nephew, father's brother and brother's son: nom. pl., 1165.

sum, pron.: 1) indef., one, a, any, a certain; neut. something: a) without part. gen.: nom. sg. sum, 1252; hilde-rinc sum, 3125; neut. ne sceal þr dyrne sum wesan (naught there shall be hidden), 271; acc. sg. m. sumne, 1433; instr. sg. sume worde (by a word, expressly), 2157; nom. pl. sume, 400, 1114; acc. pl. sume, 2941. b) with part. gen.: nom. sg. gumena sum (one of men, a man), 1500, 2302; mere-hrægla sum, 1906; þæt wæs wundra sum, 1608; acc. sg. gylp-worda sum, 676. c) with gen. of cardinals or notions of multitude: nom. sg. fftyna sum (one of fifteen, with fourteen companions), 207; so, eahta sum, 3124; fara sum (one of few, with a few), 1413; acc. sg. manigra sumne (one of many, with many), 2092; manna cynnes sumne (one of the men), i.e. one of the watchmen in Heorot), 714; fara sumne (some few, one of few; or, one of the foes?), 3062.—2) with part. gen. sum sometimes = this, that, the afore-mentioned: nom. sg. ower sum (a certain one, that one, of you, i.e. Bowulf), 248; gð-beorna sum (the afore-mentioned warrior, i.e. who had shown the way to Hrðgr's palace), 314; eorla sum (the said knight, i.e. Bowulf), 1313; acc. sg. hord-ærna sum (a certain hoard-hall), 2280.

sund, st. m.: 1) swimming: acc. sg. ymb sund, 507; dat. sg. æt sunde (in swimming), 517; on sunde (a-swimming), 1619; gen. sg. sundes, 1437.—2) sea, ocean, sound: nom. sg., 223; acc. sg. sund, 213, 512, 539, 1427, 1445.

ge-sund, adj., sound, healthy, unimpaired: acc. sg. m. ge-sundne, 1629, 1999; nom. pl. ge-sunde, 2076; acc. pl. w. gen. fæder alwalda ... owic ge-healde sða ge-sunde (the almighty Father keep you safe and sound on your journey!), 318.—Comp. an-sund.

sund-ge-bland, st. n., (the commingled sea), sea-surge, sea-wave: acc. sg., 1451.

sund-nyt, st. f., swimming-power or employment, swimming: acc. sg. sund-nytte drah (swam through the sea), 2361.

sundur, sundor, adv., asunder, in twain: sundur gedlan (to separate, sunder), 2423.

sundor-nyt, st. f., special service (service in a special case): acc. sg. sundor-nytte, 668.

sund-wudu, st. m., (sea-wood), ship: nom. acc. sg. sund-wudu, 208, 1907.

sunne, w. f., sun: nom. sg., 607; gen. sg. sunnan, 94, 649.

sunu, st. m., son: nom. sg., 524, 591, 646, 981, 1090, 1486, etc.; acc. sg. sunu, 268, 948, 1116, 1176, 1809, 2014, 2120; dat. sg. suna, 344, 1227, 2026, 2161, 2730; gen. sg. suna, 2456, 2613, (1279); nom. pl. suna, 2381.

sð, adv., south, southward, 859.

sðan, adv., from the south, 607; sigel sðan fs (the sun inclined from the south), 1967.

swaðrian, w. v., to sink to rest, grow calm: brimu swaðredon (the waves became calm), 570. See sweðrian.

swaðu, st. f., trace, track, pathway: acc. sg. swaðe, 2099.—Comp.: swt-, wald-swaðu.

swaðul, st. m.? n.?, smoke, mist (Dietrich in Haupt V. 215): dat. sg. on swaðule, 783. See sweoðol.

swancor, adj., slender, trim: acc. pl. þro wicg swancor, 2176.

swan-rd, st. f., swan-road, sea: acc. sg. ofer swan-rde, 200.

and-swarian, w. v., to answer: pret. sg. him se yldesta and-swarode, 258; so, 340.

sw: 1) demons, adv., so, in such a manner, thus: sw sceal man dn, 1173, 1535; sw þ driht-guman dramum lifdon, 99; þæt ge-æfndon sw (that we thus accomplished), 538; þr he meahton (i.e. feorh ealgian), 798; so, 20, 144, 189, 559, 763, 1104, 1472, 1770, 2058, 2145, 2178, 2991; sw manlce (so like a man), 1047; sw fela (so many), 164, 592; sw dorlce dd (so valiant a deed), 585; hine sw gdne (him so good), 347; on sw geongum feore (in so youthful age), 1844; ge-dð him sw ge-wealdene worolde dlas þæt ... (makes parts of the world so subject to him that...), 1733. In comparisons = ever, the (adv.): m þn md-sefa lcað leng sw wl (thy mind pleases me ever so well, the longer the better), 1855. As an asseverative = so: sw m Higelc se ... mdes blðe (so be Higelac gracious-minded to me!), 435; sw þah (nevertheless, however), 973, 1930, 2879; sw þh, 2968; hwæðre sw þah (yet however), 2443.—2): a) conj., as, so as: oð þæt his byre mihte eorlscipe efnan sw his rfæder (until his son might do noble deeds, as his old father did), 2623; eft sw r (again as before), 643;—with indic.: sw h selfa bæd (as he himself requested), 29; sw h oft dyde (as he often did), 444; gð Wyrd sw ho sceal, 455; sw guman gefrungon, 667; so, 273, 352, 401, 561, 1049, 1056, 1059, 1135, 1232, 1235, 1239, 1253, 1382, etc.;—with subj.: sw þn sefa hwette (as pleases thy mind, i.e. any way thou pleasest), 490. b) as, as then, how, 1143; sw he wron ... nyd-gesteallan (as they were ever comrades in need), 882; sw hit dope ... be-nemdon þodnas mre (as, [how?] the mighty princes had deeply cursed it), 3070; sw h manna wæs wgend weorðfullost (as he of men the worthiest warrior was), 3099. c) just as, the moment when: sw þæt bld gesprang, 1668. d) so that: sw h ne mihte n (so that he might not...), 1509; so, 2185, 2007.—3) = qui, quae, quod, German so: worhte wlite-beorhtne wang sw wæter bebgeð (wrought the beauteous plain which (acc.) water surrounds), 93.—4) sw ... sw = so ... as, 595, 687-8, 3170; efne sw ... sw (even so ... as), 1093-4, 1224, 1284; efne sw hwylc mægða sw (such a woman as, whatsoever woman), 944; efne sw hwylcum manna sw (even so to each man as), 3058.

for-swfan, st. v., to carry away, sweep off: pret. sg. ealle Wyrd for-swof mne mgas t metod-sceafte, 2815.

for-swpan, st. v., to sweep off, force: pret. sg. he Wyrd forswop on Grendles gryre, 477.

swt, st. m., (sweat), wound-blood: nom. sg., 2694, 2967; instr. sg. swte, 1287.—Comp. heaðo-, hilde-swt.

swt-fh, adj., blood-stained: nom. sg., 1112.

swtig, adj., gory: nom. sg., 1570.

swt-swaðu, st. f., blood-trace: nom. sg., 2947.

be-swlan, w. v., to scorch: pret. part. wæs se lg-draca ... gldum beswled, 3042.

sws, adj., intimate, special, dear: acc. sg. swsne ðel, 520; nom. pl. swse ge-sðas, 29; acc. pl. lode swse, 1869; swse ge-sðas, 2041; gen. pl. swsra ge-sða, 1935.

sws-lce, adv., pleasantly, in a friendly manner, 3090.

swebban, w. v., (to put to sleep), to kill: inf. ic hine sweorde swebban nelle, 680; pres. sg. III. (absolutely) swefeð, 601.

-swebban, to kill, slay: pret. part. nom. pl. sweordum -swefede, 567.

sweðrian, w. v., to lessen, diminish: inf. þæt þæt fyr ongan sweðrian, 2703; pret. siððan Heremdes hild sweðrode, 902.

swefan, st. v.: 1) to sleep: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1742; inf. swefan, 119, 730, 1673; pret. sg. swæf, 1801; pl. swfon, 704; swfun, 1281.—2) to sleep the death-sleep, die: pres. sg. III. swefeð, 1009, 2061, 2747; pl. swefað, 2257, 2458.

swegel, st. n., ether, clear sky: dat. sg. under swegle, 1079, 1198; gen. sg. under swegles begong, 861, 1774.

swegle, adj., bright, etherlike, clear: acc. pl. swegle searo-gimmas, 2750.

swegel-wered, quasi pret. part., ether-clad: nom. sg. sunne swegl-wered, 607.

swelgan, st. v., to swallow: pret. sg. w. instr. syn-sndum swealh (swallowed in great bites), 744; object omitted, subj. pres. nymðe lges fæðm swulge on swaðule, 783.

for-swelgan, w. acc., to swallow, consume: pret. sg. for-swealg, 1123, 2081.

swellan, st. v., to swell: inf. þ so wund on-gan ... swelan and swellan, 2714.

sweltan, st. v., to die, perish: pret. sg. swealt, 1618, 2475; draca morðre swealt (died a violent death), 893, 2783; wundor-daðe swealt, 3038; hioro-dryncum swealt, 2359.

swencan, w. v., to swink, oppress, strike: pret. sg. hine wundra þæs fela swencte (MS. swecte) on sunde, 1511.

ge-swencan, to oppress, strike, injure: pret. sg. syððan hine Hæðcyn ... flne geswencte, 2439; pret. part. synnum ge-swenced, 976; hðstapa hundum ge-swenced, 1369.—Comp. lyft-ge-swenced.

sweng, st. m., blow, stroke: dat. sg. swenge, 1521, 2967; swenge (with its stroke), 2687; instr. pl. sweordes swengum, 2387.—Comp.: feorh-, hete-, heaðo-, heoro-sweng.

swerian, st. v., to swear: pret. w. acc. I. n m swr fela ða on unriht (swore no false oaths), 2739; h m ðas swr, 472.

for-swerian, w. instr., to forswear, renounce (protect with magic formul?): pret. part. h sige-wpnum for-sworen hæfde, 805.

swg, st. m., sound, noise, uproar: nom. sg. swg, 783; hearpan swg, 89, 2459, 3024; sige-folca swg, 645; sang and swg, 1064; dat. sg. swge, 1215.—Comp.: benc-, morgen-swg.

swelan, w. v., to burn (here of wounds): inf. swelan, 2714. See swlan.

sweart, adj., swart, black, dark: nom. sg. wudu-rc sweart, 3146; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167.

sweoðol (cf. O.H.G. suedan, suethan = cremare; M.H.G. swadem = vapor; and Dietrich in Haupt V., 215), st. m.? n.?, vapor, smoke, smoking flame: dat. sg. ofer swioðole (MS. swic ðole), 3146. See swaðul.

sweofot, st. m., sleep: dat. sg. on sweofote, 1582, 2296.

sweoloð, st. m., heat, fire, flame: dat. sg. sweoloðe, 1116. Cf. O.H.G. suilizo, suilizunga = ardor, cauma.

sweorcan, st. v., to trouble, darken. pres. sg. III. n him inwit-sorh on sefan sweorceð (darkens his soul), 1738.

for-sweorcan, to grow dark or dim: pres. sg. III. agena bearhtm for-siteð and for-sworceð, 1768.

ge-sweorcan (intrans.), to darken: pret. sg. niht-helm ge-swearc, 1790.

sweord, swurd, swyrd, st. n., sword: nom. sg. sweord, 1287, 1290, 1570, 1606, 1616, 1697; swurd, 891; acc. sg. sweord, 437, 673, 1559, 1664, 1809, 2253, 2500, etc.; swurd, 539, 1902; swyrd, 2611, 2988; instr. sg. sweorde, 561, 574, 680, 2493, 2881; gen. sg. sweordes, 1107, 2194, 2387; acc. pl. sweord, 2639; nom. pl., 3049; instr. pl. sweordum, 567, 586, 885; gen. pl. sweorda, 1041, 2937, 2962.—Comp.: gð-, mððum-, wg-sweord.

sweord, st. f., oath: in comp. ð-sweord (sword-oath?), 2065.

sweord-bealo, st. n., sword-bale, death by the sword: nom. sg., 1148.

sweord-freca, w. m., sword-warrior: dat. sg. sweord-frecan, 1469.

sweord-gifu, st. f., sword-gift, giving of swords: nom. sg. swyrd-gifu, 2885.

sweotol, swutol, adj.: 1) clear, bright: nom. sg. swutol sang scopes, 90.—2) plain, manifest: nom. sg. syndolh sweotol, 818; tcen sweotol, 834; instr. sg. sweotolan tcne, 141.

swof, swop. See swfan, swpan.

swið, st. n.? (O.N. swiði), burning pain: in comp. þryð-swið(?).

swift, adj., swift: nom. sg. se swifta mearh, 2265.

swimman, swymman, st. v., to swim: inf. swymman, 1625.

ofer-swimman, w. acc., to swim over or through: pret. sg. ofer-swam sioleða bigong (swam over the sea), 2368.

swincan, st. v., to struggle, labor, contend: pret. pl. git on wæteres ht seofon niht swuncon, 517.

ge-swing, st. n., surge, eddy: nom. sg. atol yða geswing, 849.

swingan, st. v., to swing one's self, fly: pres. sg. III. n gd hafoc geond sæl swingeð, 2265.

swcan, st. v.: 1) to deceive, leave in the lurch, abandon: pret. sg. nfre hit (the sword) æt hilde ne swc manna ngum, 1461.—2) to escape: subj. pret. btan his lc swice, 967.

ge-swcan, to deceive, leave in the lurch: pret. sg. gð-bill ge-swc nacod æt nðe, 2585, 2682; w. dat. so ecg ge-swc þodne æt þearfe (the sword failed the prince in need), 1525.

swð, swyð (Goth, swinþ-s), adj., strong, mighty: nom. sg. wæs þæt ge-win t swyð, 191.—Comp. nom. sg. so swðre hand (the right hand), 2099; harsh, 3086.

swðe, adv., strongly, very, much, 598, 998, 1093, 1744, 1927; swyðe, 2171, 2188. Compar. swðor, more, rather, more strongly, 961, 1140, 1875, 2199—Comp. un-swðe.

ofer-swðian, w. v., to overcome, vanquish, w. acc. of person: pres. sg. III. oferswyðeð, 279, 1769.

swð-ferhð, adj., (fortis animo), strong-minded, bold, brave: nom. sg. swyð-ferhð, 827; gen. sg. swð-ferhðes, 909; nom. pl. swð-ferhðe, 493; dat. pl. swð-ferhðum, 173.

swð-hycgend, pres. part. (strenue cogitans), bold-minded, brave in spirit: nom. sg. swð-hycgende, 920; nom. pl. swð-hycgende, 1017.

swið-md, adj., strong-minded: nom. sg., 1625.

on-swfan, st. v. w. acc., to swing, turn, at or against, elevate: pret. sg. biorn (Bowulf) bord-rand on-swf wið þm gryre-gieste, 2560.

swgian, w. v., to be silent, keep silent: pret. sg. lyt swgode nwra spella (kept little of the new tidings silent), 2898; pl. swgedon ealle, 1700.

swgor, adj., silent, taciturn: nom, sg. weak, þ wæs swgra secg ... on gylp-sprce gð-ge-weorca, 981.

swn, swyn, st. n., swine, boar (image on the helm): nom. sg. swyn, 1112; acc. sg. swn, 1287.

swn-lc, st. n., swine-image or body: instr. pl. swn-lcum, 1454.

swgan, st. v., to whistle, roar: pres. part. swgende lg, 3146.

swutol. See sweotol.

swylc, swilc (Goth, swa-leik-s), demons, adj. = talis, such, such a; relative = qualis, as, which: nom. sg. swylc, 178, 1941, 2542, 2709; swylc ... swylc=talis ... qualis, 1329; acc. sg. swylc, 2799; eall ... swylc (all ... which, as), 72; ðer swylc (such another, i.e. hand), 1584; on swylc (on such things), 997; dat. sg. gð-fremmendra swylcum (to such a battle-worker, i.e. Bowulf), 299; gen. sg. swylces hwæt (some such), 881; acc. pl. swylce, 2870; call swylce ... swylce, 3166; swylce twgen (two such), 1348; ealle þearfe swylce (all needs that), 1798; swylce he ... findan meahton sigla searo-gimma (such as they might find of jewels and cunning gems), 1157; efne swylce mla swylce (at just such times as), 1250; gen. pl. swylcra searo-nða, 582; swylcra fela ... r-gestrona, 2232.

swylce, adv., as, as also, likewise, similarly, 113, 293, 758, 831, 855, 908, 921, 1147, 1166, 1428, 1483, 2460, 2825; g swylce (and likewise), 2259; swilce, 1153.

swylt, st. m., death: nom. sg., 1256, 1437.

swylt-dæg, st. m., death-day: dat. sg. r swylt-dæge, 2799.

swynsian, w. v., to sound: pret. sg. hlyn swynsode, 612.

swyrd. See sweord.

swyðl. See swð.

swyn. See swn.

syððan (seðian, Gen. 1525), w. v., to punish, avenge, w. acc.: inf. þonne hit sweordes ecg syððan scolde (then the edge of the sword should avenge it), 1107.

syððan. See siððan.

syfan-wintre, adj., seven-winters-old: nom. sg., 2429.

syhð. See son.

syl (O.H.G. swella), st. f., sill, bench-support: dat. sg. fram sylle, 776.

sylfa. See selfa.

syllan. See sellan.

syllc. See sellc.

symbol, syml, st. n., banquet, entertainment: acc. sg. symbel, 620, 1011; geaf m sinc and symbel (gave me treasure and feasting, i.e. made me his friend and table-companion), 2432; þæt he ... symbel ymbston (that they might sit round their banquet), 564; dat. sg. symle, 81, 489, 1009; symble, 119, 2105; gen. pl. symbla, 1233.

symble, symle, adv., continually, ever: symble, 2451; symle, 2498; symle wæs þy smra (he was ever the worse, the weaker, i.e. the dragon), 2881.

symbel-wyn, st. f., banqueting-pleasure, joy at feasting: acc. sg. symbel-wynne droh, 1783.

syn, st. f., sin, crime: nom. synn and sacu, 2473; dat. instr. pl. synnum, 976, 1256, 3072.

syn. See sin.

syn-bysig, adj., (culpa laborans), persecuted on account of guilt? (Rieger), guilt-haunted?: nom. sg. secg syn-[by]sig, 2228.

ge-syngian, w. v., to sin, commit a crime: pret. part. þæt wæs feohlas ge-feoht, fyrenum ge-syngad, 2442.

synnig, adj., sin-laden, sinful: acc. sg. m. sinnigne secg, 1380.—Comp.: fela-, un-synnig.

ge-synto, f., health: dat. pl. on gesyntum, 1870.

syrce. See serce.

syrwan, w. v. w. acc., to entrap, catch unawares: pret. sg. duguðe and geogoðe seomade and syrede, 161.

be-syrwan: 1) to compass or accomplish by finesse; effect: inf. dd þ w ealle r ne meahton snyttrum be-syrwan (a deed that all of us could not accomplish before with all our wisdom), 943.—2) to entrap by guile and destroy: inf. mynte se mnscaða manna cynnes sumne be-syrwan (the fell foe thought to entrap some one (all?, see sum) of the men), 714.

syn, f., seeing, sight, scene: comp, an-syn.

ge-syne, adj., visible, to be seen: nom. sg. 1256, 1404, 2948, 3059, 3160.—Comp.: ð-ge-syne, yð-ge-sne.

T

taligean, w. v.: 1) to count, reckon, number; esteem, think: pres. sg. I. n ic m ... hngran gð-geweorca þonne Grendel hine (count myself no worse than G. in battle-works), 678; wn ic talige ...þæt (I count on the hope ... that), 1846; telge, 2068; sg. III. þæt rd talað þæt (counts it gain that), 2028.—2) to tell, relate: sð ic talige (I tell facts), 532; sw þ self talast (as thou thyself sayst), 595.

tcen, st. n., token, sign, evidence: nom. sg. tcen sweotol, 834; dat. instr. sg. sweotolan tcne, 141; tres t tcne, 1655.—Comp. luf-tcen.

tn, st. m., twig: in comp. ter-tn. [emended to ter-tarum in text—KTH]

ge-tcan, w. v., to show, point out: pret. sg. him þ hilde-dor hof mdigra torht ge-thte (the warrior pointed out to them the bright dwelling of the bold ones, i.e. Danes), 313. Hence, to indicate, assign: pret. sna m se mra mago Healfdenes ... wið his sylfes sunu setl gethte (assigned me a seat by his own son), 2014.

tle, adj., blameworthy: in comp. un-tle.

ge-tse, adj., quiet, still: nom. sg. gif him wre ... niht ge-tse (whether he had a pleasant, quiet, night), 1321.

tela, adv., fittingly, well, 949, 1219, 1226, 1821, 2209, 2738.

telge. See talian.

tellan, w. v., to tell, consider, deem: pret. sg. n his lf-dagas loda nigum nytte tealde (nor did he count his life useful to any man), 795; þæt ic m nigne under swegles begong ge-sacan ne tealde (I believed not that I had any foe under heaven), 1774; cwæð h þone gð-wine gdne tealde (said he counted the war-friend good), 1811; h sic gr-wgend gde tealde (deemed us good spear-warriors), 2642; pl. sw (so that) hine Gata beam gdne ne tealdon, 2185.—2) to ascribe, count against, impose: pret. sg. (Þryðo) him wælbende weotode tealde hand-gewriðene, 1937.

ge-tenge, adj., attached to, lying on: w. dat. gold ... grunde ge-tenge, 2759.

tar, st. m., tear: nom. pl. taras, 1873.

teoh, st. f., troop, band: dat. sg. earmre teohhe, 2939.

(ge?)-teohhian, w. v., to fix, determine, assign: pret. sg. ic for lssan lan teohhode ... hnhran rince, 952; pres. part. wæs ðer in r geteohhod (assigned)... mrum Gate, 1301.

ton, st. v., to draw, lead: inf. heht ... eahta maras ... on flet ton (bade eight horses be led into the hall), 1037; pret. sg. m t grunde tah fh fond-sceaða (the many-hued fiend-foe drew me to the bottom), 553; eft-sðas tah (withdrew, returned), 1333; sg. for pl. g-hwylcum ...þra þe mid Bowulfe brim-lde tah (to each of those that crossed the sea with B.) 1052; pret. part. þ wæs ... heard ecg togen (then was the hard edge drawn), 1289; wearð ... on næs togen (was drawn to the promontory), 1440.

-ton, to wander, go, intrans.: pret. sg. t Heorute -tah (drew to Heorot), 767.

ge-ton: 1) to draw: pret. sg. gomel swyrd ge-tah, 2611; w. instr. and acc. hyre seaxe ge-tah, brad brn-ecg, 1546.—2) to grant, give, lend: imp. n þ him wearne getoh þnra gegn-cwida glædnian (refuse not to gladden them with thy answer), 366; pret. sg. and þ Bowulfe bga gehwæðres eodor Ingwina onweald ge-tah (and the prince of the Ingwins gave B. power over both), 1045; so, h him st getah (gave possession of), 2166.

of-ton, to deprive, withdraw, w. gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. Scyld Scfing ... monegum mgðum meodo-setla of-tah, 5; w. acc. of thing, hond ... feorh-sweng ne of-tah, 2490; w. dat. hond (hord, MS.) swenge ne of-tah, 1521.

þurh-ton, to effect: inf. gif h torn-gemt þurh-ton mihte, 1141.

ton (cf. toh, materia, O.H.G. ziuc), w. v. w. acc., to make, work: pret. sg. tode, 1453;—to furnish out, deck: pret. pl. nalas h hine lssan lcum todan (provided him with no less gifts), 43.

ge-ton, to provide, do, bring on: pres. sg. unc sceal weorðan ... sw unc Wyrd ge-toð, 2527; pret. sg. þ him ... sre ge-tode (who had done him this harm), 2296.

ge-tona, w. m., injurer, harmer: in comp. lð-ge-tona.

til, adj., good, apt, fit: nom. sg. m. Hlga til, 61; þegn ungemete till (of Wglf), 2722; fem. wæs so þod tilu, 1251; neut. ne wæs þæt ge-wrixle til, 1305.

tilian, w. v. w. gen., to gain, win: inf. gif ic ... wihte mæg þnre md-lufan mran tilian (if I ... gain), 1824.

timbrian, w. v., to build: pret. part. acc. sg. sæl timbred (the well-built hall), 307.

be-timbrian, (construere), to finish building, complete: pret. pl. betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rfes bcn, 3161.

td, st. f., -tide, time: acc. sg. twelf wintra td, 147; lange td, 1916; in þ tde, 2228.—Comp.: n-, morgen-td.

ge-tðian (from tigðian), w. v., to grant: pret. part. impers. wæs ... bne (gen.) ge-tðad fasceaftum men, 2285.

tr, st. m., glory, repute in war. gen. sg. tres, 1655.

tr-adig, adj., glorious, famous: dat. sg. tr-adigum menn (of Bowulf), 2190.

tr-fæst, adj., famous, rich in glory. nom. sg. (of Hrðgr), 923.

tr-las, adj., without glory, infamous: gen. sg. (of Grendel), 844.

toga, w. m., leader: in comp. folc-toga.

torht, adj., bright, brilliant: acc. sg. neut. hof ... torht, 313.—Comp.: wuldor-torht, heaðo-torht (loud in battle).

torn, st. n.: 1) wrath, insult, distress: acc. sg. torn, 147, 834; gen. pl. torna, 2190.—2) anger: instr. sg. torne ge-bolgen, 2402.—Comp. lge-torn.

torn, adj., bitter, cruel: nom. sg, hrowa tornost, 2130.

torn-ge-mt, st. n., (wrathful meeting), angry engagement, battle: acc. sg., 1141.

t, I. prep. w. dat. indicating direction or tending to, hence: 1) local = whither after verbs of motion, to, up to, at: cm t recede (to the hall), 721; ode t sele, 920; ode t hire fran sittan, 642; gð eft ... t medo (goeth again to mead), 605; wand t wolcnum (wound to the welkin), 1120; sigon t slpe (sank to sleep), 1252; 28, 158, 234, 438, 553, 926, 1010, 1014, 1155, 1159, 1233, etc.; lð-wge bær hlum t handa (bore the ale-cup to the hands of the men? at hand?), 1984; oð þæt niht becm ðer t yldum, 2118; him t bearme cwm mððum-fæt mre (came to his hands, into his possession), 2405; slde t sande sd-fæðme scip (fastened the broad-bosomed ship to the shore), 1918; þat se harm-scaða t Heorute -tah (went forth to Heorot), 767. After verb sittan: site n t symble (sit now to the meal), 489; siððan ... w t symble geseten hæfdon, 2105; t ham (home, at home), 124, 374, 2993. With verbs of speaking: maðelode t his wine-drihtne (spake to his friendly lord), 360; t Gatum sprec, 1172; so, heht þæt heaðo-weorc t hagan bodan (bade the battle-work be told at the hedge), 2893.—2) with verbs of bringing and taking (cf. under on, I., d): hraðe wæs t bre Bowulf fetod (B. was hastily brought from a room), 1311; siððan Hma æt-wæg t þre byrhtan byrig Brsinga mene (since H. carried the Brsing-necklace off from the bright city), 1200; wan hsode. fhðo to Frysum (suffered woe, feud as to, from, the Frisians), 1208.—3) =end of motion, hence: a) to, for, as, in: þone god sende folce t frfre (for, as, a help to the folk), 14; gesette ... sunnan and mnan loman to lohte (as a light), 95; ge-sæt ... t rune (sat in counsel), 172; wearð h Heaðo-lfe t hand-bonan, 460; bringe ... t helpe (bring to, for, help), 1831; Jofore forgeaf ngan dhtor ... hyldo t wedde (as a pledge of his favor), 2999; so, 508(?), 666, 907, 972, 1022, 1187, 1263, 1331, 1708, 1712, 2080, etc.; secgan t sðe (to say in sooth), 51; so, 591, 2326. b) with verbs of thinking, hoping, etc., on, for, at, against: h t gyrn-wræce swðor þhte þonne t s-lde (thought more on vengeance than on the sea-voyage), 1139; sæcce ne wneð t Gr-Denum (nor weeneth of conflict with the Spear-Danes), 602; þonne wne ic t þ wyrsan geþinges (then I expect for thee a worse result), 525; n ic to Swoþode sibbe oððe trowe wihte ne wne (nor expect at all of, from, the Swedes ...), 2923; wiste þm hlcan t þm hah-sele hilde ge-þinged (battle prepared for the monster in the high hall), 648; wl bið þm þe mot t fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian (well for him that can find peace in the Father's arms), 188; þra þe h ge-worhte t West-Denum (of those that he wrought against the West-Danes), 1579.—4) with the gerund, inf.: t gefremmanne (to do), 174; t ge-cyðanne (to make known), 257; t secganne (to say), 473; to beflonne (to avoid, escape), 1004; so, 1420, 1725, 1732, 1806, 1852, 1923, 1942, etc. With inf.: t fran, 316; t friclan, 2557.—5) temporal: gewt him t gescæp-hwle (went at(?) the hour of fate; or, to his fated rest?), 26; t wdan feore (ever, in their lives), 934; wa t aldre (for life, forever), 956; so, t aldre, 2006, 2499; t life (during life, ever), 2433.—6) with particles: wd under wolcnum t þæs þe ... (went under the welkin to the point where ...), 715; so, elne ge-odon t þæs þe, 1968; so, 2411; h him þæs lan for-geald ... t þæs þe h on reste geseah Grendel licgan (he paid him for that to the point that he saw G. lying dead), 1586; wæs þæt bld t þæs ht (the blood was hot to that degree), 1617; næs þ long t þon þæt ('twas not long till), 2592, 2846; wæs him se man t þon lof þæt (the man was dear to him to that degree), 1877; t hwan siððan wearð hond-rs hæleða (up to what point, how, the hand-contest turned out), 2072; t middes (in the midst), 3142.