ge-hyran, to hear, learn: a) w. acc.: II. pers. sg. pres. mnne gehyrað nfealdne geþht, 255; III. sg. pret. gehyrde on Bowulfe fæstrdne geþht, 610. b) w. acc. and inf.: III. pl. pret. gehyrdon, 786. c) w. depend. clause: I. pres. sg. ic þæt gehyre þæt ..., 290.

I

ic, pers. pron. I: acc. mec, dat. m, gen. mn; dual nom. wit, acc. uncit, unc, dat. unc, gen. uncer; pl. nom. w, acc. sic, s, dat. s, gen. ser. ic omitted before the verb, 470.

icge, gold (perhaps related to Sanskrit ç, = dominare, imperare, O.H.G. ht, wealth, opes), treasure?, sword (edge)?, 1108.—Körner.

ides, st. f., woman, lady, queen: nom. sg., 621, 1076, 1118, 1169; dat. sg. idese, 1650, 1942. Also of Grendel's mother: nom. sg., 1260; gen. sg. idese, 1352.

in. See inn.

in: I. prep. w. dat. and acc.: 1) w. dat. (local, indicating rest), in: in geardum, 13, 2460; in þm gðsele, 443; in borsele, 2636; so, 89, 482, 589, 696, 729, 2140, 2233, etc.; in mgða gehwre, 25; in þystrum, 87; in Caines cynne, 107; in hyra gryregeatwum (in their accoutrements of terror, war-weeds), 324; so, 395; in campe (in battle), 2506; hiora in num (in one of them), 2600. Prep. postpositive: Scedelandum in, 19. Also, on, upon, like on: in ealo-bence, 1030; in gumstle, 1953; in þm wongstede (on the grassy plain, the battle-field), 2787; in blstede, 3098. Temporal: in ger-dagum, 1.—2) w. acc. (local, indicating motion), in, into: in woruld, 60; in fyres fæðm, 185; so, 1211; in Hrefnesholt, 2936. Temporal, in, at, about, toward: in þ tde (in watide, MS.), 2228.

II. adv., in (here or there), 386, 1038, 1372, 1503, 1645, 2153, 2191, 2228; inn, 3091.

incge, adj. (perhaps related to icge), instr. sg. incge lfe (with the costly sword ? or with mighty sword?), 2578.—[Edge: incge lfe, edge of the sword.—K. Körner?]

in-frd, adj., very aged: nom. sg., 2450; dat. sg. in-frdum, 1875.

in-gang, st. m., entrance, access to: acc. sg., 1550.

in-genga, w. m., in-goer, visitor: nom. sg., of Grendel, 1777.

in-gesteald, st. m., house-property, possessions in the house: acc. sg., 1156.

inn, st. n., apartment, house: nom. sg. in, 1301.

innan, adv., within, inside, 775, 1018, 2413, 2720; on innan (in the interior), within, 1741, 2716; þr on innan (in there), 71; burgum on innan (within his city), 1969. Also, therein: þr on innan, 2090, 2215, 2245.

innan-weard, adv., inwards, inside, within, 992, 1977; inne-weard, 999.

inne, adv.: 1) inside, within, 643, 1282, 1571, 2114, 3060; word inne bad (called, sent word, in, i.e. standing in the hall door), 390; in it (i.e. the battle), 1142; þr inne (therein), 118, 1618, 2116, 2227, 3088.—2) = insuper, still further, besides, 1867.

inwit, st. n., evil, mischief, spite, cunning hostility, as in

inwit-feng, st. m., malicious grasp, grasp of a cunning foe: nom. sg., 1448.

inwit-gæst, st. m., evil guest, hostile stranger: nom. sg., 2671.

inwit-hrf, st. m., hostile roof, hiding-place of a cunning foe: acc. sg. under inwit-hrf, 3124.

inwit-net, st. n., mischief-net, cunning snare: acc. sg., 2168.

inwit-nð, st. n., cunning hostility, hostile contest: nom. pl. inwit-nðas (hostility through secret attack), 1859; gen. pl. inwit-nða, 1948.

inwit-scear, st. m., massacre through cunning, murderous attack: acc. sg. eatolne inwit-scear, 2479.

inwit-searo, st. n., cunning, artful intrigue: acc. sg. þurh inwit-searo, 1102. See searo.

inwit-sorh, st. f., grief, remorse, mourning springing from hostile cunning: nom. sg., 1737; acc. sg. inwid-sorge, 832.

inwit-þanc, adj., ill-disposed, malicious: dat. sg. h onfng hraðe inwit-þancum (he quickly grasped the cunning-in-mind [Grendel]), 749.

irnan (for rinnan), st. v., to run: so be-irnan, to run up to, occur: pret. sg him on md be-arn (came into his mind), 67.

on-irnan, to open: pret. sg. duru sna onarn, 722.

irre-md, adj. See yrre-md.



del, adj., empty, bare; deprived of: nom. sg., 145, 413; w. gen. lond-rihtes þre mgburge del (deprived of his land-possessions among the people [of the Gatas]), 2889.

del-hende, adj., empty-handed, 2082.

ren, st. n., iron, sword: nom. sg. dryhtlc ren (the doughty, lordly sword), 893; ren r-gd, 990; acc. sg. loflc ren, 1810; gen. pl. rena cyst (choicest of swords), 674; renna cyst, 803; renna ecge (edges of swords), 2684.

ren, adj., of iron: nom. sg. ecg wæs ren, 1460.

ren-bend, st. f., iron band, bond, rivet: instr. pl. ren-bendum fæst (bold), 775, 999.

ren-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. ren-byrnan, 2987. See sern-byrne.

ren-heard, adj., hard as iron: nom. sg., 1113.

renne, adj., of iron: in comp. eall-renne.

ren-þrat, st. m., iron troop, armored band: nom. sg., 330.

s, st. n., ice: dat. sg. se, 1609.

sern-byrne, w. f., iron corselet: acc. sg. sern-byrnan, 672. See ren-byrne.

sern-scr, st. f., iron shower, shower of arrows: gen. sg. þone þe oft gebd sern-scre, 3117.

s-gebind, st. n., fetters of ice: instr. sg. s-gebinde, 1134.

sig, adj., shining, brilliant (like brass): nom. sg. sig (said of a vessel covered with plates(?) of metal), 33.—Leo.

IO IU

i. See ge.

i-man. See ge-man.

o-mowle. See ge-mowle.

L

laðu, st. f., invitation.—Comp.: frond-, nod-laðu.

ge-lafian, w. v. w. acc. pers. and instr. of the thing, to refresh, lave: pret. sg. wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, 2723.

lagu, st. m., lake, sea: nom. sg., 1631.

lagu-cræftig, adj., acquainted with the sea: nom. sg. lagu-cræftig mon (pilot), 209.

lagu-strt, st. f., path over the sea: acc. sg. ofer lagu-strte, 239.

lagu-stram, st. m., sea-current, flood: acc. pl. ofer lagu-stramas, 297.

land, st. n., land: nom. sg. lond, 2198; acc. sg. land, 221, 2063; lond, 2472, 2493; land Dena, 242, 253; lond Brondinga, 521; Finna land, 580; dat. sg. on lande (in the land), 2311, 2837; at near, land, shore, 1914; t lande (to the land, ashore), 1624; gen. sg. landes, 2996; gen. pl. ofer landa fela (over much country, space; afar), 311.—Comp.: el-, a-land.

land-bend, part, pres., terricola, inhabitant of the land: nom. pl. lond-bend, 1346; dat. pl. land-bendum, 95.

land-fruma, w. m., ruler, prince of the country: nom. sg., 31.

land-gemyrcu, st. n. pl., frontier, land-mark: acc. pl., 209.

land-geweorc, st. n., land-work, fortified place: acc. sg. loda land-geweorc, 939. See weorc, geweorc.

land-riht, st. n., prerogatives based upon land-possessions, right to possess land, hence real estate itself: gen. sg. lond-rihtes del, 2887.

land-waru, st. f., inhabitants, population: acc. pl. land-wara, 2322.

land-weard, st. m., guard, guardian of the frontier: nom. sg., 1891.

lang, long, adj., long: 1) temporal: nom. sg. t lang, 2094; næs þ long (lang) t þon (not long after), 2592, 2846; acc. sg. lange hwle (for a long time), 16, 2160, 2781; longe (lange) þrge, 54, 114, 1258; lange td, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. lengra fyrst, 134.—2) local, nom. sg. s wæs fftiges ftgemearces lang, 3044.—Comp.: and-, morgen-, niht-, up-lang.

lange, longe, adv., long: lange, 31, 1995, 2131, 2345, 2424; longe, 1062, 2752, 3109; t lange (too long, excessively long), 906, 1337, 1749. Compar. leng, 451, 1855, 2802, 3065; n þy leng (none the longer), 975. Superl. lengest (longest), 2009, 2239.

ge-lang, adj., extending, reaching to something or somebody, hence ready, prepared: n is rd gelang eft æt þ num (now is help [counsel] at hand in thee alone), 1377; gn is eall æt þ lissa gelong (all of favor is still on thee dependent, is thine), 2151. See ge-lenge.

lang-ge-stron, st. n., long-lasting treasure: gen. pl. long-gestrona, 2241.—Leo.

langian, w. v., reflex, w. dat, to long, yearn: pres. sg. III. him ...æfter dorum men dyrne langað beorn (the hero longeth secretly after the dear man), 1880.

lang-sum, adj., long-lasting, continuing: nom. sg. longsum, 134, 192, 1723; acc. sg. long-sumne, 1537.

lang-twidig, adj., long-granted, assured: nom. sg., 1709.

lata, w. m., a lazy, cowardly one; in comp. hild-lata.

l, interj., yes! indeed! 1701, 2865.

lc, st. n.: 1) measured movement, play: in comp. beadu-, heaðo-lc.—2) gift, offering: acc. pl. lc, 1864; lðlcu lc (loathly offering, prey), 1585; dat. pl. lcum, 43, 1869.—Comp. s-lc.

ge-lc, st. n., sport, play: acc. pl. sweorda gelc (battle), 1041; dat. pl. æt ecga gelcum, 1169.

lcan, st. v., to move in measured time, dancing, playing, fighting, flying, etc.: inf. dareðum lcan (fight), 2849; part. pres. æfter lyfte lcende (flying through the air), 2833.

for-lcan, to deceive, betray: part, pret. h wearð on fonda geweald forð forlcen (deceitfully betrayed into the enemy's hands), 904.

ld, st. f., street, way, journey: dat. sg. on lde, 1988; gen. sg. lde, 569.—Comp.: brim-, s-ld.

ge-ld, st. n., way, path, road: acc. sg. uncð geld, 1411.

lð, adj., loathly, evil, hateful, hostile: nom. sg. lð, 816; lð lyft-floga, 2316; lð (enemy), 440; n lof n lð, 511; neut. lð, 134, 192; in weak form, se lða (of the dragon), 2306; acc. sg. lðne (wyrm), 3041; dat. sg. lðum, 440, 1258; gen. sg. lðes (of the enemy), 842; fela lðes (much evil), 930; so, 1062; lðan lges, 83; lðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; þæs lðan (of the enemy), 132; acc. pl. neut. lð gewidru (hateful storms), 1376; dat. instr. pl. wið lðum, 550; lðum scuccum and scinnum, 939; lðum ddum (with evil deeds), 2468; lðan fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. lðra manna, spella, 2673, 3030; lðra (the enemy), 242. Compar. nom. sg. lðra ... beorn, 2433.

lð-bite, st. m., hostile bite: dat. sg. lð-bite lces (the body's hostile bite = the wound), 1123.

lð-getona, w. m., evil-doer, injurer: nom. sg., 975; nom. pl. lð-getonan, 559.

lð-lc, adj., loathly, hostile: acc. pl. lð-lcu, 1585.

lf, st. f.: 1) what is left, relic; inheritance, heritage, legacy: nom. sg. Hrðlan lf (Bowulf's corselet), 454; nom. pl. fla lfe (the leavings of files = swords, Grein), 1033; so, homera lfe, 2830; on him gladiað gomelra lfe, heard and hringml Heaðobeardna gestron (on him gleams the forefather's bequest, hard and ring-decked, the Heaðobeardas' treasure, i.e. the equipments taken from the slain king of the Heaðobeardas), 2037; acc. sg. sweorda lfe (leavings of the sword, i.e. those spared by the sword), 2937.—2) the sword as a specially precious heir-loom: nom. sg., 2629; acc. sg. lfe, 796, 1489, 1689, 2192, 2564; instr. sg. incge lfe, 2578.—Comp.: ende-, eormen-, wa-, yrfe-, yð-lf.

lr, st. f., lore, instruction, prescription: dat. sg. be fæder lre, 1951; gen. pl. lra, 1221; lrena, 269.—Comp. frond-lr.

lst, st. m., footstep, track: acc. sg. lst, 132, 972, 2165; on lst (on the traces of, behind), 2946; nom. pl. lstas, 1403; acc. pl. lstas, 842.—Comp.: fðe-, feorh-, ft-, wræc-lst.

læger. See leger.

lger-bed, st. n., bed to lie on : instr. sg. leger-bedde, 1008.

ls, adj., less, 1947; þy ls (the less), 487; conjunct, that not, lest, 1919.

lssa, adj., less, fewer: nom. sg. lssa, 1283; acc. sg. m. lssan, 43; fem, lssan hwle, 2572; dat. sg. for lssan (for less, smaller), 952. Superl. nom. sg. n þæt lsest wæs hond-gemt[a], 2355.

læt, adj., negligent, neglectful; w. gen.: nom. sg. elnes læt, 1530.

ldan, w. v. w. acc.: to lead, guide, bring: inf. ldan, 239; pret. pl. lddon, 1160.

for-1dan, to mislead: pret. pl. for-lddan, 2440 (?).

ge-ldan, lead, bring: part. pret. ge-lded, 37.

lfan, w. v.: 1), to bequeathe, leave: imper. sg. þnum magum lf folc and rce, 1179; pret. sg. eaferum lfde ... lond and lodbyrig, 2471.—2) spare, leave behind: ht cwices lfan (to spare aught living), 2316.

ln-dagas, st. m. pl., loan-days, transitory days (of earthly existence as contrasted with the heavenly, unending): acc. pl. ln-dagas, 2592; gen. pl. ln-daga, 2342.

lne, adj., inconstant, perishable, evanescent, given over to death or destruction: nom. sg., 1755, 3179; acc. sg. of rust-eaten treasures, 3130; þs lnan gesceaft (this fleeting life), 1623; gen. sg. lnan lfes, 2846.

lran, w. v., to teach, instruct: imper. sg. þ þ lr be þon (learn this, take this to heart), 1723.

ge-lran, to teach, instruct, give instruction: inf. ic þæs Hrðgr mæg ... rd gelran (I can give H. good advice about this), 278; so, 3080; pret. pl. þ m þæt ge-lrdon lode mne (gave me the advice), 415.

lstan, w. v.: 1) to follow, to sustain, serve: inf. þæt him se lc-homa lstan nolde (that his body would not sustain him), 813.—2) perform: imper. lst eall tela (do all well), 2664.

ge-lstan: 1) to follow, serve: pret. sg. (sweord) þæt mec r and oft gelste, 2501.—2) to fulfil, grant: subj. pres. pl. þæt ... wilgesðas, þonne wg cume, lode gelstan (render war service), 24; inf. ic þ sceal mne gelstan frode (shall grant thee my friendship, be grateful), 1707; pret. sg. bot ... gelste (fulfilled his boast), 524; gelste sw (kept his word), 2991; pres. part. hæfde ast-Denum ... gilp gelsted (had fulfilled for the East Danes his boast), 830.

ltan, st. v., to let, allow, w. acc. and inf.: pres. sg. III. lteð, 1729; imper. pl. II. ltað, 397; sg. II. lt, 1489; pret. sg. lt, 2390, 2551, 2978, 3151(?); pret. pl. lton, 48, 865, 3133; subj. pret. sg. II. lte, 1997; sg. III. lte, 3083.

-ltan: 1) to let, allow: subj. pres. sg. II. þæt þ ne lte ... dm ge-drosan, 2666.—2) to leave, lay aside: inf. ltan ln-dagas (die) 2592; so, ltan lf and lodscipe, 2751.

for-ltan: 1) to let, permit, w. acc. and inf.: pret. sg. for-lt, 971; pret. pl. for-lton, 3168. Also with inf. omitted: inf. nolde eorla hlo ... þone cwealmcuman cwicne (i.e. wesan) forltan (would not let the murderous spirit go alive), 793.—2) to leave behind, leave: pret. sg. in þm wong-stede ... þr h hine r forlt (where he had previously left him), 2788.

of-ltan, to leave, lay aside: pres. sg. II. gyf þ r þonne h worold ofltest (leavest the world, diest), 1184; so pret. sg. oflt lf-dagas and þs lnan gesceaft, 1623.

on-ltan, to release, liberate: pres. sg. III. þonne forstes bend fæder on-lteð (as soon as the Father looseth the frost's fetters), 1610.

-lecgan, w. v.: 1) to lay, lay down: pret. sg. syððan hilde-dor hond -legde ... under gapne hrf, 835; þæt h on Bowulfes bearm -legde (this [the sword] he laid in B.'s bosom, presented to him), 2195; pret. pl. -ledon þ lofne þoden ... on bearm scipes, 34; -legdon þ t middes mrne þoden (laid the mighty prince in the midst [of the pyre]), 3142.—2) to lay aside, give up: siððan ... in fen-freoðo feorh -legde (laid down his life, died), 852; n se here-wsa hleahtor -legde, gamen and glo-dram (now the war-chief has left laughter, etc.), 3021.

leger, st. n., couch, bed, lair: dat. sg. on legere, 3044.

lemian, w. v., to lame, hinder, oppress: pret. sg. (for pl.) hine sorh-wylmas lemede t lange, 906. MS.

leng. See lang.

lenge, adj., extending along or to, near (of time): nom. sg. neut. ne wæs hit lenge þ gn (nor was it yet long), 83.

ge-lenge, adj., extending, reaching to, belonging: nom. sg. yrfe-weard ... lce gelenge (an heir belonging to one's body), 2733.

let, st. m., place of rest, sojourn? in comp. eo-let (voyage?).

lettan, w. v., to hinder: pret. pl. (acc. pers. and gen. thing), þæt syððan n ... brim-lðende lde ne letton (might no longer hinder seafarers from journeying), 569.

-ldon. See -lecgan.

lg, st. m., flame, fire: nom. sg. wonna lg (the lurid flame), 3116; swgende lg, 3146; dat. sg. for dracan lge, 2550. See lg.

lg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon: nom. sg., 3041.

leahtre. See or-leahtre.

laf, st. n., leaf, foliage: instr. pl. lafum, 97.

lafnes-word, st. n., permission, leave: acc. pl., 245.

lan, st. v. w. acc. to scold, blame: pres. sg. III. lyhð, 1049; pret. sg. lg, 1812; pret. pl. lgon, 203, 863.

be-lan, to dissuade, prevent: inf. n inc nig mon ... belan mihte sorhfullne sð (no one might dissuade you twain from your difficult journey), 511.

lan, st. n., reward, compensation: acc. sg., 114, 952, 1221, 1585, 2392; dat. sg. lane, 1022. Often in the pl.: acc. þ lan, 2996; dat. þm lanum, 2146; gen. lana, 2991.—Comp.: and-, ende-lan.

len (for ln, O.H.G. lhan), st. n, loan, 1810.

lanian, w. v., to reward, compensate: pres. sg. I. ic þ þ fhðe fo lanige (repay thee for the contest with old-time treasures), 1381; pret. sg. m þone wæl-rs wine Scyldinga fttan golde fela lanode (the friend of the Scyldings rewarded me richly for the combat with plated gold), 2103.

las, adj., false: nom. pl. lase, 253.

las, adj., deprived of, free from, w. gen.: nom. sg. drama las, 851; dat. sg. winigea lasum, 1665.—Comp.: dm-, dram-, ealdor-, feoh-, feormend-, hlford-, swol-, sige-, sorh-, tr-, þoden-, wine-, wyn-las.

lasig, adj., concealing one's self; in comp. sin-lasig(?).

leoðo-cræft, st. m., the art of weaving or working in meshes, wire, etc.: instr. pl. segn eall-gylden ... gelocen leoðo-cræftum (a banner all hand-wrought of interlaced gold), 2770.

leoðo-syrce, w. f., shirt of mail (limb-sark): acc. sg. locene leoðo-syrcan (locked linked sark), 1506; acc. pl. locene leoðo-syrcan, 1891.

leomum. See lim.

leornian, w. v., to learn, devise, plan: pret. him þæs gð-cyning ... wræce leornode (the war-king planned vengeance therefor), 2337.

lod, st. m., prince: nom. sg., 341, 348, 670, 830, 1433, 1493, 1613, 1654, etc.; acc. lod, 626.

lod, st. f., people: gen. sg. lode, 597, 600, 697. In pl. indicates individuals, people, kinsmen: nom. pl. lode, 362, 415, 1214, 2126, etc.; gum-cynnes Gata lode (people of the race of the Gatas), 260; acc. pl. lode, 192, 443, 1337, 1346, etc.; dat. pl. lodum, 389, 521, 619, 698, 906, 1160, etc.; gen. pl. loda, 205, 635, 794, 1674, 2034, etc.

lod-bealo, st. n., (mischief, misfortune affecting an entire people), great, unheard-of calamity: acc. sg., 1723; gen. pl. lod-bealewa, 1947.

lod-burh, st. f., princely castle, stronghold of a ruler, chief city: acc. pl. -byrig, 2472.

lod-cyning, st. m., king of the people: nom. sg., 54.

lod-fruma, w. m., prince of the people, ruler: acc. sg. lod-fruman, 2131.

lod-gebyrgea, w. m., protector of the people, prince: acc. sg. -gebyrgean, 269.

lod-hryre, st. m., fall, overthrow, of the prince, ruler: dat. sg. æfter lod-hryre (after the fall of the king of the Heaðobeardas, Frda, cf. 2051, 2031; gen. sg. þæs lod-hryres (of the fall of Heardred, cf. 2389, 2392.

lod-sceaða, w. m., injurer of the people: dat. sg. þm lod-sceaðan, 2094.

lod-scipe, st. m., the whole nation, people: acc. sg., 2752; dat. sg. on þm lod-scipe, 2198.

loð, st. n., song, lay: nom. sg., 1160.—Comp.: fyrd-, gryre-, gð-, sorh-loð.

lof, adj., lief, dear: nom. sg., 31, 54, 203, 511, 521, 1877, 2468; weak form m., lofa, 1217, 1484, 1855, 2664; acc. sg. m. lofne, 34, 297, 619, 1944, 2128, 3109, 3143; gen. sg. lofes (m.), 1995, 2081, 2898; (neut.), 1062, 2911; dat. pl. lofum, 1074; gen. pl. lofra, 1916. Compar. nom. sg. neut. lofre, 2652. Superl. nom. sg. m. lofost, 1297; acc. sg. þone lofestan, 2824.

loflc, dear, precious, valued: nom. sg. m. loflc lind-wiga, 2604; acc. sg. neut. loflc ren, 1810.

logan, st. v., to lie, belie, deceive. subj. pres. næfne him his wlite loge (unless his looks belie him), 250; pret. sg. h ne lag fela wyrda n worda, 3030.

-logan, to deceive, leave unfulfilled: pret. sg. h bot ne -lh (he left not his promise unfulfilled), 80.

ge-logan, to deceive, betray: pret. sg. him so wn gelah (hope deceived him), 2324.

loht, st. n., light, brilliance: nom. sg., 569, 728, 1751 (?); acc. sg. sunnan loht, 649; godes loht gecas (chose God's light, died), 2470; dat. sg. t lohte, 95.—Comp.: fen-, fyr-, morgen-loht.

loht, adj., luminous, bright: instr. sg. lohtan sweorde, 2493.

loma, w. m.: 1) light, splendor: nom. sg., 311, 2770; acc. sg. loman, 1518; sunnan and mnan loman (light of sun and moon), 95.—2) (as beadu- and hilde-loma), the glittering sword: nom. sg. lxte se loma (the blade-gleam flashed), 1571.

losan, st. v., = amitti, in

be-losan, to deprive, be deprived of: pres. part. (ho) wearð beloren lofum bearnum and brðrum (was deprived of her dear children and brethren), 1074.

for-losan, with dat. instr., to lose something: pret. sg. þr h dme for-las, ellen-mrðum (there lost he the glory, the repute, of his heroic deeds), 1471; pret. sg. for pl. þm þe r his elne for-las (to him who, before, had lost his valor), 2862; part. pret. nealles ic þm lanum for-loren hæfde (not at all had I lost the rewards), 2146.

libban, w. v., to live, be, exist: pres. sing. III. lifað, 3169; lyfað, 945; leofað, 975, 1367, 2009; subj. pres. sg. II. lifige, 1225; pres. part. lifigende, 816, 1954, 1974, 2063; dat. sg. be þ lifigendum (in thy lifetime), 2666; pret. sg. lifde, 57, 1258; lyfde, 2145; pret. pl. lifdon, 99. See unlifigende.

licgan, st. v.: 1) to lie, lie down or low: pres. sg. n so hand ligeð (now the hand lies low), 1344; n se wyrm ligeð, 2746, so 2904; inf. licgan, 3130; licgean, 967, 3083; pret. sg. læg, 40, 552, 2078; syððan Heardrd læg (after Heardrd had fallen), 2389; pret. pl. lgon, 3049; lgon, 566.—2) to lie prostrate, rest, fail: pret. sg. nfre on re læg wd-cðes wg (never failed the far-famed one's valor at the front), 1042; syððan wiðer-gyld læg (after vengeance failed, or, when Withergyld lay dead, if W. is a proper name), 2052.

-licgan, to succumb, fail, yield: inf. 2887; pret. sg. þæt his dm -læg (that its power failed it), 1529.

ge-licgan, to rest, lie still: pret. sg. wind-blond gelæg, 3147.

lida, w. m., boat, ship (as in motion); in comp.: sund-, yð-lida.

lid-man, st. m., seafarer, sailor: gen. pl. lid-manna, 1624.

lim, st. n., limb, branch: instr. pl. leomum, 97.

limpan, st. v., to happen, befall (well or ill); impers. w. dat. pret. sg. h lomp ow on lde (how went it with you on the journey?), 1988.

-limpan, to come about, offer itself: pret. sg. oð þæt sl -lamp (till the opportunity presented itself), 623; pret. part, þ him -lumpen wæs wistfylle wn (since a hope of a full meal had befallen him), 734.

be-limpan, to happen to, befall: pret. sg. him so sr belamp, 2469.

ge-limpan, to happen, occur, turn out: pres. sg. III. hit eft gelimpeð þæt..., 1754; subj. pres. þisse ansyne alwealdan þanc lungre gelimpe (thanks to the Almighty forthwith for this sight!), 930; pret. sg. him on fyrste gelamp þæt..., 76; sw him ful-oft gelamp (as often happened to them), 1253; þæs þe hire se willa gelamp þæt ... (because her wish had been fulfilled), 627; frfor eft gelamp srig-mdum, 2942; subj. pret. gif him þyslcu þearf gelumpe, 2638; pret. part. Denum eallum wearð ... willa gelumpen, 825.

lind, st. f. (properly linden; here, a a wooden shield covered with linden-bark or pith): nom. sg., 2342; acc. sg. geolwe linde, 2611; acc. pl. linde, 2366.

lind-gestealla, w. m., shield-comrade, war-comrade: nom. sg., 1974.

lind-hæbbend, pres. part., provided with a shield, i.e. warrior: nom. pl. -hæbbende, 245; gen. pl. hæbbendra, 1403.

lind-plega, w. m., shield-play, i.e. battle: dat. sg. lind-plegan, 1074, 2040.

lind-wiga, w. m., shield-fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 2604.

linnan, st. v., to depart, be deprived of: inf. aldre linnan (depart from life), 1479; ealdres linnan, 2444.

lis, st. f., favor, affection: gen. pl. eall ... lissa, 2151.

list, st. m., art, skill, cleverness, cunning: dat. pl. adverbial, listum (cunningly), 782.

lxan, w. v., to shine, flash: pret. sg. lxte, 311, 485, 1571.

lc, st. n.: 1) body, corpse: nom. sg., 967; acc. sg. lc, 2081; þæt lc (the body, corpse), 2128; dat. sg. lce, 734, 1504, 2424, 2572, 2733, 2744; gen. sg. lces, 451, 1123.— 2) form, figure: in comp. eofor-, swn-lc.

ge-lc, adj., like, similar: nom. pl. m. ge-lce, 2165. Superl. ge-lcost, 218, 728, 986, 1609.

lc-hama, -homa, w. m. (body-home, garment), body: nom. sg. lc-homa, 813, 1008, 1755; acc. sg. lc-haman, 2652; dat. sg. lc-haman, 3179.

lcian, w. v., to please, like (impers.): pres. sg. III. m þn md-sefa lcað leng sw wl, 1855; pret. pl. þm wfe þ word wl lcodon, 640.

lcnes. See on-lcnes.

lc-sr, st. n., bodily pain: acc. sg. lc-sr, 816.

lc-syrce, w. f., body-sark, shirt of mail covering the body: nom. sg., 550.

1ðan, st. v., to move, go: pres. part. nom. pl. þ lðende (navigantes, sailors), 221; þ wæs sund liden (the water was then traversed), 223.—Comp.: haðu-, mere-, wg-lðend.

lðe (O.H.G. lindi), adj., gentle, mild, friendly: nom. sg. w. instr. gen. lra lðe, 1221. Superl. nom. sg. lðost, 3184.

lið-wge, st. n., can in which lð (a wine-like, foaming drink) is contained: acc. sg., 1983.

lf, st. n., life: acc. sg. lf, 97, 734, 1537, 2424, 2744, 2752; dat. sg. lfe, 2572; t lfe (in one's life, ever) 2433; gen. sg. lfes, 197, 791, 807, 2824, 2846; worolde lfes (of the earthly life), 1388, 2344.—Comp. edwt-lf.

lf-bysig, adj. (striving for life or death), weary of life, in torment of death: nom. sg., 967.

lf-dagas, st. m. pl., lifetime: acc.-dagas, 794, 1623.

lf-fra, w. m., lord of life, God: nom. sg., 16.

lf-gedl, st. n., separation from life: nom. sg., 842.

lf-gesceaft, st. f., fate, destiny: gen. pl.-gesceafta, 1954, 3065.

lf-wraðu, st. f., protection for one's life, safety: acc. sg. lf-wraðe, 2878; dat. sg. t lf-wraðe, 972.

lf-wyn, st. f., pleasure, enjoyment, joy (of life): gen. pl. lf-wynna, 2098.

lg, st. m. n., flame, fire: nom. sg., 1123; dat. instr. sg. lge, 728, 2306, 2322, 2342; gen. sg. lges, 83, 782. See lg.

lg-draca, w. m., fire-drake, flaming dragon; nom. pl., 2334. See lg-draca.

lg-egesa, w. m., horror arising through fire, flaming terror: acc. sg., 2781.

lge-torn, st. m., false, pretended insult or injury, fierce anger(?): dat. sg. æfter lge-torne (on account of a pretended insult? or fierce anger? cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 208), 1944.

lg-yð, st. m., wave of fire: instr. pl. lg-yðum, 2673.

lon, st. v., to lend: pret. sg. þæt him on þearfe lh þyle Hrðgres (which H.'s spokesman lent him in need), 1457.

on-loon, to lend, grant as a loan, with gen. of thing and dat. pers.: pret. sg. þ h þæs wpnes on-lh slran sweord-frecan, 1468.

loca, w. m., bolt, lock: in comp. bn-, burh-loca.

locen. See lcan.

lond, long. See land, lang.

lof, st. m. n., praise, repute: acc. sg. lof, 1537.

lof-dd, st. f., deed of praise: instr. pl. lof-ddum, 24.

lof-georn, adj., eager for praise, ambitious: superl. nom. sg. lof-geornost, 3184.

loga, w. m., liar; in comp. trow-loga.

losian, w. v., to escape, flee: pres. sg. III. losað, 1393, 2063; pret. sg. h on weg losade (fled away), 2097.

lcian, w. v., to see, look at: pres. sg. II. s-lc ... þ þ hr t lcast (booty of the sea that thou lookest on), 1655.

ge-lme, adv., often, frequently, 559.

lufe, w. f., love: in comp. hah-, md-, wf-lufe.

lufa (cf. and-leofa, big-leofa, nourishment), w. m., food, subsistence; property, real estate: acc. sg. on lufan (on possessions), 1729.—Comp. eard-lufa.

lufen, st. f. (cf. lufa), subsistence, food; real estate, (enjoyment?): nom. sg. lufen (parallel with ðel-wyn), 2887.

luf-tcen, st. n., love-token: acc. pl. luf-tcen, 1864.

lufian, w. v., to love, serve affectionately: pret. sg. III. lufode þ lode (was on affectionate terms with the people), 1983.

lungre, adv.: 1) hastily, quickly, forthwith, 930, 1631, 2311, 2744.—2) quite, very, fully: fower maras lungre gelce (four horses quite alike), 2165.

lust, st. m., pleasure, joy: dat. pl. adv. lustum (joyfully), 1654; so, on lust, 619, cf. 600.

lcan, st. v., to twist, wind, lock, interweave: pret. part. acc. sg. and pl. locene leoðo-syrcan (shirt of mail wrought of meshes or rings interlocked), 1506, 1891; gen. pl. locenra baga (rings wrought of gold wire), 2996.

be-lcan: 1) to shut, close in or around: pret. sg. winter yðe be-lac s-gebinde (winter locked the waves with icy bond), 1133.— 2) to shut in, off, preserve, protect: pret. sg. I. hig wge belac manegum mgða (I shut them in, protected them, from war arising from many a tribe), 1771. Cf. m wge belc wrðum fondum (protect me against mine enemies), Ps. 34, 3.

ge-lcan, to unite, link together, make: pret. part. gelocen, 2770.

on-lcan, to unlock, open: pret. sg. word-hord on-lac (opened the word-hoard, treasure of speech), 259.

t-lucan, (to twist, wrench, in two) to destroy: inf., 782.

lyft, st. f. (m. n.?), air: nom. sg., 1376; dat. sg. æfter lyfte (along, through, the air), 2833.

lyft-floga, w. m., air-flier: nom. sg. (of the dragon), 2316.

lyft-geswenced, pret. part., urged, hastened on, by the wind, 1914.

lyft-wyn, st. f., enjoyment of the air: acc. sg. lyft-wynne, 3044.

lyhð. See leahan.

lystan, w. v., to lust after, long for: pret. sg. Gat ungemetes wl ... restan lyste(the Gat [Bowulf] longed sorely to rest), 1794.

lyt, adj. neut. (= parum), little, very little, few: lyt eft becwm ... hmes nosan (few escaped homeward), 2366; lyt nig (none at all), 3130; usually with gen.: wintra lyt, 1928; lyt ... hafod-mga, 2151; wergendra t lyt (too few defenders), 2883; lyt swgode nwra spella (he kept to himself little, none at all, of the new tidings), 2898; dat. sg. lyt manna (too few of men), 2837.

lytel, adj., small, little: nom. sg. neut. t lytel, 1749; acc. sg. f. lytle hwle (a little while), 2031, 2098; lif-wraðe lytle (little protection for his life), 2878.—Comp. un-lytel.

lyt-hwn, adv., little = not at all: lyt-hwn lgon, 204.

lyfe, st. n., leave, permission, (life?): instr. sg. þne lyfe (life, MS.), 2132.—Leo. Cf. O.N. leyfi, n., leave, permission, in Möbius' Glossary, p. 266.

lyfan, w. v., (fundamental meaning to believe, trust) in

-lyfan, to allow, grant, entrust: pret. sg. nfre ic negum men r lyfde ... þryð-ærn Dena (never before to any man have I entrusted the palace of the Danes), 656; pret. part. (þ m wæs) sð ... lyfed inn under eorð-weall (the way in under the wall of earth was allowed me), 3090.

ge-lyfan, w. v., to believe, trust: 1) w. dat.: inf. þr gelyfan sceal dryhtnes dme s þe hine dað nimeð (whomever death carrieth away, shall believe it to be the judgment of God, i.e. in the contest between Bowulf and Grendel), 440.—2) w. acc.: pret. sg. goce gelyfde brego Beorht-Dena (believed in, expected, help, etc.), 609; þæt ho on nigne eorl gelyfde fyrena frfre (that she at last should expect from any earl comfort, help, out of these troubles), 628; s þe him bealwa t bte gelyfde (who trusted in him as a help out of evils), 910; him t anwaldan re gelyfde (relied for himself on the help of God), 1273.

-lysan, w. v., to loose, liberate: pret. part. þ wæs of þm hrran helm and byrne lungre -lysed (helm and corselet were straightway loosed from him), 1631.

M

maðelian, w. v. (sermocinari), to speak, talk: pret. sg. maðelode, 286, 348, 360, 371, 405, 456, 499, etc.; maðelade, 2426.

maga, w. m., son, male descendant, young man: nom. sg. maga Healfdenes (Hrðgr), 189, 1475, 2144; maga Ecgþowes (Bowulf), 2588: maga (Grendel), 979; se maga geonga (Wglf), 2676; Grendeles maga (a relative of Grendel), 2007; acc. sg. þone magan, 944.

magan, v. with pret.-pres. form, to be able: pres. sg. I. III. mæg, 277, 478, 931, 943, 1485, 1734, etc.; II. meaht þ, 2048; subj. pres. mge, 2531, 2750; þah ic eal mge (even though I could), 681; subj. pl. w mgen, 2655; pret. sg. meahte, 542, 755, 1131, 1660, 2465, etc.; mihte, 190, 207, 462, 511, 571, 657, 1509, 2092, 2610; mehte, 1083, 1497, 1516, 1878; pl. meahton, 649, 942, 1455, 1912, 2374, 3080; mihton, 308, 313, 2684, 3164; subj. pret. sg. meahte, 243, 763, 2521; pres. sg. mæg, sometimes = licet, may, can, will (fut.), 1366, 1701, 1838, 2865.

mago (Goth. magu-s), st. m., male, son: nom. sg. mago Ecglfes (Hunferð), 1466; mago Healfdenes (Hrðgr), 1868, 2012.

mago-dryht, st. f., troop of young men, band of men: nom. sg. mago-driht, 67.

mago-rinc, st. m., hero, man (preeminently): gen. pl. mago-rinca, hap, 731.

magu-þegn, mago-þegn, st. m., vassal, war-thane: nom. sg. 408, 2758; dat. sg. magu-þegne, 2080; acc. pl. magu-þegnas, 293; dat. pl. mago-þegnum, 1481; gen. pl. mago-þegna ... þone slestan (the best of vassals), 1406.

man, mon, st. m.: 1) man, human being: nom. sg. man, 25, 503, 534, 1049, 1354, 1399, 1535, 1877, etc.; mon, 209, 510, 1561, 1646, 2282, etc.; acc. sg. w. mannan, 297, 577, 1944, 2128, 2775; wd-cðne man, 1490; dat. sg. men, 656, 753, 1880; menn, 2190; gen. sg. mannes, 1195 (?), 2081, 2534, 2542; monnes, 1730; nom. pl. men, 50, 162, 233, 1635, 3167; acc. pl. men, 69, 337, 1583, 1718; dat. pl. mannum, 3183; gen. pl. manna, 155, 201, 380, 702, 713, 736, etc.; monna, 1414, 2888.—2) indef. pron. = one, they, people (Germ. man): man, 1173, 1176; mon, 2356, 3177.—Comp.: fyrn-, glo-, gum-, i-, lid-, s-, wpned-man.

man. See munan.

man-cyn, st. n., mankind: dat. sg. man-cynne, 110; gen. sg. man-cynnes, 164, 2182; mon-cynnes, 196, 1956.

man-dram, st. m., human joy, mundi voluptas: acc. sg. man-dram, 1265; dat. pl. mon-dramum, 1716.

man-dryhten, st. m. (lord of men), ruler of the people, prince, king: nom. sg. man-dryhten, 1979, 2648; mon-drihten, 436; mon-dryhten, 2866; acc. sg. mon-dryhten, 2605; dat. sg. man-drihtne, 1230; man-dryhtne, 1250, 2282; gen. sg. man-dryhtnes, 2850; mon-dryhtnes, 3150.

ge-mang, st. m., troop, company: dat. sg. on gemonge (in the troop [of the fourteen Gatas that returned from the sea]), 1644.

manian, w. v., to warn, admonish: pres. sg. III. manað sw and myndgað ... srum wordum (so warneth and remindeth he with bitter words), 2058.

manig, monig, adj., many, many a, much: 1) adjectively: nom. sg. rinc manig, 399; geong manig (many a young man), 855; monig snellc s-rinc, 690; medu-benc monig, 777; so 839, 909, 919, 1511, 2763, 3023, etc.; acc. sg. medo-ful manig, 1016; dat. sg. m. þegne monegum, 1342, 1420; dat. sg. f. manigre mgðe, 75; acc. pl. manige men, 337; dat. pl. manegum mðmum, 2104; monegum mgðum, 5; gen. pl. manigra mda, 1179.—2) substantively: nom. sg. manig, 1861; monig, 858; dat. sg. manegum, 349, 1888; nom. pl. manige, 1024; monige, 2983; acc. pl. monige, 1599; gen. pl. manigra, 2092.—3) with depend. gen. pl.: dat. manegum mgða, 1772; monegum fra, 2002; hæleða monegum bold-gendra, 3112; acc. pl. rinca manige, 729; (mðm)-hta monige, 1614.

manig-oft, adv., very often, frequently, 171 [if manig and oft are to be connected].

man-lce, adv., man-like, manly, 1047.

man-þwre, adj., kind, gentle toward men, philanthropic: nom. sg. superl. mon-þwrust, 3183.

m, contracted compar., more: with partitive gen., 504, 736, 1056.

mðum, mððum, st. m., gift, jewel, object of value: acc. sg. mððum, 169, 1053, 2056, 3017; dat. instr. sg. mðme, 1529, 1903; nom. pl. mðmas, 1861; acc. pl. mdmas, 385, 472, 1028, 1483, 1757, 1868, etc.; dat. instr. pl. mðmum, mdmum, 1049, 1899, 2104, 2789; gen. pl. mðma, 1785, 2144, 2167, etc.; mdma, 36, 41.—Comp.: dryht-, gold-, hord-, ofer-, sinc-, wundor-mðum.

mðm-ht, st. f., treasure in jewels, costly objects: gen. pl. mðm-hta, 1614, 2834.

mððum-fæt, st. n., treasure-casket or cup, costly vessel: nom. sg., 2406.

mðm-gestron, st. n., precious jewel: gen. pl. mðm-gestrona, 1932.

mðum-gifu, st. f., gift of valuable objects, largess of treasure: dat. sg. æfter mððum-gife, 1302.

mðum-sigl, st. n., costly, sun-shaped ornament, valuable decoration: gen. pl. mððum-sigla, 2758.

mðum-sweord, st. n., costly sword (inlaid with gold and jewels): acc. sg., 1024.

mðum-wela, w. m., wealth of jewels, valuables:: dat. sg. æfter-mððum-welan (after the sight of the wealth of jewels), 2751.

mgas. See mg.

mge, w. f., female relative: gen. sg. Grendles mgan (mother), 1392.

mn, st. n., crime, misdeed: instr. sg. mne, 110, 979; adv., criminally, 1056.

mn-for-ddla, w. m., evil-doer, criminal: nom. pl. mn-for-ddlan, 563.

mn-scaða, w. m., mischievous, hurtful foe, hostis nefastus: nom. sg. 713, 738, 1340; mn-sceaða, 2515.

mra (comp. of micel), adj., greater, stronger, mightier: nom. sg. m. mra, 1354, 2556; neut. mre, 1561; acc. sg. m. mran, 2017; mund-gripe mran (a mightier hand-grip), 754; with following gen. pl. mran ... eorla (a more powerful earl), 247; fem. mran, 533, 1012; neut. mre, 518; with gen. pl. morð-beala mre (more, greater, deeds of murder), 136; gen. sg. f. mran, 1824.

mst (superl. of micel, mra), greatest, strongest: nom. sg. neut. (with partitive gen.), mst, 78, 193; fem. mst, 2329; acc. sg. fem. fhðe mste, 459; mste ... worolde wynne (the highest earthly pleasure), 1080; neut. n. (with partitive gen.) mst mrða, 2646; hond-wundra mst, 2769; bl-fyra mst, 3144; instr. sg. m. mste cræfte, 2182.

mæcg. See mecg.

mægð, st. f., wife, maid, woman: nom. sg., 3017; gen. pl. mægða hse (accompanied by her maids of honor), 925; mægða, 944, 1284.

mægen, st. n.: 1) might, bodily strength, heroic power: acc. sg. mægen, 518, 1707; instr. sg. mægene, 780(?), 2668; gen. sg. mægenes, 418, 1271, 1535, 1717, etc.; mægnes, 671, 1762; mægenes strang, strengest (great in strength), 1845, 196; mægenes rf (id.), 2085.—2) prime, flower (of a nation), forces available in war: acc. sg. sw h oft (i.e. etan) dyde mægen Hrðmanna (the best of the Hreðmen), 445; gen. sg. wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga (from(?) any of the men of the Danes), 155.—Comp. ofer-mægen.

mægen-gend, pres. part., having great strength, valiant: gen. pl. -gendra, 2838.

mægen-byrðen, st. f., huge burthen: acc. sg. mægen-byrðenne, 3092; dat. (instr.) sg., 1626.

mægen-cræft, st. m., great, hero-like, strength: acc. sg., 380.

mægen-ellen, st. n. (the same), acc. sg., 660.

mægen-fultum, st. m., material aid: gen. pl. næs þæt þonne mtost mægen-fultuma (that was not the least of strong helps, i.e. the sword Hrunting), 1456.

mægen-rs, st. m., mighty attack, onslaught: acc. sg., 1520.

mægen-strengo, st. f., main strength, heroic power: acc. sg., 2679.

mægen-wudu, st. m., might-wood, i.e. the spear, lance: acc. sg., 236.

mæst, st. m., mast: nom. sg., 1899; dat. sg. be mæste (beside the mast), 36; to the mast, 1906.

mðum. See mðum, hyge-mðum.

mg, st. m., kinsman by blood: nom. sg. mg, 408, 738, 759, 814, 915, 1531, 1945, etc; (brother), 468, 2605? acc. sg. mg (son), 1340; (brother), 2440, 2485, 2983; dat. sg. mge, 1979; gen. sg. mges, 2629, 2676, 2699, 2880; nom. pl. mgas, 1016; acc. pl. mgas, 2816; dat. pl. mgum, 1179, 2615, 3066; (to brothers), 1168; mgum, 2354; gen. pl. mga, 247, 1080, 1854, 2007, 2743.—Comp.: fæderen-, hafod-, wine-mg.

mg-burh, st. f., borough of blood-kinsmen, entire population united by ties of blood; (in wider sense) race, people, nation: gen. sg. lond-rihtes ... þre mg-burge (of land possessions among the people, i.e. of the Gatas), 2888.

mgð, st. f., race, people: acc. sg. mgðe, 1012; dat. sg. mgðe, 75; dat. pl. mgðum, 5; gen. pl. mgða, 25, 1772.

mg-wine, st. m., blood kinsman, friend, 2480 (nom. pl.).

ml, st. n.: l) time, point of time: nom. sg. 316; þ wæs sl and ml (there was [appropriate] chance and time), 1009; acc. sg. ml, 2634; instr. pl. rran mlum, 908, 2238, 3036; gen. pl. mla, 1250; sla and mla, 1612; mla gehwylce (each time, without intermission), 2058.—2) sword, weapon: nom. sg. brden (brogden) ml (the drawn sword), 1617, 1668 (cf. Grimm, Andreas and Elene, p. 156).—3) mole, spot, mark.—Comp.: grg-, hring-, sceaðen-, wunden-ml.

ml-cearu, st. f., long-continued sorrow, grief: acc. sg. ml-ceare, 189.

ml-gesceaft, st. f., fate, appointed time: acc. pl. ie on earde bd ml-gesceafta (awaited the time allotted for me by fate), 2738.

mnan, w. v., with acc. in the sense of (1) to remember, mention, proclaim: inf. mnan, 1068; pret. part. þr wæs Bowulfes mrðo mned, 858.—2) to mention sorrowfully, mourn: inf. 3173; pret. sg. giohðo mnde (mourned sorrowfully), 2268; pret. pl. mndon, 1150, 3150.

ge-mnan (see mn), w. v. with acc., to injure maliciously, break: subj. pret. pl. ge-mnden, 1102.

ge-mne, adj., common, in common: nom. sg. gemne, 2474; þr unc hwle wæs hand gemne (i.e. in battle), 2138; sceal rum þæt sweord and helm bm gemne (i.e. wesan), 2661; nom. pl. gemne, 1861; dat. pl. þæt þm folcum sceal ... sib gemnum (attraction for gemne, i.e. wesan), 1858; gen. pl. unc sceal (i.e. wesan) fela mðma gemnra (we two shall share many treasures together), 1785.

mrðu, st. f.: 1) glory, a heroes fame: nom. sg. 858; acc. sg. mrðo, 660, 688; acc. pl. mrða, 2997; instr. pl. mrðum (gloriously), 2515: gen. pl. mrða, 504, 1531.—2) deed of glory, heroism: acc. sg. mrðo, 2135; gen. pl. mrða, 408, 2646.—Comp. ellen-mrðu.

mre, adj., memorable; celebrated, noble; well known, notorious: nom. sg. m. mre, 103, 129, 1716, 1762; se mra, 763, 2012, 2588; also as vocative m. se mra, 1475; nom. fem. mru, 2017; mre, 1953; neut. mre, 2406; acc. sg. m. mrne, 36, 201, 353, 1599, 2385, 2722, 2789, 3099; neut. mre, 1024; dat. sg. mrum, 345, 1302, 1993, 2080, 2573; t þm mran, 270; gen. sg. mres, 798; mran, 1730; nom. pl. mre, 3071; superl. mrost, 899,—Comp.: fore-, heaðo-mre.

mst. See mra.

mte, adj., moderate, small: superl. nom. sg. mtost, 1456.

mecg, mæcg, st. m., son, youth, man. in comp. hilde-, ret-mecg, wræc-mæcg.

medla. See on-medla.

medu, st. m., mead: acc. sg. medu, 2634; dat. sg. t medo, 605.

medo-ærn, st. n., mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-ærn (Heorot), 69.

medu-benc, st. f., mead-bench, bench in the mead-hall: nom. sg. medu-benc, 777; dat. sg. medu-bence, 1053; medo-bence, 1068, 2186; meodu-bence, 1903.

medu-dram, st. m., mead-joy, joyous carousing during mead-drinking: acc. sg. 2017.

medo-ful, st. n., mead-cup: acc. sg. 625, 1016.

medo-heal, st. f., mead-hall: nom. sg., 484; dat. sg. meodu-healle, 639.

medu-scenc, st. m., mead-can, vessel: instr. pl. meodu-scencum, 1981.

medu-seld, st. n., mead-seat, mead-house: acc. sg., 3066.

medo-setl, st. n., mead-seat upon which one sits mead-drinking: gen. pl. meodo-setla, 5.

medo-stg, st. f., mead-road, road to the mead-hall: acc. sg. medo-stg, 925.

medo-wang, st. m., mead-field (where the mead-hall stood): acc. pl. medo-wongas, 1644.

meðel, st. n., assembly, council: dat. sg. on meðle, 1877.

meðel-stede, st. m., (properly place of speech, judgment-seat), here meeting-place, battle-field (so, also 425, the battle is conceived under the figure of a parliament or convention): dat. sg. on þm meðel-stede, 1083.

meðel-word, st. n., words called forth at a discussion; address: instr. pl. meðel-wordum, 236.

melda, w. m., finder, informer, betrayer: gen. sg. þæs meldan, 2406.

meltan, st. v. intrans., to consume by fire, melt or waste away: inf., 3012; pret. sg. mealt, 2327; pl. multon, 1121.

ge-meltan, the same: pret. sg. gemealt, 898, 1609, 1616; ne gemealt him se md-sefa (his courage did not desert him), 2629.

men. See man.

mene, st. m., neck ornament, necklace, collar: acc. sg., 1200.

mengan, w. v., to mingle, unite, with, w. acc. of thing: inf. s þe mere-grundas mengan scolde, 1450.

ge-mengan, to mix with, commingle: pret. part. 849, 1594.

menigu, st. f., multitude, many: nom. and acc. sg. mðma menigeo (multitude of treasures, presents), 2144; so, mænigo, 41.

mercels, st. m., mark, aim: gen. sg. mercelses, 2440.

mere, st. m., sea, ocean: nom. sg. se mere, 1363; acc. sg. on mere, 1131, 1604; on nicera mere, 846; dat. sg. fram mere, 856.

mere-dor, st. n., sea-beast: acc. sg., 558.

mere-fara, w. m., seafarer: gen. sg. mere-faran, 502.

mere-fix, st. m., sea-fish: gen. pl. mere-fixa (the whale, cf. 540, 549.

mere-grund, st. m., sea-bottom: acc. sg., 2101; acc. pl. mere-grundas, 1450.

mere-hrægl, st. n., -sea-garment, i.e., sail: gen. pl. mere-hrægla sum, 1906.

mere-lðend, pres. part., moving on the sea, sailor: nom. pl. mere-lðende, 255.

mere-strt, st. f., sea-street, way over the sea: acc. pl. mere-strta 514.

mere-strengo, st. f., sea-power, strength in the sea: acc. sg., 533.

mere-wf, st. n., sea-woman, mer-woman: acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 1520.

mergen. See morgen.

met, st. n., thought, intention (cf. metian = meditari): acc. pl. onsl meoto, 489 (meaning doubtful; see Bugge, Journal 8, 292; Dietrich, Haupt's Zeits. 11, 411; Körner, Eng. Stud. 2, 251).

ge-met, st. n., an apportioned share; might, power, ability : nom. sg. nis þæt ... gemet mannes nefne mn nes (nobody, myself excepted, can do that), 2534; acc. sg. ofer mn gemet (beyond my power), 2880; dat. sg. mid gemete, 780.

ge-met, adj., well-measured, meet, good: nom. sg. sw him gemet þince (þhte), (as seemed meet to him), 688, 3058. See un-gemete, adv.

metan, st. v., to measure, pass over or along: pret. pl. fealwe strte marum mton (measured the yellow road with their horses), 918; so, 514, 1634.

ge-metan, the same: pret. sg. medu-stg gemæt.(measured, walked over, the road to the mead-hall), 925.

metod, st. m. (the measuring, arranging) Creator, God: nom. sg., 110, 707, 968, 1058, 2528; scr metod, 980; sð metod, 1612; acc. sg. metod, 180; dat. sg. metode, 169, 1779; gen. sg. metodes, 671.—Comp. eald-metod.

metod-sceaft, st. f.: 1) the Creator's determination, divine purpose, fate: acc. sg. -sceaft, 1078.—2) the Creators glory: acc. sg. metod-sceaft son (i.e. die), 1181; dat. sg. t metod-sceafte, 2816.

mce, st. m., sword: nom. sg., 1939; acc. sg. mce, 2048; brdne mce, 2979; gen. sg. mces, 1766, 1813, 2615, 2940; dat. pl. instr. mcum, 565; gen. pl. mca, 2686.—Comp.: beado-, hæft-, hilde-mce.

md, st. f., meed, reward: acc. sg. mde, 2135; dat. sg. mde, 2147; gen. pl. mda, 1179.

ge-mde, st. n., approval, permission (Grein): acc. pl. ge-mdu, 247.

mðe, adj., tired, exhausted, dejected: in comp. hyge-, s-mðe.

mtan, w. v., to meet, find, fall in with: with acc., pret. pl. syððan Æscheres ... hafelan mtton, 1422; subj. pret. sg. þæt h ne mtte ... on elran man mundgripe mran (that he never met, in any other man, with a mightier hand-grip), 752.

ge-mtan, with acc., the same: pret. sg. gemtte, 758, 2786; pl. næs þ long t þon, þæt þ glcean hy eft gemtton (it was not long after that the warriors again met each other), 2593.

ge-mting, st. f., meeting, hostile coming together: nom. sg., 2002.

magol, adj., mighty, immense; formal, solemn: instr. pl. maglum wordum, 1981.

mearc, st. f., frontier, limit, end: dat. sg. t mearce (the end of life), 2385.—Comp. Weder-mearc, 298.

ge-mearc, st. n., measure, distance: comp. ft-, ml-ge-mearc.

mearcian, w. v., to mark, stain: pres. ind. sg. mearcað mrhopu (will stain, mark, the moor with the blood of the corpse), 450.

ge-mearcian, the same: pret. part. (Cain) morðre gemearcod (murder-marked [cf. 1 Book Mos. IV. 15]), 1265; sw wæs on þm scennum ... gemearcod ... hwm þæt sweord geworht wre (engraved for whom the sword had been wrought), 1696.

mearc-stapa, w. m., march-strider, frontier-haunter (applied to Grendel and his mother): nom. sg., 103; acc. pl. mearc-stapan, 1349.

mearh, st. m., horse, steed: nom. pl. maras, 2164; acc. pl. maras, 866, 1036; dat. pl. inst. marum, 856, 918; marum and mðmum, 1049, 1899; gen. pl. mara and mðma, 2167.

mearn. See murnan.

meodu. See medu.

meoto. See met.

meotud. See metod.

meowle, w. f., maiden: comp. ge-meowle.

micel, adj., great, huge, long (of time): nom. sg. m., 129, 502; fem., 67, 146, 170; neut., 772; acc. sg. m. micelne, 3099; fem, micle, 1779, 3092; neut. micel, 270, 1168. The comp. mre must be supplied before þone in: medo-ærn micel ... (mre) þone yldo beam fre ge-frnon, 69; instr. sg. ge-trume micle, 923; micle (by much, much); micle lofre (far dearer), 2652; efne sw micle (lssa), ([less] even by so much), 1284; oftor micle (much oftener), 1580; dat. sg, weak form miclan, 2850; gen. sg. miclan, 979. The gen. sg. micles is an adv. = much, very: micles wyrðne gedn (deem worthy of much, i.e. honor very highly), 2186; t fela micles (far too much, many), 695; acc. pl. micle, 1349. Compar., see mra.

mid, I. prep. w. dat., instr., and acc., signifying preëminently union, community, with, hence: 1) w. dat.: a) with, in company, community, with; mid Finne, 1129; mid Hrðgre, 1593; mid scip-herge, 243; mid gesðum (with his comrades), 1314; so, 1318, 1964, 2950, etc.; mid his fro-drihtne, 2628; mid þm lcum (with the gifts), 1869; so, 2789, 125; mid hle (with good luck!), 1218; mid ble fr (sped off amid fire), 2309. The prep. postponed: him mid (with him, in his company), 41; with him, 1626; ne wæs him Fitela mid (was not with him), 890. b) with, among: mid Gatum (among the Gatas), 195, 2193, 2624; mid Scyldingum, 274; mid Eotenum, 903; mid yldum (eldum), 77, 2612; mid him (with, among, one another), 2949. In temporal sense: mid r-dæge (at dawn), 126.—2) with, with the help of, through, w. dat.: mid r-stafum (through his grace), 317; so, 2379; mid grpe (with the fist), 438; so, 1462, 2721; mid his hete-þoncum (through his hatred), 475; mid sweorde, 574; so, 1660, 2877; mid gemete (through, by, his power), 780; so, 1220, 2536, 2918; mid gde (with benefits), 1185; mid hearme (with harm, insult), 1893; mid þre sorge (with [through?] this sorrow), 2469; mid rihte (by rights), 2057. With instr.: mid þy wfe (through [marriage with] the woman), 2029.—3) w. acc., with, in community, company, with: mid his eorla gedriht, 357; so, 634, 663, 1673; mid hine, 880; mid mnne gold-gyfan, 2653.

II. adv., mid, thereamong, in the company, 1643; at the same time, likewise, 1650.

middan-geard, st. m., globe, earth: acc. sg., 75, 1772; dat. sg. on middan-gearde, 2997; gen. sg. middan-geardes, 504, 752.

midde, w. f., middle = medius: dat. sg. on middan (through the middle, in two), 2706; gen. sg. (adv.) t-middes (in the midst), 3142.

middel-niht, st. f., midnight: dat. pl. middel-nihtum, 2783, 2834.

miht, st. f., might, power, authority: acc. sg. þurh drihtnes miht (through the Lord's help, power), 941; instr. pl. selfes mihtum, 701.

mihtig, adj.: 1) physically strong, powerful: acc. sg. mihtig mere-dor, 558; mere-wf mihtig, 1520.—2) possessing authority, mighty: nom. sg. mihtig god, 702, 1717, 1726; dat. sg. mihtigan drihtne, 1399.—Comp.: æl-, fore-mihtig.

milde, adj., kind, gracious, generous: nom. sg. mdes milde (kind-hearted), 1230; instr. pl. mildum wordum (graciously), 1173. Superl. nom. sg. worold-cyning mannum mildust (a king most liberal to men), 3183.

milts, st. f., kindness, benevolence: nom. sg., 2922.

missan, w. v. with gen., to miss, err in: pret. sg. miste mercelses (missed the mark), 2440.

missre, st. n., space of a semester, half a year: gen. pl. hund missra (fifty winters), 2734, 2210; generally, a long period of time, season, 1499, 1770; fela missra, 153, 2621.

mist-hlið, st. n., misty cliff, cloud-capped slope: dat. pl. under mist-hleoðum, 711.

mistig, adj., misty: acc. pl. mistige mras, 162.

ml-gemearc, st. n., measure by miles: gen. sg. ml-gemearces, 1363.

mn: 1) poss. pron., my, mine, 255, 345, etc.; Hygelc mn (my lord, or king, H.), 2435.—2) gen. sg. of pers. pron. ic, of me, 2085, 2534, etc.

molde, w. f., dust; earth, field: in comp. græs-molde.

mon. See man.

ge-mong. See ge-mang.

morð-bealu, st. n., murder, deadly hale or deed of murder: gen. pl. morð-beala, 136.

morðor, st. n., deed of violence, murder: dat. instr. sg. morðre, 893, 1265, 2783; gen. sg. morðres, 2056; morðres scyldig (guilty of murder), 1684.

morðor-bed, st. n., bed of death, murder-bed: acc. sg. wæs þm yldestan ... morðor-bed strd (a bed of death was spread for the eldest, i.e. through murder his death-bed was prepared), 2437.

morðor-bealu, st. n., death-bale, destruction by murder: acc. sg. morðor-bealo, 1080, 2743.

morðor-hete, st. m., murderous hate: gen. sg. þæs morðor-hetes, 1106.

morgen, morn, mergen, st. m., morning, forenoon; also morrow: nom. sg. morgen, 1785, 2125; (morrow), 2104; acc. sg. on morgen (in the morning), 838; dat. sg. on morgne, 2485; on mergenne, 565, 2940; gen. pl. morna gehwylce (every morning), 2451.

morgen-ceald, adj., morning-cold, dawn-cold: nom. sg. gr morgen-ceald (spear chilled by the early air of morn), 3023.

morgen-lang, adj., lasting through the morning: acc. sg. morgen-longne dæg (the whole forenoon), 2895.

morgen-loht, st. n., morning-light: nom. sg., 605, 918.

morgen-swg, st. m., morning-cry, cry at morn: nom. sg., 129.

morgen-td, st. f., morning-tide: acc. sg. on morgen-tde, 484, 818(?)

morn. See morgen.

md, st. n.: 1) heart, soul, spirit, mood, mind, manner of thinking: nom. sg., 50, 731; wfre md (the flicker ing spirit, the fading breath), 1151; acc. sg. on md (into his mind), 67; dat. instr. sg. mde geþungen (of mature, lofty spirit), 625; on mde (in heart, mind), 754, 1845, 2282? 2528; on hroum mde (fierce of spirit), 2582; gen. sg. modes, 171, 811, 1707; modes blðe (gracious-minded, kindly disposed), 436; so, mdes milde, 1230; mdes soce (depressed in mind), 1604.—2) boldness, courage: nom. and acc. sg., 1058, 1168. 3) passion, fierceness: nom. sg., 549.—Comp. form adj.: galg-, gemor-, glæd-, gð-, hroh-, srig-, stð-, swð-, wrig-, yrre-md.

md-cearu, st. f., grief of heart: acc. sg. md-ceare, 1993, 3150.

md-gehygd, st. f ., thought of the heart; mind: instr. pl. md-gehygdum, 233

md-ge-þanc, st. n., mood-thought, meditation: acc. sg. md-ge-þonc, 1730.

md-gimor, adj., grieved at heart, dejected: nom. sg., 2895.

mdig, adj., courageous: nom. sg., 605, 1644, 1813, 2758; h þæs (þm, MS.) mdig wæs (had the courage for it), 1509; se mdega, 814; dat. sg. mid þm mdigan, 3012; gen. sg. mdges, 502; mdiges, 2699; Gata lod georne truwode mdgan mægnes (trusted firmly in his bold strength), 671; nom. pl. mdge, 856; mdige, 1877; gen. pl. mdigra, 312, 1889.—Comp, fela-mdig.

mdig-lc, adj., of bold appearance: compar. acc. pl. mdiglcran, 337.

md-lufe, w. f., hearts affection, love: gen. sg. þnre md-lufan, 1824.

md-sefa, w. m., thought of the heart; brave, bold temper; courage: nom. sg., 349, 1854, 2629; acc. sg. md-sefan, 2013; dat. sg. md-sefan, 180.

md-þracu, st. f., boldness, courage, strength of mind: dat. sg. for his md-þræce, 385.

mdor, f., mother: nom. sg., 1259, 1277, 1283, 1684, 2119; acc. sg. mdor, 1539, 2140, 2933.

mna, w. m., moon: gen. sg. mnan, 94.

mr, st. m., moor, morass, swamp: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mr, 1406; dat. sg. of mre, 711; acc. pl. mras, 103, 162, 1349.

mr-hop, st. n., place of refuge in the moor, hiding-place in the swamp: acc. pl. mr-hopu, 450.

ge-mt, st. n., meeting: in comp. hand-, torn-ge-mt.

mtan, pret.-pres. v.: 1) power or permission to have something, to be permitted; may, can: pres. sg. I., III. mt, 186, 442, 604; II. mst, 1672; pl. mton, 347, 365, 395; pres. subj. ic mte, 431; III. s þe mte, 1388; pret sg. mste, 168, 707, 736, 895, 1488, 1999, 2242, 2505, etc.; pl. mston, 1629, 1876, 2039, 2125, 2248; pres. subj. sg. II. þæt þ hine selfne geson mste (mightest see), 962.—2) shall, must, be obliged: pres. sg. mt, 2887; pret. sg. mste, 1940; þr h þy fyrste forman dgore wealdan mste, sw him Wyrd ne gescrf, hrð æt hilde (if he must for the first time that day be victorious, as Fate had denied him victory, cf. 2681, 2683 seqq.), 2575.

ge-munan, pret.-pres. v., to have in mind, be mindful; remember, think of, w. acc.: pres. sg. hine gearwe geman witena wl-hwylc (each of the knowing ones still remembers him well), 265; ic þ þæs lan geman (I shall not forget thy reward for this), 1221; ic þæt eall gemon (I remember all that), 2428; so, 1702, 2043; gif h þæt eall gemon hwæt ... (if he is mindful of all that which ...), 1186; ic þæt ml gemon hwr... (I remember the time when...), 2634; pret. sg. w. gemunde... fen-sprce (recalled his evening speech), 759; so, 871, 1130, 1260, 1271, 1291, 2115, 2432, 2607, 2679; s þæs lod-hryres lan ge-munde (was mindful of reward for the fall of the ruler), 2392; þæt h Eotena bearn inne gemunde (that he in this should remember, take vengeance on, the children of the Eotens), 1142; so, hond gemunde fhðo genge (his hand remembered strife enough), 2490; ne ge-munde mago Ecglfes þæt ... (remembered not that which ...), 1466; pret. pl. helle gemundon in md-sefan (their thoughts [as heathens] fixed themselves on, remembered, hell), 179.

on-munan, w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to admonish, exhort: pret. sg. onmunde sic mrða (exhorted us to deeds of glory), 2641.

mund, st. f., hand: instr. pl. mundum, mid mundum, 236, 514, 1462, 3023, 3092.

mund-bora, w. m., protector, guardian, preserver: nom. sg., 1481, 2780.

mund-gripe, st. m., hand-grip, seizure: acc. sg. mund-gripe, 754; dat. sg. mund-gripe, 380, 1535; æfter mund-gripe (after having seized the criminal), 1939.

murnan, st. v., to shrink from, be afraid of, avoid: pret. sg. n mearn fore fhðe and fyrene, 136; so, 1538; nalles for ealdre mearn (was not apprehensive for his life), 1443.—2) to mourn, grieve: pres. part. him wæs ... murnende md, 50; pres. subj., þonne h fela murne (than that he should mourn much), 1386.

be-murnan, be-meornan, with acc., to mourn over: pret. be-mearn, 908, 1078.

murn-lce. See un-murn-lce.

mð-bana, w. m., mouth-destroyer: dat. sg. t mð-bonan (of Grendel because he bit his victim to death), 2080.

mða, w. m., mouth, entrance: acc. sg. recedes mðan (mouth of the house, door), 725.

ge-mynd, st. f., memory, memorial, remembrance: dat. pl. t gemyndum, 2805, 3017. See weorð-mynd.

myhdgian, w. v., to call to mind, remember: pres. sg. myndgað, 2058; pres. part. w. gen. gif þonne Frsna hwylc ... þæs morðor-hetes myndgiend wre (were to call to mind the bloody feud), 1106.

ge-myndgian, w. v. w. acc., to remember: bið gemyndgad ... eaforan ellor-sð (is reminded of his son's decease), 2451.

ge-myndig, adj., mindful: nom. sg. w. gen., 614, 869, 1174, 1531, 2083, etc.

myne, st. m.: 1) mind, wish: nom. sg., 2573.—2) love(?): n his myne wisse (whose [God's] love he knew not), 169.

ge-mynian, w. v. w. acc., to be mindful of: imper. sg. gemyne mrðo! 660.

myntan, w. v., to intend, think of, resolve: pret. sg. mynte ... manna cynnes sumne besyrwan (meant to entrap all(?) [see sum], some one of (?), the men), 713; mynte þæt h gedlde ... (thought to sever), 732; mynte se mra, þr h meahte sw, wdre gewindan (intended to flee), 763.

myrce, adj., murky, dark: acc. sg. ofer myrcan mr, 1406.

myrð, st. f., joy, mirth: dat. (instr.) sg. mdes myrðe, 8n.

N

naca, w. m., vessel, ship: acc. sg. nacan, 295; gen. sg. nacan, 214.—Comp.: hring-, yð-naca.

nacod, adj., naked: nom. and acc. sg. swurd, gð-bill nacod, 539, 2586; nacod nð-draca, 2274.

nalas, nales, nallas. See nealles.

nama, w. m., name: nom. sg. Bowulf is mn nama, 343; wæs þm hæft-mce Hrunting nama, 1458; acc. sg. scp him Heort naman (gave it the name Hart), 78.

n (from ne-), strength, negative, never, not all, 445, 567, 1537.

nh, from ne-h. See gan.

nn (from ne-n), indef. pron., none, no: with gen. pl. gð-billa nn, 804; adjectively, nn ... ren rgd, 990.

nt, from ne-wt: I know not=nescio. See witan.

nt-hwylc (nescio quis, ne-wt-hwylc, know not who, which, etc.), indef. pron., any, a certain one, some or other: 1) w. partitive gen.: nom. sg. gumena nt-hwylc, 2234;. gen. sg. nt-hwylces (þra banena), 2054; niða nt-hwylces(?), 2216; nt-hwylces hæleða bearna, 2225.—2) adjectively: dat. sg. in nið-sele nt-hwylcum, 1514.

næbben, from ne-hæbben (subj. pres.). See habban.

næfne. See nefne.

nægel, st. m., nail: gen. pl. nægla (of the finger-nails), 986.

nægled, part., nailed?, nail-like?, buckled?: acc. sg. neut. nægled (MS. gled) sinc, 2024.

næs, st. m., naze, rock projecting into the sea, cliff, promontory: acc. sg. næs, 1440, 1601, 2899; dat. sg. næsse, 2244, 2418; acc. pl. windige næssas, 1412; gen. pl. næssa, 1361.

næs, from ne-wæs (was not). See wesan.

næs, neg. adv., not, not at all, 562, 2263.

næs-hlið, st. n., declivity, slope of a promontory that sinks downward to the sea: dat. pl. on næs-hleoðum, 1428.

nfre, adv., never, 247, 583, 592, 656, 719, 1042, 1049, etc.; also strengthened by ne: nfre ne, 1461.

ge-ngan, w. v. w. acc. pers. and gen. of thing, to attack, press; pret. pl. nða gengdan nefan Hererces (in combats pressed hard upon H.'s nephew), 2207; pret. part. wearð ... nða genged, 1440.

nnig (from ne-nig), pron., not any, none, no: 1) substantively w. gen. pl.: nom. sg., 157, 242, 692; dat. sg. nnegum, 599; gen. pl. nnigra, 950.—2) adjectively: nom. sg. ðer nnig, 860; nnig wæter, 1515; nnig ... dor, 1934; acc. sg. nnigne ... hord-mððum, 1199.

nre, from ne-wre (were not, would not be). See wesan.

ne, simple neg., not, 38, 50, 80, 83, 109, etc.; before imper. ne sorga! 1385; ne gym! 1761, etc. Doubled =certainly not, not even that: n g ... gearwe ne wisson (ye certainly have not known, etc.), 245; so, 863; ne ic ... wihte ne wne (nor do I at all in the least expect), 2923; so, 182. Strengthened by other neg.: nðer ... ne, 2125; sw h ne mihte n ... (so that he absolutely could not), 1509.

n ... n, not ... and not, nor; neither ... nor, 154-157, 511, 1083-1085, etc. Another neg. may supply the place of the first ne: so, n ... ne, 575-577, 1026-1028, 1393-1395, etc.; nfre ... ne, 583-584; nalles ... n, 3016-3017. The neg. may be omitted the first time: r n siððan (neither before nor after, before nor since), 719; sð n norð (south nor north), 859; dl n yldo (neither illness nor old age), 1737; wordum n worcum (neither by word nor deed), 1101; wiston and ne wndon (knew not and weened not), 1605.

nefa, w. m., nephew, grandson: nom. sg. nefa (grandson), 1204; so, 1963; (nephew), 2171; acc. sg. nefan (nephew), 2207; dat. sg. nefan (nephew), 882.

nefne, næfne, nemne (orig. from ne-gif-ne): 1) subj.: a) with depend. clause = unless: nefne him wtig god wyrd forstde (if fate, the wise God, had not prevented him), 1057; nefne god sylfa ... sealde (unless God himself, etc.), 3055; næfne him his wlite loge (MS. nfre) (unless his face belie him), 250; næfne h wæs mra (except that he was huger), 1354; nemne him heaðo-byrne helpe ge-fremede, 1553; so, 2655.—b) w. follow. substantive = except, save, only: nefne sin-fra (except the husband), 1935; ic lyt hafo hafod-mga nefne Hygelc þec (have no near kin but thee), 2152; nis þæt ower (gen. pl.) sð ... nefne mn nes, 2534.—2) Prep. with dat., except: nemne faum num, 1082.

ge-nehost. See ge-neahhe.

nelle, from ne-wille (I will not). See willan.

nemnan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to name, call: pres. pl. þone yldestan ret-mecgas Bowulf nemnað (the warriors call the most distinguished one Bowulf), 364; so inf. nemnan, 2024; pret. pl. nemdon, 1355.—2) to address, as in

be-nemnan, to pronounce solemnly, put under a spell: pret. sg. Fin Hengeste ... ðum be-nemde þæt (asserted, promised under oath that ...), 1098; pret. pl. sw hit oð dmes dæg dope benemdon þodnas mre (put under a curse), 3070.

nemne. See nefne.

nerian, ge-nerian, w. v., to save, rescue, liberate: pres. sg. Wyrd oft nereð unfgne eorl, 573; pret. part. hæfde ... sele Hrðgres ge-nered wið nðe (saved from hostility), 828.

ge-nesan, st. v.: 1) intrans., to remain over, be preserved: pret. sg. hrf na genæs ealles ansund (the roof alone was quite sound), 1000.—2) w. acc., to endure successfully, survive, escape from: pret. sg. s þ sæcce ge-næs, 1978; fela ic ... gð-rsa ge-næs, 2427; pret. part. sw h nða gehwane genesen hæfde, 2398.

net, st. n., net: in comp. brost-, here-, hring-, inwit-, searo-net.

ndla, w. m., dire necessity, distress: in comp. þra-ndla.

nðan (G. nanþjan), w. v., to venture, undertake boldly: pres. part. nearo nðende (encountering peril), 2351; pret. pl. þr git ... on dop water aldrum nðdon (where ye two risked your lives in the deep water), 510; so, 538.

ge-nðan, the same: inf. ne dorste under yða gewin aldre ge-nðan, 1470. With depend. clause: nnig þæt dorste genðan þæt (none durst undertake to ...), 1934; pret. sg. h under hrne stn na genðde frcne dde (he risked alone the bold deed, venturing under the grey rock), 889; (ic) wigge under wætere weorc genðde earfoð-lce (I with difficulty stood the work under the water in battle, i.e. could hardly win the victory), 1657; ic genðde fela gða (ventured on, risked, many contests), 2512; pres. pl. (of majesty) w ... frcne genðdon eafoð uncðes (we have boldly risked, dared, the monster's power), 961.

nh. See nah.

ge-neahhe, adv., enough, sufficiently, 784, 3153; superl. genehost brægd eorl Bowulfes ealde lfe (many an earl of B.'s), 795.

nealles (from ne-ealles), adv., omnino non, not at all, by no means: nealles, 2146, 2168, 2180, 2223, 2597, etc.; nallas, 1720, 1750; nalles, 338, 1019, 1077, 1443, 2504, etc.; nalas, 43, 1494, 1530, 1538; nales, 1812.

nearo, st. n., strait, danger, distress: acc. sg. nearo, 2351, 2595.

nearo, adj., narrow: acc. pl. f. nearwe, 1410.

nearwe, adv., narrowly, 977.

nearo-cræft, st. m., art of rendering difficult of access?, inaccessibility (see 2214 seqq.): instr. pl. nearo-cræftum, 2244.

nearo-fh, m., foe that causes distress, war-foe: gen. sg. nearo-fges, 2318.

nearo-þearf, st. f., dire need, distress: acc. sg. nearo-þearfe, 422.

ge-nearwian, w. v., to drive into a corner, press upon: pret. part. genearwod, 1439.

nah, nh: 1) adj., near, nigh: nom. sg. nah, 1744, 2729. In superl. also = last: instr. sg. nyhstan sðe (for the last time), 1204; nehstan sðe, 2512.

2) adv., near: feor and (oððe) nah, 1222, 2871; 3) prep, s-grunde nah, 564; so, 1925, 2243; holm-wylme nh, 2412. Compar. nar, 746.

nan, adv., near by, (from) close at hand, 528; (neon, MS.), 3105; feorran and nan, 840; nan and feorran, 1175, 2318.

ge-nat, st. m., comrade, companion: in comp. bod-, heorð-genat.

nioðor. See niðer.

neowol, adj., steep, precipitous: acc. pl. neowle, 1412.

nod, st. f., polite intercourse regulated by etiquette?, hall-joy?: acc. sg. node, 2117; inst. (= joy), 2216.

nod-laðu, st. f., polite invitation; wish: dat. sg. æfter nod-laðu (according to his wishes), 1321.

nosan, nosian, w. v. w. gen., to seek out, look for; to attack: inf. nosan, 125, 1787, 1792, 1807, 2075; nosan, 2389, 2672; nosian, 115, 1126; nosian, 3046; pret. sg. nosade, 2487.

notan, st. v., to take, accept, w. gen.; to use, enjoy: imper. sg. not, 1218.

be-notan, w. dat., to rob, deprive of: inf. hine aldre be-notan, 681; pret. sg. cyning ealdre bi-nat (deprived the king of life), 2397.

nicor, st. m., sea-horse, walrus, sea-monster (cf. Bugge in Zacher's Journal, 4, 197): acc. pl. niceras, 422, 575; nicras, 1428; gen. pl. nicera, 846.

nicor-hs, st. n., house or den of sea-monsters: gen. pl. nicor-hsa, 1412.

nið st. m., man, human being: gen. pl. niðða, 1006; niða? (passage corrupt), 2216.

niðer, nyðer, neoðor, adv., down, downward: niðer, 1361; nioðor, 2700; nyðer, 3045.

nið-sele, st. m., hall, room, in the deep (Grein): dat. sg. [in] nið-sele nt-hwylcum, 1514.

nigen, num., nine: acc. nigene, 575.

niht, st. f. night: nom. sg., 115, 547. 650, 1321, 2117; acc. sg. niht, 135, 737, 2939; gystran niht (yester-night), 1335; dat. sg. on niht, 575, 684; on wanre niht, 703; gen. sg. nihtes hwlum (sometimes at night, in the hours of the night), 3045; as adv. = of a night, by night, G. nachts, 422, 2274; dæges and nihtes, 2270; acc. pl. seofon niht (se'nnight, seven days, cf. Tac. Germ, 11), 517; dat. pl. sweartum nihtum, 167; deorcum nihtum, 275, 221; gen. pl. nihta, 545, 1366.—Comp.: middel-, sin-niht.

niht-bealu, st. n., night-bale, destruction by night: gen. pl. niht-bealwa, 193.

niht-helm, st. m., veil or canopy of night: nom. sg., 1790.

niht-long, adj., lasting through the night: acc. sg. m. niht-longne fyrst (space of a night), 528.

niht-weorc, st. n., night-work, deed done at night: instr. sg. niht-weorce, 828.

niman, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to take, hold, seize, undertake: pret. sg. nam þ mid handa hige-þhtigne rinc, 747; pret. pl. w . . . node nman, 2117.—2) to take, take away, deprive of: pres. sg. s þe hine dað nimeð (he whom death carrieth off), 441; so, 447; nymeð, 1847; nymeð nyd-bde, 599; subj. pres. gif mec hild nime, 452, 1482; pret. sg. ind. nam on Ongenþo ren-byrnan, 2987; ne nom h ... mðm-hta m (he took no more of the rich treasures), 1613; pret. part. þ wæs ... so cwn numen (the queen carried off), 1154.

be-niman, to deprive of: pret. sg. oð þæt hine yldo benam mægenes wynnum (till age bereft him of joy in his strength), 1887.

for-niman, to carry off: pres. sg. þ þ dað for-nam (whom death carried off), 488; so, 557, 696, 1081, 1124, 1206, 1437, etc. Also, dat. for acc.: pret. pl. him renna ecge fornmon, 2829.

ge-niman: 1) to take, seize: pret. sg. (hine) be healse ge-nam (clasped him around the neck, embraced him), 1873.—2) to take, take away: pret. on reste genam þrtig þegna, 122; ho under heolfre genam cðe folme, 1303; segn ac genom, 2777; þ mec sinca baldor ... æt mnum fæder genam (took me at my father's hands, adopted me), 2430; pret. part. genumen, 3167.

ge-nip, st. n., darkness, mist, cloud: acc. pl. under næssa genipu, 1361; ofer flda genipu, 2809.

nis, from ne-is (is not): see wesan.

nwe, nowe, adj., new, novel; unheard-of: nom. sg. swg up -stg nwe geneahhe (a monstrous hubbub arose), 784; beorh ... nwe (a newly-raised(?) grave-mound), 2244; acc. sg. nwe sibbe (the new kinship), 950; instr. sg. nwan stefne (properly, nov voce; here = de novo, iterum, again), 2595; nowan stefne (again), 1790; gen. pl. nwra spella (new tidings), 2899.

ge-nwian, w. v., to renew: pret. part. ge-nwod, 1304, 1323; genwad, 2288.

nw-tyrwed, pret. part., newly-tarred: acc. sg. nw-tyrwedne (-tyrwydne, MS.) nacan, 295.

nð, st. m., properly only zeal, endeavor; then hostile endeavor, hostility, battle, war: nom. sg., 2318; acc. sg. nð, 184, 276; Wedera nð (enmity against the W., the sorrows of the Weders), 423; dat. sg. wið (æt) nðe, 828, 2586; instr. nðe, 2681; gen. pl. nða, 883, 2351, 2398, etc.; also instr. = by, in, battle, 846, 1440, 1963, 2171, 2207.—Comp.: bealo-, fr-, here-, hete-, inwit-, searo-, wæl-nð.

nð-draca, w. m., battle-dragon: nom. sg., 2274.

nð-gast, st. m., hostile alien, fell demon: acc. sg. þone nð-gæst (the dragon), 2700.

nð-geweorc, st. n., work of enmity, deed of evil: gen. pl. -geweorca, 684.

nð-grim, adj., furious in battle, savage: nom. sg., 193.

nð-heard, adj., valiant in war: nom. sg., 2418.

nð-hydig, adj., eager for battle, valorous: nom. pl. nð-hydige men, 3167.

ge-nðla, w. m., foe, persecutor, waylayer: in comp. ferhð-, feorh-genðla.

nð-wundor, st. n., hostile wonder, strange marvel of evil: acc. sg., 1366.

npan, st. v., to veil, cover over, obscure; pres. part. npende niht, 547, 650.

nolde, from ne-wolde (would not); see willan.

norð, adv., northward, 859.

norðan, adv., from the north, 547.

nose, w. f., projection, cliff, cape: dat. sg. of hlðes nosan, 1893; æt brimes nosan, 2804.

n (strengthened neg.), not, not at all, by no means, 136, 244, 587, 755, 842, 969, 1736, etc.; strengthened by following ne, 459(?), 1509; n ... n (neither ... nor), 541-543; so, n ... ne, 168. See ne.

nðer (from n-hwæðer), neg., and not, nor, 2125.

ge-nh, adj., sufficient, enough: acc. sg. fhðo genge, 2490; acc. pl. genge ... bagas, 3105.

nn, st. f., [Eng. noon], ninth hour of the day, three o'clock in the afternoon of our reckoning (the day was reckoned from six o'clock in the morning; cf. Bouterwek Scradunga, 24 2: w htað nne dæg fram sunnan upgange oð fen): nom. sg. nn, 1601.

n, adv.: l) now, at present, 251, 254, 375, 395, 424, 426, 489, etc.: n gyt (up to now, hitherto), 957; n gn (now still, yet), 2860; (now yet, still), 3169.—2) conj., since, inasmuch as: n þ lungre geong ... n se wyrm ligeð (go now quickly, since the dragon lieth dead), 2746; so, 2248; þæt þ m ne forwyrne ... n ic þus feorran cm (that do not thou refuse me, since I am come so far), 430; so, 1476; n ic on mðma hord mne bebohte frde feorh-lege, fremmað g n (as I now..., so do ye), 2800; so, 3021.

nymðe, conj. w. subj., if not, unless, 782; nymðe mec god scylde (if God had not shielded me), 1659.

nyt, st. f., duty, service, office, employment: acc. sg. þegn nytte behold (did his duty), 494; so, 3119.—Comp.: sund-, sundor-nyt.

nyt, adj., useful: acc. pl. m. nytte, 795; comp. un-nyt.

ge-nyttian, w. v., to make use of, enjoy: pret. part. hæfde eorð-scrafa ende ge-nyttod (had enjoyed, made use of), 3047.

nyd, st. f., force, necessity, need, pain: acc. sg. þurh daðes nyd, 2455; instr. sg. nyde, 1006. In comp. (like nyd-maga, consanguineus, in AEthelred's Laws, VI. 12, Schmid, p. 228; nd-maga, in Cnut's Laws, I. 7, ibid., p. 258); also, tie of blood.—Comp. þra-nyd.

ge-nydan, w. v.: 1) to force, compel: pret. part. nðe ge-nyded (forced by hostile power), 2681.—2) to force upon: pret. part. acc. sg. f. nyde genydde ... gearwe stwe (the inevitable place prepared for each, i.e. the bed of death), 1006.

nyd-bd, st. f., forced pledge, pledge demanded by force: acc. pl. nyd-bde, 599.

nyd-gestealla, w. m., comrade in need or united by ties of blood: nom. pl. nyd-gesteallan, 883.

nyd-gripe, st. m., compelling grip: dat. sg. in nyd-gripe (mid-gripe, MS.), 977.

nyd-wracu, st. f., distressful persecution, great distress: nom. sg., 193.

nyhst. See nah.

O

oððe, conj.: 1) or; otherwise, 283, 437, 636, 638, 694, 1492, 1765, etc.—2) and(?), till(?), 650, 2476, 3007.

of, prep. w. dat., from, off from: 1) from some point of view: ge-seah of wealle (from the wall), 229; so, 786; of hefene scneð (shineth from heaven), 1572; of hlðes nosan gæstas grtte (from the cliff's projection), 1893; of þm loma std (from which light streamed), 2770; þr wæs mðma fela of feorwegum ... gelded (from distant lands), 37; þ cm of mre (from the moor), 711, 922.—2) forth from, out of: hwearf of earde (wandered from his home, died), 56; so, 265, 855, 2472; þ ic of searwum cm (when I had escaped from the persecutions of the foe), 419; þ him Hrðgr gewt ... t of healle (out of the hall), 664; so, 2558, 2516; 1139, 2084, 2744; wudu-rc -sth sweart of (ofer) swioðole (black wood-reek ascended from the smoking fire), 3145; (icge gold) -hæfen of horde (lifted from the hoard), 1109; lt þ of brostum ... word t faran (from his breast), 2551; dyde ... helm of hafelan (doffed his helmet), 673; so, 1130; sealdon wn of wunder-fatum (presented wine from wondrous vessels), 1163; siððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan ... flne geswencte (with an arrow shot from the horned bow), 2438; so, 1434. Prep. postponed: þ h him of dyde sern-byrnan (doffed his iron corselet), 672.

ofer, prep. w. dat. and acc., over, above: 1) w. dat, over (rest, locality): Wglf siteð ofer Bowulfe, 2908; ofer æðelinge, 1245; ofer eorðan, 248, 803, 2008; ofer wer-þode (over the earth, among mankind), 900; ofer yðum, 1908; ofer hron-rde (over the sea), 10; so, 304, 1287, 1290, etc.; ofer ealowge (over the beer-cup, drinking), 481.—2) w. acc. of motion: a) over (local): ofer yðe (over the waves), 46, 1910; ofer swan-rde (over the swan-road, the sea), 200; ofer wgholm, 217; ofer geofenes be-gang, 362; so, 239, 240, 297, 393, 464, 471, etc.; ofer bolcan (over the gangway), 231; ofer landa fela (over many lands), 311; so, 1405, 1406; ofer hahne hrf (along upon (under?) the high roof), 984; ofer eormen-grund (over the whole earth), 860; ofer ealle (over all, on all sides), 2900, 650; so, 1718;—606, 900, 1706; ofer borda gebræc (over, above, the crashing of shields), 2260; ofer bord-(scild) weall, 2981, 3119. Temporal: ofer þ niht (through the night, by night), 737. b) w. verbs of saying, speaking, about, of, concerning: h ofer benne spræc, 2725. c) beyond, over: ofer mn ge-met (beyond my power), 2880;—hence, against, contrary to: h ofer willan gong (went against his will), 2410; ofer ealde riht (against the ancient laws, i.e. the ten commandments), 2331;—also, without: wg ofer wpen (war sans, dispensing with, weapons), 686;—temporal = after: ofer eald-gewin (after long, ancient, suffering), 1782.

ofer-hygd, st. n., arrogance, pride, conceit: gen. pl. ofer-hygda, 1741; ofer-hyda, 1761.

ofer-mðum, st. m., very rich treasure: dat. pl. ofer-mðmum, 2994.

ofer-mægen, st. n., over-might, superior numbers: dat. sg. mid ofer-mægene, 2918.

ofer-þearf, st. f., dire distress, need: dat. sg. [for ofer] þea[rfe], 2227.

oft, adv., often, 4, 165, 444, 572, 858, 908, 1066, 1239, etc.; oft [n] seldan, 2030; oft nalles ne, 3020; so, 1248, 1888. Compar. oftor, 1580. Superl. oftost, 1664.

om-, on-. see am-, an-.

ombiht. See ambiht.

oncer. See ancer.

ond. See and.

onsyn. See ansyn.

on, prep. w. dat. and acc., signifying primarily touching on, contact with: I. local, w. dat.: a) on, upon, in at (of exterior surface): on hah-stede (in the high place), 285; on mnre ðel-tyrf (in my native place), 410; on þm meðel-stede, 1083; so, 2004; on þm holmclife, 1422; so, 1428; on foldan (on earth), 1197; so, 1533, 2997; on þre medu-bence (on the mead-bench), 1053; beornas on blancum (the heroes on the dapple-greys), 857, etc.; on ræste (in bed), 1299; on stapole (at, near, the pillar), 927; on wealle, 892; on wge (on the wall), 1663; on þm wæl-stenge (on the battle-lance), 1639; on eaxle (on his shoulder), 817, 1548; on bearme, 40; on brostum, 552; on hafelan, 1522; on handa (in his hand), 495, 540; so, 555, 766; on him byrne scn (on him shone the corselet), 405; on re (at the front), 1042; on corðre (at the head of, among, his troop), 1154; scip on ancre (the ship at anchor), 303; þæt h on heoðe ge-std (until he stood in the hall), 404; on fæder stle (in a father's place), 1480; on yðum (on the waves, in the water), 210, 421, 534, 1438; on holme, 543; on g-stramum, 577; on segl-rde, 1438, etc.; on flde, 1367. The prep. postponed: Frslondum on, 2358.—b) in, inside of (of inside surface): secg on searwum (a champion in armor), 249; so, 963; on wg-geatwum, 368; (reced) on þm se rca bd (in which the mighty one abode), 310; on Heorote (in Heorot), 475, 497, 594, 1303; on bor-sele, 492, 1095; on healle, 615, 643; so, 639, 1017, 1026, etc.; on burgum (in the cities, boroughs), 53; on helle, 101; on sefan mnum (in my mind), 473; on mde, 754; so, 755, 949, 1343, 1719, etc.; on aldre (in his vitals), 1435; on middan (in medio), 2706.—c) among, amid: on searwum (among the arms), 1558; on gemonge (among the troop), 1644; on þm lod-scipe (among the people), 2198; nymðe lges fæðm swulge on swaðule (unless the embracing flame should swallow it in smoke), 783;—in, with, touched by, possessing something: þ wæs on slum sinces brytta (then was the dispenser of treasure in joy), 608; so, 644, 2015; wæs on hron mde, 1308; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582, 2296; ho wæs on ofste (she was in haste), 1293; so, 1736, 1870; þ wæs on blde brim weallende (there was the flood billowing in, with, blood), 848; (h) wæs on sunde (was a-swimming), 1619; wæs t fore-mihtig fond on fðe (too powerful in speed), 971; þr wæs swgra secg ... on gylpsprce (there was the champion more silent in his boasting speech), 982;—in; full of, representing, something: on weres wæstmum (in man's form), 1353.—d) attaching to, hence proceeding from; from something: ge-hyrde on Bowulfe fæst-rdne ge-þht (heard in, from, B. the fixed resolve), 610; þæt h ne mtte ... on elran men mund-gripe mran, 753;—hence, with verbs of taking: on ræste genam (took from his bed), 122; so, 748, 2987; hit r on þ gde be-geton (took it before from thee), 2249.—e) with: sw hit lungre wearð on hyra sinc-gifan sre ge-endod (as it, too, soon painfully came to an end with the dispenser of treasure), 2312.—f) by: mæg þonne on þm golde ongitan Gata dryhten (the lord of the Geatas may perceive by the gold), 1485.—g) to, after weorðan: þæt h on fylle wearð (that he came to a fall), 1545.

With acc.: a) w. verbs of moving, doing, giving, seeing, etc., up to, on, upon, in: -ldon þ lofne þoden ... on bearm scipes, 35; on stefn (on wang) stigon, 212, 225; þ him mid scoldon on fldes ht feor ge-wtan, 42; s þe wið Brecan wunne on sdne s (who strovest in a swimming-match with B. on the broad sea), 507, cf. 516; þæt ic on holma ge-þring eorlscipe efnde (that I should venture on the sea to do valiant deeds), 2133; on fonda geweald sðian, 809; þra þe on swylc starað, 997; so, 1781; on lufan lteð hworfan (lets him turn his thoughts to love?, to possessions?), 1729; him on md bearn (came into his mind, occurred to him), 67; rsde on þone rfan (rushed on the powerful one), 2691; (cwm) on worðig (came into the palace), 1973; so, 27, 242, 253, 512, 539, 580, 677, 726, etc.; on weg (away), 764, 845, 1383, 1431, 2097.—b) towards, on: gde gewyrcean ... on fæder wine (pl.), 21.—c) aim or object, to, for the object, for, as, in, on: on þearfe (in his need, in his strait), 1457; so, on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe, 2850; wrðum on andan (as a terror to the foe), 709; Hrðgr maðelode him on andsware (said to him in reply), 1841; betst beado-rinca wæs on bl gearu (on the pyre ready), 1110; wg-heafolan bær fran on fultum (for help), 2663; wearð on bd wrecen (forced to wait), 2963.—d) ground, reason, according to, in conformity with: rodera rdend hit on ryht gescd (decided it in accordance with right), 1556; n m swr fela ða on unriht (swore no oaths unjustly, falsely), 2740; on spd (skilfully), 874; nallas on gylp seleð ftte bagas (giveth no gold-wrought rings as he promised), 1750; on snne selfes dm (boastingly, at his own will), 2148; him eal worold wendeð on willan (according to his will), 1740.—e) w. verbs of buying, for, in exchange for: m ic on mðma hord mne be-bohte frde feorh-lege (for the hoard of jewels), 2800.—f) of, as to: ic on Higelce wt, Gata dryhten (I know with respect to, as to, of, H.), 1831; so, 2651; þæt ho on nigne eorl ge-lyfde fyrena frfre (that she should rely on any earl for help out of trouble), 628; þ he ge-truwedon on tw healfa (on both sides, mutually), 1096; so, 2064; þæt þ him ondrdan ne þearft ... on þ healfe (from, on this side), 1676.—g) after superlatives or virtual superlatives = among: næs ... sinc-mððum slra (= þæt wæs sinc-mðma slest) on sweordes hd (there was no better jewel in sword's shape, i.e. among all swords there was none better), 2194; s wæs Hrðgre hæleða lofost on ge-sðes hd (dearest of men as, in the character of, follower, etc.), 1298.

II. Of time: a) w. dat., in, inside of, during, at: on fyrste (in time, within the time appointed), 76; on htan (at dawn), 126; on mergenne (at morn, on the morrow), 565, 2940; on niht, 575; on wanre niht, 703; on tyn dagum, 3161; so, 197, 719, 791, 1063, etc.; on geogoðe (in youth), 409, 466; on geogoð-fore, 537; so, 1844; on orlege (in, during, battle), 1327; h lomp ow on lde (on the way), 1988; on gange (in going, en route), 1885; on sweofote (in sleep), 1582.—b) w. acc., towards, about: on undern-ml (in the morning, about midday), 1429; on morgen-td, 484, 518; on morgen, 838; on ende-stæf (toward the end, at last), 1754; oftor micle þonne on nne sð (far oftener than once), 1580.

III. With particles: him on efn (beside, alongside of, him), 2904; on innan (inside, within), 71, 1741, 1969, 2453, 2716; þr on innan (in there), 2090, 2215, 2245. With the relative þ often separated from its case: þ ic hr on starie (that I here look on, at), 2797; þ g þr on standað (that ye there stand in), 2867.

on-cyð (cf. Dietrich in Haupt's Zeits. XI., 412), st. f., pain, suffering: nom. sg., 1421; acc. sg. or pl. on-cyððe, 831.

on-drysne, adj., frightful, terrible: acc. sg. firen on-drysne, 1933.

nettan (for anettan, from root an-, Goth. inf. anan, to breathe, pant), w. v., to hasten: pret. pl. netton, 306, 1804.

on-lcnes, st. f., likeness, form, figure: nom. sg., 1352.

on-mdla, w. m., pride, arrogance: dat. sg. for on-mdlan, 2927. Cf. Bugge in Zacher's Zeits. 4, 218 seqq.

on-sge, adj., tending to fall, fatal: nom. sg. þ wæs Hondsco (dat.) hild on-sge, 2077; Hæðcynne wearð ... gð on-sge, 2484.

on-weald, st. m., power, authority: acc. sg. (him) bga ge-hwæðres ... onweald ge-tah (gave him power over, possession of, both), 1044.

open, adj., open: acc. sg. hord-wynne fond ... opene standan, 2272.

openian, w. v., to open, w. acc.: inf. openian, 3057.

orc (O.S. orc, Goth. aúrkei-s), st. m., crock, vessel, can : nom. pl. orcas, 3048; acc. pl. orcas, 2761.

orcn, st. m., sea-monster: nom. pl. orcnas, 112.

ord, st. n. point: nom. sg. oð þæt wordes ord brost-hord þurh-bræc (till the word-point broke through his breast-hoard, came to utterance), 2792; acc. sg. ord (sword-point), 1550; dat. instr. orde (id.), 556; on orde (at the head of, in front [of a troop]), 2499, 3126.

ord-fruma, w. m., head lord, high prince: nom. sg., 263.

ret-mecg, st. m., champion, warrior, military retainer: nom. pl. ret-mecgas, 363, 481; acc. pl. ret-mecgas, 332.

retta, w. m., champion, fighter, hero: nom. sg., 1533, 2539.

or-leg, st. n., war, battle: dat. sg. on orlege, 1327; gen. sg. or-leges, 2408.

or-leg-hwl, st. f., time of battle, war-time: nom. sg. [or-leg]-hwl, 2003; gen. sg. orleg-hwle, 2912; gen. pl orleg-hwla, 2428.

or-leahtre, adj., blameless: nom. sg 1887.

or-þanc (cf. Gloss. Aldhelm. mid or-þance = argumento in Haupt XI., 436; orþancum = machinamentis, ibid. 477; or-þanc-scipe = mechanica, 479, st. m., mechanical art, skill: instr. pl. or-þoncum, 2088; smiðes or-þancum, 406.

or-wna, adj. (weak form), hopeless, despairing, w. gen.: aldres or-wna (hopeless of life), 1003, 1566.

or-wearde, adj., unguarded, without watch or guard: adv., 3128.

oruð, st. n., breath, snorting: nom. sg., 2558; dat. oreðe, 2840.



oð (Goth. und, O.H.G. unt, unz): 1) prep. w. acc., to, till, up to, only temporal: oð þone nne dæg, 2400; oð dmes dæg, 3070; woruld-ende, 3084.—2) oð þæt, conj. w. depend, indicative clause, till, until, 9, 56, 66, 100, 145. 219, 296, 307, etc.

ðer (Goth. anþar), num.: 1) one or other of two, a second, = alter: nom. sg. subs.: se ðer, 2062; ðer(one i.e. of my blood-relations, Hæðcyn and Hygelc), 2482; ðer ... ðer (the one ... the other), 1350-1352. Adj.: ðer ... mihtig mn-sceaða (the second mighty, fell foe, referring to 1350, 1339; se ðer ... hæle, 1816; fem. niht ðer, 2118; neut. ðer ger (the next, second, year), 1134; acc. sg. m. ðerne, 653, 1861, 2441, 2485; þenden rafode rinc ðerne(whilst one warrior robbed the other, i.e. Eofor robbed Ongenþow), 2986; neut. ðer swylc(another such, an equal number), 1584; instr. sg. ðre sðe (for the second time, again), 2671, 3102; dat. sg. ðrum, 815, 1030, 1166, 1229, 1472, 2168, 2172, etc.; gen. sg. m. ðres dgores, 219, 606; neut. ðres, 1875.—2) another, a different one, = alius: nom. sg., subs. ðer, 1756; ðer nnig (no other), 860. Adj.: nig ðer man, 503, 534; so, 1561; ðer in (a different house or room), 1301; acc. sg. ðer flet, 1087; gen. sg. ðres ... yrfe-weardes, 2452; acc. pl. ealo drincende ðer sdan (ale drinkers said other things), 1946; acc. pl. neut. word ðer, 871.

fer, st. m., shore: dat. sg. on fre, 1372.

ofost, st. f., haste: nom. sg. ofost is slest t gecyðanne (haste is best to make known, best to say at once), 256; so, 3008; dat. sg. bo þ on ofeste (ofoste) (be in haste, hasten), 386, 2748; on ofste, 1293; on ofoste, 2784, 3091.

ofost-lce, adv., in haste, speedily, 3131.

-hwr, adv., anywhere, 1738, 2871.

mig, adj., rusty: nom. sg., 2764; nom. pl. mige, 3050.

r, st. n., beginning, origin; front: nom. sg., 1689; acc. sg., 2408; dat. sg. on re, 1042.

-wiht, anything, aught: instr. sg. -wihte (in any way), 1823, 2433.

P

pd, st. f., dress; in comp. here-pd.

pæð, st. m., path, road, way; in comp. n-pæð.

plega, w. m., play, emulous contest; lind-plega, 1074.

R

raðe, adv., quickly, immediately, 725, Cf. hrðe.

rand, rond, st. m., shield: acc. sg, rand, 683; rond, 657, 2567, 2610; dat. ronde (rond, MS.), 2674; under rande, 1210; b ronde, 2539; acc. pl. randas, 231; rondas, 326, 2654.—Comp.: bord-, hilde-, sd-rand.

rand-hæbbend, pres. part., shield-bearer, i.e. man at arms, warrior: gen. pl. rond-hæbbendra, 862.

rand-wiga, w. m., shield-warrior, shield-bearing warrior: nom. sg., 1299; acc. sg. rand-wigan, 1794.

rd, st. f., road, street; in comp. hran-, segl-, swan-rd.

ge-rd, adj., clever, skilful, ready: acc. pl. neut. ge-rde, 874.

rp, st. m., rope, bond, fetter: in comp. wæl-rp.

rsian, w. v., to find, discover: pret. part. þ wæs hord rsod, 2284.

ræst. See rest.

rcan, w. v., to reach, reach after: pret. sg. rhte ongan fond mid folme (reached out his hand toward the foe), 748.

ge-rcan, to attain, strike, attack: pret. sg. hyne ... wpne ge-rhte (struck him with his sword), 2966; so, 556.

rd, st. m.: 1) advice, counsel, resolution; good counsel, help: nom. sg. n is rd gelong eft æt þ num (now is help to be found with thee alone), 1377; acc. sg. rd, 172, 278, 3081.—2) advantage, gain, use: acc. sg. þæt rd talað (counts that a gain), 2028; cne rd (the eternal gain, everlasting life), 1202; acc. pl. ce rdas, 1761.—Comp.: folc-rd, and adj., n-, fæst-rd.

rdan, st. v., to rule; reign; to possess: pres. part. rodera rdend (the ruler of the heavens), 1556; inf. þone þe þ mid rihte rdan sceoldest (that thou shouldst possess by rights), 2057; wolde dm godes ddum rdan gumena gehwylcum (God's doom would rule over, dispose of, every man in deeds), 2859. See sele-rdend.