gtan, w. v., to injure, to slay: inf., 2941.

be-gte, adj., attainable; in comp. ð-begte.

geador, adv., unitedly, together, jointly, 836; geador ætsomne, 491.

on-geador, adv., unitedly, together, 1596.

gealdor, st. n.: 1) sound: acc. sg. byman gealdor, 2944.—2) magic song, incantation, spell: instr. sg. þonne wæs þæt yrfe ... galdre bewunden (placed under a spell), 3053.

gealga, w. m., gallows: dat. sg. þæt his byre rde giong on galgan, 2447.

gealg-md, adj., gloomy: nom. sg. gfre and galgmd, 1278.

gealg-trow, st. n., gallows: dat. pl. on galg-trowu[m], 2941.

geard, st. m., residence; in Bowulf corresponding to the house-complex of a prince's residence, used only in the plur.: acc. in geardas (in Finn's castle), 1135; dat. in geardum, 13, 2460; of geardum, 1139; r h on weg hwurfe ... of geardum, before he went away from his dwelling-place, i.e. died, 265.—Comp. middan-geard.

gearo, adj., properly, made, prepared; hence, ready, finished, equipped: nom. sg. þæt hit wearð eal gearo, heal-ærna mst, 77; wiht unhlo ... gearo sna wæs, the demon of destruction was quickly ready, did not delay long, 121; Here-Scyldinga betst beadorinca wæs on bl gearu, was ready for the funeral-pile (for the solemn burning), 1110; þod (is) eal gearo, the warriors are altogether ready, always prepared, 1231; hraðe wæs æt holme hyð-weard gearo (geara, MS.), 1915; gearo gð-freca, 2415; se so br gearo dre geæfned, let the bier be made ready at once, 3106. With gen.: gearo gyrnwræce, ready for revenge for harm done, 2119, acc. sg. gearwe stwe, 1007; nom. pl. beornas gearwe, 211; similarly, 1814.

gearwe, gearo, geare, adv., completely, entirely: n g ... gearwe ne wisson, you do not know at all ..., 246; similarly, 879; hine gearwe geman witena welhwyle (remembers him very well), 265; wisse h gearwe þæt ..., he knew very well that ..., 2340, 2726; þæt ic ... gearo scawige swegle searogimmas (that I may see the treasures altogether, as many as they are), 2749; ic wt geare þæt ..., 2657.—Comp. gearwor, more readily, rather, 3077.—Superl. gearwost, 716.

gearo-folm, adj., with ready hand, 2086.

gearwe, st. f., equipment, dress; in comp. feðer-gearwe.

geat, st. n., opening, door; in comp. ben-, hilde-geat.

geato-lc, adj., well prepared, handsome, splendid: of sword and armor, 215, 1563, 2155; of Heorot, 308. Adv.: wsa fengel geatolc gengde, passed on in a stately manner, 1402.

geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment, adornment: acc. recedes geatwa, the ornaments of the dragon's cave (its treasures), 3089.—Comp.: ored-, gryre-, gð-, hilde-, wg-geatwe.

gan (from gegn), adv. in

on-gan, adv. and prep., against, towards: þæt h m ongan sla, 682; rhte ongan fond mid folme, 748; foran ongan, forward towards, 2365. With dat.: ongan gramum, against the enemy, 1035.

t-ganes, t-genes, prep, against, towards: Grendle tganes, towards Grendel, against Grendel, 667; grp þ tganes, she grasped at (Bowulf), 1502; similarly, him tganes fng, 1543; odon him þ tganes, went towards him, 1627; ht þ gebodan ... þæt he bl-wudu feorran feredon gdum tgnes, had it ordered that they should bring the wood from far for the funeral-pyre towards the good man (i.e. to the place where the dead Bowulf lay), 3115.

gap, adj., roomy, extensive, wide: nom. sg. reced ... gap, the roomy hall, 1801; acc. sg. under gapne hrf, 837.—Comp.: horn-, s-gap.

ger, st. n., year: nom. sg., 1135; gen. pl. gera, in adverbial sense, olim, in former times, 2665. See un-gera.

ger-dagas, st. m. pl., former days: dat. pl. in (on) ger-dagum, 1, 1355.

geofe. See gifu.

geofon, gifen, gyfen (see Kuhn Zeitschr. I. 137), st. n., sea, flood: nom. sg. geofon, 515; gifen gotende, the streaming flood, 1691; gen. sg. geofenes begang, 362; gyfenes, 1395.

geogoð, st. f.: 1) youth, time of youth: dat. sg. on geogoðe, 409, 466, 2513; on giogoðe, 2427; gen. gioguðe, 2113.—2) contrasted with duguð, the younger warriors of lower rank (about as in the Middle Ages, the squires with the knights): nom. sg. geogoð, 66; giogoð, 1191; acc. sg. geogoðe, 1182; gen. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; duguðe and iogoðe (geogoðe), 1675, 622.

geoguð-feorh, st. n., age of youth, i.e. age in which one still belongs in the ranks of the geogoð: on geogoð- (geoguð-) fore, 537, 2665.

geohðo. See gehðo.

geolo, adj., yellow: acc. sg. geolwe linde (the shield of yellow linden bark), 2611.

geolo-rand, st. m., yellow shield (shield with a covering of interlaced yellow linden bark): acc. sg., 438.

geond, prep. w. acc., through, throughout, along, over: geond þisne middangeard, through the earth, over the earth, 75; wide geond eorðan, 266, 3100; frdon folctogan ... geond wd-wegas, went along the ways coming from afar, 841; similarly, 1705; geond þæt sæld, through the hall, through the extent of the hall, 1281; similarly, 1982, 2265.

geong, adj., young, youthful: nom. sg., 13, 20, 855, etc.; giong, 2447; w. m. se maga geonga, 2676; acc. sg. geongne gðcyning, 1970; dat. sg. geongum, 1949, 2045, 2675, etc.; on sw geongum feore, at a so youthful age, 1844; geongan cempan, 2627; acc. pl. geonge, 2019; dat. pl. geongum and ealdum, 72.—Superl. gingest, the last: nom. sg. w. f. gingeste word, 2818.

georn, adj., striving, eager, w. gen. of the thing striven for: eft sðes georn, 2784.—Comp. lof-georn.

georne, adv., readily, willingly: þæt him wine-mgas georne hyrdon, 66; georne truwode, 670.—zealously, eagerly: shte georne æfter grunde, eagerly searched over the ground, 2295.—carefully, industriously: n ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough), 969.—completely, exactly: comp. wiste þ geornor, 822.

ge, i, adv., once, formerly, earlier, 1477; gi, 2522; i, 2460.

goc, st. f., help, support: acc. sg. goce gefremman, 2675; þæt him gst-bona goce gefremede wið þod-þraum, 177; goce gelyfde, believed in the help (of Bowulf), 609; dat. sg. t goce, 1835.

gocor, adj., ill, bad: nom. sg., 766.—See Haupt's Zeitschrift 8, p. 7.

ge-man, i-man, st. m., man of former times: gen. pl. i-manna, 3053.

ge-meowle, w. f., (formerly a virgin), wife: acc. sg. o-meowlan, 2932.

gemor, adj., with depressed feelings, sad, troubled: nom. sg. him wæs gemor sefa, 49, 2420, 2633, 2951; mdes gemor, 2101; fem. þæt wæs gemuru ides, 1076.

gemore, adv., sadly, 151.

gemor-gid, st. n., dirge: acc. sg. gimor-gyd, 3151.

gemor-lc, adj., sad, painful: sw bið gemorlc gomelum ceorle t gebdanne þæt..., it is painful to an old man to experience it, that ..., 2445.

gemor-md, adj., sad, sorrowful: nom. sg., 2045, 3019; gimor-md, 2268.

gemrian, w. v., to complain, to lament: pret. sg. gemrode giddum, 1119.

ge-sceaft, st. f., (fixed in past times), fate: acc. sg. gesceaft grimme, 1235.

gesceaft-gst, st. m., demon sent by fate: gen. pl. fela gesceaft-gsta, of Grendel and his race, 1267.

gotan, st. v. intrans., to pour, to flow, to stream: pres. part. gifen gotende, 1691.

gicel, st. m., icicle: in comp. hilde-gicel.

gid, gyd, st. n., speech, solemn alliterative song: nom. sg. þr wæs ... gid oft wrecen, 1066; loð wæs sungen, glomannes gyd, the song was sung, the gleeman's lay, 1161; þr wæs gidd and glo, 2106; acc. sg. ic þis gid wræc, 1724; gyd wræc, 2109; gyd æfter wræc, 2155; þonne h gyd wrece, 2447; dat. pl. giddum, 151, 1119; gen. pl. gidda gemyndig, 869.—Comp.: gemor-, word-gid.

giddian, w. v., to speak, to speak in alliteration: pret. gyddode, 631.

gif, conj.: 1) if, w. ind., 442, 447, 527, 662, etc.; gyf, 945, etc. With subj., 452, 594, 1482, etc.; gyf, 280, 1105, etc.—2) whether, w. ind., 272; w. subj., 1141, 1320.

gifa, geofa, w. m., giver; in comp. gold-, sinc-, wil-gifa (-geofa).

gifan, st. v., to give: inf. giofan, 2973; pret. sg. nallas bagas geaf Denum, 1720; h m [mðmas] geaf, 2147; and similarly, 2174, 2432, 2624, etc.; pret. pl. gafon (hyne) on grsecg, 49; pret. part. þ wæs Hrðgre here-spd gyfen, 64; þ wæs gylden hilt gamelum rince ... on hand gyfen, 1679; syððan rest wearð gyfen ... geongum cempan (given in marriage), 1949.

-gifan, to give, to impart: inf. andsware ... gifan, to give an answer, 355; pret. sg. sna him se frda fæder htheres ... ondslyht geaf (gave him a counter-blow), (hand-blow?), 2930.

for-gyfan, to give, to grant: pret. sg. him þæs lf-fra ... worold-re forgeaf, 17; þm t hm forgeaf Hrðel Gata ngan dhtor (gave in marriage), 374; similarly, 2998; h m lond forgeaf, granted me land, 2493; similarly, 697, 1021, 2607, 2617; mægen-rs forgeaf hilde-bille, he gave with his battle-sword a mighty blow, i.e. he struck with full force, 1520.

of-gifan, (to give up), to leave: inf. þæt se mra maga Ecgþowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde (was fated to leave the earth-plain), 2589; pret. sg. þs worold ofgeaf gromheort guma, 1682; similarly, gumdram ofgeaf, 2470; Dena land ofgeaf, 1905; pret. pl. næs ofgafon hwate Scyldingas, left the promontory, 1601; þæt þ hildlatan holt ofgfan, that the cowards left the wood (into which they had fled), 2847; sg. pret. for pl. þra þe þis [lf] ofgeaf, 2252.

gifeðe, adj., given, granted: Gðfremmendra swylcum gifeðe bið þæt..., to such a warrior is it granted that..., 299; similarly, 2682; sw m gifeðe wæs, 2492; þr m gifeðe sw nig yrfeweard æfter wurde, if an heir, (living) after me, had been given me, 2731.—Neut. as subst.: wæs þæt gifeðe t swð, þ þone [þoden] þyder ontyhte, the fate was too harsh that has drawn hither the king, 3086; gyfeðe, 555, 820.—Comp. un-gifeðe.

gif-heal, st. f., hall in which fiefs were bestowed, throne-hall: acc. sg. ymb þ gifhealle, 839.

gif-sceat, st. m., gift of value: acc. pl. gif-sceattas, 378.

gif-stl, st. m., seat from which fiefs are granted, throne: nom. sg., 2328; acc. sg., 168.

gift, st. f., gift, present: in comp. feoh-gift.

gifu, geofu, st. f., gift, present, grant; fief: nom. sg. gifu, 1885 acc. sg. gimfæste gife þ him god sealde, the great gift that God had granted him (i.e. the enormous strength), 1272; ginfæstan gife þ him god sealde, 2183; dat. pl. (as instr.) geofum, 1959; gen. pl. gifa, 1931; geofena, 1174.—Comp.: mððum-, sinc-gifu.

ggant, st. m., giant: nom. pl. ggantas, 113; gen. pl. gganta, 1563, 1691.

gild, gyld, st. n., reparation: in comp. wiðer-gyld(?).

gildan, gyldan, st. v., to do something in return, to repay, to reward, to pay: inf. gomban gyldan, pay tribute, 11; h mid gde gyldan wille uncran eaferan, 1185; w him þ gðgeatwa gyldan woldon, 2637; pret. sg. heaðorsas geald marum and mðmum, repaid the battles with horses and treasures, 1048; similarly, 2492; geald þone gðrs ... Jofore and Wulfe mid ofermðmum, repaid Eofor and Wulf the battle with exceedingly great treasures, 2992.

an-gildan, to pay for: pret. sg. sum sre angeald fenræste, one (Æschere) paid for the evening-rest with death's pain, 1252.

-gildan, to offer one's self: pret. sg. þ m sl geald, when the favorable opportunity offered itself, 1666; similarly, þ him rm geald, 2691.

for-gildan, to repay, to do something in return, to reward: pres. subj. sg. III. alwalda þec gde forgylde, may the ruler of all reward thee with good, 957; inf. þone nne heht golde forgyldan, he ordered that the one (killed by Grendel) be paid for (atoned for) with gold, 1055; h ... wolde Grendle for-gyldan gðrsa fela, wished to pay Grendel for many attacks, 1578; wolde se lða lge forgyldan drinc-fæt dyre, the enemy wished to repay with fire the costly drinking vessel (the theft of it), 2306; pret. sg. h him þæs lan forgeald, he gave them the reward therefore, 114; similarly, 1542, 1585, 2095; forgeald hraðe wyrsan wrixle wælhlem þone, repaid the murderous blow with a worse exchange, 2969.

gilp, gylp, st. m., speech in which one promises great things for himself in a coming combat, defiant speech, boasting speech: acc. sg. hæfde ... Gat-mecga lod gilp gelsted (had fulfilled what he had claimed for himself before the battle), 830; nallas on gylp seleð ftte bagas, gives no chased gold rings for a boastful speech, 1750; þæt ic wið þone gðflogan gylp ofersitte, restrain myself from the speech of defiance, 2529; dat. sg. gylpe wiðgrpan (fulfil my promise of battle), 2522.—Comp. dol-gilp.

gilpan, gylpan, st. v. w. gen., acc., and dat., to make a defiant speech, to boast, to exult insolently: pres. sg. I. n ic þæs gilpe (after a break in the text), 587; sg. III. morðres gylpeð, boasts of the murder, 2056; inf. sw ne gylpan þearf Grendles maga nig ... hthlem þone, 2007; nealles folc-cyning fyrdgesteallum gylpan þorfte, had no need to boast of his fellow-warrior, 2875; pret. sg. hrðsigora ne gealp goldwine Gata, did not exult at the glorious victory (could not gain the victory over the drake), 2584.

gilp-cwide, st. m., speech in which a man promises much for himself for a coming combat, speech of defiance: nom. sg., 641.

gilp-hlæden, pret. part., laden with boasts of defiance (i.e. he who has made many such boasts, and consequently has been victorious in many combats), covered with glory: nom. sg. guma gilp-hlæden, 869.

gilp-sprc, same as gilp-cwide, speech of defiance, boastful speech: dat. sg. on gylp-sprce, 982.

gilp-word, st. n., defiant word before the coming combat, vaunting word: gen. pl. gespræc ... gylp-worda sum, 676.

gim, st. m., gem, precious stone, jewel: nom. sg. heofones gim, heaven's jewel, i.e. the sun, 2073. Comp. searo-gim.

gimme-rce, adj., rich in jewels: acc. sg. gimme-rce hord-burh hæleða, 466.

gin (according to Bout., ginne), adj., properly gaping, hence, wide, extended: acc. sg. gynne grund (the bottom of the sea), 1552.

gin-fæst, adj., extensive, rich: acc. sg. gim-fæste gife (gim-, on account of the following f), 1272; in weak form, gin-fæstan gife, 2183.

ginnan, st. v., original meaning, to be open, ready; in

on-ginnan, to begin, to undertake: pret. oð þæt n ongan fyrene fremman fond on helle, 100; secg eft ongan sð Bowulfes snyttrum styrian, 872; þ þæt sweord ongan ... wanian, the sword began to diminish, 1606; Higelc ongan snne geseldan ... fægre fricgean, began with propriety to question his companion, 1984, etc.; ongon, 2791; pret. pl. n hr cðlcor cuman ongunnon lindhæbbende, no shield-bearing men e'er undertook more openly to come hither, 244; pret. part. hæbbe ic mrða fela ongunnen on geogoðe, have in my youth undertaken many deeds of renown, 409.

gist. See gæst.

gistran, adv., yesterday: gystran niht, yesterday night, 1335.

git, pron., ye two, dual of þ, 508, 512, 513, etc.

gt, gyt, adv., yet; then still, 536, 1128, 1165, 2142; hitherto, 957; nfre gt, never yet, 583; still, 945, 1059, 1135; once more, 2513; moreover, 47, 1051, 1867.

gitan (original meaning, to take hold of, to seize, to attain), in

be-gitan, w. acc., to grasp, to seize, to reach: pret. sg. begeat, 1147, 2231; þ hine wg beget, when war seized him, came upon him, 2873; similarly, begeat, 1069; pret. pl. hit r on þ gde be-geton, good men received it formerly from thee, 2250; subj. sg. for pl. þæt wæs Hrðgre hrowa tornost þra þe lodfruman lange begete, the bitterest of the troubles that for a long time had befallen the people's chief, 2131.

for-gitan, w. acc., to forget: pres. sg. III. h þ forðgesceaft forgyteð and forgymeð, 1752.

an-gitan, on-gitan, w. acc.: 1) to take hold of, to grasp: imp. sg. gumcyste ongit, lay hold of manly virtue, of what becomes the man, 1724; pret. sg. þ hine se brga angeat, whom terror seized, 1292.—2) to grasp intellectually, to comprehend, to perceive, to distinguish, to behold: pres. subj. I. þæt ic rwelan ... ongite, that I may behold the ancient wealth (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2749; inf. sæl timbred ... ongytan, 308, 1497; Gata clifu ongitan, 1912; pret. sg. fyren-þearfe ongeat, had perceived their distress from hostile snares, 14; ongeat ... grund-wyrgenne, beheld the she-wolf of the bottom, 1519; pret. pl. bearhtm ongeton, gðhorn galan, perceived the noise, (heard) the battle-trumpet sound, 1432; syððan he Hygelces horn and byman gealdor ongeton, 2945.

gfre, adj., greedy, eager: nom. sg. gfre and galgmd, of Grendel's mother, 1278.—Superl.: lg..., gsta gfrost, 1124.—Comp. heoro-gfre.

gtsian, w. v., to be greedy: pres. sg. III. gytsað, 1750.

gio-, gi-. see geo-, ge-.

gladian, w. v., to gleam, to shimmer: pres. pl. III. on him gladiað gomelra lfe, upon him gleams the legacy of the men of ancient times (armor), 2037.

glæd, adj., gracious, friendly (as a form of address for princes): nom. sg. bo wið Gatas glæd, 1174; acc. sg. glædne Hrðgr, 864; glædne Hrðulf, 1182; dat. sg. gladum suna Frdan, 2026.

glæde, adv., in a gracious, friendly way, 58.

glædnian, w. v., to rejoice: inf. w. gen., 367.

glæd-md, adj., joyous, glad, 1786.

gld, st. f., fire, flame: nom. sg., 2653, 3115; dat. (instr.) pl. gldum, 2313, 2336, 2678, 3042.

gld-egesa, w. m., terror on account of fire, fire-terror: nom. sg. gld-egesa grim (the fire-spewing of the drake), 2651.

glaw (Goth, glaggwu-s), adj., considerate, well-bred, of social conduct; in comp. un-glaw.

glo, st. n., social entertainment, (especially by music, play, and jest): nom. sg. þr wæs gidd and glo, 2106.

glo-bam, st. m., (tree of social entertainment, of music), harp. gen. sg. glo-bames, 2264.

glo-dram, st. m., joyous carrying-on in social entertainment, mirth, social gaiety: acc. sg. gamen and glo-dram, 3022.

glo-man, m., (gleeman, who enlivens the social entertainment, especially with music), harper: gen. sg. glomannes gyd, 1161.

glitinian (O.H.G. glizinn), w. v., to gleam, to light, to glitter: inf. geseah þ ... gold glitinian, 2759.

gldan, st. v., to glide: pret. sg. syððan heofones gim gld ofer grundas, after heaven's gem had glided over the fields (after the sun had set), 2074; pret. pl. glidon ofer grsecg, you glided over the ocean (swimming), 515.

t-gldan (to glide asunder), to separate, to fall asunder: pret. gð-helm t-gld (Ongenþow's helmet was split asunder by the blow of Eofor), 2488.

glf, st. f., glove: nom. sg. glf hangode, (on Grendel) a glove hung, 2086.

gnað, adj., niggardly: nom. sg. f. næs ho ... t gnað gifa Gata lodum, was not too niggardly with gifts to the people of the Gatas, 1931.

gnorn, st. m., sorrow, sadness: acc. sg. gnorn þrowian, 2659.

gnornian, w. v., to be sad, to complain: pret. sg. earme ... ides gnornode, 1118.

be-gnornian, w. acc., to bemoan, to mourn for: pret. pl. begnornodon ... hlfordes [hry]re, bemoaned their lord's fall, 3180.

god, st. m., god: nom. sg., 13, 72, 478, etc.; hlig god, 381, 1554; wtig god, 686; mihtig god, 702; acc. sg. god, 812; ne wiston he drihten god, did not know the Lord God, 181; dat. sg. gode, 113, 227, 626, etc.; gen. sg. godes, 570, 712, 787, etc.

gold, st. n., gold: nom. sg., 3013, 3053; icge gold, 1108; wunden gold, wound gold, gold in ring-form, 1194, 3136; acc. sg. gold, 2537, 2759, 2794, 3169; hðen gold, heathen gold (that from the drake's cave), 2277; brd gold, massive gold, 3106; dat. instr. sg. golde, 1055, 2932, 3019; fttan golde, with chased gold, with gold in plate-form, 2103; gehroden golde, covered with gold, gilded, 304; golde gegyrwed (gegyrede), provided with, ornamented with gold, 553, 1029, 2193; golde geregnad, adorned with gold, 778; golde fhne (hrf), the roof shining with gold, 928; bunden golde, bound with gold (see under bindan), 1901; hyrsted golde (helm), the helmet ornamented with, mounted with gold, 2256; gen. sg. goldes, 2302; fttan goldes, 1094, 2247; scran goldes, of pure gold, 1695. —Comp. fæt-gold.

gold-ht, st. f., possessions in gold, treasure: acc. sg., 2749.

gold-fh, adj., variegated with gold, shining with gold: nom. sg. reced ... gold-fh, 1801; acc. sg. gold-fhne helm, 2812; nom. pl. gold-fg scinon web æfter wgum, variegated with gold, the tapestry gleamed along the walls, 995.

gold-gifa, w. m., gold-giver, designation of the prince: acc. sg. mid mnne goldgyfan, 2653.

gold-hroden, pret. part., (covered with gold), ornamented with gold: nom. sg., 615, 641, 1949, 2026; epithet of women of princely rank.

gold-hwæt, adj., striving after gold, greedy for gold: næs h goldhwæt, he (Bowulf) was not greedy for gold (he did not fight against the drake for his treasure, cf. 3067 ff.) 3075.

gold-mðm, st. m., jewel of gold: acc. pl. gold-mðmas (the treasures of the drake's cave), 2415.

gold-sele, st. m., gold-hall, i.e. the hall in which the gold was distributed, ruler's hall: acc. sg., 716, 1254; dat. sg. gold-sele, 1640, 2084.

gold-weard, st. m., gold-ward, defender of the gold: acc. sg. (of the drake), 3082.

gold-wine, st. m., friend who distributes gold, i.e. ruler, prince: nom. sg. (partly as voc.) goldwine gumena, 1172, 1477, 1603; goldwine Gata, 2420, 2585.

gold-wlanc, adj., proud of gold: nom. sg. gðrinc goldwlanc (Bowulf rewarded with gold by Hrðgr on account of his victory), 1882.

gomban, gomel, gomen. See gamban, gamal, gamen.

gong, gongan. See gang, gangan.

gd, adj., good, fit, of persons and things: nom. sg., 11, 195, 864, 2264, 2391, etc.; frd and gd, 279; w. dat. cyning æðelum gd, the king noble in birth, 1871; gumcystum gd, 2544; w. gen. wes þ s lrena gd, be good to us with teaching (help us thereto through thy instruction), 269; in weak form, se gda, 205, 355, 676, 1191, etc.; acc. sg. gdne, 199, 347, 1596, 1970, etc.; gumcystum gdne, 1487; neut. gd, 1563; dat. sg. gdum, 3037, 3115; þm gdan, 384, 2328; nom. pl. gde, 2250; þ gdan, 1164; acc. pl. gde, 2642; dat. pl. gdum ddum, 2179; gen. pl. gdra gðrinca, 2649.—Comp. r-gd.

gd, st. n.: 1) good that is done, benefit, gift: instr. sg. gde, 20, 957, 1185; gde mre, renowned on account of her gifts (Þryðo), 1953; instr. pl. gdum, 1862.—2) ability, especially in fight: gen. pl. nt h þra gda, 682.

gram, adj., hostile: gen. sg. on grames grpum, in the gripe of the enemy (Bowulf), 766; nom. pl. þ graman, 778; dat. pl. gramum, 424, 1035.

gram-heort, adj., of a hostile heart, hostile: nom. sg. grom-heort guma, 1683.

gram-hydig, adj., with hostile feeling, maliciously inclined: nom. sg. gromhydig, 1750.

grp, st. f., the hand ready to grasp, hand, claw: dat. sg. mid grpe, 438; on grpe, 555; gen. sg. eal ... Grendles grpe, all of Grendel's claw, the whole claw, 837; dat. pl. on grames grpum, 766; (as instr.) grimman grpum, with grim claws, 1543.—Comp.: fond-, hilde-grp.

grpian, w. v., to grasp, to lay hold of, to seize: pret. sg. þæt hire wið halse heard grpode, that (the sword) griped hard at her neck, 1567; h ... grpode gearofolm, he took hold with ready hand, 2086.

græs-molde, w. f., grass-plot: acc. sg. græsmoldan træd, went over the grass-plot, 1882.

grdig, adj., greedy, hungry, voracious: nom. sg. grim and grdig, 121, 1500; acc. sg. grdig gðloð, 1523.

grg, adj., gray: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grg, the ashen wood, gray above (the spears with iron points) 330; acc. pl. grge syrcan, gray (i.e. iron) shirts of mail, 334.

grg-ml, adj., having a gray color, here = iron: nom. sg. sweord Bowulfes gomol and grgml, 2683.

grpe. See æt-grpe.

grtan, w. v. w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute: inf. hine sw gdne grtan, 347; Hrðgr grtan, 1647, 2011; owic grtan ht (bade me bring you his last greeting), 3096; pret. sg. grtte Gata lod, 626; grtte þ guma ðerne, 653; Hrðgr grtte, 1817.— 2) to come on, to come near, to seek out; to touch; to take hold of: inf. gifstl grtan, take possession of the throne, mount it as ruler, 168; næs se folccyning nig ... þ mec gðwinum grtan dorste (attack with swords), 2736; Wyrd ... s þone gomelan grtan sceolde, 2422; þæt þone sin-scaðan gðbilla nn grtan nolde, that no sword would take hold upon the irreconcilable enemy, 804; pret. sg. grtte goldhroden guman on healle, the gold-adorned (queen) greeted the men in the hall, 615; n h mid hearme ... gæstas grtte, did not approach the strangers with insults, 1894; gomenwudu grtte, touched the wood of joy, played the harp, 2109; pret. subj. II. sg. þæt þ þone wælgst wihte ne grtte, that thou shouldst by no means seek out the murderous spirit (Grendel), 1996; similarly, sg. III. þæt h ne grtte goldweard þone, 3082; pret. part. þr wæs ... gomenwudu grted, 1066.

ge-grtan, w. acc.: 1) to greet, to salute, to address: pret. sg. holdne gegrtte maglum wordum, greeted the dear man with formal words, 1981; gegrtte þ gumena gehwylcne ... hindeman siðe, spoke then the last time to each of the men, 2517.—2) to approach, to come near, to seek out: inf. sceal ... manig ðerne gdum gegrtan ofer ganotes bæð, many a one will seek another across the sea with gifts, 1862.

grot, st. m., grit, sand, earth: dat. sg. on grote, 3169.

grotan, st. v., to weep, to mourn, to lament: pres. sg. III. s þe æfter sincgyfan on sefan groteð, who laments in his heart for the treasure-giver, 1343.

grim, adj., grim, angry, wild, hostile: nom. sg., 121, 555, 1500, etc.; weak form, se grimma gæst, 102; acc. sg. m. grimne, 1149, 2137; fem, grimme, 1235; gen. sg. grimre gðe, 527; instr. pl. grimman grpum, 1543.—Comp.: beado-, heaðo-, heoro-, searo-grim.

grimme, adv., grimly, in a hostile manner, bitterly, 3013, 3086.

grim-lc, adj., grim, terrible: nom. sg. grimlc gry[re-gæst], 3042.

grimman, st. v., (properly to snort), to go forward hastily, to hasten: pret. pl. grummon, 306.

grindan, st. v., to grind, in

for-grindan, to destroy, to ruin: pret. sg. w. dat. forgrand gramum, destroyed the enemy, killed them (?), 424; pret. part. w. acc. hæfde lgdraca loda fæsten ... gldum forgrunden, had with flames destroyed the people's feasts, 2336; þ his gen (scyld) wæs gldum forgrunden, since his own (shield) had been destroyed by the fire, 2678.

gripe, st. m., gripe, attack: nom. sg. gripe mces, 1766; acc. sg. grimne gripe, 1149.—Comp.: fr-, mund-, nð-gripe.

grma, w. m., mask, visor: in comp. beado-, here-grma.

grm-helm, st. m., mask-helmet, helmet with visor: acc. pl. grm-helmas, 334.

grpan, st. v., to gripe, to seize, to grasp: pret. sg. grp þ tganes, then she caught at, 1502.

for-grpan (to gripe vehemently), to gripe so as to kill, to kill by the grasp, w. dat.: pret. sg. æt gðe forgrp Grendeles mgum, 2354. wið-grpan, w. dat., (to seize at), to maintain, to hold erect: inf. h wið þm glcean elles meahte gylpe wið-grpan, how else I might maintain my boast of battle against the monster, 2522.

grwan, st. v., to grow, to sprout: pret. sg. him on ferhðe grow brosthord bldrow, 1719.

grund, st. m.: 1) ground, plain, fields in contrast with highlands; earth in contrast with heaven: dat. sg. shte ... æfter grunde, sought along the ground, 2295; acc. pl. ofer grundas, 1405, 2074.—2) bottom, the lowest part: acc. sg. grund (of the sea of Grendel), 1368; on gyfenes grund, 1395; under gynne grund (bottom of the sea) 1552; dat. sg. t grunde (of the sea), 553; grunde (of the drake's cave) getenge, 2759; so, on grunde, 2766.—Comp.: eormen-, mere-, s-grund.

grund-bend, pres. part., inhabitant of the earth: gen. pl. grund-bendra, 1007.

grund-hyrde, st. m., warder of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. (of Grendel's mother), 2137.

grund-sele, st. m., hall at the bottom (of the sea): dat sg. in þm [grund]sele, 2140.

grund-wang, st. m., ground surface, lowest surface: acc. sg. þone grund-wong (bottom of the sea), 1497; (bottom of the drake's cave), 2772, 2589.

grund-wyrgen, st. f., she-wolf of the bottom (of the sea): acc. sg. grund-wyrgenne (Grendel's mother), 1519.

gryn (cf. Gloss. Aldh. "retinaculum, rete grin," Hpts. Ztschr. IX. 429), st. n., net, noose, snare: gen. pl. fela ... grynna, 931. See gyrn.

gryre, st. m., horror, terror, anything causing terror: nom. sg., 1283; acc. sg. wið Grendles gryre, 384; he Wyrd forswop on Grendles gryre, snatched them away into the horror of Grendel, to the horrible Grendel, 478; dat. pl. mid gryrum ecga, 483; gen. pl. sw fela gryra, 592.—Comp.: fr-, wg-gryre.

gryre-brga, w. m., terror and horror, amazement: nom. sg. [gryre-]br[]g[a], 2229.

gryre-fh, adj., gleaming terribly: acc. sg. gryre-fhne (the fire-spewing drake, cf. also [draca] fyrwylmum fh, 2672, 2577.

gryre-gæst, st. m., terror-guest, stranger causing terror: nom. sg. grimlc gry[regæst], 3042; dat. sg. wið þm gryregieste (the dragon), 2561.

gryre-geatwe, st. f. pl., terror-armor, warlike equipment: dat. pl. in hyra gryre-geatwum, 324.

gryre-loð, st. n., terror-song, fearful song: acc. sg. gehyrdon gryreloð galan godes and-sacan (heard Grendel's cry of agony), 787.

gryre-lc, adj., terrible, horrible: acc. sg. gryre-lcne, 1442, 2137.

gryre-sð, st. m., way of terror, way causing terror, i.e. warlike expedition: acc. pl. s þe gryre-sðas gegn dorste, 1463.

guma, w. m., man, human being: nom. sg., 653, 869, etc.; acc. sg. guman, 1844, 2295; dat. sg. guman (gumum, MS.), 2822; nom pl. guman, 215, 306, 667, etc.; acc. pl. guman, 615; dat. pl. gumum, 127, 321; gen. pl. gumena, 73, 328, 474, 716, etc.—Comp.: driht-, seld-guma.

gum-cyn, st. n., race of men, people, nation: gen. sg. w synt gumcynnes Gata lode, people from the nation of the Gatas, 260; dat. pl. æfter gum-cynnum, along the nations, among the nations, 945.

gum-cyst, st. f., man's excellence, man's virtue: acc. sg. (or pl.) gumcyste, 1724; dat. pl. as adv., excellently, preeminently: gumcystum gdne baga bryttan, 1487; gumcystum gd ... hilde-hlemma (Bowulf), 2544.

gum-dram, st. m., joyous doings of men: acc. sg. gum-dram ofgeaf (died), 2470.

gum-dryhten, st. m., lord of men: nom. sg. 1643.

gum-fða, w. m., troop of men going on foot: nom. sg., 1402.

gum-man, st. m., man: gen. pl. gum-manna fela, 1029.

gum-stl, st. m., man's seat, ' , ruler's seat, throne: dat. sg. in gumstle, 1953.

gð, st. f., combat, battle: nom. sg., 1124, 1659, 2484, 2537; acc. sg. gðe, 604; instr. sg. gðe, 1998; dat. sg. t (æt) gðe, 438, 1473. 1536, 2354, etc.; gen. sg. gðe, 483, 527, 631, etc.; dat. pl. gðum, 1959, 2179; gen. pl. gða, 2513, 2544.

gð-beorn, st. m., warrior: gen. pl. gð-beorna sum (the strand-guard on the Danish coast), 314.

gð-bil, st. n., battle-bill: nom. sg. gðbill, 2585; gen. pl. gð-billa nn, 804.

gð-byrne, w. f., battle-corselet: nom. sg., 321.

gð-cearu, st. f., sorrow which the combat brings: dat. sg. æfter gð-ceare, 1259.

gð-cræft, st. m., warlike strength, power in battle: nom. sg. Grendles gð-cræft, 127.

gð-cyning, st. m., king in battle, king directing a battle: nom. sg., 199, 1970, 2336, etc.

gð-dað, st. m., death in battle: nom. sg., 2250.

gð-floga, w. m., flying warrior: acc. sg. wið þone gðflogan (the drake), 2529.

gð-freca, w. m., hero in battle, warrior (see freca): nom. sg. gearo gð-freca, of the drake, 2415.

gð-fremmend, pres. part., fighting a battle, warrior: gen. pl. gð-fremmendra, 246; gð- (gd-, MS.) fremmendra swylcum, such a warrior (meaning Bowulf), 299.

gð-gewde, st. n., battle-dress, armor: nom. pl. gð-gewdo, 227; acc. pl. -gewdu, 2618, 2631(?), 2852, 2872; gen. pl. -gewda, 2624.

gð-geweorc, st. n., battle-work warlike deed: gen. pl., -geweorca, 679, 982, 1826.

gð-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for combat: acc. þ gð-geatwa (-getawa, MS.), 2637; dat. in owrum gð-geatawum, 395.

gð-helm, st. m., battle-helmet: nom. sg., 2488.

gð-horn, st. n., battle-horn: acc. sg., 1433.

gð-hrð, st. f., battle-fame: nom. sg., 820.

gð-loð, st. n., battle-song: acc., sg., 1523.

gð-md, adj., disposed to battle, having an inclination to battle. nom. pl. gð-mde, 306.

gð-rs, st. m., storm of battle, attack: acc. sg., 2992; gen. pl. gð-rsa, 1578, 2427.

gð-row, adj., fierce in battle: nom. sg., 58.

gð-rinc, st. m., man of battle, fighter, warrior: nom. sg., 839, 1119, 1882; acc. sg., 1502; gen. pl. gð-rinca, 2649.

gð-rf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 609.

gð-sceaða, w. m., battle-foe, enemy in combat: nom. sg., of the drake, 2319.

gð-scearu, st. f., decision of the battle: dat. sg. æfter gð-sceare, 1214.

gð-sele, st. m., battle-hall, hall in which a battle takes place: dat sg. in þm gðsele (in Heorot), 443.

gð-searo, st. n. pl., battle-equipment, armor; acc., 215, 328.

gð-sweord, st. n., battle-sword: acc. sg., 2155.

gð-wrig, adj., wearied by battle dead: acc. sg. gð-wrigne Grendel, 1587.

gð-wine, st. m., battle-friend, comrade in battle designation of the sword: acc. sg., 1811; instr. pl. þ mec gð-winum grtan dorste, who dared to attack me with his war-friends, 2736.

gð-wiga, w. m., fighter of battles, warrior: nom. sg., 2112.

gyd. See gid.

gyfan. See gifan.

gyldan. See gildan.

gylden, adj., golden: nom. sg. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. segen gyldenne, 47, 1022; bring gyldenne, 2810; dat. sg. under gyldnum bage, 1164.—Comp. eal-gylden.

gylp. See gilp.

gyrdan, w. v., to gird, to lace: pret. part. gyrded cempa, the (sword-) girt warrior, 2079.

gyrn, st. n., sorrow, harm: nom. sg., 1776.

gyrn-wracu, st. f., revenge for harm: dat. sg. t gyrn-wræce, 1139; gen. sg. þ wæs eft hraðe gearo gyrn-wræce Grendeles mdor, then was Grendel's mother in turn immediately ready for revenge for the injury, 2119.

gyrwan. See gerwan.

gystran. See gistran.

gyman, w. v. w. gen., to take care of, to be careful about: pres. III. gymeð, 1758, 2452; imp. sg. oferhyda ne gym! do not study arrogance (despise it), 1761.

for-gyman, w. acc., to neglect, to slight: pres. sg. III. h þ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgymeð, 1752.

gytsian. See gtsian.

gyt. See gt.

H

habban, w. v., to have: 1) w. acc.: pres. sg. I. þæs ic wn hæbbe (as I hope), 383; þ ic geweald hæbbe, 951; ic m on hafu bord and byrnan, have on me shield and coat of mail, 2525; hafo, 3001; sg. II. þ n [friðu] hafast, 1175; pl. I. habbað w ... micel rende, 270; pres. subj. sg. III. þæt h þrttiges manna mægencræft on his mundgripe hæbbe, 381. Blended with the negative: pl. III. þæt be S-Gatas slran næbben t gecosenne cyning nigne, that the Sea-Gatas will have no better king than you to choose, 1851; imp. hafa n and geheald hsa slest, 659; inf. habban, 446, 462, 3018; pret. sg. hæfde, 79, 518, 554; pl. hæfdon, 539.—2) used as an auxiliary with the pret. part.: pres. sg. I. hæbbe ic ... ongunnen, 408; hæbbe ic ... gehsod, 433; II. hafast, 954, 1856; III. hafað, 474, 596; pret. sg. hæfde, 106, 220, 666, 2322, 2334, 2953, etc.; pl. hæfdon, 117, 695, 884, 2382, etc. Pret. part. inflected: n scealc hafað dd gefremede, 940; hæfde se gda ... cempan gecorone, 205. With the pres. part. are formed the compounds: bord-, rond-hæbbend.

for-habban, to hold back, to keep one's self: inf. ne meahte wfre md forhabban in hreðre, the expiring life could not hold itself back in the breast, 1152; ne mihte þ for-habban, could not restrain himself, 2610.

wið-habban, to resist, to offer resistance: pret. þæt se wnsele wið-hæfde heaðo-dorum, that the hall resisted them furious in fight, 773.

hafela, heafola, w. m., head: acc. sg. hafelan, 1373, 1422, 1615, 1636, 1781; n þ mnne þearft hafalan hydan, 446; þonne w on orlege hafelan weredon, protected our heads, defended ourselves, 1328; se hwta helm hafelan werede, 1449; dat. sg. hafelan, 673, 1522; heafolan, 2680; gen. sg. heafolan, 2698; nom. pl. hafelan, 1121.—Comp. wg-heafola.

hafenian, w. v., to raise, to uplift: pret. sg. wpen hafenade heard be hiltum, raised the weapon, the strong man, by the hilt, 1574.

hafoc, st. m., hawk: nom. sg., 2264.

haga, w. m., enclosed piece of ground, hedge, farm-enclosure: dat. sg. t hagan, 2893, 2961.

haga, w. m. See n-haga.

hama, homa, w. m., dress: in the comp. flsc-, fyrd-, lc-hama, scr-ham (adj.).

hamer, st. m., hammer: instr. sg. hamere, 1286; gen. pl. homera lfe (swords), 2830.

hand, hond, st. f., hand: nom. sg. 2138; so swðre ... hand, the right hand, 2100; hond, 1521, 2489, 2510; acc. sg. hand, 558, 984; hond, 657, 687, 835, 928, etc.; dat. sg. on handa, 495, 540; mid handa, 747, 2721; be honda, 815; dat. pl. (as instr.) hondum, 1444, 2841.

hand-bana, w. m., murderer with the hand, or in hand-to-hand combat: dat. sg. t hand-bonan (-banan), 460, 1331.

hand-gemt, st. n., hand-to-hand conflict, battle: gen. pl. (ecg) þolode r fela hand-gemta, 1527; n þæt lsest wæs hond-gemta, 2356.

hand-gesella, w. m., hand-companion, man of the retinue: dat. pl. hond-gesellum, 1482.

hand-gestealla, w. m., (one whose position is near at hand), comrade, companion, attendant: dat. sg. hond-gesteallan, 2170; nom. pl. hand-gesteallan, 2597.

hand-geweorc, st. n., work done with the hands, i.e. achievement in battle: dat. sg. for þæs hild-fruman hondgeweorce, 2836.

hand-gewriðen, pret. part. hand-wreathed, bound with the hand. acc. pl. wælbende ... hand-gewriðene, 1938.

hand-locen, pret. part., joined, united by hand: nom. sg. (gð-byrne, lc-syrce) hondlocen (because the shirts of mail consisted of interlaced rings), 322, 551.

hand-rs, st. m., hand-battle, i.e. combat with the hands: nom. sg. hond-rs, 2073.

hand-scalu, st. f., hand-attendance, retinue: dat. sg. mid his hand-scale (hond-scole), 1318, 1964.

hand-sporu, st. f., finger (on Grendel's hand), under the figure of a spear: nom. pl. hand-sporu, 987.

hand-wundor, st. n., wonder done by the hand, wonderful handwork: gen. pl. hond-wundra mst, 2769.

hangan. See hn.

hangian, w. v., to hang: pres. sg. III. þonne his sunu hangað hrefne to hrðre, when his son hangs, a joy to the ravens, 2448; pl. III. ofer þm (mere) hongiað hrmge bearwas, over which frosty forests hang, 1364; inf. hangian, 1663; pret. hangode, hung down, 2086.

hatian, w. v. w. acc., to hate, to be an enemy to, to hurt: inf. h þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte lðum ddum (could not do him any harm), 2467; pret. sg. h se gð-sceaða Gata lode hatode and hynde, 2320.

hd, st. m., form, condition, position, manner: acc. sg. þurh hstne hd, in a powerful manner, 1336; on gesðes hd, in the position of follower, as follower, 1298; on sweordes hd, in the form of a sword, 2194. See under on.

hdor, st. m., clearness, brightness: acc. sg. under heofenes hdor, 414.

hdor, adj., clear, fresh, loud: nom. sg. scop hwlum sang hdor on Heorote, 497.

hdre, adv., clearly, brightly, 1572.

hl, adj., hale, whole, sound, unhurt: nom. sg. hl, 300. With gen. heaðo-lces hl, safe from battle, 1975. As form of salutation, wes ... hl, 407; dat. sg. hlan lce, 1504.

hlig, adj., holy: nom. sg. hlig god, 381, 1554; hlig dryhten, 687.

hm, st. m., home, residence, estate, land: acc. sg. hm, 1408; Hrðgres hm, 718. Usually in adverbial sense: gewt him hm, betook himself home, 1602; t hm, 124, 374, 2993; fram hm, at home, 194; æt hm, at home, 1249, 1924, 1157; gen. sg. hmes, 2367; acc. pl. hmas, 1128.—Comp. Finnes-hm, 1157.

hm-weorðung, st. f., honor or ornament of home: acc. sg. hm-weorðunge (designation of the daughter of Hygelc, given in marriage to Eofor), 2999.

hr, adj., gray: nom. sg. hr hilde-rinc, 1308, 3137; acc. sg. under (ofer) hrne stn, 888, 1416, 2554; hre byrnan (i.e. iron shirt of mail), 2154; dat. sg. hrum hildfruman, 1679; f. on hare hðe (on heaw ... h ... ðe, MS.), 2213; gen. sg. hres, of the old man, 2989.—Comp. un-hr.

ht, adj., hot, glowing, flaming nom sg., 1617, 2297, 2548, 2559, etc.; wyrm ht gemealt, the drake hot (of his own heat) melted, 898; acc. sg., 2282(?); inst. sg. htan heolfre, 850, 1424; g. sg. heaðu-fyres htes, 2523; acc. pl. hte heaðo-wylmas, 2820.—Sup.: htost heaðo-swta, 1669.

ht, st. n., heat, fire: acc. sg. geseah his mondryhten ... ht þrowian, saw his lord endure the (drake's) heat, 2606.

hata, w. m., persecutor; in comp. dd-hata.

htan, st. v.: 1) to bid, to order, to direct, with acc. and inf., and acc. of the person: pres. sg. I. ic maguþegnas mne hte ... flotan owerne rum healdan, I bid my thanes take good care of your craft, 293; imp. sg. II. ht in gn ... sibbegedriht, 386; pl. II. htað heaðo-mre hlw gewyrcean, 2803; inf. þæt healreced htan wolde ... men gewyrcean, that he wished to command men to build a hall-edifice, 68. Pret. sg. heht: heht ... eahta maras ... on flet ton, gave command to bring eight horses into the hall, 1036; þonne nne heht golde forgyldan, commanded to make good that one with gold, 1054; heht þ þæt heaðo-weorc t hagan bodan, ordered the combat to be announced at the hedge(?), 2893; sw se snottra heht, as the wise (Hrðgr) directed, 1787; so, 1808, 1809. ht: ht him yðlidan gdne gegyrwan, ordered a good vessel to be prepared for him, 198; so, ht, 391, 1115, 3111. As the form of a wish: ht hine wl brcan, 1064; so, 2813; pret. part. þ wæs hten hraðe Heort innan-weard folmum gefrætwod, forthwith was ordered Heorot, adorned by hand on the inside (i.e. that the edifice should be adorned by hand on the inside), 992.—2) to name, to call: pres. subj. III. pl. þæt hit slðend ... htan Bowulfes biorh, that mariners may call it Bowulf's grave-mound, 2807; pret. part. wæs se grimma gæst Grendel hten, 102; so, 263, 373, 2603.

ge-htan, to promise, to give one's word, to vow, to threaten: pres. sg. I. ic hit þ gehte, 1393; so, 1672; pret. sg. h m mde geht, promised me reward, 2135; him fægre geht lana (gen. pl.), promised them proper reward, 2990; wan oft geht earmre teohhe, with woe often threatened the unhappy band, 2938; pret. pl. gehton æt hærgtrafum wg-weorðunga, vowed offerings at the shrines of the gods, 175; þonne w gehton ssum hlforde þæt ..., when we promised our lord that..., 2635; pret. part. so gehten [wæs] ... gladum suna Frdan, betrothed to the glad son of Froda, 2025.

htor, st. m. n., heat: in comp. and-htor.

hæft, adj., held, bound, fettered: nom. sg., 2409; acc. sg. helle hæftan, him fettered by hell (Grendel), 789.

hæft-mce, st. m., sword with fetters or chains (cf. fetel-hilt): dat. sg. þm hæft-mce, 1458. See Note.

hæg-steald, st. m., man, liegeman, youth: gen. pl. hæg-stealdra, 1890.

hæle, st. m., man: nom. sg., 1647, 1817, 3112; acc. sg. hæle, 720; dat. pl. hlum (hnum, MS.), 1984.

hæleð, st. m., hero, fighter, warrior, man: nom. sg., 190, 331, 1070; nom. pl. hæleð, 52, 2248, 2459, 3143; dat. pl. hæleðum 1710, 1962, etc.; gen. pl. hæleða, 467, 497, 612, 663, etc.

hærg. See hearg.

hð, st. f., heath: dat. sg. hðe, 2213.

hðen, adj., heathenish; acc. sg. hðene swle, 853; dat. sg. hðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hðenes, of the heathen (Grendel), 987; gen. pl. hðenra, 179.

hð-stapa, w. m., that which goes about on the heath (stag): nom. sg., 1369

hl, st. f.: 1) health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. him hl bad, 654; mid hle, 1218.—2) favorable sign, favorable omen: hl scawedon, observed favorable signs (for Bowulf's undertaking), 204.

hlo, st. f., health, welfare, luck: acc. sg. hlo bad heorð-genatum, 2419.—Comp. un-hlo.

hst (O.H.G. haister hant, manu violenta; heist, ira; heistigo, iracunde), adj., violent, vehement: acc. sg. þurh hstne hd, 1336.

h, fem. ho, neut. hit, pers. pron., he, she, it; in the oblique cases also reflexive, himself, herself, itself: acc. sg. hine, h, hit; dat. sg. him, hire, him; gen. sg. his, hire, his; plur. acc. nom. h, hig, he; dat. him; gen. hira, heora, hiera, hiora.—he omitted before the verb, 68, 300, 2309, 2345.

hebban, st. v., to raise, to lift, w. acc.: inf. siððan ic hond and rond hebban mihte, 657; pret. part. hafen, 1291; hæfen, 3024.

-hebban, raise, to lift from, to take away: wæs ... icge gold hafen of horde, taken up from the hoard, 1109; þ wæs ... wp up hafen, a cry of distress raised, 128

ge-hegan [ge-hgan], w. v., to enclose, to fence: þing gehegan, to mark off the court, hold court. Here figurative: inf. sceal ... na gehegan þing wið þyrse (shall alone decide the matter with Grendel), 425.

hel, st. f., hell: nom. sg., 853; acc. sg. helle, 179; dat. sg. helle, 101, 589; (as instr.), 789; gen. sg. helle, 1275.

hel-bend, st. m. f. bond of hell: instr. pl. hell-bendum fæst, 3073.

hel-rna, w. m., sorcerer: nom. pl. helrnan, 163.

be-helan, st. v., to conceal, to hide: pret. part. be-holen, 414.

helm, st. m.: 1) protection in general, defence, covering that protects: acc. sg. on helm, 1393; under helm, 1746.—2) helmet: nom. sg., 1630; acc. sg. helm, 673, 1023, 1527, 2988; (helo, MS.), 2724; brn-fgne, gold-fhne helm, 2616, 2812; dat. sg. under helme, 342, 404; gen. sg. helmes, 1031; acc. pl. helmas, 240, 2639.—3) defence, protector, designation of the king: nom. sg. helm Scyldinga (Hrðgr), 371, 456, 1322; acc. sg. heofena helm (the defender of the heavens = God), 182; helm Scylfinga, 2382.—Comp.: grm-, gð-, heaðo-, niht-helm.

ofer-helmian, w. v. w. acc., to cover over, to overhang: pres. sg. III. ofer-helmað, 1365.

helm-berend, pres. part., helm-wearing (warrior): acc. pl. helmberend, 2518, 2643.

helpan, st. v., to help: inf. þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lge, that a wooden shield could not help him, a linden shield against flame, 2341; þæt him renna ecge mihton helpan æt hilde, 2685; wutun gangan to, helpan hildfruman, let us go thitherto help the battle-chief, 2650; w. gen. ongan ... mges helpan, began to help my kinsman, 2880; so, pret. sg. þr h his mges (MS. mægenes) healp, 2699.

help, m. and f., help, support, maintenance: acc. sg. helpe, 551, 1553; dat. sg. t helpe, 1831; acc. sg. helpe, 2449.

hende, -handed: in comp. del-hende.

hr, adv., here, 397, 1062, 1229, 1655, 1821, 2054, 2797, etc.; hither, 244, 361, 376.

here (Goth, harji-s), st. m., army, troops: dat. sg. on herge, in the army, on a warlike expedition, 1249; in the army, among the fighting men, 2639; as instr. herge, 2348.—Comp.: flot-, scip-, sin-here.

here-brga, w. m., terror of the army, fear of war: dat. sg. for here-brgan, 462.

here-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg., 1444.

here-grma, w. m., battle-mask, i.e. helmet (with visor): dat. sg. -grman, 396, 2050, 2606.

here-net, st. n., battle-net, i.e. coat of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg., 1554.

here-nð, st. m., battle-enmity, battle of armies: nom. sg., 2475.

here-pd, st. f., army-dress, i.e. coat of mail, armor: nom. sg., 2259.

here-rinc, st. m., army-hero, hero in battle, warrior: acc. sg. here-rinc (MS. here ric), 1177.

here-sceaft, st. m., battle-shaft, i.e. spear: gen. pl. here-sceafta hap, 335.

here-spd, st. f., (war-speed), luck in war: nom. sg., 64.

here-strl, st. m., war-arrow, missile: nom. sg., 1436.

here-syrce, w. f., battle-shirt, shirt of mail: acc. sg. here-syrcan, 1512.

here-wd, st. f., army-dress, coat of mail, armor: dat. pl. (as instr.) here-wdum, 1898.

here-wsma, w. m., war-might, fierce strength in battle: dat. pl. an here-wsmum, 678.—Leo.

here-wsa, w. m., leader of the army, i.e. ruler, king: nom. sg., 3021.

herg, hearg, st. m., image of a god, grove where a god was worshipped, hence to the Christian a wicked place(?): dat. pl. hergum geheaðerod, confined in wicked places (parallel with hell-bendum fæst), 3073.

herigean, w. v. w. dat. of pers., to provide with an army, to support with an army: pres. sg. I. ic þ wl herige, 1834.—Leo.

hete, st. m., hate, enmity: nom. sg. 142, 2555.—Comp.: ecg-, morðor-, wg-hete.

hete-lc, adj., hated: nom. sg., 1268.

hetend, hettend, (pres. part. of hetan, see hatian), enemy, hostis: nom. pl. hetende, 1829; dat. pl. wið hettendum, 3005.

hete-nð, st. m., enmity full of hate: acc. pl. hete-nðas, 152.

hete-sweng, st. m., a blow from hate: acc. pl. hete-swengeas, 2226.

hete-þanc, st. m., hate-thought, a hostile design: dat. pl. mid his hete-þancum, 475.

hdan, ge-hdan, w. v. w. gen.: 1) to protect: pret. sg. ne hdde h þæs heafolan, did not protect his head, 2698.—2) to obtain: subj. pret. sg. III. gehdde, 505.

herian, w. v. w. acc., to praise, to commend: with reference to God, to adore: inf. heofena helm herian ne cðon, could not worship the defence of the heavens (God), 182; n hru Hildeburh herian þorfte Eotena trowe, had no need to praise the fidelity of the Eotens, 1072; pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, 3177.

ge-heaðerian, w. v., to force, to press in: pret. part. ge-heaðerod, 3073.

heaðo-byrne, w. f., battle-mail, shirt of mail: nom. sg., 1553.

heaðo-dor, adj., bold in battle, brave: nom. sg., 689; dat. pl. heaðo-dorum, 773.

heaðo-fyr, st. n., battle-fire, hostile fire: gen. sg. heaðu-fyres, 2523; instr. pl. heaðo-fyrum, 2548, of the drake's fire-spewing.

heaðo-grim, adj., grim in battle, 548.

heaðo-helm, st. m., battle-helmet, war-helmet: nom. sg., 3157(?).

heaðo-lc, st. n., battle-play, battle: dat. sg. æt heaðo-lce, 584; gen. sg. heaðo-lces hl, 1975.

heaðo-mre, adj., renowned in battle: acc. pl. -mre, 2803.

heaðo-rs, st. m., storm of battle, attack in battle, entrance by force: nom. sg., 557; acc. pl. -rsas, 1048; gen. pl. -rsa, 526.

heaðo-raf, st. n., battle-dress, equipment for battle: acc. sg. heaðo-raf holdon (kept the equipments), 401.

heaðo-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: acc. sg. þone heaðo-rinc (Hrðel's son, Hæðcyn), 2467; dat. pl. þm heaðo-rincum, 370.

heaðo-rf, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg., 381; nom. pl. heaðo-rfe, 865.

heaðo-scearp, adj., sharp in battle, bold: n. m. pl. (-scearde, MS.), 2830.

heaðo-soc, adj., battle-sick: dat. sg. -socum, 2755.

heaðo-stap, adj., high in battle, excelling in battle: nom. sg. in weak form, heaðo-stapa, 1246; acc. sg. heaðo-stapne, 2154, both times of the helmet.

heaðo-swt, st. m., blood of battle: dat. sg. heaðo-swte, 1607; as instr., 1461; gen. pl. htost heaðo-swta, 1669.

heaðo-sweng, st. m., battle-stroke (blow of the sword): dat. sg. æfter heaðu-swenge, 2582.

heaðo-torht, adj., loud, clear in battle: nom. sg. stefn ... heaðo-torht, the voice clear in battle, 2554.

heaðo-wd, st. f., battle-dress, coat of mail, armor: instr. pl. heaðo-wdum, 39.

heaðo-weorc, st. n., battle-work, battle: acc. sg., 2893.

heaðo-wylm, st. m., hostile (flame-) wave: acc. pl. hte heaðo-wylmas, 2820; gen. pl. heaðo-wylma, 82.

heaf, st. n., sea: acc. pl. ofer heafo, 2478. See Note.

heafola. See hafela.

heal, st. f., hall, main apartment, large building (consisting of an assembly-hall and a banqueting-hall): nom. sg. heal, 1152, 1215; heall, 487; acc. sg. healle, 1088; dat. sg. healle, 89, 615, 643, 664, 926, 1010, 1927, etc.; gen. sg. [healle], 389.—Comp.: gif-, meodo-heal.

heal-ærn, st. n., hall-building, hall-house: gen. sg. heal-ærna, 78.

heal-gamen, st. n., social enjoyment in the hall, hall-joy: nom. sg., 1067.

heal-reced, st. n., hall-building: acc. sg., 68.

heal-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall (at the banquet): dat. pl. heal-sittendum, 2869; gen. pl. heal-sittendra, 2016.

heal-þegn, st. m., hall-thane, i.e. a warrior who holds the hall: gen. sg. heal-þegnes, of Grendel, 142; acc. pl. heal-þegnas, of Bowulfs band, 720.

heal-wudu, hall-wood, i.e. hall built of wood: nom. sg., 1318.

healdan, st. v. w. acc.: 1) to hold, to hold fast; to support: pret. pl. h þ stnbogan ... ce eorðreced innan holdon (MS. healde), how the arches of rock within held the everlasting earth-house, 2720. Pret. sg., with a person as object: hold hine to fæste, held him too fast, 789; w. the dat. h him frondlrum hold, supported him with friendly advice, 2378.—2) to hold, to watch, to preserve, to keep; reflexive, to maintain one's self, to keep one's self: pres. sg. II. eal þ hit geþyldum healdest, mægen mid mdes snyttrum, all that preservest thou continuously, strength and wisdom of mind, 1706; III. healdeð hige-mðum hafod-wearde, holds for the dead the head-watch, 2910; imp. sg. II. heald forð tela nwe sibbe, keep well, from now on, the new relationship, 949; heald (heold, MS.) þ n hrse ... eorla hte, preserve thou now, Earth, the noble men's possessions, 2248; inf. s þe holmclifu healdan scolde, watch the sea-cliffs, 230; so, 705; nacan ... rum healdan, to keep well your vessel, 296; wearde healdan, 319; forlton eorla gestron eorðan healdan, 3168; pres. part. dram healdende, holding rejoicing (i.e. thou who art rejoicing), 1228; pret. sg. hold hine syððan fyr and fæstor, kept himself afterwards afar and more secure, 142; gwearde hold, I have (hitherto) kept watch on the sea, 241; so, 305; hold hah-lufan wið hæleða brego, preserved high love, 1955; ginfæstan gife ... hold, 2184; gold-mðmas hold, took care of the treasures of gold, 2415; hold mn tela, protected well mine own, 2738; þonne ... sceft ... nytte hold, had employment, was employed, 3119; hold mec, protected, i.e. brought me up, 2431; pret. pl. heaðo-raf holdon, watched over the armor, 401; sg. for pl. hafodbeorge ... walan tan hold, outwards, bosses kept guard over the head, 1032.—Related to the preceding meaning are the two following: 3) to rule and protect the fatherland: inf. gif þ healdan wylt maga rice, 1853; pret. hold, 57, 2738.—4) to hold, to have, to possess, to inhabit: inf. lt þone brego-stl Bowulf healdan, 2390; gerund. t healdanne hloburh wera, 1732; pret. sg. hold, 103, 161, 466, 1749, 2752; lyftwynne hold nihtes hwlum, at night-time had the enjoyment of the air, 3044; pret. pl. Gata lode hrewic holdon, the Gatas held the place of corpses (lay dead upon it), 1215; pret. sg. þr ho r mste hold worolde wynne, in which she formerly possessed the highest earthly joy, 1080.—5) to win, to receive: pret. pl. I. heoldon hah gesceap, we received a heavy fate, heavy fate befell us, 3085.

be-healdan, w. acc.: 1) to take care of, to attend to: pret. sg. þegn nytte behold, a thane discharged the office, 494; so, 668.—2) to hold: pret. sg. s þe flda begong ... behold, 1499.—3) to look at, to behold: þryðswyð behold mg Higelces h ..., great woe saw H.'s kinsman, how ..., 737.

for-healdan, w. acc., (to hold badly), to fall away from, to rebel: pret. part. hæfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, had rebelled against the defender of the Scylfings, 2382.

ge-healdan: 1) to hold, to receive, to hold fast: pres. sg. III. s þe waldendes hyldo gehealdeð, who receives the Lord's grace, 2294; pres. subj. fæder alwalda ... owic gehealde sða gesunde, keep you sound on your journey, 317; inf. ne meahte h ... on þm frum-gre feorh gehealdan, could not hold back the life in his lord, 2857.—2) to take care, to preserve, to watch over; to stop: imp. sg. hafa n and geheald hsa slest, 659; inf. gehealdan ht hilde-geatwe, 675; pret. sg. h frætwe gehold fela missra, 2621; þone þe r gehold wið hettendum hord and rce, him who before preserved treasure and realm, 3004.—3) to rule: inf. folc gehealdan, 912; pret. sg. gehold tela (brde rce), 2209.

healf, st. f., half, side, part: acc. sg. on þ healfe, towards this side, 1676; dat. sg. hæleðum be healfe, at the heroes' side, 2263; acc. pl. on tw healfa, upon two sides, mutually, 1096; on b healfa (healfe), on both sides (to Grendel and his mother), 1306; on two sides, on both sides, 2064; gen. pl. on healfa gehwone, in half, through the middle, 801.

healf, adj., half: gen. sg. healfre, 1088.

heals, st. m., neck: acc. sg. heals, 2692; dat. sg. wið halse, 1567; be healse, 1873.—Comp.: the adjectives fmig-, wunden-heals.

heals-bah, st. m., neck-ring, collar: acc. sg. þone heals-bah, 2173; gen. pl. heals-baga, 1196.

heals-gebedde, w. f., beloved bedfellow, wife: nom. sg. healsgebedde (MS. healsgebedda), 63.

healsian, w. v. w. acc., to entreat earnestly, to implore: pret. sg. þ se þoden mec ... healsode hroh-md þæt..., entreated me sorrowful, that..., 2133.

heard, adj.: 1) of persons, able, efficient in war, strong, brave: nom. sg. heard, 342, 376, 404, 1575, 2540, etc.; in weak form, se hearda, 401, 1964; se hearda þegn, 2978; þes hearda hap, 432; nom. pl. hearde hilde-frecan, 2206; gen. pl. heardra, 989. Comparative: acc. sg. heardran hæle, 720. With accompanying gen.: wges heard, strong in battle, 887; dat. sg. nða heardum, 2171.—2) of the implements of war, good, firm, sharp, hard: nom. sg. (gð-byrne, lc-syrce) heard, 322, 551. In weak form: masc. here-strl hearda, 1436; se hearda helm, 2256; neutr. here-net hearde, 1554; acc. sg. (swurd, wpen), heard, 540, 2688, 2988; nom. pl. hearde ... homera lfe, 2830; heard and hring-ml Heaðobeardna gestron, 2038; acc. pl. heard sweord, 2639. Of other things, hard, rough, harsh, hard to bear: acc. sg. hreðer-bealo hearde, 1344; nom. sg. wrht ... heard, 2915; here-nð hearda, 2475; acc. sg. heoro-sweng heardne, 1591; instr. sg. heardan cape, 2483; instr. pl. heardan, heardum clammum, 964, 1336; gen. pl. heardra hynða, 166. Compar.: acc. sg. heardran feohtan, 576.—Comp.: fyr-, ren-, nð-, regn-, scr-heard.

hearde, adv., hard, very, 1439.

heard-ecg, adj., sharp-edged, hard, good in battle: nom. sg., 1289.

heard-fyrde, adj., hard to take away, heavy: acc. sg. hard-fyrdne, 2246.—Leo.

heard-hycgend, pres. part. of a warlike disposition, brave: nom. pl. -hicgende, 394, 800.

hearg-træf, st. n., tent of the gods, temple: dat. pl. æt hærg-trafum (MS. hrrg trafum), 175.

hearm, st. m., harm, injury, insult: dat. sg. mid hearme, 1893.

hearm-sceaða, w. m., enemy causing injury or grief: nom. sg. hearm-scaða, 767.

hearpe, w. f., harp: gen. sg. hearpan swg, 89, 3024; hearpan wynne (wyn), 2108, 2263.

haðu, st. f., sea, waves: acc. sg. haðu, 1863?

haðu-lðend, pres. part., sea-farer, sailor: nom. pl. -lðende, 1799; dat. pl. -lðendum (designation of the Gatas), 2956.

hafod, st. n., head: acc. sg., 48, 1640; dat. sg. hafde, 1591, 2291, 2974; dat. pl. hafdum, 1243.

hafod-beorh, st. f., head-defence, protection for the head: acc. sg. hafod-beorge, 1031.

hafod-mg, st. m., head-kinsman, near blood-relative: dat. pl. hafod-mgum (brothers), 589; gen. pl. hafod-mga, 2152.

hafod-segn, st. n., head-sign, banner: acc. sg., 2153.

hafod-weard, st. f., head-watch acc. sg. healdeð ... hafod-wearde lofes and lðes, for the friend and the foe (Bowulf and the drake, who lie dead near each other), 2910.

hah, ha, adj., high, noble (in composition, also primus): nom. sg. hah Healfdene, 57; ha (Higelc), 1927; hah (sele), 82; hah hlw, 2806, 3159; acc. sg. hah (segn), 48, 2769; hahne (MS. hanne) hrf, 984; dat. sg. in (t) sele þm han, 714, 920; gen. sg. han hses, 116.—high, heavy: acc. hah gesceap (an unusual, heavy fate), 3085.

ha-burh, st. f., high city, first city of a country: acc. sg., 1128.

hah-cyning, st. m., high king, mightiest of the kings: gen. sg. -cyninges (of Hrðgr), 1040.

hah-gestron, st. n., splendid treasure: gen. pl. -gestrona, 2303.

hah-lufe, w. f., high love: acc. sg. hah-lufan, 1955.

hah-sele, st. m., high hall, first hall in the land, hall of the ruler: dat. sg. hah-sele, 648.

hah-setl, st. n., high seat, throne: acc. sg., 1088.

hah-stede, st. m., high place, ruler's place: dat. sg. on hah-stede, 285.

han, adj., depressed, low, despised, miserable: nom. sg., 1275, 2100, 2184, 2409.

hap, st. m., heap, crowd, troop: nom. sg. þegna hap, 400; þes hearda hap, this brave band, 432; acc. sg. here-sceafta hap, the crowd of spears, 335; mago-rinca hap, 731; dat. sg. on hape, in a compact body, as many as there were of them, 2597.—Comp. wg-hap.

hawan, st. v., to hew, to cleave: inf., 801.

ge-hawan, cleave: pres. subj. ge-hawe, 683.

heoðu, st. f., the interior of a building: dat. sg. þæt h on heoðe gestd, in the interior (of the hall, Heorot), 404.

heofon, st. m., heaven: nom. sg., 3157; dat. sg. hefene, 1572; gen. sg. heofenes, 414, 576, 1802, etc.; gen. pl. heofena, 182; dat. pl. under heofenum, 52, 505.

heolfor, st. n., gore, fresh or crude blood: dat. instr. sg. htan heolfre, 850, 1424; heolfre, 2139; under heolfre, 1303.

heolster, st. n., haunt, hiding-place: acc. sg. on heolster, 756.

heonan, adv., hence, from here: heonan, 252; heonon, 1362.

heor, st. m., door-hinge: nom. pl. heorras, 1000.

heorde, adj. See wunden-heorde.

heorð-genat, st. m., hearth-companion, i.e. a vassal of the king, in whose castle he receives his livelihood: nom. pl. heorð-genatas, 261, 3181; acc. pl. heorð-genatas, 1581, 2181; dat. pl. heorð-genatum, 2419.

heorot, st. m., stag: nom. sg., 1370.

heorte, w. f., heart: nom. sg., 2562; dat. sg. æt heortan, 2271; gen. sg. heortan, 2464, 2508.—Comp.: the adjectives blð-, grom-, rm-, stearc-heort.

heoru, st. m., sword: nom. sg. heoru bunden (cf. under bndan), 1286. In some of the following compounds heoro- seems to be confounded with here- (see here).

heoro-blc, adj., pale through the sword, fatally wounded: nom. sg. [heoro-]blc, 2489.

heoru-dror, st. m., sword-blood: instr. sg. heoru-drore, 487; heoro-drore, 850.

heoro-drorig, adj., bloody through the sword: nom. sg., 936; acc. sg. heoro-drorigne, 1781, 2721.

heoro-drync, st. m., sword-drink, i.e. blood shed by the sword: instr. pl. hioro-dryncum swealt, died through sword-drink, i.e. struck by the sword, 2359.

heoro-gfre, adj., eager for hostile inroads: nom. sg., 1499.

heoro-grim, adj., sword-grim, fierce in battle: nom. sg. m., 1565; fem. -grimme, 1848.

heoro-hcihte, adj., provided with barbs, sharp like swords : instr. pl. mid eofer-sprotum heoro-hcyhtum, 1439.

heoro-serce, w. f., shirt of mail: acc. sg. hioro-sercean, 2540.

heoro-sweng, st. m., sword-stroke: acc. sg. 1591.

heoro-weallende, pres. part., rolling around fighting, of the drake, 2782. See weallian.

heoro-wearh, st. m. he who is sword-cursed, who is destined to die by the sword: nom. sg., 1268.

hofan, w. v., to lament, to moan: part. nom. pl. hofende, 3143.

-horan, to free (?): w. acc. pret. sg. bryd horde, 2931.

hore, adj., pleasant, not haunted, secure: nom. sg. fem, nis þæt horu stw, that is no secure place, 1373.—Comp. un-hore (-hyre).

hider, adv., hither, 240, 370, 394, 3093, etc.

ofer-hgian, w. v. (according to the connection, probably), to exceed, 2767. (O.H.G. ubar-hugjan, to be arrogant.)

hild, st. f., battle, combat: nom. sg., 452, 902, 1482, 2077; hild heoru-grimme, 1848; acc. sg. hilde, 648; instr. sg. hilde, through combat, 2917; dat. sg. æt hilde, 1461.

hilde-bil, st. n., battle-sword: nom. sg., 1667; instr. dat. sg. hilde-bille, 557, 1521.

hilde-bord, st. n., battle-shield: acc. pl. hilde-bord, 397; instr. pl. -bordum, 3140.

hilde-cyst, st. f., excellence in battle, bravery in battle: instr. pl. -cystum, 2599.

hilde-dor, adj., bold in battle, brave in battle: nom. sg., 312, 835, 1647, 1817; hilde-dor, 3112; nom. pl. hilde-dore, 3171.

hilde-freca, w. m., hero in battle: nom. pl. hilde-frecan, 2206; dat. sg. hild-frecan, 2367.

hilde-geatwe, st. f. pl., equipment for battle, adornment for combat: acc. hilde-geatwe, 675; gen. -geatwa, 2363.

hilde-gicel, st. m., battle-icicle, i.e. the blood which hangs upon the sword-blades like icicles: instr. pl. hilde-gicelum, 1607.

hilde-grp, st. f., battle-gripe: nom. sg., 1447, 2508.

hilde-hlemma, w. m., one raging in battle, warrior, fighter: nom. sg., 2352, 2545; dat. pl. eft þæt ge-ode ... hilde-hlæmmum, it happened to the warriors (the Gatas), 2202.

hilde-loma, w. m., battle-light, gleam of battle, hence: 1) the fire-spewing of the drake in the fight: nom. pl. -loman, 2584.—2) the gleaming sword: acc. sg. -loman, 1144.

hilde-mecg, st. m., man of battle, warrior: nom. pl. hilde-mecgas, 800.

hilde-mce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. -mceas, 2203.

hilde-rand, st. m., battle-shield: acc. pl. -randas, 1243.

hllde-rs, st. m., storm of battle: acc. sg., 300.

hilde-rinc, st. m., man of battle, warrior, hero: nom. sg., 1308, 3125, 3137; dat. sg. hilde-rince, 1496; gen. sg. hilde-rinces, 987.

hilde-sæd, adj., satiated with battle, not wishing to fight any more: acc. sg. hilde-sædne, 2724.

hilde-sceorp, st. n., battle-dress, armor, coat of mail: acc. sg., 2156.

hilde-setl, st. n., battle-seat (saddle): nom. sg., 1040.

hilde-strengo, st. f., battle-strength, bravery in battle: acc., 2114.

hilde-swt, st. m., battle-sweat: nom. sg. ht hilde-swt (the hot, damp breath of the drake as he rushes on), 2559.

hilde-tx, st. m., battle-tooth: instr. pl. hilde-txum, 1512.

hilde-wpen, st. m., battle-weapon: instr. pl. -wpnum, 39.

hilde-wsa, w. m., leader in battle, general: dat. sg. fore Healfdenes hildewsan, Healfdene's general (Hnæf), 1065.

hild-freca. See hilde-freca

hild-fruma, st. m., battle-chief: dat. sg. -fruma, 1679, 2650; gen. sg. þæs hild-fruman, 2836.

hlld-lata, w. m., he who is late in battle, coward: nom. pl. þ hild-latan, 2847.

hilt, st. n., sword-hilt: nom. gylden hilt, 1678; acc. sg. þæt hilt, 1669; hylt, 1668. Also used in the plural; acc. þ hilt, 1615; dat. pl, be hiltum, 1575.—Comp.: fetel-, wreoðen-hilt.

hilte-cumbor, st. n., banner with a staff: acc. sg., 1023.

hilted, pret. part., provided with a hilt or handle: acc. sg. heard swyrd hiked, sword with a (rich) hilt, 2988.

hin-fs, adj., ready to die: nom. sg. hyge wæs him hinfs (i.e. he felt that he should not survive), 756.

hindema, adj. superl., hindmost, last: instr. sg. hindeman sðe, the last time, for the last time, 2050, 2518.

hirde, hyrde, st. m., (herd) keeper, guardian, possessor: nom. sg. folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2982; rces hyrde, 2028; fyrena hyrde, the guardian of mischief, wicked one, 751, 2220; wuldres hyrde, the king of glory, God, 932; hringa hyrde, the keeper of the rings, 2246; cumbles hyrde, the possessor of the banner, the bearer of the banner, 2506; folces hyrde, 1850; frætwa hyrde, 3134; rces hyrde, 3081; acc. pl. hses hyrdas, 1667.—Comp.: grund-hyrde.

hit (O.N. hita), st. f. (?), heat: nom. sg. þenden hyt sy, 2650.

hladan, st. v.: 1) to load, to lay: inf. on bl hladan lofne mannan, lay the dear man on the funeral-pile, 2127; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, laid cups and plates upon his bosom, loaded himself with them, 2776; pret. part. þr wæs wunden gold on wn hladen, laid upon the wain, 3135.—2) to load, to burden: pret. part. þ wæs ... sgap naca hladen herewdum, loaded with armor, 1898.—Comp. gilp-hlæden.

ge-hladan, w. acc., to load, to burden: pret. sg. sbt gehld (MS gehleod), 896.

hlford, st. m., lord, ruler: nom. sg., 2376; acc. sg., 267; dat. sg. hlforde, 2635; gen. sg. hlfordes, 3181.—Comp. eald-hlford.

hlford-las; adj., without a lord: nom. pl. hlford-lase, 2936.

hlw, hlw, st. m., grave-hill: acc. sg. hlw, 2803, 3159, 3171; dat. sg. for hlwe, 1121. Also, grave-chamber (the interior of the grave-hill), cave: acc. sg. hlw [under] hrsan, 2277; hlw under hrsan, 2412; dat. sg. on hlwe, 2774. The drake dwells in the rocky cavern which the former owner of his treasure had chosen as his burial-place, 2242-2271.

hlæst, st. n., burden, load: dat. sg. hlæste, 52.

hlem, st. m., noise, din of battle, noisy attack: in the compounds, ht-, wæl-hlem.

hlemma, w. m., one raging, one who calls; see hilde-hlemma.

-hlehhan, st. v., to laugh aloud, to shout, to exult: pret. sg. his md hlg, his mood exulted, 731.

hleahtor, st. m., laughter: nom. sg., 612; acc. sg., 3021.

hlapan, st. v., to run, to trot, to spring: inf. hlapan lton ... fealwe maras, 865.

-hleapan, to spring up: pret. hlop, 1398.

hleoðu. See hlið.

hleonian, w. v., to incline, to hang over: inf. oð þæt h ... fyrgen-bamas ofer hrne stn hleonian funde, till he found mountain-trees hanging over the gray rocks, 1416.

hlo, st. m., shady, protected place; defence, shelter; figurative designation of the king, or of powerful nobles: wgendra hlo, of Hrðgr, 429; of Sigemund, 900; of Bowulf, 1973, 2338; eorla hlo, of Hrðgr, 1036, 1867; of Bowulf, 792; of Hygelc, 2191.

hlo-burh, st. f., ruler's castle or city: acc. sg., 913, 1732.

hloðor-cwyde, st. m., speech of solemn sound, ceremonious words, 1980.

hlor, st. n., cheek, jaw: in comp. fted-hlor (adj.).

hlor-bera, w. m., cheek-bearer, the part of the helmet that reaches down over the cheek and protects it: acc. pl. ofer hlor-beran (visor?), 304.

hlor-bolster, st. m., cheek-bolster, pillow: nom. sg., 689.

hlotan, st. v. w. acc., to obtain by lot, to attain, to get: pret. sg. feorh-wunde hlat, 2386.

hlfian, w. v., to rise, to be prominent: inf. hlfian, 2806; pret. hlfade, 81, 1800, 1899.

hlið, st. n., cliff, precipice of a mountain: dat. sg. on hlðe, 3159; gen. sg. hlðes, 1893; pl. hliðo in composition, stn-hliðo; hleoðu in the compounds fen-, mist-, næs-, wulf-hleoðu.

hlin-bed (Frisian hlen-bed, Richthofen 206^28, for which another text has cronk-bed), st. n., , bed for reclining, sick-bed: acc. sg. hlim-bed, 3035.

t-hldan, st. v., to spring apart, to burst: pret. part. nom. pl. t-hlidene, 1000.

hld, adj., loud: acc. sg. dram ... hldne, 89.

hlyn, st. m., din, noise, clatter: nom. sg., 612.

hlynnan, hlynian, w. v., to sound, to resound: inf. hlynnan (of the voice), 2554; of fire, to crackle: pret. sg. hlynode, 1121.

hlynsian, w. v., to resound, to crash: pret. sg. reced hlynsode, 771.

hlytm, st. m., lot: dat. sg. næs þ on hlytme, hw þæt hord strude, it did not depend upon lot who should plunder the hoard, i.e. its possession was decided, 3127.

hnh, adj.: 1) low, inferior: comp. acc. sg. hngran, 678; dat. sg. hnhran rince, an inferior hero, one less brave, 953.—2) familiarly intimate: nom. sg. næs ho hnh sw þah, was nevertheless not familiarly intimate (with the Gatas, i.e. preserved her royal dignity towards them), (niggardly?), 1930.

hngan, w. v. w. acc., (for ngan), to speak to, to greet: pret. sg. þæt h þone wsan wordum hngde fran Ingwina, 1319.

ge-hngan, w. acc., to bend, to humiliate, to strike down, to fell: pret. sg. ge-hngde helle gst, 1275; þr hyne Hetware hilde gehngdon, 2917.

hnitan, st. v., to dash against, to encounter, here of the collision of hostile bands: pret. pl. þonne hniton (hnitan) fðan, 1328, 2545.

hoðma, w. m., place of concealment, cave, hence, the grave: dat. sg. in hoðman, 2459.

hof, st. n., enclosed space, court-yard, estate, manor-house: acc. sg. hof (Hrðgr's residence), 312; dat. sg. t hofe snum (Grendel's home in the sea), 1508; t hofe (Hygelc's residence), 1975; acc. pl. beorht hofu, 2314; dat. pl. t hofum Gata, 1837.

hogode. See hycgan.

hold, adj., inclined to, attached to, gracious, dear, true: nom. sg. w. dat. of the person, hold weorod fran Scyldinga, a band well disposed to the lord of the Scyldings, 290; mandrihtne hold, 1230; Hygelce wæs ... nefa swyðe hold, to H. was his nephew (Bowulf) very much attached, 2171; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, from a kindly feeling, with honorable mind, 267; holdne wine, 376; holdne, 1980; gen. pl. holdra, 487.

hold. See healdan.

holm, st. m., deep sea: nom. sg., 519, 1132, 2139; acc. sg., 48, 633; dat. sg. holme, 543, 1436, 1915; acc. pl. holmas, 240.—Comp. wg-holm.

holm-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: dat. sg. on þm holm-clife, 1422; from þm holmclife, 1636; acc. pl. holm-clifu, 230.

holm-wylm, st. m., the waves of the sea: dat. sg. holm-wylme, 2412.

holt, st. n., wood, thicket, forest. acc. sg. on holt, 2599; holt, 2847.—Comp.: æsc-, fyrgen-, gr-, Hrefnes-holt.

holt-wudu, st. m., forest-wood: 1) of the material: nom. sg., 2341.—2) = forest: acc. sg., 1370.

hop, st. n., protected place, place of refuge, place of concealment, in the compounds fen-, mr-hop.

hord, st. m. and n., hoard, treasure: nom. sg., 2284, 3085; baga hord, 2285; mðma hord, 3012; acc. sg. hord, 913, 2213, 2320, 2510, 2745, 2774, 2956, 3057; swle hord, 2423; þæt hord, 3127; dat. sg. of horde, 1109; for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the hoard, 2782; hðnum horde, 2217; gen. sg. hordes, 888.—Comp.: bah-, brost-, word-, wyrm-hord.

hord-ærn, st. n., place in which a treasure is kept, treasure-room: dat. hord-ærne, 2832; gen. pl. hord-ærna, 2280.

hord-burh, st. f., city in which is the treasure (of the king's), ruler's castle: acc. sg., 467.

hord-gestron, st. n., hoard-treasure, precious treasure: dat. pl. hord-gestronum, 1900; gen. pl. mægen-byrðenne hord-gestrona, the great burden of rich treasures, 3093.

hord-mððum, st. m., treasure-jewel, precious jewel: acc. sg. (-madmum, MS.), 1199.

hord-wela, w. m., treasure-riches, abundance of treasures: acc. sg. hord-welan, 2345.

hord-weard, st. m., warder of the treasure, hoard-warden: 1) of the king: nom. sg., 1048; acc. sg., 1853.—2) of the drake: nom. sg., 2294, 2303, 2555, 2594.

hord-weorðung, st. f., ornament out of the treasure, rich ornament: acc. sg.—weorðunge, 953.

hord-wyn, st. f., treasure-joy, joy-giving treasure: acc. sg. hord-wynne, 2271.

horn, st. m., horn: 1) upon an animal: instr. pl. heorot hornum trum, 1370.—2) wind-instrument: nom. sg., 1424; acc. sg., 2944.—Comp. gð-horn.

horn-boga, w. m., bow made of horn: dat. sg. of horn-bogan, 2438.

horn-gap, adj., of great extent between the (stag-)horns adorning the gables(?): nom. sg. sele ... hah and horn-gap, 82.

horn-reced, st. n., building whose two gables are crowned by the halves of a stag's antler(?): acc. sg., 705. Cf. Heyne's Treatise on the Hall, Heorot, p. 44.

hors, st. n., horse: nom. sg., 1400.

hciht, adj., provided with hooks, hooked: in comp. heoro-hciht.

be-hfian, w. v. w. gen., to need, to want: pres. sg. III. n is se dæg cumen þat re man-dryhten mægenes behfað gdra gðrinca, now is the day come when our lord needs the might of strong warriors, 2648.

on-hhsnian, w. v., to hinder: pret. sg. þæt onhhsnode Heminges mg (on hohsnod, MS.), 1945.

hlinga, adv., in vain, without reason, 1077.

be-hn, st. v., to hang with: pret. part. helmum behongen, 3140.

hs (Goth, hansa), st. f., accompanying troop, escort: instr. sg. mægða hse, with an accompanying train of servingwomen, 925.

hræðe, adv., hastily, quickly, immediately, 224, 741, 749, 1391, etc.; hraðe, 1438; hreðe, 992; compar. hraðor, 543.

hran-fix, st. m., whale: acc. pl. hron-fixas, 540.

hran-rd, st. f., whale-road, i.e. sea: dat. sg. ofer hron-rde, 10.

hr, st. n., corpse: nom. sg., 1589.

hr-fyl, st. m., fall of corpses, killing, slaughter: acc. sg., 277.

hrædlce, adv., hastily, immediately, 356, 964.

hræfn, hrefn, st. m., raven: nom. sg. hrefn blaca, black raven, 1802; se wonna hrefn, the dark raven, 3025; dat. sg. hrefne, 2449.

hrægl, st. n., dress, garment, armor: nom. sg., 1196; gen. sg., hrægles, 1218; gen. pl. hrægla, 454—Comp.: beado-, fyrd-, mere-hrægl.

hreðe. See hraðe.

hreðer, st. m., breast, bosom nom. sg. hreðer inne woll (it surged in his breast), 2114; hreðer ðme woll, 2594; dat. sg. in hreðre, 1152; of hreðre, 2820.—Breast as the seat of feeling, heart: dat. sg. þæt wæs ... hreðre hygemðe, that was depressing to the heart (of the slayer, Hæðcyn), 2443; on hreðre, 1879, 2329; gen. pl. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Breast as seat of life: instr. sg. hreðre, parallel with aldre, 1447.

hreðer-bealo, st. n., evil that takes hold on the heart, evil severely felt: acc. sg., 1344.

hrefn. See hræfn.

hrð, st. f., glory; in composition, gð-hrð; renown, assurance of victory, in sige-hrð.

hrðe, adj., renowned in battle: nom. sg. hrð (on account of the following æt, final e is elided, as wnic for wne ic, 442; frfor and fultum for frfre and fultum, 699; firen ondrysne for firene ondr., 1933, 2576.

hrð-sigor, st. m., glorious victory: dat. sg. hrð-sigora, 2584.

hrmig, adj., boasting, exulting: with instr. and gen. hðe hrmig, 124; since hrmig, 1883; frætwum hrmig, 2055; nom. pl. nealles Hetware hrmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fðe-wges, 2365.

on-hrran, w. v., to excite, to stir up: pret. part. on-hrred, 549, 2555.

hre-wc, st. n., place of corpses: acc. sg. Gata lode hre-wc holdon, held the place of corpses, 1215.

hrad, st. f., ornament(?), in comp. earm-hrad. See hroðan.

hram, st. m., noise, alarm:: nom. sg., 1303.

hroða, w. m., cover, in the compound bord-hroða.

hroðan, ge-hroðan, st. v., to cover, to clothe; only in the pret. part. hroden, gehroden, dressed, adorned: hroden, 495, 1023; þ wæs heal hroden fonda forum, then was the hall covered with the corpses of the enemy, 1152; ge-hroden golde, adorned with gold, 304.—Comp.: bag-, gold-hroden.

hroh, hrow, hro, adj., excited, stormy, wild, angry, raging; sad, troubled: nom. sg. (Bowulf) hroh and heoro-grim, 1565; þæt þm gdan wæs hrow on hreðre, (that came with violence upon him, pained his heart), 2329; hro wron yða, the waves were angry, the sea stormy, 548; næs him hroh sefa, his mind was not cruel, 2181; dat. sg. on hron mde, of sad heart, 1308; on hroum mde, angry at heart, 2582.

hroh-md, adj., of sad heart, 2133; angry at heart, 2297.

hrosan, st. v., to fall, to sink, to rush: pret. hras, 2489, 2832; pret. pl. hruron, 1075; he on weg hruron, they rushed away, 1431; hruron him taras, tears burst from him, 1873.

be-hrosan, to fall from, to be divested of: pret. part. acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu ... hyrstum behrorene, divested of ornaments (from which the ornaments had fallen away), 2760.

hrow, st. f., distress, sorrow: gen. pl. þæt wæs Hrðgre hrowa tornost, that was to Hrðgr the bitterest of his sorrows, 2130.

hring, st. m.: 1) ring: acc. sg. þone hring, 1203; hring gyldenne, 2810; acc. pl. hringas, 1196, 1971, 3035; gen. pl. hringa, 1508, 2246.—2) shirt of mail (of interlaced rings): nom. sg. hring, 1504; byrnan hring, 2261.—Comp. bn-hring.

hringan, w. v., to give forth a sound, to ring, to rattle: pret. pl. byrnan hringdon, 327.

hring-boga, w. m., one who bends himself into a ring: gen. sg. hring-bogan (of the drake, bending himself into a circle), 2562.

hringed, pret. part., made of rings: nom. sg. hringed byrne, 1246; acc. sg. hringde byrnan, 2616.

hringed-stefna, w. m., ship whose stem is provided with iron rings (cramp-irons), especially of sea-going ships (cf. Frið-þiofs saga, I: þorsteinn tti skip þat er Ellidi ht, ... borðit war spengt iarni): nom. sg., 32, 1898; acc. sg. hringed-stefnan, 1132.

hring-ren, st. n., ring-iron, ring-mail: nom. sg., 322.

hring-ml, adj., marked with rings, i.e. ornamented with rings, or marked with characters of ring-form: nom. acc. sg., of the sword, 1522, 1562(?); nom. pl. heard and hring-ml Heaðobeardna gestron (rich armor), 2038.

hring-naca, w. m., ship with iron rings, sea-going ship: nom. sg., 1863.

hring-net, st. n., ring-net, i.e. a shirt of interlaced rings: acc. sg., 2755; acc. pl. hring-net, 1890.

hring-sele, st. m., ring-hall, i.e. hall in which are rings, or in which rings are bestowed: acc. sg., 2841; dat. sg., 2011, 3054.

hring-weorðung, st. f., ring-ornament: acc. sg. -weorðunge, 3018.

hrnan, st. v. w. dat.: 1) to touch, lay hold of: inf. þæt him heardra nn hrnan wolde ren rgd (that no good sword of valiant men would make an impression on him), 989; him for hrf-sele hrnan ne mehte frgripe fldes (the sudden grip of the flood might not touch him owing to the hall-roof), 1516; þæt þm hring-sele hrnan ne mste gumena nig (so that none might touch the ringed-hall), 3054; pret. sg. siððan h hire folmum [hr]n (as soon as he touched it with his hands), 723; oð þæt daðes wylm hrn æt heortan (seized his heart), 2271. Pret. subj. þah þe him wund hrne (although he was wounded), 2977.—2) (O.N. hrna, sonare, clamare), to resound, rustle: pres. part. nom. pl. hrnde bearwas (for hrnende) 1364; but see Note.

hroden. See hroðan.

hron-fix. See hran-fix.

hrðor, st. m., joy, beneficium: dat sg. hrefne t hrðre, 2449; gen. pl. hrðra, 2172.

hrf, st. m., roof, ceiling of a house: nom. sg., 1000; acc. sg. under Heorotes hrf, 403; under gapne hrf, 838; geseah stapne hrf (here inner roof, ceiling), 927; so, ofer hahne hrf, 984; ymb þæs helmes hrf, 1031; under beorges hrf, 2756.—Comp. inwit-hrf.

hrf-sele, st. m., covered hall: dat. sg. hrf-sele, 1516.

hrr, adj., stirring, wide-awake, valorous: dat. sg. of þm hrran, 1630.—Comp. fela-hrr.

hruron. See hrosan.

hrse, w. f., earth, soil: nom. sg., 2248, 2559; acc. sg. on hrsan, 773, 2832; dat. sg. under hrsan, 2412.

hrycg, st. m., back: acc. sg. ofer wæteres hrycg (over the water's back, surface), 471.

hryre, st. m., fall, destruction, ruin: acc. sg., 3181; dat. sg., 1681, 3006.—Comp.: lod-, wg-hryre.

hrysian, w. v., to shake, be shaken, clatter: pret. pl. syrcan hrysedon (corselets rattled, of men in motion), 226.

hund, st. m., dog: instr. pl. hundum, 1369.

hund, num., hundred: þro hund, 2279; w. gen. pl. hund missra, 1499; hund þsenda landes and locenra baga, 2995.

h, adv., how, quomodo, 3, 116, 279, 738, 845, 2319, 2520, 2719, etc.

huð, st. f., booty, plunder: dat. (instr.) sg. hðe, 124.

hru, adv., above all, certainly, 369; indeed, truly, 182, 670, 1072, 1466, 1945, 2837; yet, nevertheless, 863; now, 3121.

hs, st. n., house: gen. sg. hses, 116; gen. pl. hsa slest (Heorot), 146, 285, 659, 936.

hwan, adv., whither: t hwan syððan wearð hondrs hæleða (what issue the hand-to-hand fight of the heroes had), 2072.

hwanan, hwanon, adv., whence: hwanan, 257, 2404; hwanon, 333.

hw, interrog. and indef. pron., who: nom. sg. m. hw, 52, 2253, 3127; neut. hwæt, 173; nes hwæt (a part only), 3011; hwæt þ men wron (who the men were), 233, etc.; hwæt syndon g searo-hæbbendra (what armed men are ye?), 237; acc. sg. m. wið manna hwone (from (?) any man), 155; neut. þurh hwæt, 3069; hwæt wit ge sprcon, 1477; hwæt ... hynðo (gen.), fr-nða (what shame and sudden woes), 474; so, hwæt þ worn fela (how very much thou), 530; swylces hwæt, 881; hwæt ... rna, 1187; dat. m. hwm, 1697.—Comp. g-hw.

hwæt, interj., what! lo! indeed! 1, 943, 2249.

ge-hw, w. part, gen., each, each one: acc. sg. m. wið fonda gehwone, 294; nða gehwane, 2398; mca gehwane, 2686; gum-cynnes gehwone, 2766; fem, on healfa gehwone, 801; dat. sg. m. dgora gehwm, 88; æt nða gehwm, 883; þegna gehwm, 2034; eorla gehwm, 1421; fem. in mgða ge-hwre, 25; nihta gehwm, 1366; gen. sing. m. manna gehwæs, 2528; fem. dda gehwæs, 2839.

hwr. See hwr.

hwæder. See hwider.

hwæðer, pron., which of two: nom. sg. hwæðer ... uncer twga, 2531; sw hwæðer, utercunque: acc. sg. on sw hwæðere hond sw him gemet þince, 687.—Comp. g-hwæðer.

ge-hwæðer, each of two, either-other: nom. sg. m. wæs gehwæðer ðrum lifigende lð, 815; wæs ... gehwæðer ðrum hrðra gemyndig, 2172; n gehwæðer incer (nor either of you two), 584; nom. sg. neut. gehwæðer þra (either of them, i.e. ready for war or peace), 1249; dat. sg. hiora gehwæðrum, 2995; gen. sg. bga gehwæðres, 1044.

hwæðer, hwæðere, hwæðre, 1) adv., yet, nevertheless: hwæðre, 555, 891, 1271, 2099, 2299, 2378, etc.; hwæðre sw þah, however, notwithstanding, 2443; hwæðere, 574, 578, 971, 1719—2) conj., = utrum, whether: hwæðre, 1315; hwæðer, 1357, 2786.

hwæt, adj., sharp, bold, valiant: nom. sg. se secg hwata, 3029; dat. sg. hwatum, 2162; nom. pl. hwate, 1602, 2053; acc. pl. hwate, 2643, 3006.—Comp.: fyrd-, gold-hwæt.

hwæt. See hw.

hwr, adv., where: elles hwr, elsewhere, 138; hwr, somewhere, 2030. In elliptical question: wundur hwr þonne..., is it a wonder when...? 3063.—Comp. -hwr.

ge-hwr, everywhere: þah þ heaðo-rsa gehwr dohte (everywhere good in battle), 526.

hwele. See hwyle.

hwergen, adv., anywhere: elles hwergen, elsewhere, 2591.

hwettan, w. v., to encourage, urge: pres. subj. sw þin sefa hwette (as thy mind urges, as thou likest), 490; pret. pl. hwetton higerfne (they whetted the brave one), 204.

hwne, adv., a little, paululum, 2700.

hwealf, st. f., vault: acc. sg. under heofones hwealf, 576, 2016.

hweorfan, st. v., to stride deliberately, turn, depart, move, die: pres. pl. þra þe cwice hwyrfað, 98; inf. hwlum h on lufan lteð hworfan monnes md-geþonc (sometimes on love (?) possessions (?) permits the thoughts of man to turn), 1729; londrihtes mt ... monna ghwylc del hweorfan (of rights of land each one of men must be deprived), 2889; pret. sg. fæder ellor hwearf ... of earde (died), 55; hwearf þ hrædlce þr Hrðgr sæt, 356; hwearf þ b bence (turned then to the bench), 1189; so, hwearf þ be wealle, 1574; hwearf geond þæt reced, 1982; hlw oft ymbe hwearf (went oft round the cave), 2297; nalles æfter lyfte lcende hwearf (not at all through the air did he go springing), 2833; subj. pret. sg, r h on weg hwurfe ... of geardum (died), 264.

and-hweorfan, to move against: pret. sg. oð þæt ... norðan wind heaðo-grim and-hwearf (till the fierce north wind blew in our faces), 548.

æt-hweorfan, to go to: pret. sg. hwlum h on beorh æt-hwearf (at times returned to the mountain), 2300.

ge-hweorfan, to go, come: pret. sg. gehwearf þ in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, 1211; hit on ht gehwearf ... Denigea fran, 1680; so, 1685, 2209.

geond-hweorfan, to go through from end to end: pres. sg. flet eall geond-hwearf, 2018.

hwider, adv., whither: hwyder, 163; hwæder (hwæðer, MS.), 1332.

hwl, st. f., time, space of time: nom. sg. wæs so hwl micel (it was a long time), 146; þ wæs hwl dæges (the space of a day), 1496; acc. sg. hwle, for a time, 2138; a while, 105, 152; lange (longe) hwle, a long while, 16, 2781; ne hwle, a while, 1763; lytle hwle, brief space, 2031, 2098; nige hwle, any while, 2549; lssan hwle, a lesser while, 2572; dat. sg. r dæges hwle, before daybreak, 2321; dat. pl. nihtes hwlum, sometimes at night, 3045. Adv., sometimes, often: hwlum, 175, 496, 917, 1729, 1829, 2017, 2112, etc.; hwlum ... hwlum, 2108-9-10.—Comp.: dæg-, gescæp-, orleg-, sige-hwl.

hwt, adj., brilliant, flashing: nom. sg. se hwta helm, 1449.

hworfan. See hweorfan.

hwpan, st. v., to cry, cry out mourn: pret. sg. hwop, 2269.

hwyder. See hwider.

hwylc, pron., which, what, any: 1) adj.: nom. sg. m. sceaða ic nt hwylc, 274; fem, hwylc orleghwl, 2003; nom. pl. hwylce Sgata sðas wron, 1987.—2) subst., w. gen. pl. nom. m.: Frisna hwylc, 1105; fem, efne sw hwylc mægða sw þone magan cende (whatever woman brought forth this son), 944; neut. þonne his bearna hwylc (than any one of his sons), 2434; dat. sg. efne sw hwylcum manna sw him gemet þhte, 3058.—Comp.: g-, nt-, wl-hwylc.

ge-hwylc, ge-hwilc, ge-hwelc, w. gen. pl., each: nom. sg. m. gehwylc, 986, 1167, 1674; acc. sg. m. gehwylcne, 937, 2251, 2517; gehwelcne, 148; fem, gehwylce, 1706; neut. gehwylc, 2609; instr. sg. dgra gehwylce, 1091; so, 2058, 2451; dat. sg. m. gehwylcum, 412, 769, 785, etc.; fem, ecga gehwylcre, 806; neut. cynna gehwylcum, 98; gen. sg. m. and neut. gehwylces, 733, 1397, 2095.

hwyrft, st. m., circling movement, turn: dat. pl. adv. hwyrftum scrðað (wander to and fro), 163.—Comp. ed-hwyrft.

hycgan, w. v., to think, resolve upon: pret. sg. ic þæt hogode þæt ... (my intention was that ...), 633.—Comp. w. pres. part.: bealo-, heard-, swð-, þanc-, ws-hycgend.

for-hycgan, to despise, scorn, reject with contempt: pres. sg. I. ic þæt þonne for-hicge þæt ..., reject with scorn the proposition that ..., 435.

ge-hycgan, to think, determine upon: pret. sg. þ þ ... feorr gehogodest sæcce scean, 1989.

ofer-hycgan, to scorn: pret. sg. ofer-hogode þ hringa fengel þæt h þone wdflogan weorode geshte (scorned to seek the wide-flier with a host), 2346.

hydig (for hygdig), adj., thinking, of a certain mind: comp. n-, bealo-, grom-, nð-, þrst-hydig.

ge-hygd, st. n., thought, sentiment: acc. sg. þurh hreðra gehygd, 2046.—Comp.: brost-, md-gehygd, won-hyd.

hyge, hige, st. m., mind, heart, thought: nom. sg. hyge, 756; hige, 594; acc. sg. þurh holdne hige, 267; gen. sg. higes, 2046; dat. pl. higum, 3149.

hyge-bend, st. m. f., mind-fetter, heart-band: instr. pl. hyge-bendum fæst, fast in his mind's fetters, secretly, 1879.

hyge-gemor, adj., sad in mind: nom. sg. hyge-gimor, 2409.

hyge-mðe, adj.: 1) sorrowful, soul-crushing: nom. sg., 2443.—2) life-weary, dead: dat. pl. hyge-mðum (-mðum, MS.), 2910.

hyge-rf, adj., brave, valiant, vigorous-minded: nom. sg. [hygerf], 403; acc. sg. hige-rfne, 204.

hyge-sorh, st. f., heart-sorrow: gen. pl. -sorga, 2329.

hyge-þyhtig, adj., doughty, courageous: acc. sg. hige-þihtigne (of Bowulf), 747. See þyhtig.

hyge-þrym, st. m., animi majestas, high-mindedness: dat. pl. for hige-þrymmum, 339.

hyht, st. m., thought, pleasant thought, hope (Dietrich): nom. sg., 179.

ge-hyld (see healdan), st. n., support, protection: nom. sg., 3057.—Leo.

hyldan, w. v., to incline one's self, lie down to sleep: pret. sg. hylde hine, inclined himself, lay down, 689.

hyldo, st. f., inclination, friendliness, grace: acc. sg. hyldo, 2068, 2294; gen. sg. hyldo, 671, 2999.

-hyrdan, w. v., harden: pret. part. -hyrded, 1461.

hyrde. See hirde.

hyrst, st. f., accoutrements, ornament, armor: acc. sg. hyrste (Ongenþow's equipments and arms), 2989; acc. pl. hyrsta, 3166; instr. pl. hyrstum, 2763.

hyrstan, w. v., to deck, adorn: pret. part. hyrsted sweord, 673; helm [hyr]sted golde, 2256.

hyrtan, w. v., to take heart, be emboldened: pret. sg. hyrte hyne hord-weard (the drake took heart; see 2566, 2568, 2570), 2594.

hyse, st. m., youth, young man: nom. sg. as voc., 1218.

hyt. See hit.

hydan, w. v., to hide, conceal, protect, preserve: pres. subj. hyde [hine, himself] s þe wylle, 2767; inf. w. acc. n þ mnne þearft hafalan hydan, 446; r h in wille hafelan [hydan] (ere in it he [the stag] will hide his head), 1373.

ge-hydan, w. acc., to conceal, preserve: pret. sg. gehydde, 2236, 3060.

hyð, st. f., haven: dat. sg. æt hyðe, 32.

hyð-weard, st. m., haven-warden: nom. sg., 1915.

hynan (see han), w. v. w. acc., to crush, afflict, injure: pret. sg. hynde, 2320.

hynðu, st. f., oppression, affliction, injury: acc. sg. hynðu, 277; gen. sg. hwæt ... hynðo, 475; fela ... hynðo, 594; gen. pl. heardra hynða, 166.

hyran, w. v.: 1) to hear, perceive, learn: a) w. inf. or acc. with inf.: I. pret. sg. hyrde ic, 38, 582, 1347, 1843, 2024; III. sg. þæt h fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876; I. pl. sw w sðlce secgan hyrdon, 273. b) w. acc.: nnigne ic ... slran hyrde hordmððum (I heard of no better hoard-jewel), 1198. c) w. dependent clause: I. sg. pret. hyrde ic þæt ..., 62, 2164, 2173.—2) w. dat. of person, to obey: inf. oð þæt him ghwylc þra ymbsittendra hyran scolde, 10; hyran heaðo-socum, 2755; Pret. pl. þæt him winemgas georne hyrdon, 66.