Uninflected: bil eal þurhwd flschoman, the battle-axe cleft the body through and through, 1568; hæfde ... eal gefeormod ft and folma, had devoured entirely feet and hands, 745; s þe eall geman gr-cwealm gumena, who remembers thoroughly the death of the men by the spear, 2043, etc.

Adverbial: þah ic eal mge, although I am entirely able, 681; h on beorg dydon bg and siglu eall swylce hyrsta, they placed in the grave-mound rings, and ornaments, all such adornments, 3165.—The gen. sg. ealles, adverbial in the sense of entirely, 1001, 1130.

eald, adj., old: a) of the age of living beings: nom. sg. eald, 357, 1703, 2211, etc.; dat. sg. ealdum, 2973; gen. sg. ealdes htflogan (dragon), 2761; dat. sg. ealdum, 1875; geongum and ealdum, 72.—b) of things and of institutions: nom. sg. helm monig eald and mig, 2764; acc. sg. ealde lfe (sword), 796, 1489; ealde wsan, 1866; eald sweord, 1559, 1664, etc.; eald gewin, old (lasting years), distress, 1782; eald enta geweorc (the precious things in the drake's cave), 2775; acc. pl. ealde mðmas, 472; ofer ealde riht, against the old laws (namely, the Ten Commandments; Bowulf believes that God has sent him the drake as a punishment, because he has unconsciously, at some time, violated one of the commandments), 2331.

yldra, compar. older: mn yldra mg, 468; yldra brðor, 1325; oð þæt h (Heardrd) yldra wearð, 2379.

yldesta, superl. oldest, in the usual sense; dat. sg. þm yldestan, 2436; in a moral sense, the most respected: nom. sg. se yldesta, 258; acc. sg. þone yldestan, 363, both times of Bowulf.

eald-fæder, st. m., old-father, grandfather, ancestor: nom. sg. 373.

eald-gesegen, st. f., traditions from old times: gen. pl. eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many of the old traditions, 870.

eald-gesð, st. m., companion ever since old times, courtier for many years: nom. pl. eald-gesðas, 854.

eald-gestron, st. n., treasure out of the old times: dat. pl. eald-gestronum, 1382; gen. pl. -gestrona, 1459.

eald-gewinna, w. m., old-enemy, enemy for many years: nom. sg. of Grendel, 1777.

eald-gewyrht, st. n., merit on account of services rendered during many years: nom. pl. þæt nron eald-gewyrht, þæt h na scyle gnorn þrowian, that has not been his desert ever since long ago, that he should bear the distress alone, 2658.

eald-hlford, st. m., lord through many years: gen. sg. bill eald-hlfordes (of the old Bowulf(?)), 2779.

eald-metod, st. m., God ruling ever since ancient times: nom. sg. 946.

ealdor, aldor, st. m., lord, chief (king or powerful noble): nom. sg. ealdor, 1645, 1849, 2921; aldor, 56, 369, 392; acc. sg. aldor, 669; dat. sg. ealdre, 593; aldre, 346.

ealdor, aldor, st. n., life: acc. sg. aldor, 1372; dat. sg. aldre, 1448, 1525; ealdre, 2600; him on aldre std herestrl hearda (in vitalibus), 1435; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not troubled about his life, 1443; of ealdre gewt, went out of life, died, 2625; as instr. aldre, 662, 681, etc.; ealdre, 1656, 2134, etc.; gen. sg. aldres, 823; ealdres, 2791, 2444; aldres orwna, despairing of life, 1003, 1566; ealdres scyldig, having forfeited life, 1339, 2062; dat. pl. aldrum nðdon, 510, 538.—Phrases: on aldre (in life), ever, 1780; t aldre (for life), always, 2006, 2499; wa t aldre, for ever and ever, 956.

ealdor-bealu, st. n., life's evil: acc. sg. þ ... ondrdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu eorlum, thou needest not fear death for the courtiers, 1677.

ealdor-cearu, st. f., trouble that endangers life, great trouble: dat. sg. h his lodum wearð ... t aldor-ceare, 907.

ealdor-dagas, st. m. pl., days of one's life: dat. pl. nfre on aldor-dagum (never in his life), 719; on ealder-dagum r (in former days), 758.

ealdor-gedl, st. n., severing of life, death, end: nom. sg. aldor-gedl, 806.

ealdor-gewinna, w. m., life-enemy, one who strives to take his enemy's life (in N.H.G. the contrary conception, Tod-feind): nom. sg. ealdorgewinna (the dragon), 2904.

ealdor-las, adj., without a ruler(?): nom. pl. aldor-lase, 15.

ealdor-las, adj., lifeless, dead: acc. sg. aldor-lasne, 1588; ealdor-lasne, 3004.

ealdor-þegn, st. m., nobleman at the court, distinguished courtier: acc. sg. aldor-þegn (Hrðgr's confidential adviser, Æschere), 1309.

eal-fela, adj., very much: with following gen., eal-fela eald-gesegena, very many old traditions, 870; eal-fela eotena cynnes, 884.

ealgian, w. v., to shield, to defend, to protect: inf. w. acc. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; pret. siððan h (Hygelc) under segne sinc eal-gode, wælraf werede, while under his banner he protected the treasures, defended the spoil of battle (i.e. while he was upon the Viking expeditions), 1205.

eal-gylden, adj., all golden, entirely of gold: nom. sg. swyn ealgylden, 1112; acc. sg. segn eallgylden, 2768.

eal-renne, adj., entirely of iron: acc. sg. eall-renne wgbord, a wholly iron battle-shield, 2339.

ealu, st. n., ale, beer: acc. sg. ealo drincende, 1946.

ealu-benc, st. f., ale-bench, bench for those drinking ale: dat. sg. in ealo-bence, 1030; on ealu-bence, 2868.

ealu-scerwen, st. f., terror, under the figure of a mishap at an ale-drinking, probably the sudden taking away of the ale: nom. sg. Denum eallum wearð ... ealuscerwen, 770.

ealu-wge, st. n., ale-can, portable vessel out of which ale is poured into the cups: acc. sg. 2022; hroden ealowge, 495; dat. sg. ofer ealowge (at the ale-carouse), 481.

eal-wealda, w. adj., all ruling (God): nom. sg. fæder alwalda, 316; alwalda, 956, 1315; dat. sg. al-wealdan, 929.

eard, st. m., cultivated ground, estate, hereditary estate; in a broader sense, ground in general, abode, place of sojourn: nom. sg. him wæs bm ... lond gecynde, eard ðel-riht, the land was bequeathed to them both, the land and the privileges attached to it. 2199; acc. sg. ffel-cynnes eard, the ground of the giant race, place of sojourn, 104; similarly, ælwihta eard, 1501; eard gemunde, thought of his native ground, his home, 1130; eard gt ne const, thou knowest not yet the place of sojourn. 1378; eard and eorlscipe, prdium et nobilitatem, 1728; eard ðelwyn, land and the enjoyment of home, 2494; dat. sg. ellor hwearf of earde, went elsewhere from his place of abode, i.e. died, 56; þæt w rondas beren eft t earde, that we go again to our homes, 2655; on earde, 2737; nom. pl. acne eardas, the broad expanses (in the fen-sea where Grendel's home was), 1622.

eardian, w. v.: 1) to have a dwelling-place, to live; to rest: pret. pl. dyre swyrd sw he wið eorðan fæðm þr eardodon, costly swords, as they had rested in the earth's bosom, 3051.—2) also transitively, to inhabit: pret. sg. Heorot eardode, 166; inf. wc eardian elles hwergen, inhabit a place elsewhere (i.e. die), 2590.

eard-lufa, w. m., the living upon one's land, home-life: acc. sg. eard-lufan, 693.

earfoð, st. n., trouble, difficulty, struggle: acc. pl. earfeðo, 534.

earfoð-lce, adv., with trouble, with difficulty, 1637, 1658; with vexation, angrily, 86; sorrowfully, 2823; with difficulty, scarcely, 2304, 2935.

earfoð-þrg, st. f., time full of troubles, sorrowful time: acc. sg. -þrge, 283.

earh, adj., cowardly: gen. sg. ne bið swylc earges sð (no coward undertaken that), 2542.

earm, st. m., arm: acc. sg. earm, 836, 973; wið earm gesæt, supported himself with his arm, 750; dat. pl. earmum, 513.

earm, adj., poor, miserable, unhappy: nom. sg. earm, 2369; earme ides, the unhappy woman, 1118; dat. sg. earmre teohhe, the unhappy band, 2939.—Comp. acc. sg. earmran mannan, a more wretched, more forsaken man, 577.

earm-bag, st. m., arm-ring, bracelet: gen. pl. earm-baga fela searwum gesled, many arm-rings interlaced, 2764.

earm-hrad, st. f., arm-ornament. nom. pl. earm-hrade tw, 1195 (Grein's conjecture, MS. earm reade).

earm-lc, adj., wretched, miserable: nom. sg. sceolde his ealdor-gedl earmlc wurðan, his end should be wretched, 808.

earm-sceapen, pret. part. as adj. (properly, wretched by the decree of fate), wretched: nom. sg. 1352.

earn, st. m., eagle: dat. sg. earne, 3027.

eatol. See atol.

eaxl, st. f., shoulder: acc. sg. eaxle, 836, 973; dat. sg. on eaxle, 817, 1548; be eaxle, 1538; on eaxle ides gnornode, the woman sobbed on the shoulder (of her son, who has fallen and is being burnt), 1118; dat. pl. sæt fran eaxlum nah, sat near the shoulders of his lord (Bowulf lies lifeless upon the earth, and Wglf sits by his side, near his shoulder, so as to sprinkle the face of his dead lord), 2854; h for eaxlum gestd Deniga fran, he stood before the shoulders of the lord of the Danes (i.e. not directly before him, but somewhat to the side, as etiquette demanded), 358.

eaxl-gestealla, w. m., he who has his position at the shoulder (sc. of his lord), trusty courtier, counsellor of a prince: nom. sg. 1327; acc. pl. -gesteallan, 1715.

A

ac, conj., also: 97, 388, 433, etc.; c, 3132.

acen (pret. part. of a not existing eacan, augere), adj., wide-spread, large: nom. pl. acne eardas, broad plains, 1622.—great, heavy: eald sweord acen, 1664; dat. pl. acnum ecgum, 2141, both times of the great sword in Grendel's habitation.—great, mighty, powerful: æðele and acen, of Bowulf, 198.

acen-cræftig, adj., immense (of riches), enormously great: acc. sg. hord-ærna sum acen-cræftig, that enormous treasure-house, 2281; nom. sg. þæt yrfe acen-cræftig, imonna gold, 3052.

adig, adj., blessed with possessions, rich, happy by reason of property: nom. sg. wes, þenden þ lifige, æðeling adig, be, as long as thou livest, a prince blessed with riches, 1226; adig mon, 2471.—Comp. sige-, sigor-, tr-adig.

adig-lce, adv., in abundance, in joyous plenty: dramum lifdon adiglce, lived in rejoicing and plenty, 100.

aðe, ðe, yðe, adj., easy, pleasant: nom. pl. gode þancedon þæs þe him yð-lde aðe wurdon, thanked God that the sea-ways (the navigation) had become easy to them, 228; ne wæs þæt ðe sð, no pleasant way, 2587; næs þæt yðe cap, no easy purchase, 2416; n þæt yðe byð t beflonne, not easy (as milder expression for in no way, not at all), 1003.

aðe, yðe, adv., easily. aðe, 478, 2292, 2765.

að-fynde, adj., easy to find: nom. sg. 138.

age, w. n., eye: dat. pl. him of agum std loht unfger, out of his eyes came a terrible gleam, 727; þæt ic ... agum starige, see with eyes, behold, 1782; similarly, 1936; gen. pl. agena bearhtm, 1767.

agor-stram, st. m., sea-stream sea: acc. sg. 513.

a-land, st. n., land surrounded by water (of the land of the Gatas): acc. sg. a-lond, 2335; island.

am, st. m., uncle, mothers brother: nom. sg. 882.

astan, adv., from the east, 569.

awan, w. v., to disclose, to show, to prove: pres. sg. III. aweð ... uncðne nð, shows evil enmity, 276. See owan, ywan.

ge-awan, to show, to offer: pret. part. him wæs ... wunden gold stum ge-awed, was graciously presented, 1195.

EO

ode. See gangan.

eodor, st. m., fence, hedge, railing. Among the old Germans, an estate was separated by a fence from the property of others. Inside of this fence the laws of peace and protection held good, as well as in the house itself. Hence eodor is sometimes used instead of house: acc. pl. heht eahta maras on flet ton, in under eoderas, gave orders to lead eight steeds into the hall, into the house, 1038.—2) figuratively, lord, prince, as protector: nom. sg. eodor, 428, 1045; eodur, 664.

eofoð, st. n., strength: acc. pl. eofoðo, 2535. See eafoð.

eofer, st. m.: 1) boar, here of the metal boar-image upon the helmet: nom. sg. eofer renheard, 1113.—2) figuratively, bold hero, brave fighter (O.N. iöfur): nom. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the heroes rushed upon each other, 1329, where eoferas and fðan stand in the same relation to each other as cnysedan and hniton.

eofor-lc, st. n. boar-image (on the helmet): nom. pl. eofor-lc scionon, 303.

eofor-sprot, st. m., boar-spear: dat. pl. mid eofer-sprotum horo-hcyhtum, with hunting-spears which were provided with sharp hooks, 1438.

eoguð, ioguð. See geogoð.

eolet, st. m. n., sea(?): gen. sg. eoletes, 224.

eorclan-stn, st. m., precious stone: acc. pl. -stnas, 1209.

eorð-cyning, st. m., king of the land: gen. sg. eorð-cyninges (Finn), 1156.

eorð-draca, w. m., earth-drake, dragon that lives in the earth: nom. sg. 2713, 2826.

eorðe, w. f.: 1) earth (in contrast with heaven), world: acc. sg. ælmihtiga eorðan worhte, 92; wde geond eorðan, far over the earth, through the wide world, 266; dat. sg. ofer eorðan, 248, 803; on eorðan, 1823, 2856, 3139; gen. sg. eorðan, 753.—2) earth, ground: acc. sg. h eorðan gefoll, fell to the ground, 2835; forlton eorla gestron eorðan healdan, let the earth hold the nobles' treasure, 3168; dat. sg. þæt hit on eorðan læg, 1533; under eorðan, 2416; gen. sg. wið eorðan fæðm (in the bosom of the earth), 3050.

eorð-reced, st. n., hall in the earth, rock-hall: acc. sg. 2720.

eorð-scræf, st. n., earth-cavern, cave: dat. sg. eorð-[scræfe], 2233; gen. pl. eorð-scræfe, 3047.

eorð-sele, st. m., hall in the earth, cave: acc. sg. eorð-sele, 2411; dat sg. of eorðsele, 2516.

eorð-weall, st. m., earth-wall: acc. sg. (Ongenþow) bah eft under eorðweall, fled again under the earth-wall (into his fortified camp), 2958; þ m wæs ... sð lyfed inn under eorðweall, then the way in, under the earth-wall was opened to me (into the dragon's cave), 3091.

eorð-weard, st. m., land-property, estate: acc. sg. 2335.

eorl, st. m., noble born man, a man of the high nobility: nom. sg. 762, 796, 1229, etc.; acc. sg. eorl, 573, 628, 2696; gen. sg. eorles, 690, 983, 1758, etc.; acc. pl. eorlas, 2817; dat. pl. eorlum, 770, 1282, 1650, etc.; gen. pl. eorla, 248, 357, 369, etc.—Since the king himself is from the stock of the eorlas, he is also called eorl, 6, 2952.

eorl-gestron, st. n., wealth of the nobles: gen. pl. eorl-gestrona ... hardfyrdne dl, 2245.

eorl-gewde, st. n., knightly dress, armor: dat. pl. -gewdum, 1443.

eorlc (i.e. eorl-lc), adj., what it becomes a noble born man to do, chivalrous: acc. sg. eorlc ellen, 638.

eorl-scipe, st. m., condition of being noble born, chivalrous nature, nobility: acc. sg. eorl-scipe, 1728, 3175; eorl-scipe efnan, to do chivalrous deeds, 2134, 2536, 2623, 3008.

eorl-weorod, st. n., followers of nobles: nom. sg. 2894.

eormen-cyn, st. n., very extensive race, mankind: gen. sg. eormen-cynnes, 1958.

eormen-grund, st. m., immensely wide plains, the whole broad earth: acc. sg. ofer eormen-grund, 860.

eormen-lf, st. f., enormous legacy: acc. sg. eormen-lfe æðelan cynnes (the treasures of the dragon's cave) 2235.

eorre, adj., angry, enraged: gen. sg. eorres, 1448.

eoton, st. m.: 1) giant: nom. sg. eoten (Grendel), 762; dat. sg. uninflected, eoton (Grendel), 669; nom. pl. eotenas, 112.—2) Eotens, subjects of Finn, the N. Frisians: 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. pl. 1146. See List of Names, p. 114.

eotonisc, adj., gigantic, coming from giants: acc. sg. eald sweord eotenisc (eotonisc), 1559, 2980, (etonisc, MS.) 2617.

O

ored-geatwe, st. f. pl., warlike adornments: acc. pl., 2867.

owan, w. v., to show, to be seen: pres. sg. III. ne gesacu hwr, ecghete oweð, nowhere shows itself strife, sword-hate, 1739. See awan, ywan.

ower: 1) gen. pl. pers. pron., vestrum: ower sum, that one of you (namely, Bowulf), 248; fhðe ower lode, the enmity of the people of you (of your people), 597; nis þæt ower sð ... nefne mn nes, 2533.—2) poss. pron., your, 251, 257, 294, etc.

F

ge-fandian, -fondian, w. v., to try, to search for, to find out, to experience: w. gen. pret. part. þæt hæfde gumena sum goldes gefandod, that a man had discovered the gold, 2302; þonne se n hafað þurh deðes nyd dda gefondad, now the one (Herebeald) has with death's pang experienced the deeds (the unhappy bow-shot of Hæðcyn), 2455.

fara, w. m., farer, traveller: in comp. mere-fara.

faran, st. v., to move from one place to another, to go, to wander: inf. t hm faran, to go home, 124; lton on geflt faran fealwe maras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 865; cwm faran flotherge on Frsna land, had come to Friesland with a fleet, 2916; cm loda dugoðe on lst faran, came to go upon the track of the heroes of his people, i.e. to follow them, 2946; gerund wron æðelingas eft t lodum fse t farenne, the nobles were ready to go again to their people, 1806; pret. sg. gegnum fr [þ] ofer myrcan mr, there had (Grendel's mother) gone away over the dark fen, 1405; sgenga fr, the seafarer (the ship) drove along, 1909; (wyrm) mid ble fr, (the dragon) fled away with fire, 2309; pret. pl. þæt ... scawan scrhame t scipe fron, that the visitors in glittering attire betook themselves to the ship, 1896.

gefaran, to proceed, to act: inf. h se mnsceaða under frgripum gefaran wolde, how he would act in his sudden attacks, 739.

t faran, to go out: w. acc. lt of brostum ... word t faran, let words go out of his breast, uttered words, 2552.

faroð, st. m., stream, flood of the sea, shore, strand, edge: dat. sg. t brimes faroðe, 28; æfter faroðe, with the stream, 580; æt faroðe, 1917.

faru, st. f., way, passage, expedition: in comp. d-faru.

fcen-stæf (elementum nequitiae), st. m., wickedness, treachery, deceit. acc. pl. fcen-stafas, 1019.

fh, fg, adj., many-colored, variegated, of varying color (especially said of the color of gold, of bronze, and of blood, in which the beams of light are refracted): nom. sg. fh (covered with blood), 420; blde fh, 935; tertnum fh (sc. ren) [This is the MS reading; emmended to tertarum in text—KTH], 1460; sadol searwum fh (saddle artistically ornamented with gold), 1039; sweord swte fh, 1287; brim blde fh, 1595; wældrore fg, 1632; (draca) fyrwylmum fh (because he spewed flame), 2672; sweord fh and fted, 2702; blde fh, 2975; acc. sg. drore fhne, 447; goldsele fttum fhne, 717; on fgne flr treddode, trod the shining floor (of Heorot), 726; hrf golde fhne, the roof shining with gold, 928; nom. pl. eoforlc ... fh and fyr-beard, 305; acc. pl. þ hilt since fge, 1616; dat. pl. fgum sweordum, 586.—Comp. bn-, bld-, brn-, dror-, gold-, gryre-, searo-, sinc-, stn-, swt-, wæl-, wyrm-fh.

fh, fg, f, adj.: 1) hostile: nom. sg. fh fond-scaða, 554; h wæs fg wið god (Grendel), 812; acc. sg. fne (the dragon), 2656; gen. pl. fra, 578, 1464.—2) liable to pursuit, without peace, outlawed: nom. sg. fg, 1264; mne fh, outlawed through crime, 979; fyren-ddum fg, 1002.—Comp. nearo-fh.

fmig-heals, adj., with foaming neck: nom. sg. flota fmig-heals, 218; (sgenga) fmig-heals, 1910.

fæc, st. n., period of time: acc. sg. lytel fæc, during a short time, 2241.

fæder, st. m., father: nom. sg. fæder, 55, 262, 459, 2609; of God, 1610; fæder alwalda, 316; acc. sg. fæder, 1356; dat. sg. fæder, 2430; gen. sg. fæder, 21, 1480; of God, 188—Comp.: r, eald-fæder.

fædera, w. m., father's brother in comp. suhter-gefæderan.

fæder-æðelo, st. n. pl., paternus principatus (?): dat. pl. fæder-æðelum, 912.

fæderen-mg, st. m., kinsman descended from the same father, co-descendant: dat. sg. fæderen-mge, 1264.

fæðm, st. m.: 1) the outspread, encircling arms: instr. pl. fondes fæð[mum], 2129.—2) embrace, encircling: nom. sg. lges fæðm, 782; acc. sg. in fyres fæðm, 185.—3) bosom, lap: acc. sg. on foldan fæðm, 1394; wið eorðan fæðm, 3050; dat. pl. t fæder (God's) fæðmum, 188.—4) power, property: acc. in Francna fæðm, 1211.—Cf. sd-fæðmed, sð-fæðme.

fæðmian, w. v., to embrace, to take up into itself: pres. subj. þæt minne lchaman ... gld fæðmie, 2653; inf. lton fld fæðmian frætwa hyrde, 3134.

ge-fæg, adj., agreeable, desirable (Old Eng., fawe, willingly): comp. ge-fægra, 916.

fægen, adj., glad, joyous: nom. pl. ferhðum fægne, the glad at heart, 1634.

fæger, fger, adj., beautiful, lovely: nom. sg. fger fold-bold, 774; fæger foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522; nom. pl. þr him fold-wegas fægere þhton, 867.—Comp. un-fger.

fægere, fægre, adv., beautifully, well, becomingly, according to etiquette: fægere geþgon medoful manig, 1015; þ wæs flet-sittendum fægere gereorded, becomingly the repast was served, 1789; Higelc ongan ... fægre fricgean, 1986; similarly, 2990.

fær, st. n., craft, ship: nom. sg., 33.

fæst, adj., bound, fast: nom. sg. bið se slp t fæst, 1743; acc. sg. frondscipe fæstne, 2070; fæste frioðuwre, 1097.—The prep. on stands to denote the where or wherein: wæs t fæst on þm (sc. on fhðe and fyrene), 137; on ancre fæst, 303. Or, oftener, the dative: fond-grpum fæst, (held) fast in his antagonist's clutch, 637; fyrbendum fæst, fast in the forged hinges, 723; handa fæst, 1291, etc.; hygebendum fæst (beorn him langað), fast (shut) in the bonds of his bosom, the man longs for (i.e. in secret), 1879.—Comp: r-, bld-, gin-, sð-, tr-, ws-fæst.

fæste, adv., fæst 554, 761, 774, 789, 1296.—Comp. fæstor, 143.

be-fæstan, w. v., to give over: inf. ht Hildeburh hire selfre sunu sweoloðe befæstan, to give over to the flames her own son, 1116.

fæsten, st. n., fortified place, or place difficult of access: acc. sg. loda fæsten, the fastness of the Gatas (with ref. to 2327, 2334; fæsten (Ongenþow's castle or fort), 2951; fæsten (Grendel's house in the fen-sea), 104.

fæst-rd, adj., firmly resolved: acc. sg. fæst-rdne geþht, firm determination, 611.

fæt, st. m., way, journey: in comp. sð-fæt.

fæt, st. n., vessel; vase, cup: acc. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, the (drinking-) vessels of men of old times, 2762.—Comp.: bn-, drync-, mððum-, sinc-, wundor-fæt.

fge, adj.: 1) forfeited to death, allotted to death by fate: nom. sg. fge, 1756, 2142, 2976; fge and ge-flymed, 847; fs and fge, 1242; acc. sg. fgne flsc-homan, 1569; dat. sg. fgum, 2078; gen. sg. fges, 1528.—2) dead: dat. pl. ofer fgum (over the warriors fallen in the battle), 3026.—Comp.: dað-, un-fge.

fhð (state of hostility, see fh), st. f., hostile act, feud, battle: nom. sg. fhð, 2404, 3062; acc. sg. fhðe, 153, 459, 470, 596, 1334, etc.; also of the unhappy bowshot of the Hrðling, Hæðcyn, by which he killed his brother, 2466; dat. sg. fore fhðe and fyrene, 137; nalas for fhðe mearn (did not recoil from the combat), 1538; gen. sg, ne gefeah h þre fhðe, 109; gen. pl. fhða gemyndig, 2690.—Comp. wæl-fhð.

fhðo, st. f., same as above: nom. sg. so fhðo, 3000; acc. fhðo, 2490.

flsian, w. v., to bring into a good condition, to cleanse: inf. þæt ic mte ... Heorot flsian (from the plague of Grendel), 432; pret. Hrðgres ... sele flsode, 2353.

ge-flsian, w. v., same as above: pret. part. hæfde geflsod ... sele Hrðgres, 826; Heorot is geflsod, 1177; wron yð-gebland eal geflsod, 1621.

fmne, w. f., virgin, recens nupta: dat. sg. fmnan, 2035; gen. sg. fmnan, 2060, both times of Hrðgr's daughter Fraware.

fr, st. m., sudden, unexpected attack: nom. sg. (attack upon Hnæf's band by Finn's), 1069, 2231.

fr-gripe, st. m., sudden, treacherous gripe, attack: nom. sg. fr-gripe fldes, 1517; dat. pl. under frgripum, 739.

fr-gryre, st. m., fright caused by a sudden attack: dat. pl. wið fr-gryrum (against the inroads of Grendel into Heorot), 174.

fringa, adv., suddenly, unexpectedly, 1415, 1989.

fr-nð, st. m., hostility with sudden attacks: gen. pl. hwæt m Grendel hafað ... frnða gefremed, 476.

ft, st. n. (?), plate, sheet of metal, especially gold plate (Dietrich Hpt. Ztschr. XI. 420): dat. pl. gold sele ... fttum fhne, shining with gold plates (the walls and the inner part of the roof were partly covered with gold), 717; sceal se hearda helm hyrsted golde ftum befeallen (sc. wesan), the gold ornaments shall fall away from it, 2257.

fted, ftt, part., ornamented with gold beaten into plate-form: gen. sg. fttan goldes, 1094, 2247; instr. sg. fttan golde, 2103. Elsewhere, covered, ornamented with gold plate: nom. sg. sweord ... fted, 2702; acc. sg. fted wge, 2254, 2283; acc. pl. ftte scyldas, 333; ftte bagas, 1751.

fted-hlor, adj., phaleratus gena (Dietr.): acc. pl. eahta maras fted-hlore (eight horses with bridles covered with plates of gold), 1037.

ft-gold, st. n., gold in sheets or plates: acc. sg., 1922.

feðer-gearwe, st. f. pl. (feather-equipment), the feathers of the shaft of the arrow: dat. (instr.) pl. sceft feðer-gearwum fs, 3120.

fel, st. n., skin, hide: dat. pl. glf ... gegyrwed dracan fellum, made of the skins of dragons, 2089.

fela, I., adj. indecl., much, many: as subst.: acc. sg. fela fricgende, 2107. With worn placed before: hwæt þ worn fela ... ymb Brecan sprce, how very much you spoke about Breca, 530.—With gen. sg.: acc. sg. fela fyrene, 810; wyrm-cynnes fela, 1426; worna fela sorge, 2004; t fela micles ... Denigea lode, too much of the race of the Danes, 695; uncðes fela, 877; fela lðes, 930; fela lofes and lðes, 1061.—With gen. pl.: nom. sg. fela mdma, 36; fela þra wera and wfa, 993, etc.; acc. sg. fela missra, 153; fela fyrena, 164; ofer landa fela, 311; mððum-sigla fela (falo, MS.), 2758; n m swr fela ða on unriht, swore no false oaths, 2739, etc.; worn fela mðma, 1784; worna fela gða, 2543.—Comp. eal-fela.

II., adverbial, very, 1386, 2103, 2951.

fela-hrr, adj., valde agitatus, very active against the enemy, very warlike, 27.

fela-mdig, adj., very courageous: gen. pl. -mdigra, 1638, 1889.

fela-synnig, adj., very criminal, very guilty: acc. sg. fela-sinnigne secg (in MS., on account of the alliteration, changed to simple sinnigne), 1380.

folan, st. v., to betake one's self into a place, to conceal one's self: pret. siððan inne fealh Grendles mdor (in Heorot), 1282; þr inne fealh secg syn-bysig (in the dragon's cave), 2227.—to fall into, undergo, endure: searonðas fealh, 1201.

æt-folan, w. dat., insistere, adhrere: pret. n ic him þæs georne ætfealh (held him not fast enough, 969.

fen, st. n., fen, moor: acc. sg. fen, 104; dat. sg. t fenne, 1296; fenne, 2010.

fen-freoðo, st. f., refuge in the fen: dat. sg. in fen-freoðo, 852.

feng, st. m., gripe, embrace: nom. sg. fyres feng, 1765; acc. sg. fra feng (of the hostile sea-monsters), 578.—Comp. inwit-feng.

fengel (probably he who takes possession, cf. t fn, 1756, and fn t rce, to enter upon the government), st. m., lord, prince, king: nom. sg. wsa fengel, 1401; snottra fengel, 1476, 2157; hringa fengel, 2346.

fen-ge-ld, st. n., fen-paths, fen with paths: acc. pl. frcne fengeld (fens difficult of access), 1360.

fen-hlið, st. n., marshy precipice: acc. pl. under fen-hleoðu, 821.

fen-hop, st. n., refuge in the fen: acc. pl. on fen-hopu, 765.

ferh, st. m. n., life; see feorh.

ferh, st. m., hog, boar, here of the boar-image on the helmet: nom. sg., 305.

ferhð, st. m., heart, soul: dat. sg. on ferhðe, 755, 949, 1719; gehwylc hiora his ferhðe trowde, þæt ..., each of them trusted to his (Hunferð's) heart, that ..., 1167; gen. sg. ferhðes fore-þanc, 1061; dat. pl. (adverbial) ferhðum fægne, happy at heart, 1634; þæt mon ... ferhðum froge, that one ... heartily love, 3178.—Comp.: collen-, sarig-, swift-, wide-ferhð.

ferhð-frec, adj., having good courage, bold, brave: acc. sg. ferhð-frecan Fin, 1147.

ferhð-genðla, w. m., mortal enemy: acc. sg. ferhð-genðlan, of the drake, 2882.

ferian, w. v. w. acc., to bear, to bring, to conduct: pres. II. pl. hwanon ferigeað ftte scyldas, 333; pret. pl. t scypum feredon eal ingesteald eorðcyninges, 1155; similarly, feredon, 1159, 3114.

æt-ferian, to carry away, to bear off: pret. ic þæt hilt þanan fondum ætferede, 1669.

ge-ferian, bear, to bring, to lead: pres. subj. I. pl. þonne (w) geferian fran serne, 3108; inf. geferian ... Grendles hafod, 1639; pret. þæt h t geferedon dyre mðmas, 3131; pret. part. hr syndon geferede feorran cumene ... Gata lode, men of the Gatas, come from afar, have been brought hither (by ship), 361.

oð-ferian, to tear away, to take away: pret. sg. I. unsfte þonan feorh oð-ferede, 2142.

of-ferian, to carry off, to take away, to tear away: pret. ðer swylc t offerede, took away another such (sc. fifteen), 1584.

fetel-hilt, st. n., sword-hilt, with the gold chains fastened to it: acc. (sg. or pl.?), 1564. (See "Leitfaden f. nord. Altertumskunde," pp.45, 46.)

fetian, w. v., to bring near, bring: pres. subj. nh hw ... fe[tige] fted wge, bring the gold-chased tankard, 2254; pret. part. hraðe wæs t bre Bowulf fetod, 1311.

ge-fetian, to bring: inf. ht þ eorla hlo in gefetian Hrðles lfe, caused Hrðel's sword to be brought, 2191.

-fdan, w. v., to nourish, to bring up: pret. part. þr h fded wæs, 694.

fða (O.H.G. fendo), w. m.: 1) foot-soldiers: nom. pl. fðan, 1328, 2545.—2) collective in sing., band of foot-soldiers, troop of warriors: nom. fða eal gesæt, 1425; dat. on fðan, 2498, 2920.—Comp. gum-fða.

fðe, st. n., gait, going, pace: dat. sg. wæs t foremihtig fond on fðe, the enemy was too strong in going (i.e. could flee too fast), 971.

fðe-cempa, w. m., foot-soldier: nom. sg., 1545, 2854.

fðe-gæst, st. m., guest coming on foot: dat. pl. fðe-gestum, 1977.

fðe-lst, st. m., signs of going, footprint: dat. pl. frdon forð þonon fðe-lstum, went forth from there upon their trail, i.e. by the same way that they had gone, 1633.

fðe-wg, st. m., battle on foot: gen. sg. nealles Hetware hrmge þorfton (sc. wesan) fðe-wges, 2365.

fl (= fol), st. f. file: gen. pl. fla lfe, what the files have left behind (that is, the swords), 1033.

fran, w. v., iter (A.S. fr) facere, to come, to go, to travel: pres. subj. II. pl. r g ... on land Dena furður fran, ere you go farther into the land of the Danes, 254; inf. fran on fran wre (to die), 27; gewiton him þ fran (set out upon their way), 301; ml is m t fran, 316; fran ... gang scawigan, go, so as to see the footprints, 1391; wde fran, 2262; pret. frdon folctogan ... wundor scawian, the princes came to see the wonder, 840; frdon forð, 1633.

ge-fran: 1) adire, to arrive at: pres. subj. þonne eorl ende gefre lfgesceafta, reach the end of life, 3064; pret. part. hæfde ghwæðer ende gefred lnan lfes, frail life's end had both reached, 2845.—2) to reach, to accomplish, to bring about: pret. hafast þ gefred þæt ..., 1222, 1856.—3) to behave one's self, to conduct one's self: pret. frcne gefrdon, had shown themselves daring, 1692.

feal, st. m., fall: in comp. wæl-feal.

feallan, st. v., to fall, to fall headlong: inf. feallan, 1071; pret. sg. þæt h on hrsan ne fol, that it (the hall) did not fall to the ground, 773; similarly, foll on foldan, 2976; foll on fðan (dat. sg.), fell in the band (of his warriors), 2920; pret. pl. þonne walu follon, 1043.

be-feallen, pret. part. w. dat. or instr., deprived of, robbed: frondum befeallen, robbed of friends, 1127; sceal se hearda helm ... ftum befeallen (sc. wesan), be robbed of its gold mountings (the gold mounting will fall away from it moldering), 2257.

ge-feallan, to fall, to sink down: pres. sg. III. þæt se lc-homa ... fge gefealleð, that the body doomed to die sinks down, 1756.—Also, with the acc. of the place whither: pret. meregrund gefoll, 2101; h eorðan gefoll, 2835.

fealu, adj., fallow, dun-colored, tawny: acc. sg. ofer fealone fld (over the sea), 1951; fealwe strte (with reference to 320, 917; acc. pl. lton on geflt faran fealwe maras, 866.—Comp. æppel-fealo.

feax, st. n., hair, hair of the head: dat. sg. wæs be feaxe on flet boren Grendles hafod, was carried by the hair into the hall, 1648; him ... swt ... sprong forð under fexe, the blood sprang out under the hair of his head, 2968.—Comp.: blonden-, gamol-, wunden-feax.

ge-fa, w. m., joy: acc. sg. þre fylle gefan, joy at the abundant repast, 562; ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefan habban (can rejoice at all this), 2741.

fa, adj., few dat. pl. nemne faum num, except some few, 1082; gen. pl. fara sum, as one of a few, with a few, 1413; fara sumne, one of a few (some few), 3062. With gen. following: acc. pl. fa worda cwæð, spoke few words, 2663, 2247.

fa-sceaft, adj., miserable, unhappy, helpless: nom. sg. syððan rest wearð fasceaft funden, 7; fasceaft guma (Grendel), 974; dat. sg. fasceaftum men, 2286; adgilse ... fasceaftum, 2394; nom. pl. fasceafte (the Gatas robbed of their king, Hygelc), 2374.

feoh, fo, st. n., (properly cattle, herd) here, possessions, property, treasure: instr. sg. ne wolde ... feorh-bealo fo þingian, would not allay life's evil for treasure (tribute), 156; similarly, þ fhðe fo þingode, 470; ic þ þ fhðe fo lanige, 1381.

ge-feohan, ge-fon, st. v. w. gen. and instr., to enjoy one's self, to rejoice at something: a) w. gen.: pret. sg. ne gefeah h þre fhðe, 109; hilde gefeh, beado-weorces, 2299; pl. fylle gefgon, enjoyed themselves at the bounteous repast, 1015; þodnes gefgon, rejoiced at (the return of) the ruler, 1628.—b) w. instr.: niht-weorce gefeh, ellen-mrðum, 828; secg weorce gefeh, 1570; slce gefeah, mægen-byrðenne þra þe h him mid hæfde, rejoiced at the gift of the sea, and at the great burden of that (Grendel's head and the sword-hilt) which he had with him, 1625.

feoh-gift, -gyft, st. f., bestowing of gifts or treasures: gen. sg. þre feoh-gyfte, 1026; dat. pl. æt feohgyftum, 1090; fromum feohgiftum, with rich gifts, 21.

feoh-las, adj., that cannot be atoned for through gifts: nom. sg. þæt wæs feoh-las gefeoht, a deed of arms that cannot be expiated (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442.

ge-feoht, st. n., combat; warlike deed: nom. sg. (the killing of his brother by Hæðcyn), 2442; dat. sg. mce þone þn fader t gefeohte bær, the sword which thy father bore to the combat, 2049.

ge-feohtan, st. v., to fight: inf. w. acc. ne mehte ... wg Hengeste wiht gefeohtan (could by no means offer Hengest battle), 1084.

feohte, w. f., combat: acc. sg. feohtan, 576, 960. See were-fyhte.

feor, adj., far, remote: nom. sg. nis þæt feor heonon, 1362; næs him feor þanon t gescanne sinces bryttan, 1922; acc. sg. feor eal (all that is far, past), 1702.

feor, adv., far, far away: a) of space, 42, 109, 809, 1806, 1917; feor and (oððe) nah, far and (or) near, 1222, 2871; feorr, 2267.—b) of time: g feor hafað fhðe gestled (has placed us under her enmity henceforth), 1341.

Comparative, fyr, feorr, and feor: fyr and fæstor, 143; fyr, 252; feorr, 1989; feor, 542.

feor-bend, pt., dwelling far away: nom. pl. g feor-bend, 254.

feor-cyð, st. f., home of those living far away, distant land: nom, pl. feor-cyððe boð slran geshte þm þe him selfa dah, foreign lands are better sought by him who trusts to his own ability, 1839.

feorh, ferh (Goth. fairhvu-s, world), st. m. and n., life, principle of life, soul: nom. sg. feorh, 2124; n þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flsce bewunden, not for much longer was the soul of the prince enveloped in the body (he was near death), 2425; ferh ellen wræc, life expelled the strength (i.e. with the departing life the strength disappeared also), 2707; acc. sg. feorh ealgian, 797, 2656, 2669; feorh gehealdan, preserve his life, 2857; feorh legde, gave up his life, 852; similarly, r h feorh seleð, 1371; feorh oðferede, tore away her life, 2142; oð þæt he forlddan t þm lindplegan swse gesðas ond hyra sylfra feorh, till in an evil hour they carried into battle their dear companions and their lives (i.e. led them to their death), 2041; gif þ þn feorh hafast, 1850; ymb feorh sacan (to fight for life), 439; wæs in feorh dropen, was wounded into his life, i.e. mortally, 2982; wdan feorh, as temporal acc., through a wide life, i.e. always, 2015; dat. sg. fore, 1294, 1549; t wdan feore, for a wide life, i.e. at all times, 934; on sw geongum feore (at a so youthful age), 1844; as instr., 578, 3014; gen. sg. fores, 1434, 1943; dat. pl. bton ... feorum gumena, 73; fronda forum, 1307.—Also, body, corpse: þ wæs heal hroden fonda forum (the hall was covered with the slain of the enemy), 1153; gehwearf þ in Francna fæðm feorh cyninges, then the body of the king (Hygelc) fell into the power of the Franks, 1211. —Comp. geogoð-feorh.

feorh-bana, w. m., (life-slayer), man-slayer, murderer: dat. sg. feorh-bonan, 2466.

feorh-ben, st. f., wound that takes away life, mortal wound: dat. (instr.) pl. feorh-bennum soc, 2741.

feorh-bealu, st. n., evil destroying life, violent death: nom. sg., 2078, 2251, 2538; acc. sg., 156.

feorh-cyn, st. n., race of the living, mankind: gen. pl. fela feorh-cynna, 2267.

feorh-genðla, w. m., he who seeks life, life's enemy (N.H.G. Tod-feind), mortal enemy: acc. sg. -genðlan, 1541; dat. sg. -genðlan, 970; acc. sg. brgd feorh-genðlan, 1541; acc. pl. folgode feorh-genðlan, (Ongenþow) pursued his mortal enemies, 2934.

feorh-lagu, st. f., the life allotted to anyone, life determined by fate: acc. sg. on mðma hord mine (mnne, MS.) bebohte frde feorh-lege, for the treasure-hoard I sold my old life, 2801.

feorh-lst, st. m., trace of (vanishing) life, sign of death : acc. pl. feorh-lstas bær, 847.

feorh-soc, adj., mortally wounded: nom. sg., 821.

feorh-sweng, st. m., (stroke robbing of life), fatal blow: acc. sg., 2490.

feorh-wund, st. f., mortal wound, fatal injury: acc. sg. feorh-wunde hlat, 2386.

feorm, st. f., subsistence, entertainment: acc. sg. n þ ymb mnes ne þearft lces feorme leng sorgian, thou needest no longer have care for the sustenance of my body, 451.—2) banquet: dat. on feorme (or feorme, MS.), 2386.

feormend-las, adj., wanting the. cleanser: acc. pl. geseah ... fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lase, 2762.

feormian, w. v., to clean, to cleanse, to polish: pres. part. nom pl. feormiend swefað (feormynd, MS.), 2257.

ge-feormian, w. v., to feast, to eat; pret. part. sna hæfde unlyfigendes eal gefeormod ft and folma, 745.

feorran, w. v., w. acc., to remove: inf. sibbe ne wolde wið manna hwone mægenes Deniga feorh-bealo feorran, fo þingian, (Grendel) would not from friendship free any one of the men of the Danes of life's evil, nor allay it for tribute, 156.

feorran, adv., from afar: a) of space, 361, 430, 826, 1371, 1820, etc.; siððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flam owerne, when noble men afar learn of your flight (when the news of your flight reaches distant lands), 2890; frdon folctogan feorran and nan, from far and from near, 840; similarly, nan and feorran þ n [friðu] hafast, 1175; wæs þæs wyrmes wg wde gesyne ... nan and feorran, visible from afar, far and near, 2318.—b) temporal: s þe cðe frumsceaft fra feorran reccan (since remote antiquity), 91; similarly, feorran rehte, 2107.

feorran-cund, adj., foreign-born: dat. sg. feorran-cundum, 1796.

feor-weg, st. m., far way: dat. pl. mdma fela of feorwegum, many precious things from distant paths (from foreign lands), 37.

ge-fon. See feohan.

fond, st. m., enemy: nom. sg., 164, 726, 749; fond on helle (Grendel), 101; acc. sg., 279, 1865, 2707; dat. sg. fonde, 143, 439; gen. sg. fondes, 985, 2129, 2290; acc, pl. fond, 699; dat. pl. fondum, 420, 1670; gen. pl. feonda 294, 809, 904.

fond-grp, st. f., foe's clutch: dat. (instr.) pl. fond-grpum fæst, 637.

fond-sceaða, w. m., one who is an enemy and a robber: nom. sg. fh fond-scaða (a hostile sea-monster), 554.

fond-scipe, st. m., hostility: nom. sg., 3000.

fower, num., four: nom. fower bearn, 59; fower maras, 2164; fower, as substantive, 1638; acc. fower mðmas, 1028.

fower-tyne, num., fourteen: nom. with following gen. pl. fowertyne Gata, 1642.

findan, st. v., to find, to invent, to attain: a) with simple object in acc.: inf. þra þe h cnoste findan mihte, 207; swylce he at Finnes-hm findan meahton sigla searo-gimma, 1157; similarly, 2871; mæg þr fela fronda findan, 1839; wolde guman findan, 2295; sw hyt weorðlcost fore-snotre men findan mihton, so splendidly as only very wise men could devise it, 3164; pret. sg. healþegnas fand, 720; word ðer fand, found other words, i.e. went on to another narrative, 871; grimne gryrelcne grund-hyrde fond, 2137; þæt ic gdne funde baga bryttan, 1487; pret. part. syððan rest wearð fasceaft funden (discovered), 7.—b) with acc. and pred. adj.: pret. sg. dryhten snne drorigne fand, 2790.—c) with acc. and inf.: pret. fand þ þr inne æðelinga gedriht swefan, 118; fand wæccendne wer wges bdan, 1268; hord-wynne fond opene standan, 2271; oð þæt h fyrgen-bamas ... hleonian funde, 1416; pret. pl. fundon þ swullasne hlim-bed healdan, 3034.—d) with dependent clause: inf. n þy r fasceafte findan meahton æt þm æðelinge þæt h Heardrde hlford wre (could by no means obtain it from the prince), 2374.

on-findan, to be sensible of, to perceive, to notice: a) w. acc.: pret. sg. landweard onfand eftsð eorla, the coast-guard observed the return of the earls, 1892; pret. part. þ ho onfunden wæs (was discovered), 1294.—b) w. depend, clause: pret. sg. þ se gist onfand þæt se beado-loma btan nolde, the stranger (Bowulf) perceived that the sword would not cut, 1523; sna þæt onfunde, þæt ..., immediately perceived that..., 751; similarly, 810, 1498.

finger, st. m., finger: nom. pl. fingras, 761; acc. pl. fingras, 985; dat. (instr.) pl. fingrum, 1506; gen. pl. fingra, 765.

fras, fyras (O.H.G. firah, i.e. the living; cf. feorh), st. m., only in pl., men: gen. pl. fra, 91, 2742; monegum fra, 2002; fyra gehwylcne loda mnra, 2251; fra fyrngeweorc, 2287.

firen, fyren, st. f., cunning waylaying, insidious hostility, malice, outrage: nom. sg. fyren, 916; acc. sg. fyrene and fhðe, 153; fhðe and fyrene, 880, 2481; firen' ondrysne, 1933; dat. sg. fore fhðe and fyrene, 137; gen. pl. fyrena, 164, 629; and fyrene, 812; fyrena hyrde (of Grendel), 751. The dat. pl., fyrenum, is used adverbially in the sense of maliciously, 1745, or fallaciously, with reference to Hæðcyn's killing Herebeald, which was done unintentionally, 2442.

firen-dd, st. f., wicked deed: acc. pl. fyren-dda, 1670; instr. pl. fyren-ddum, 1002; both times of Grendel and his mother, with reference to their nocturnal inroads.

firen-þearf, st. f., misery through the malignity of enemies: acc. sg. fyren-þearfe, 14.

firgen-bam, st. m., tree of a mountain-forest: acc. pl. fyrgen-bamas, 1415.

firgen-holt, st. m., mountain-wood, mountain-forest: acc. sg. on fyrgen-holt, 1394.

firgen-stram, st. m., mountain-stream: nom. sg. fyrgen-stram, 1360; acc. sg. under fyrgen-stram (marks the place where the mountain-stream, according to 1360, empties into Grendel's sea), 2129.

fisc, st. m., fish: in comp. hron-, mere-fisc.

ff, num., five: uninflect. gen. ff nihta fyrst, 545; acc. ffe (?), 420.

ffel-cyn (O.N. ffl, stultus and gigas), st. n., giant-race: gen. sg. ffelcynnes eard, 104.

ff-tyne, num., fifteen: acc. fyftyne, 1583; gen. fftyna sum, 207.

ff-tig, num., fifty: 1) as substantive with gen. following; acc. fftig wintra, 2734; gen. s wæs fftiges ft-gemearces lang, 3043.—2) as adjective: acc. fftig wintru, 2210.

fln, st. m., arrow: dat. sg. flne, 3120; as instr., 2439.

fln-boga, w. m., bow which shoots the fln, bow: dat. sg. of fln-bogan, 1434, 1745.

flsc, st. n., flesh, body in contrast with soul: instr. sg. n þon lange wæs feorh æðelinges flsce bewunden, not much longer was the son of the prince contained in his body, 2425.

flsc-hama, w. m., clothing of flesh, i.e. the body: acc. sg. flsc-homan, 1569.

flet, st. n.: 1) ground, floor of a hall: acc. sg. ho on flet gebah, fell to the ground, 1541; similarly, 1569.—2) hall, mansion: nom. sg. 1977; acc. sg. flet, 1037, 1648, 1950, 2018, etc.; flett, 2035; þæt he him ðer flet eal gerymdon, that they should give up entirely to them another hall, 1087; dat. sg. on flette, 1026.

flet-ræst, st. f., resting-place in the hall: acc. sg. flet-ræste gebag, reclined upon the couch in the hall, 1242.

flet-sittend, pres. part., sitting in the hall: acc. pl -sittende, 2023; dat. pl. -sittendum, 1789.

flet-werod, st. n., troop from the hall: nom. sg., 476.

flam, st. m., flight: acc. sg. on flam gewand, had turned to flight, 1002; flam owerne, 2890.

flogan, st. v., to fly: prs. sg. III. flogeð, 2274.

flon, st. v., to flee: inf. on heolster flon, 756; flon on fenhopu, 765; flon under fen-hleoðu, 821; pret. hete-swengeas flah, 2226.

be-flon, w. acc., to avoid, to escape: gerund n þæt yðe byð t beflonne, that is not easy (i.e. not at all) to be avoided, 1004.

ofer-flon, w. acc., to flee from one, to yield: inf. nelle ic beorges weard oferflon ftes trem, will not yield to the warder of the mountain (the drake) a foot's breadth, 2526.

flotan, st. v., to float upon the water, to swim: inf. n h wiht fram m fld-yðum feor flotan meahte. hraðor on helme, no whit, could he swim from me farther on the waves (regarded as instrumental, so that the waves marked the distance), more swiftly in the sea, 542; pret. sgenga flat fmigheals forð ofer yðe, floated away over the waves, 1910.

fliht. See flyht.

flitme. See un-flitme.

fltan, st. v., to exert one's self, to strive, to emulate: pres. part. fltende fealwe strte marum mton (rode a race), 917; pret. sg. II. eart þ se Bowulf, s þe wið Brecan ... ymb sund flite, art thou the Bowulf who once contended with Breca for the prize in swimming? 507.

ofer-fltan, to surpass one in a contest, to conquer, to overcome: pret. w. acc. h þ æt sunde oferflt (overcome thee in a swimming-wager), 517.

ge-flt, st. n., emulation: acc. sg. lton on geflt faran fealwe maras, let the fallow horses go in emulation, 866.

floga, w. m., flyer; in the compounds: gð-, lyft-, ht-, wid-floga.

flota (see flotan), w. m., float, ship, boat: nom. sg., 210, 218, 301; acc. sg. flotan owerne, 294.—Comp. wg-flota.

flot-here, st. m., fleet: instr. sg. cwm faran flotherge on Frsna land, 2916.

fld, st. m., flood, stream, sea-current: nom. sg., 545, 580, 1362, etc.; acc. sg. fld, 3134; ofer fealone fld, 1951; dat. sg. t flde, 1889; gen. pl. flda begong, the region of floods, i.e. the sea, 1498, 1827; flda genipu, 2809.

fld-yð, st. f., flood-wave: instr. pl. fld-yðum, 542.

flr, st. m., floor, stone-floor: acc. sg. on fgne flr (the floor was probably a kind of mosaic, made of colored flags), 726; dat. sg. gang þ æfter flre, along the floor (i.e. along the hall), 1317.

flyht, fliht, st. m., flight: nom. sg. gres fliht, flight of the spear, 1766.

ge-flyman, w. v., to put to flight: pret. part. geflymed, 847, 1371.

folc, st. n., troop, band of warriors; folk, in the sense of the whole body of the fighting men of a nation: acc. sg. folc, 522, 694, 912; Sðdene folc, 464; folc and rce, 1180; dat. sg. folce, 14, 2596; folce Deninga, 465; as instr. folce gestepte ofer s sde, went with a band of warriors over the wide sea, 2394; gen. sg. folces, 1125; folces Denigea, 1583.—The king is called folces hyrde, 611, 1833, 2645, 2982; frawine folces, 2358; or folces weard, 2514. The queen, folces cwn, 1933.—The pl., in the sense of warriors, fighting men: nom. pl. folc, 1423, 2949; dat. pl. folcum, 55, 262, 1856; gen. pl. fro- (fra-) wine folca, of the king, 430, 2430; friðu-sibb folca, of the queen, 2018.—Comp. sige-folc.

folc-gend, pres. part., leader of a band of warriors: nom. pl. folc-gende, 3114.

folc-beorn, st. m., man of the multitude, a common man: nom. sg. folc-beorn, 2222.

folc-cwn, st. f., queen of a warlike host: nom. sg., of Wealhþow, 642.

folc-cyning, st. m., king of a warlike host: nom. sg., 2734, 2874.

folc-rd, st. m, what best serves a warlike host: acc. sg., 3007.

folc-riht, st. n., the rights of the fighting men of a nation: gen. pl. him r forgeaf ... folcrihta gehwylc, sw his fæder hte, 2609.

folc-scearu, st. f., part of a host of warriors, nation: dat. sg. folc-scare, 73.

folc-stede, st. m., position of a band of warriors, place where a band of warriors is quartered: acc. sg. folcstede, of the hall, Heorot, 76; folcstede fra (the battle-field), 1464.

folc-toga, w. m., leader of a body of warriors, duke: nom. pl., powerful liege-men of Hrðgr are called folc-togan, 840.

fold-bold, st. n., earth-house (i.e. a house on earth in contrast with a dwelling in heaven): nom. sg. fger fold-bold, of the hall, Heorot, 774.

fold-bend, pres. part. dweller on earth, man: nom. pl. fold-bend, 2275; fold-bende, 1356; dat. pl. fold-bendum, 309.

folde, w. f., earth, ground: acc. sg. under foldan, 1362; foll on foldan, 2976; gen. sg. foldan bearm, the bosom of the earth, 1138; foldan scatas, 96; foldan fæðm, 1394.—Also, earth, world: dat. sg. on foldan, 1197.

fold-weg, st. m., field-way, road through the country: acc. sg. fold-weg, 1634; acc. pl. fold-wegas, 867.

folgian, w. v.: 1) to perform vassal-duty, to serve, to follow: pret. pl. þah he hira baggyfan banan folgedon, although they followed the murderer of their prince, 1103.—2) to pursue, to follow after: folgode feorh-genðlan (acc. pl.) 2934.

folm, st. f, hand: acc. sg. folme, 971, 1304; dat. sg. mid folme, 743; acc. pl. ft and folma, feet and hands, 746; dat. pl. t banan folmum, 158; folmum (instr.), 723, 993.—Comp.: beado-, gearo-folm.

for, prep. w. dat., instr., and acc.: 1) w. dat. local, before, ante: þæt h for eaxlum gestd Deniga fran, 358; for hlwe, 1121.—b) before, coram, in conspectu: no h þre feohgyfte for scotendum scamigan þorfte, had no need to be ashamed of the gift before the warriors, 1027; for þm werede, 1216; for eorlum, 1650; for duguðe, before the noble band of warriors, 2021.—Causal, a) to denote a subjective motive, on account of, through, from: for wlenco, from bravery, through warlike courage, 338, 1207; for wlence, 508; for his wonhydum, 434; for onmdlan, 2927, etc.—b) objective, partly denoting a cause, through, from, by reason of: for metode, for the creator, on account of the creator, 169; for þranydum, 833; for þrandlan, 2225; for dolgilpe, on account of, in accordance with the promise of bold deeds (because you claimed bold deeds for yourself), 509; him for hrfsele hrnan ne mehte fr-gripe fldes, on account of the roofed hall the malicious grasp of the flood could not reach him, 1516; lg-egesan wæg for horde, on account of (the robbing of) the treasure, 2782; for mundgripe mnum, on account of, through the gripe of my hand, 966; for þæs hildfruman hondgeweorce, 2836; for swenge, through the stroke, 2967; ne meahte ... dop gedygan for dracan lge, could not hold out in the deep on account of the heat of the drake, 2550. Here may be added such passages as ic þm gdan sceal for his mdþræce mðmas bodan, will offer him treasures on account of his boldness of character, for his high courage, 385; ful-oft for lssan lan teohhode, gave often reward for what was inferior, 952; nalles for ealdre mearn, was not uneasy about his life, 1443; similarly, 1538. Also denoting purpose: for rstafum, to the assistance, 382, 458.—2) w. instr. causal, because of, for: h hine feor forwræc for þy mane, 110.—3) w. acc., for, as, instead of: for sunu frogan, love as a son, 948; for sunu habban, 1176; n him þæs wyrmes wg for wiht dyde, held the drake's fighting as nothing, 2349.

foran, adv., before, among the first, forward: siððan ... scawedon fondes fingras, foran ghwylc (each before himself), 985; þæt wæs n foran ealdgestrona, that was one among the first of the old treasures, i.e. a splendid old treasure, 1459; þ him foran ongan linde bron, bore their shields forward against him (went out to fight against him), 2365.

be-foran: 1) adv., local, before: h ... beforan gengde, went before, 1413; temporal, before, earlier, 2498.—2) prep. w. acc. before, in conspectu: mre mððum-sweord manige geswon beforan beorn beran, 1025.

ford, st. m., ford, water-way: acc. sg. ymb brontne ford, 568.

forð: 1) local, forth, hither, near: forð near ætstp, approached nearer, 746; þ cwm Wealhþo forð gn, 1163; similarly, 613; him seleþegn forð wsade, led him (Bowulf) forth (to the couch that had been prepared for him in Heorot), 1796; þæt him swt sprong forð under fexe, forth under the hair of his head, 2968. Forward, further: gewtað forð beran wpen and gewdu, 291; h t forð gestp, 2290; freoðo-wong þone forð oferodon, 2960. Away, forth, 45, 904; fyrst forð gewt, the time (of the way to the ship) was out, i.e. they had arrived at the ship, 210; m ... forð-gewitenum, to me the departed, 1480; frdon forð, went forth (from Grendel's sea), 1633; þonne h forð scile, when he must (go) forth, i.e. die, 3178; hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, carried him forth, over all men, 1719.—2) temporal, forth, from now on: heald forð tela nwe sibbe, 949; ic sceal forð sprecan gn ymbe Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2070. See furðum and furðor.

forð-germed, pres. part., in unbroken succession, 59.

forð-gesceaft, st. f., that which is determined for farther on, future destiny: acc. sg. h þ forð-gesceaft forgyteð and forgymeð, 1751.

forð-weg, st. m., road that leads away, journey: h of ealdre gewt frd on forð-weg (upon the way to the next world), 2626.

fore, prep. w. dat., local, before, coram, in conspectu: ho fore þm werede spræc, 1216. Causal, through, for, because of: n mearn fore fhðe and fyrene, 136; fore fæder ddum, because of the father's deeds, 2060,—Allied to this is the meaning, about, de, super: þr wæs sang and swg samod ætgædere fore Healfdenes hildewsan, song and music about Healfdene's general (the song of Hnæf), 1065.

fore-mre, adj., renowned beyond (others), prclarus: superl. þæt wæs fore-mrost foldbendum receda under roderum, 309.

fore-mihtig, adj., able beyond (others), prpotens: nom. sg. wæs t foremihtig fond on fðe, the enemy was too strong in going (could flee too rapidly), 970.

fore-snotor, adj., wise beyond (others), sapientissimus: nom. pl. foresnotre men, 3164.

fore-þanc, st. m., forethought, consideration, deliberation: nom. sg., 1061.

forht, adj., fearful, cowardly: nom. sg. forht, 2968; h on mde wearð forht on ferhðe, 755.—Comp. unforht.

forma, adj., foremost, first: nom. sg. forma sð (the first time), 717, 1464, 1528, 2626; instr. sg. forman sðe, 741, 2287; forman dgore, 2574.

fyrmest, adv. superl., first of all, in the first place: h fyrmest læg, 2078.

forst, st. m., frost, cold: gen. sg. forstes bend, 1610.

for-þm, for-þan, for-þon, adv. and conj., therefore, on that account, then: forþm, 149; forþan, 418, 680, 1060; forþon þe, because, 503.

fn, st. v., to catch, to grasp, to take hold, to take: prs. sg. III. fhð ðer t, another lays hold (takes possession), 1756; inf. ic mid grpe sceal fn wið fonde, 439; pret. sg. him tganes fng, caught at him, grasped at him, 1543; w. dat. h þm frætwum fng, received the rich adornments (Ongenþow's equipment), 2990.

be-fn, to surround, to ensnare, to encompass, to embrace: pret. part. hyne sr hafað ... nearwe befongen balwon bendum, 977; ho æðelinga nne hæfde fæste befangen (had seized him firmly), 1296; helm ... befongen frawrsnum (encircled by an ornament like a diadem), 1452; fenne bifongen, surrounded by the fen, 2010; (draca) fyre befongen, encircled by fire, 2275, 2596; hæfde landwara lge befangen, encompassed by fire, 2322.

ge-fn, w. acc., to seize, to grasp: pret. h gefng slpendne rinc, 741; gðrinc gefng atolan clommum, 1502; gefng þ be eaxle ... Gðgata lod Grendles mdor, 1538; gefng þ fetelhilt, 1564; hond rond gefng, geolwe linde, 2610; ic on ofoste gefng micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne, hastily I seized with my hands the enormous burden, 3091.

on-fn, w. dat., to receive, to accept, to take: pres. imp. sg. onfh þissum fulle, accept this cup, 1170; inf. þæt þæt þodnes bearn ... scolde fæder-æðelum onfn, receive the paternal rank, 912; pret. sg. hw þm hlæste onfng, who received the ship's lading, 52; hlor-bolster onfng eorles andwlitan, the pillow received the nobleman's face, 689; similarly, 853, 1495; heal swge onfng, the hall received the loud noise, 1215; h onfng hraðe inwit-þancum, he (Bowulf) at once clutched him (Grendel) devising malice, 749.

þurh-fn, w. acc., to break through with grasping, to destroy by grasping: inf. þæt ho þone fyrd-hom þurh-fn ne mihte, 1505.

wið-fn, w. dat., (to grasp at), to seize, to lay hold of: pret. sg. him fæste wið-fng, 761.

ymbe-fn, w. acc., to encircle: pret. heals ealne ymbefng biteran bnum, encircled his (Bowulf's) whole neck with sharp bones (teeth), 2692.

ft, st. m., foot: gen. sg. ftes trem (the measure of a foot, a foot broad), 2526; acc. pl. ft, 746; dat. pl. æt ftum, at the feet, 500, 1167.

ft-gemearc, st. n., measure, determining by feet, number of feet: gen. sg. s wæs fftiges ftgemearces lang (fifty feet long), 3043.

ft-lst, st. m., foot-print: acc. sg. (draca) onfand fondes ft-lst, 2290.

fracod, adj., objectionable, useless. nom. sg. næs so ecg fracod hilde-rince, 1576.

fram, from, I. prep. w. dat. loc. away from something: þr fram sylle bag medubenc monig, 776, 1716; þanon eft gewiton ealdgesðas ... fram mere, 856; cyning-balde men from þm holmclife hafelan bron, 1636; similarly, 541, 543, 2367. Standing after the dat.: h hine feor forwræc ... mancynne fram, 110; similarly, 1716. Also, hither from something: þ ic cwm ... from fondum, 420; ghwæðrum wæs ... brga fram ðrum, 2566.—Causal with verbs of saying and hearing, of, about, concerning: sægdest from his sðe, 532; n ic wiht fram þ swylcra searo-nða secgan hyrde, 581; þæt h fram Sigemunde secgan hyrde, 876. II adv., away, thence: n þy r fram meahte, 755; forth, out: from rest cwm oruð glcean t of stne, the breath of the dragon came forth first from the rock 2557.

fram, from, adj.: 1) directed forwards, striving forwards; in comp. sð-fram.—2) excellent, splendid, of a man with reference to his warlike qualities: nom. sg. ic eom on mde from, 2528; nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477. Of things: instr. pl. fromum feoh-giftum, 21.—Comp. un-from; see freme, forma.

ge-frægen. See frignan.

frætwe, st. f. pl., ornament, anything costly, originally carved objects (cf. Dietrich in Hpts. Ztschr. X. 216 ff.), afterwards of any costly and artistic work: acc. pl. frætwe, 2920; beorhte frætwe, 214; beorhte frætwa, 897; frætwe.. eorclan-stnas, 1208; frætwe,... brost-weorðunge, 2504, both times of Hygelc's collar; frætwe and fæt-gold, 1922; frætwe (Eanmund's sword and armor), 2621; dat. instr. pl. þm frætwum, 2164; on frætewum, 963; frætwum (Heaðobeard sword) hrmig, 2055; frætwum, of the drake's treasures, 2785; frætwum (Ongenþow's armor), 2990; gen. pl. fela ... frætwa, 37; þra frætwa (drake's treasure), 2795; frætwa hyrde (drake), 3134.

frætwan, w. v., to supply with ornaments, to adorn: inf. folc-stede frætwan, 76.

ge-frætwian, w. v., to adorn: pret. sg. gefrætwade foldan scatas leomum and lafum, 96; pret. part. þ wæs hten Heort innanweard folmum gefrætwod, 993.

ge-frge, adj., known by reputation, renowned: nom. sg. lod-cyning ... folcum gefrge, 55; sw hyt gefrge wæs, 2481.

ge-frge, st. n., information through hearsay: instr. sg. mine gefrge (as I learned through the narrative of others), 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ge-frgnian, w. v., to become known through hearsay: pret. part. fylle gefrgnod (of Grendel's mother, who had become known through the carrying off of Æschere), 1334?

freca, w. m., properly a wolf, as one that breaks in, robs; here a designation of heroes: nom. sg. freca Scildinga, of Bowulf, 1564.—Comp.: gð-, hilde-, scyld-, sweord-, wg-freca; ferð-frec (adj.).

fremde, adj., properly distant, foreign; then estranged, hostile: nom sg. þæt wæs fremde þod cean dryhtne, of the giants, 1692.

freme, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. fem. fremu folces cwn, of Þryðo, 1933(?).

fremman, w. v., to press forward, to further, hence: 1) in general, to perform, to accomplish, to do, to make: pres. subj. without an object, fremme s þe wille, let him do (it) whoever will, 1004. With acc.: imp. pl. fremmað g n loda þearfe, 2801; inf. fyrene fremman, 101; sæcce fremman, 2500; fhðe ... mrðum fremman, 2515, etc.; pret. sg. folcrd fremede (did what was best for his men, i.e. ruled wisely), 3007; pl. h þ æðelingas ellen fremedon, 3; feohtan fremedon, 960; nalles fcenstafas ... þenden fremedon, 1020; pret. subj. þæt ic ... mrðo fremede, 2135. —2) to help on, to support: inf. þæt h mec fremman wile wordum and worcum (to an expedition), 1833.

ge-fremman, w. acc., to do, to make, to render: inf. gefremman eorlc ellen, 637; helpan gefremman, to give help, 2450; æfter waspelle wyrpe gefremman, to work a change after sorrow (to give joy after sorrow), 1316; gerund, t gefremmanne, 174, 2645; pret. sg. gefremede, 135, 165, 551, 585, etc.; þah þe hine mihtig god ... ofer ealle men forð gefremede, placed him away, above all men, i.e. raised him, 1719; pret. pl. gefremedon, 1188, 2479; pret. subj. gefremede, 177; pret. part. gefremed, 476; fem, n scealc hafað ... dd gefremede, 941; absolutely, þ þ self hafast ddum gefremed, þæt ..., hast brought it about by thy deeds that, 955.

fretan, st. v., to devour, to consume: inf. þ (the precious things) sceal brond fretan, 3015; n sceal gld fretan wigena strengel, 3115; pret. sg. (Grendel) slpende fræt folces Denigea fyftyne men, 1582.

frcne, adj., dangerous, bold: nom. sg. frcne fyr-draca, 2690; feorh-bealo frcne, 2251, 2538; acc. sg. frcne dde, 890; frcne fengeld, 1360; frcne stwe, 1379; instr. sg. frcnan sprce (through provoking words), 1105.

frcne, adv., boldly, audaciously, 960, 1033, 1692.

fra, w. m., ruler, lord, of a temporal ruler: nom. sg. fra, 2286; acc. sg. fran, 351, 1320, 2538, 3003, 3108; gen. sg. fran, 359, 500, 1167, 1681; dat. sg. fran, 271, 291, 2663. Of a husband: dat. sg. ode ... t hire fran sittan, 642. Of God: dat. sg. fran ealles, the Lord of all, 2795; gen. sg. fran, 27.— Comp.: gend-, lf-, sin-fra.

fra-dryhten, st. m., lord, ruling lord: gen. sg. fra-drihtnes, 797.

fra-wine, st. m., lord and friend, friendly ruler: nom. sg. fra-wine folces (folca), 2358, 2430; acc. sg. his fra-wine, 2439.

fra-wrsn, st. f., encircling ornament like a diadem: instr. pl. helm ... befongen frawrsnum, 1452; see wrsn.

freoðu, friðu, f., protection, asylum, peace: acc. sg. wl bið þm þe mt ... t fæder fæðmum freoðo wilnian, who may obtain an asylum in God's arms, 188; nan and feorran þ n [friðu] hafast, 1175.—Comp. fen-freoðo.

freoðo-burh, st. f., castle, city affording protection: acc. sg. freoðoburh fægere, 522.

freoðo-wong, st. m., field of peace, field of protection: acc. sg., 2960; seems to have been the proper name of a field.

freoðo-wr, st. f., peace-alliance, security of peace: acc. sg. þ he getruwedon on tw healfa fæste frioðu-wre, 1097; gen. sg. frioðowre bæd hlford snne, entreated his lord for the protection of peace (i.e. full pardon for his delinquency), 2283.

freoðo-webbe, w. f., peace-weaver, designation of the royal consort (often one given in marriage as a confirmation of a peace between two nations): nom. sg., 1943.

fro-burh, st. f., = fra-burg (?), ruler's castle (?) (according to Grein, arx ingenua): acc. sg. froburh, 694.

frod, st. f., friendship: acc. sg. frode ne woldon ofer heafo healdan, 2477; gen. sg. næs þr mra fyrst frode t friclan, was no longer time to seek for friendship, 2557; —favor, acknowledgement: acc. sg. ic þ sceal mne gelstan frode (will show myself grateful, with reference to 1381 ff.), 1708.

fro-dryhten (= fra-dryhten), st. m., lord, ruler; according to Grein, dominus ingenuus vel nobilis: nom. sg. as voc. fro-drihten min! 1170; dat. sg. mid his fro-dryhtne, 2628.

frogan, w. v., to love; to think of lovingly: pres. subj. þæt mon his wine-dryhten ... ferhðum froge, 3178; inf. n ic þec ... m for sunu wylle frogan on ferhðe, 949.

fro-lc, adj., free, free-born (here of the lawful wife in contrast with the bond concubine): nom. sg. frolc wf, 616; frolcu folc-cwn, 642.

frond, st. m., friend: acc. sg. frond, 1386, 1865; dat. pl. frondum, 916, 1019, 1127; gen. pl. fronda, 1307, 1839.

frond-laðu, st. f., friendly invitation: nom. sg. him wæs ful boren and frond-laðu (friendly invitation to drink) wordum bewægned, 1193.

frond-lr, st. f., friendly counsel: dat. (instr.) pl. frond-lrum, 2378.

frond-lce, adv., in a friendly manner, kindly: compar. frond-lcor, 1028.

frond-scipe, st. m., friendship: acc. sg. frond-scipe fæstne, 2070.

fro-wine, st. m. (see frawine), lord and friend, friendly ruler; according to Grein, amicus nobilis, princeps amicus: nom. sg. as voc. fro-wine folca! 430.

fricgean, w. v., to ask, to inquire into: inf. ongan snne geseldan fægre fricgean hwylce S-Gata sðas wron, 1986; pres. part, gomela Scilding fela fricgende feorran rehte, the old Scilding, asking many questions (having many things related to him), told of old times (the conversation was alternate), 2107.

ge-fricgean, to learn, to learn by inquiry: pres. pl. syððan he ge-fricgeað fran serne ealdorlasne, when they learn that our lord is dead, 3003; pres. subj. gif ic þæt gefricge, þæt..., 1827; pl. syððan æðelingas feorran gefricgean flam owerne, 2890.

friclan (see freca), w. v. w. gen., to seek, to desire, to strive for: inf. næs þr mra fyrst frode t friclan, 2557.

friðo-sib, st. f., kin for the confirming of peace, designation of the queen (see freoðo—webbe), peace-bringer: nom. sg. friðu-sibb folca, 2018.

frignan, fringan, frnan, st. v., to ask, to inquire: imp. ne frn þ æfter slum, ask not after the well-being! 1323; inf. ic þæs wine Deniga frnan wille ... ymb þnne sð, 351; pret. sg. frægn, 236, 332; frægn gif ..., asked whether ..., 1320.

ge-frignan, ge-fringan, ge-frnan, to find out by inquiry, to learn by narration. pret. sg. (w. acc.) þæt fram hm gefrægn Higelces þegn Grendles dda, 194; n ic gefrægn heardran feohtan, 575; (w. acc. and inf.) þ ic wde gefrægn weorc gebannan, 74; similarly, 2485, 2753, 2774; ne gefrægen ic þ mgðe mran weorode ymb hyra sincgyfan sl gebran, I never heard that any people, richer in warriors, conducted itself better about its chief, 1012; similarly, 1028; pret. pl. (w. acc.) w þodcyninga þrym gefrnon, 2; (w. acc. and inf.) geongne gðcyning gdne gefrnon hringas dlan, 1970; (parenthetical) sw guman gefrungon, 667, (after þonne) medo-ærn micel (greater) ... þone yldo bearn fre gefrnon, 70; pret. part. hæfde Higelces hilde gefrnen, 2953; hæfdon gefrnen þæt..., had learned that ..., 695; hæfde gefrnen hwanan so fhð rs, 2404; healsbaga mst þra þe ic on foldan gefrægen hæbbe, 1197.

from, See fram.

frd, adj.: 1) tate provectus, old, gray: nom. sg. frd, 2626, 2951; frd cyning, 1307, 2210; frd folces weard, 2514; wintrum frd, 1725, 2115, 2278; se frda, 2929; ac. sg. frde feorhlege (the laying down of my old life), 2801; dat. sg. frdan fyrnwitan (may also, from its meaning, belong under No. 2), 2124.—2) mente excellentior, intelligent, experienced, wise: nom. sg. frd, 1367; frd and gd, 279; on mde frd, 1845.—Comp.: in-, un-frd.

frfor, st. f., consolation, compensation, help: nom. sg. frfor, 2942; acc. sg. frfre, 7, 974; fyrena frfre, 629; frfre and fultum, 1274; frfor and fultum, 699; dat. sg. t frfre, 14, 1708; gen. sg. frfre, 185.

fruma (see forma), w. m., the foremost, hence: l) beginning: nom. sg. wæs se fruma egeslc lodum on lande, sw hyt lungre wearð on hyra sincgifan sre geendod (the beginning of the dragon-combat was terrible, its end distressing through the death of Bowulf), 2310.—2) he who stands first, prince; in comp. dd-, hild-, land-, lod-, ord-, wg-fruma.

frum-cyn, st. n., (genus primitivum), descent, origin: acc. sg. n ic ower sceal frumcyn witan, 252.

frum-gr, st. m., primipilus, duke, prince: dat. sg. frumgre (of Bowulf), 2857.

frum-sceaft, st. f., prima creatio, beginning: acc. sg. s þe cðe frumsceaft fra feorran reccan, who could tell of the beginning of mankind in old times, 91; dat. sg. frum-sceafte, in the beginning, i.e at his birth, 45.

fugol, st. m., bird: dat. sg. fugle gelcost, 218; dat. pl. [fuglum] t gamene, 2942.

ful, adj., full, filled: nom. sg. w. gen. pl. s wæs innan full wrtta and wra, 2413.—Comp.: eges-, sorh-, weorð-ful.

ful, adv., plene, very: ful oft, 480; ful-oft, 952.

ful, st. n., cup, beaker: nom. sg., 1193; acc. sg. ful, 616, 629, 1026; ofer yða ful, over the cup of the waves (the basin of the sea filled with waves), 1209; dat. sg. onfh þissum fulle, 1170.—Comp.: medo-, sele-full.

fullstian, w. v. w. dat, to give help: pres. sg. ic þ fullstu, 2669.

fultum, st. m., help, support, protection: acc. sg. frfor (frfre) and fultum, 699, 1274; mægenes fultum, 1836; on fultum, 2663.—Comp. mægen-fultum.

fundian, w. v., to strive, to have in view: pres. pl. w fundiað Higelc scan, 1820; pret. sg. fundode of geardum, 1138.

furðum, adv., primo, just, exactly; then first: þ ic furðum wold folce Deninga, then first governed the people of the Danes (had just assumed the government), 465; þ he t sele furðum ... gangan cwmon, 323; ic þr furðum cwm t þm hringsele, 2010;—before, previously: ic þ sceal mne gelstan frode, sw wit furðum sprcon, 1708.

furður, adv., further, forward, more distant, 254, 762, 3007.

fs, adj., inclined to, favorable, ready: nom. sg. n ic eom sðes fs, 1476; lofra manna fs, prepared for the dear men, i.e. expecting them, 1917; sigel sðan fs, the sun inclined from the south (midday sun), 1967; se wonna hrefn fs ofer fgum, eager over the slain, 3026; sceft ... feðer-gearwum fs, 3120; nom. pl. wron ... eft to lodum fse t farenne, 1806.—Sometimes fs means ready for death, moribundus: fs and fge, 1242.—Comp.: hin-, t-fs.

fs-lc, adj., prepared, ready: acc. sg. fs-lc f[yrd]-loð, 1425; fyrd-searo fs-lc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fs-lcu, 232.

fyl, st. m., fall: nom. sg. fyll cyninges, the fall of the king (in the dragon-fight), 2913; dat. sg. þæt h on fylle wearð, that he came to a fall, fell, 1545.—Comp. hr-fyl.

fylce (collective form from folc), st. n., troop, band of warriors: in comp. æl-fylce.

ge-fyllan (see feal), w. v., to fell, to slay in battle: inf. fne gefyllan, to slay the enemy, 2656; pret. pl. fond gefyldan, they had slain the enemy, 2707.

-fyllan (see ful), w. v., to fill: pret. part. Heorot innan wæs frondum fylled (was filled with trusted men), 1019.

fyllo, st. f. (plenty, abundant meal: dat. (instr.) sg. fylle gefrgnod, 1334; gen. sg. næs he þre fylle gefan hæfdon, 562; fylle gefgon, 1015.—Comp.: wæl-, wist-fyllo.

fyl-wrig, adj., weary enough to fall, faint to death, moribundus: acc. sg. fyl-wrigne, 963.

fyr. See feor.

fyrian, w. v. w. acc. (= ferian) to bear, to bring, carry: pret. pl. þ þe gif-sceattas Gata fyredon þyder t þance, 378.

fyras. See fras.

fyren. See firen.

fyrde, adj., movable, that can be moved.—Comp. hard-fyrde.—Leo.

fyrd-gestealla, w. m., comrade on an expedition, companion in battle: dat. pl. fyrd-gesteallum, 2874

fyrd-ham, st. m., war-dress, coat of mail: acc. sg. þone fyrd-hom, 1505.

fyrd-hrægl, st. n., coat of mail, war-dress: acc. sg. fyrd-hrægl, 1528.

fyrd-hwæt, adj., sharp, good in war, warlike: nom. pl. frome fyrd-hwate, 1642, 2477.

fyrd-loð, st. n., war-song, warlike music: acc. sg. horn stundum song fslc f[yrd]leoð, 1425.

fyrd-searu, st. n., equipment for an expedition: acc. sg. fyrd-searu fslc, 2619; acc. pl. fyrd-searu fslcu, 232.

fyrd-wyrðe, adj., of worth in war, excellent in battle: nom. sg. fyrd-wyrðe man (Bowulf), 1317.

ge-fyrðran (see forð), w. v., to bring forward, to further: pret. part. r wæs on ofoste, eftsðes georn, frætwum gefyrðred, he was hurried forward by the treasure (i.e. after he had gathered up the treasure, he hasted to return, so as to be able to show it to the mortally-wounded Bowulf), 2785.

fyrmest. See forma.

fyrn-dagas, st. m. pl., by-gone days: dat. pl. fyrndagum (in old times), 1452.

fyrn-geweorc, st. n., work, something done in old times: acc. sg. fra fyrn-geweorc (the drinking-cup mentioned in 2283, 2287.

fyrn-gewin, st. n., combat in ancient times: gen. sg. r fyrn-gewinnes (the origin of the battles of the giants), 1690.

fyrn-man, st. m., man of ancient times: gen. pl. fyrn-manna fatu, 2762.

fyrn-wita, w. m., counsellor ever since ancient times, adviser for many years: dat. sg. frdan fyrnwitan, of Æschere, 2124.

fyrst, st. m., portion of time, definite time, time: nom. sg. næs hit lengra fyrst, ac ymb ne niht ..., 134; fyrst forð gewt, the time (of going to the harbor) was past, 210; næs þr mra fyrst frode t friclan, 2556; acc. sg. niht-longne fyrst, 528; ff nihta fyrst, 545; instr. sg. þy fyrste, 2574; dat. sg. him on fyrste gelomp ..., within the fixed time, 76.

fyr-wit, -wet, -wyt, st. n., prying spirit, curiosity: nom. sg. fyrwyt, 232; fyrwet, 1986, 2785.

ge-fysan (fs), w. v., to make ready, to prepare: part. winde gefysed flota, the ship provided with wind (for the voyage), 217; (wyrm) fyre gefysed, provided with fire, 2310; þ wæs hringbogan (of the drake) heorte gefysed sæcce t sceanne, 2562; with gen., in answer to the question, for what? gðe gefysed, ready for battle, determined to fight, 631.

fyr, st. n., fire: nom. sg., 1367, 2702, 2882; dat. sg. fyre, 2220; as instr. fyre, 2275, 2596; gen. sg. fyres fæðm, 185; fyres feng, 1765.— Comp.: d-, bl-, heaðu-, wæl-fyr.

fyr-bend, st. m., band forged in fire: dat. pl. duru ... fyr-bendum fæst, 723.

fyr-draca, w. m., fire-drake, fire-spewing dragon: nom. sg., 2690.

fyr-heard, adj., hard through fire, hardened in fire: nom. pl. (eoforlc) fh and fyr-heard, 305.

fyr-loht, st. n., fire-light: acc. sg., 1517.

fyr-wylm, st. m., wave of fire, flame-wave: dat. pl. wyrm ... fyrwylmum fh, 2672.

G

galan, st. v., to sing, to sound: pres. sg. sorh-loð gæleð, 2461; inf. gryre-loð galan, 787; bearhtm ongeton, gðhorn galan, heard the clang, the battle-trumpet sound, 1433.

-galan, to sing, to sound: pret. sg. þæt hire on hafelan hringml gl grdig gðloð, that the sword caused a greedy battle-song to sound upon her head, 1522.

gamban, or, according to Bout., gambe, w. f., tribute, interest: acc. sg. gomban gyldan, 11.

gamen, st. n., social pleasure, rejoicing, joyous doings: nom. sg. gamen, 1161; gomen, 2460; gomen globames, the pleasure of the harp, 2264; acc. sg. gamen and glodram, 3022; dat. sg. gamene, 2942; gomene, 1776.—Comp. heal-gamen.

gamen-wð, st. f., way offering social enjoyment, journey in joyous society: dat. sg. of gomen-wðe, 855.

gamen-wudu, st. m., wood of social enjoyment, i.e. harp: nom. sg. þr wæs ... gomenwudu grted, 1066; acc. sg. gomenwudu grtte, 2109.

gamol, gomol, gomel, adj., old; of persons, having lived many years, gray: gamol, 58, 265; gomol, 3096; gomel, 2113, 2794; se gomela, 1398; gamela (gomela) Scylding, 1793, 2106; gomela, 2932; acc. sg. þone gomelan, 2422; dat. sg. gamelum rince, 1678; gomelum ceorle, 2445; þm gomelan, 2818; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe gomele, 1596.—Also, late, belonging to former time: gen. pl. gomelra lfe (legacy), 2037.—Of things, old, from old times: nom. sg. sweord ... gomol, 2683; acc. sg. gomele lfe, 2564; gomel swyrd, 2611; gamol is a more respectful word than eald.

gamol-feax, adj., with gray hair: nom. sg., 609.

gang, st. m.: 1) gait, way: dat. sg. on gange, 1885; gen. sg. ic hine ne mihte ... ganges ge-twman, could not keep him from going, 969.—2) step, foot-step: nom. sg. gang (the foot-print of the mother of Grendel), 1405; acc. sg. uton hraðe fran Grendles mgan gang scawigan, 1392.—Comp. in-gang.

be-gang, bi-gang, st. m., (so far as something goes), extent: acc. sg. ofer geofenes begang, over the extent of the sea, 362; ofer flda begang, 1827; under swegles begong, 861, 1774; flda begong, 1498; sioleða bigong, 2368.

gangan. See under gn.

ganot, st. m., diver, fulica marina: gen. sg. ofer ganotes bæð (i.e. the sea), 1862.

gd, st. n., lack: nom. sg. ne bið þ wilna gd (thou shalt have no lack of desirable [valuable] things), 661; similarly, 950.

gn, expanded = gangan, st. v., to go: pres. sg. III. gð Wyrd sw ho scel, 455; gð eft ... t medo, 605; þonne h ... on flett gð, 2035; similarly, 2055; pres. subj. III. sg. g þr h wille, let him go whither he will, 1395; imp. sg. II. g n t setle, 1783; n þ lungre geong, hord scawian, under hrne stn, 2744; inf. in gn, to go in, 386, 1645 'forð gn, to go forth, to go thither, 1164; þat he him t mihton gegnum gangan, to go towards, to go to, 314; t sele ... gangan cwmon, 324; in a similar construction, gongan, 1643; n g mton gangan ... Hrðgr geson, 395; þ cm of mre ... Grendel gongan, there came Grendel (going) from the fen, 712; ongan gramum gangan, to go to meet the enemy, to go to the war, 1035; cwm ... t hofe gongan, 1975; wutun gangan t, let us go thither, 2649.—As preterite, serve, 1) gong or gong: h t healle gong, 926; similarly, 2019; s þe on orde gong, who went at the head, went in front, 3126; on innan gong, went in, 2215; h ... gong t þæs þe h eorðsele nne wisse, went thither, where he knew of that earth-hall, 2410; þ se æðeling, gong, þæt h b wealle gesæt, then went the prince (Bowulf) that he might sit down by the wall, 2716.—2) gang: t healle gang Healfdenes sunu, 1010; similarly, 1296; gang þ æfter flre, went along the floor, along the hall, 1317.—3) gengde (Goth. gaggida): h ... beforan gengde ..., wong scawian, went in front to inspect the fields, 1413; gengde, also of riding, 1402.—4) from another stem, ode (Goth. iddja): ode ellenrf, þæt h for eaxlum gestd Deniga fran, 358; similarly, 403; [wið duru healle Wulfgr ode], went towards the door of the hall, 390; ode Wealhþow forð, went forth, 613; ode t hire fran sittan, 641; ode yrremd, went with angry feeling, 727; ode ... t sele, 919; similarly, 1233; ode ... þr se snottra bd, 1313; ode weorð Denum æðeling t yppan, the prince (Bowulf), honored by the Danes, went to the high seat, 1815; ode ... under inwit-hrf, 3124; pl. þr swðferhðe sittan odon, 493; odon him þ tganes, went to meet him, 1627; odon under Earna næs, 3032.

-gangan, to go out, to go forth, to befall: pret. part. sw bit gangen wearð eorla manegum (as it befell many a one of the earls), 1235.

full-gangan, to emulate, to follow after: pret. sg. þonne ... sceft nytte hold, feðer-gearwum fs flne full-ode, when the shaft had employment, furnished with feathers it followed the arrow, did as the arrow, 3120.

ge-gn, ge-gangan: 1) to go, to approach: inf. (w. acc.) his mdor ... gegn wolde sorhfulne sð, 1278; s þe gryre-sðas gegn dorste, who dared to go the ways of terror (to go into the combat), 1463; pret. sg. se maga geonga under his mges scyld elne geode, went quickly under his kinsman's shield, 2677; pl. elne geodon t þæs þe ..., went quickly thither where ..., 1968; pret. part. syððan he t-gædre gegn hæfdon, when they (Wglf and the drake) had come together, 2631; þæt his aldres wæs ende gegongen, that the end of his life had come, 823; þ wæs endedæg gdum gegongen, þæt se gðcyning ... swealt, 3037.—2) to obtain, to reach: inf. (w. acc.) þonne h æt gðe gegn þenceð longsumne lof, 1536; ic mid elne sceall gold gegangan, 2537; gerund, næs þæt yðe cap t gegangenne gumena nigum, 2417; pret. pl. elne geodon ... þæt se byrnwga bgan sceolde, 2918; pret. part. hæfde ... gegongen þæt, had attained it, that ..., 894; hord ys gescawod, grimme gegongen, 3086.—3) to occur, to happen: pres. sg. III. gif þæt gegangeð þæt ..., if that happen, that ..., 1847; pret. sg. þæt geode ufaran dgrum hilde-hlæmmum, it happened in later times to the warriors (the Gatas), 2201; pret. part. þ wæs gegongen guman unfrdum earfoðlce þæt, then it had happened to the young man in sorrowful wise that ..., 2822.

oð-gangan, to-go thither: pret. pl. oð þæt h oðodon ... in Hrefnesholt, 2935.

ofer-gangan, w. acc., to go over: pret. sg. oferode þ æðelinga bearn stap stn-hliðo, went over steep, rocky precipices, 1409; pl. freoðo-wong þone forð oferodon, 2960.

ymb-gangan, w. acc., to go around: pret. ymb-ode þ ides Helminga duguðe and geogoðe dl ghwylcne, went around in every part, among the superior and the inferior warriors, 621.

gr, st. m., spear, javelin, missile: nom. sg., 1847, 3022; instr. sg. gre, 1076; bldigan gre, 2441; gen. sg. gres fliht, 1766; nom. pl. gras, 328; gen. pl., 161(?).—Comp.: bon-, frum-gr.

gr-cne, adj., spear-bold: nom. sg., 1959.

gr-cwealm, st. m., murder, death by the spear: acc. sg. gr-cwealm gumena, 2044.

gr-holt, st. n., forest of spears, i.e. crowd of spears: acc. sg., 1835.

gr-secg, st. m. (cf. Grimm, in Haupt l. 578), sea, ocean: acc. sg. on gr-secg, 49, 537; ofer gr-secg, 515.

gr-wiga, w. m., one who fights with the spear: dat. sg. geongum gr-wigan, of Wglf, 2675, 2812.

gr-wgend, pres. part., fighting with spear, spear-fighter: acc. pl. gr-wgend, 2642.

gst, gst, st. m., ghost, demon: acc. sg. helle gst (Grendel), 1275; gen. sg. wergan gstes (of Grendel), 133; (of the tempter), 1748; gen. pl. dyrnra gsta (Grendel's race), 1358; gsta gfrost (flames consuming corpses), 1124.—Comp.: ellor-, ge-sceaft-gst; ellen-, wæl-gst.

gst-bana, w. m., slayer of the spirit, i.e. the devil: nom. sg. gst-bona, 177.

gædeling, st. m., he who is connected with another, relation, companion: gen. sg. gædelinges, 2618; dat. pl. mid his gædelingum, 2950.

æt-gædere, adv., together, united: 321, 1165, 1191; samod ætgædere, 329, 387, 730, 1064.

t-gadere, adv., together, 2631.

gæst, gist, gyst, st. m., stranger, guest: nom. sg. gæst, 1801; se gæst (the drake), 2313; se grimma gæst (Grendel), 102; gist, 1139, 1523; acc. sg. gryre-lcne gist (the nixy slain by Bowulf), 1442; dat. sg. gyste, 2229; nom. pl. gistas, 1603; acc. pl. gæs[tas], 1894.—Comp.: fðe-, gryre-, inwit-, nð-, sele-gæst (-gyst).

gæst-sele, st. m., hall in which the guests spend their time, guest-hall: acc. sg., 995.

g, conj., and, 1341; g ... g ..., as well ... as ..., 1865; g ... g ..., g ..., 1249; g swylce, and likewise, and moreover, 2259.

g, pron., ye, you, plur. of þ, 237, 245, etc.

gegn-cwide, st. m., reply: gen. pl. þnra gegn-cwida, 367.

gegnum, adv., thither, towards, away, with the prep, t, ofer, giving the direction: þæt he him t mihton gegnum gangan (that they might go thither), 314; gegnum fr [þ] ofer myrcan mr, away over the dark moor, 1405.

gehðu, geohðu, st. f., sorrow, care: instr. sg. giohðo mnde, 2268; dat. sg. on gehðo, 3096; on giohðe, 2794.

gn (from gegn), adv., yet, again. ne wæs hit lenge þ gn, þæt ..., it was not then long before ..., 83; ic sceal forð sprecan gn ymb Grendel, shall from now on speak again of Grendel, 2071; n þy r t þ gn ... gongan wolde (still he would not yet go out), 2082; gn is eall æt þ lissa gelong (yet all my favor belongs to thee), 2150; þ gn, then again, 2678, 2703; sw h n gn dð, as he still does, 2860; furður gn, further still, besides, 3007; n gn, now again, 3169; ne gn, no more, no farther: ne wæs þæt wyrd þ gn, that was no more fate (fate no longer willed that), 735.

gna, still: cwico wæs þ gna, was still living, 3094.

genga, w. m., goer; in comp. in-, s-, sceadu-genga.

gengde. See gn(3).

genge. See ð-genge.

gnunga (from gegnunga), adv., precisely, completely, 2872.

gerwan, gyrwan, w. v.: 1) to prepare, to make ready, to put in condition: pret. pl. gestsele gyredon, 995.—2) to equip, to arm for battle: pret. sg. gyrede hine Bowulf eorl-gewdum (dressed himself in the armor), 1442.

ge-gyrwan: 1) to make, to prepare: pret. pl. him þ gegiredan Gata lode d ... unwclcne, 3138; pret. part. glf ... eall gegyrwed dofles cræftum and dracan fellum, 2088.—2) to fit out, to make ready: inf. col gegyrwan hilde-wpnum and heaðowdum, 38; ht him yðlidan gdne gegyrwan, had (his) good ship fitted up for him, 199. Also, to provide warlike equipment: pret. part. syððan h hine t gðe gegyred hæfde, 1473.—3) to endow, to provide, to adorn: pret. part. nom. sg. beado-hrægl ... golde gegyrwed, 553; acc. sg. lfe ... golde gegyrede, 2193; acc. pl. mdmas ... golde gegyrede, 1029.