bearn-gebyrdu, f., birth, birth of a son: gen. sg. þæt hyre ealdmetod ste wre bearn-gebyrdo, has been gracious through the birth of such a son (i.e. as Bowulf), 947.

bearu, st. m., (the bearer, hence properly only the fruit-tree, especially the oak and the beech), tree, collectively forest: nom. pl. hrmge bearwas, rime-covered or ice-clad, 1364.

bacen, st. n., sign, banner, vexillum: nom. sg. beorht bacen godes, of the sun, 570; gen. pl. bacna beorhtost, 2778. See bcn.

ge-bacnian, w. v., to mark, to indicate: pret. part. ge-bacnod, 140.

bag, st. m., ring, ornament: nom. sg. bah (neck-ring), 1212; acc. sg. bah (the collar of the murdered king of the Heaðobeardnas), 2042; bg (collective for the acc. pl.), 3165; dat. sg. cwm Wealhþo forð gn under gyldnum bage, she walked along under a golden head-ring, wore a golden diadem, 1164; gen. sg. bages (of a collar), 1217; acc. pl. bagas (rings in general), 80, 523, etc.; gen. pl. baga, 35, 352, 1488, 2285, etc.— Comp.: earm-, heals-bag.

bag-gyfa, w. m., ring-giver, designation of the prince: gen. sg. -gyfan, 1103.

bag-hroden, adj., adorned with rings, ornamented with clasps: nom. sg. baghroden, cwn, of Hrðgr's consort, perhaps with reference to her diadem (cf. 1164, 624.

bah-hord, st. m. n., ring-hoard, treasure consisting of rings: gen. sg. bah-hordes, 895; dat. pl. bah-hordum, 2827; gen. pl. bah-horda weard, of King Hrðgr, 922.

bah-sele, st. m., ring-hall, hall in which the rings were distributed: nom. sg., of Heorot, 1178.

bah-þegu, st. f., the receiving of the ring: dat. sg. æfter bah-þege, 2177.

bah-wriða, w. m. ring-band, ring with prominence given to its having the form of a band: acc. sg. bah-wriðan, 2019.

bam, st. m., tree, only in the compounds fyrgen-, glo-bam.

batan, st. v., thrust, strike: pres. sg. mearh burhstede bateð, the steed beats the castle-ground (place where the castle is built), i.e. with his hoofs, 2266; pret. part. swealt bille ge-baten, died, struck by the battle-axe, 2360.

beorh, st. m.: 1) mountain, rock: dat. sg. beorge, 211; gen. sg. beorges, 2525, 2756; acc. pl. beorgas, 222.—2) grave-mound, tomb-hill: acc. sg. biorh, 2808; beorh, 3098, 3165. A grave-mound serves the drake as a retreat (cf. 2277, 2412): nom. sg. beorh, 2242; gen. sg. beorges, 2323.—Comp. stn-beorh.

beorh, st. f., veil, covering, cap; only in the comp. hafod-beorh.

beorgan, st. v. (w. dat. of the interested person or thing), to save, to shield: inf. wolde fore beorgan, place her life in safety, 1294; here-byrne ... so þe bncofan beorgan cðe, which could protect his body, 1446; pret. pl. ealdre burgan, 2600.

be-beorgan (w. dat. refl. of pers. and acc. of the thing), to take care, to defend one's self from: inf. him be-beorgan ne con wom, cannot keep himself from stain (fault), 1747; imp. bebeorh þ þone bealontð, 1759.

ge-beorgan (w, dat. of person or thing to be saved), to save, to protect: pret. sg. þæt gebearh fore, protected the life, 1549; scyld wl gebearg lfe and lce, 2571.

ymb-beorgan, to surround protectingly: pret. sg. bring tan ymb-bearh, 1504.

beorht, byrht, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining, radiant, shimmering: nom. sg. beorht, of the sun, 570, 1803; beorhta, of Heorot, 1178; þæt beorhte bold, 998; acc. sg. beorhtne, of Bowulf's grave-mound, 2804; dat. sg. t þre byrhtan (here-byrhtan, MS.) byrig, 1200; acc. pl. beorhte frætwe, 214, 897; beorhte randas, 231; bordwudu beorhtan, 1244; n. beorht hofu, 2314. Superl.: bacna beorhtost, 2778. —2) excellent, remarkable: gen. sg. beorhtre bte, 158. —Comp.: sadol-, wlite-beorht.

beorhte, adv., brilliantly, brightly, radiantly, 1518.

beorhtian, w. v., to sound clearly: pret. sg. beorhtode benc-swg, 1162.

beorn, st. m., hero, warrior, noble man: nom. sg. (Hrðgr), 1881, (Bowulf), 2434, etc.; acc. sg. (Bow.), 1025, (Æschere), 1300; dat. sg. beorne, 2261; nom. pl. beornas (Bowulf and his companions), 211, (Hrðgr's guests), 857; gen. pl. biorna (Bowulf's liege-men), 2405.—Comp.: folc-, gð-beorn.

beornan, st. v., to burn: pres. part. byrnende (of the drake), 2273.—Comp. un-byrnende.

for-beornan, to be consumed, to burn: pret. sg. for-barn, 1617, 1668; for-born, 2673.

ge-beornan, to be burned: pret. gebarn, 2698.

beorn-cyning, st. m., king of warriors, king of heroes: nom. sg. (as voc.), 2149.

bodan, st. v.: 1) to announce, to inform, to make known: inf. bodan, 2893.—2) to offer, to proffer (as the notifying of a transaction in direct reference to the person concerned in it): pret. pl. him geþingo budon, offered them an agreement, 1086; pret. part. þ wæs ht boden Swona lodum, then was pursuit offered the Swedish people, 2958; inf. ic þm gdan sceal mðmas bodan, I shall offer the excellent man treasures, 385.

-bodan, to present, to announce: pret. word inne bad, made known the words within, 390; to offer, to tender, to wish: pret. him hl bad, wished him health (greeted him), 654. Similarly, hlo bad, 2419; eoton weard bad, offered the giant a watcher, 669.

be-bodan, to command, to order: pret. sw him se hearda bebad, as the strong man commanded them, 401. Similarly, sw se rca bebad, 1976.

ge-bodan: 1) to command, to order: inf. ht þ gebodan byre Whstnes hæleða monegum, þæt he..., the son of Wihstan caused orders to be given to many of the men..., 3111.—2) to offer: him Hygd gebad hord and rce, offered him the treasure and the chief power, 2370; inf. gðe gebodan, to offer battle, 604.

bod-genat, st. m., table-companion: nom. and acc. pl. genatas, 343, 1714.

bon, verb, to be, generally in the future sense, will be: pres. sg. I. gðgeweorca ic bo gearo sna, I shall immediately be ready for warlike deeds, 1826; sg. III. w bið þm þe sceal..., woe to him who...! 183; so, 186; gifeðe bið is given, 299; ne bið þ wilna gd (no wish will be denied thee), 661; þr þ bið manna þearf, if thou shalt need the warriors, 1836; ne bið swylc cwnlc þaw, is not becoming, honorable to a woman, 1941; eft sna bið will happen directly, 1763; similarly, 1768, etc.; pl. þonne boð brocene, then are broken, 2064; feor cyððe boð slran geshte þm þe..., "terrae longinquae meliores sunt visitatu ei qui..." (Grein), 1839; imp. bo (bo) þ on ofeste, hasten! 386, 2748; bo wið Gatas glæd, be gracious to the Gatas, 1174.

bor, st. n., beer: dat. sg. æt bore, at beer-drinking, 2042; instr. sg. bore druncen, 531; bore druncne, 480.

bor-scealc, st. m., keeper of the beer, cup-bearer: gen. pl. bor-scealca sum (one of Hrðgr's followers, because they served the Gatas at meals), 1241.

bor-sele, st. m., beer-hall, hall in which beer is drunk: dat. sg. in (on) borsele, 482, 492, 1095; borsele, 2636.

bor-þegu, st. f., beer-drinking, beer-banquet: dat. sg. æfter borþege, 117; æt þre borþege, 618.

bot, st. n., promise, binding agreement to something that is to be undertaken: acc. sg. h bot ne lh, did not break his pledge, 80; bot eal ... gelste, performed all that he had pledged himself to, 523.

ge-botian, w. v., to pledge one's self to an undertaking, to bind one's self: pret. gebotedon, 480, 536.

bot-word, st. n., same as bot: dat. pl. bot-wordum spræc, 2511.

biddan, st. v., to beg, to ask, to pray: pres. sg. I. dð sw ic bidde! 1232; inf. (w. acc. of the pers. and gen. of the thing asked for) ic þ biddan wille nre bne, beg thee for one, 427; pret. sw h selfa bæd, as he himself had requested, 29; bæd hine blðne (supply wesan) æt þre borþege, begged him to be cheerful at the beer-banquet, 618; ic þ lange bæd þæt þ..., begged you a long time that you, 1995; frioðowre bæd hlford snne, begged his lord for protection (acc. of pers. and gen. of thing), 2283; bæd þæt g geworhton, asked that you..., 3097; pl. wordum bdon þæt..., 176.

on-bidian, w. v., to await: inf. ltað hilde-bord hr onbidian ... worda geþinges, let the shields await here the result of the conference (lay the shields aside here), 397.

bil, st. n. sword: nom. sg. bil, 1568; bill, 2778; acc. sg. bil, 1558; instr. sg. bille, 2360; gen. sg. billes, 2061, etc.; instr. pl. billum, 40; gen. pl. billa, 583, 1145.—Comp.: gð-, hilde-, wg-bil.

bindan, st. v., to bind, to tie: pret. part. acc. sg. wudu bundenne, the bound wood, i.e. the built ship, 216; bunden golde swurd, a sword bound with gold, i.e. either having its hilt inlaid with gold, or having gold chains upon the hilt (swords of both kinds have been found), 1901; nom. sg. heoru bunden, 1286, has probably a similar meaning.

ge-bindan, to bind: pret. sg. þr ic ffe geband, where I had bound five(?), 420; pret. part. cyninges þegn word ðer fand sðe gebunden, the king's man found (after many had already praised Bowulf's deed) other words (also referring to Bowulf, but in connection with Sigemund) rightly bound together, i.e. in good alliterative verses, as are becoming to a gid, 872; wundenml wrttum gebunden, sword bound with ornaments, i.e. inlaid, 1532; bisgum gebunden, bound together by sorrow, 1744; gomel gðwga eldo gebunden, hoary hero bound by old age (fettered, oppressed), 2112.

on-bindan, to unbind, to untie, to loose: pret. onband, 501.

ge-bind, st. n. coll., that which binds, fetters: in comp. s-gebind.

bite, st. m., bite, figuratively of the cut of the sword: acc. sg. bite rena, the swords' bite, 2260; dat. sg. æfter billes bite, 2061.—Comp. lð-bite.

biter (primary meaning that of biting), adj.: 1) sharp, cutting, cutting in: acc. sg. biter (of a short sword), 2705; instr. sg. biteran strle, 1747; instr. pl. biteran bnum, with sharp teeth, 2693.—2) irritated, furious: nom. pl. bitere, 1432.

bitre, adv., bitterly (in a moral sense), 2332.

b, big (fuller form of the prep. be, which see), prep. w. dat.: 1) near, at, on, about, by (as under be, No. 1): b sm twonum, in the circuit of both seas, 1957; rs b ronde, raised himself up by the shield, 2539; b wealle gesæt, sat by the wall, 2718. With a freer position: him big stdan bunan and orcas, round about him, 3048.—2) to, towards (motion): hwearf þ b bence, turned then towards the bench, 1189; gong b sesse, went to the seat, 2757.

bd (see bdan), st. n., tarrying hesitation: þr wearð Ongenþo on bd wrecen, forced to tarry, 2963.

bdan, st. v.: 1) to delay, to stay, to remain, to wait: inf. n on wealle leng bdan wolde, would not stay longer within the wall (the drake), 2309; pret. in þystrum bd, remained in darkness, 87; flota stille bd, the craft lay still, 301; receda ... on þm se rca bd, where the mighty one dwelt, 310; þr se snottra bd, where the wise man (Hrðgr) waited, 1314; h on searwum bd, he (Bowulf) stood there armed, 2569; ic on earde bd mlgesceafta, lived upon the paternal ground the time appointed me by fate, 2737; pret. pl. sume þr bidon, some remained, waited there, 400.—2) to await, to wait for, with the gen. of that which is awaited: inf. bdan woldon Grendles gðe, wished to await the combat with Grendel, to undertake it, 482; similarly, 528; wges bdan, await the combat, 1269; nalas andsware bdan wolde, would await no answer, 1495; pret. bd beadwa geþinges, awaited the event of the battle, 710; sgenga bd gend-fran, the sea-goer (boat) awaited its owner, 1883; sele ... heaðowylma bd, lðan lges (the poet probably means to indicate by these words that the hall Heorot was destroyed later in a fight by fire; an occurrence, indeed, about which we know nothing, but which 1165 and 1166, and again 2068 ff. seem to indicate), 82.

-bdan, to await, with the gen.: inf., 978.

ge-bdan: 1) to tarry, to wait: imp. gebde g on beorge, wait ye on the mountain, 2530; pret. part. þah þe wintra lyt under burhlocan gebiden hæbbe Hæreðes dhtor although H's daughter had dwelt only a few years in the castle, 1929.—2) to live through, to experience, to expect (w. acc.): inf. sceal endedæg mnne gebdan, shall live my last day, 639; ne wnde ... bte gebdan, did not hope ... to live to see reparation, 935; fela sceal gebdan lofes and lðes, experience much good and much affliction, 1061; ende gebdan, 1387, 2343; pret. h þæs frfre gebd, received consolation (compensation) therefore, 7; gebd wintra worn, lived a great number of years, 264; in a similar construction, 816, 930, 1619, 2259, 3117. With gen.: inf. t gebdanne ðres yrfeweardes, to await another heir, 2453. With depend, clause: inf. t gebdanne þæt his byre rde on galgan, to live to see it, that his son hang upon the gallows, 2446; pret. dram-las gebd þæt h..., joyless he experienced it, that he..., 1721; þæs þe ic on aldre gebd þæt ic..., for this, that I, in my old age, lived to see that..., 1780.

on-bdan, to wait, to await: pret. hordweard onbd earfoðlce oð þæt fen cwm, scarcely waited, could scarcely delay till it was evening, 2303.

btan, st. v., to bite, of the cutting of swords: inf. btan, 1455, 1524; pret. bt bnlocan, bit into his body (Grendel), 743; bt unswðor, cut with less force (Bowulf's sword), 2579.

blanca, w. m., properly that which shines here of the horse, not so much of the white horse as the dappled: dat. pl. on blancum, 857.

ge-bland, ge-blond, st. n., mixture, heaving mass, a turning.—Comp.: sund-, yð-geblond, windblond.

blanden-feax, blonden-feax, adj., mixed, i.e. having gray hair, gray-headed, as epithet of an old man: nom. sg. blondenfeax, 1792; blondenfexa, 2963; dat. sg. blondenfeaxum, 1874; nom. pl. blondenfeaxe, 1595.

blæc, adj., dark, black: nom. sg, hrefn blaca, 1802.

blc, adj.: 1) gleaming, shining: acc. sg. blcne loman, a brilliant gleam, 1518.—2) of the white death-color, pale; in comp. heoroblc.

bld, st. m.: 1) strength, force, vigor: nom. sg. wæs hira bld scacen (of both tribes), strength was gone, i.e. the bravest of both tribes lay slain, 1125; n is þnes mægnes bld ne hwle, now the fulness of thy strength lasts for a time, 1762.—2) reputation, renown, knowledge (with stress upon the idea of filling up, spreading out): nom. sg. bld, 18; (þn) bld is rred, thy renown is spread abroad, 1704.

bld-gend, pt., having renown, renowned: nom. pl. bld-gende, 1014.

bld-fæst, adj., firm in renown, renowned, known afar: acc. sg. bldfæstne beorn (of Æschere, with reference to 1329, 1300.

blat, adj., miserable, helpless; only in comp. wæl-blat.

blate, adv., miserably, helplessly, 2825.

blcan, st. v., shine, gleam: inf., 222

blðe, adj.: 1) blithe, joyous, happy acc. sg. blðne, 618.—2) gracious, pleasing: nom. sg. blðe, 436.—Comp. un-blðe.

blð-heort, adj., joyous in heart, happy: nom. sg., 1803.

bld, st. n., blood: nom. sg., 1122; acc. sg., 743; dat. sg. blde, 848; æfter dorum men him langað beorn wið blde, the hero (Hrðgr) longs for the beloved man contrary to blood, i.e. he loves him although he is not related to him by blood, 1881; dat. as instr. blde, 486, 935, 1595, etc.

bld-fg, adj., spotted with blood, bloody, 2061.

bldig, adj., bloody: acc. sg. f. bldge, 991; acc. sg. n. bldig, 448; instr. sg. bldigan gre, 2441.

ge-bldian, w. v., to make bloody, to sprinkle with blood: pret. part. ge-bldegod, 2693.

bldig-tð, adj., with bloody teeth: nom. sg. bona bldig-tð (of Grendel, because he bites his victims to death), 2083.

bld-row, adj., bloodthirsty, bloody-minded: nom. sg. him on ferhðe grow brost-hord bld-row, in his bosom there grew a bloodthirsty feeling, 1720.

be-bod, st. n., command, order; in comp. wundor-bebod.

bodian, w. v., (to be a messenger), to announce, to make known: pret. hrefn blaca heofones wynne blð-heort bodode, the black raven announced joyfully heaven's delight (the rising sun), 1803.

boga, w. m., bow, of the bended form; here of the dragon, in comp. hring-boga; as an instrument for shooting, in the comp. fln-, horn-boga; bow of the arch, in comp. stn-boga.

bolca, w. m., "forus navis" (Grein), gangway; here probably the planks which at landing are laid from the ship to the shore: acc. sg. ofer bolcan, 231.

bold, st. n., building, house, edifice: nom. sg. (Heorot), 998; (Hygelc's residence), 1926; (Bowulfs residence), 2197, 2327.—Comp. fold-bold.

bold-gend, pt., house-owner, property-holder: gen. pl. monegum boldgendra, 3113.

bolgen-md, adj., angry at heart, angry, 710, 1714.

bolster, st. m., bolster, cushion, pillow: dat. pl. (reced) geond-brded wearð beddum and bolstrum, was covered with beds and bolsters, 1241.—Comp. hlor-bolster.

bon-. See ban-.

bora, w. m., carrier, bringer, leader: in the comp. mund-, rd-, wg-bora.

bord, st. n., shield: nom. sg., 2674; acc. sg., 2525; gen. pl. ofer borda gebræc, over the crashing of the shields, 2260.—Comp.: hilde-, wg-bord.

bord-hæbbend, pt., one having a shield, shield-bearer: nom. pl. hæbbende, 2896.

bord-hroða, w. m., shield-cover, shield with particular reference to its cover (of hides or linden bark): dat. sg. -hroðan, 2204.

bord-rand, st. m., shield: acc. sg., 2560.

bord-weall, st. m., shield-wall, wall of shields: acc. sg., 2981.

bord-wudu, st. m., shield-wood, shield: acc. pl. beorhtan beord-wudu, 1244.

botm, st. m., bottom: dat. sg. t botme (here of the bottom of the fen-lake), 1507.

bt (emendation, cf. btan), st. f.: 1) relief, remedy: nom. sg., 281; acc. sg. bte, 935; acc. sg. bte, 910.—2) a performance in expiation, a giving satisfaction, tribute: gen. sg. bte, 158.

brand, brond, st. m.: 1) burning, fire: nom. sg. þ sceal brond fretan (the burning of the body), 3015; instr. sg. by hine ne mston ... bronde forbærnan (could not bestow upon him the solemn burning), 2127; hæfde landwara lge befangen, ble and bronde, with glow, fire, and flame, 2323.—2) in the passage, þæt hine n brond n beadomcas btan ne meahton, 1455, brond has been translated sword, brand (after the O.N. brand-r). The meaning fire may be justified as well, if we consider that the old helmets were generally made of leather, and only the principal parts were mounted with bronze. The poet wishes here to emphasize the fact that the helmet was made entirely of metal, a thing which was very unusual.—3) in the passage, forgeaf þ Bowulfe brand Healfdenes segen gyldenne, 1021, our text, with other editions, has emendated, bearn, since brand, if it be intended as a designation of Hrðgr (perhaps son), has not up to this time been found in this sense in A.-S.

brant, bront, adj., raging, foaming, going-high, of ships and of waves: acc. sg. brontne, 238, 568.

brd, adj.: 1) extended, wide: nom. pl. brde rce, 2208.—2) broad: nom. sg. hah and brd (of Bowulf's grave-mound), 3159; acc. sg. brdne mce, 2979; (seax) brd [and] brnecg, the broad, short sword with bright edge, 1547.—3) massive, in abundance. acc, sg. brd gold, 3106.

ge-bræc, st. n., noise, crash: acc. sg. borda gebræc, 2260.

geond-brdan, w. v., to spread over, to cover entirely: pret. part. geond-brded, 1240.

brecan, st. v.: 1) to break, to break to pieces: pret. bnhringas bræc, (the sword) broke the joints, 1568. In a moral sense: pret. subj. þæt þr nig mon wre ne brce, that no one should break the agreement, 1101; pret. part. þonne boð brocene ... ð-sweord eorla, then are the oaths of the men broken, 2064.—2) probably also simply to break in upon something, to press upon, w. acc.: pret. sg. sdor monig hildetxum heresyrcan bræc, many a sea-animal pressed with his battle-teeth upon the shirt of mail (did not break it, for, according to 1549 f., 1553 f., it was still unharmed). 1512.—3) to break out, to spring out: inf. geseah ... stram t brecan of beorge, saw a stream break out from the rocks, 2547; lt se hearda Higelces þegn brdne mce ... brecan ofer bordweal, caused the broadsword to spring out over the wall of shields, 2981.—4) figuratively, to vex, not to let rest: pret. hine fyrwyt bræc, curiosity tormented (N.H.G. brachte die Neugier um), 232, 1986, 2785.

ge-brecan, to break to pieces: pret. bnhs gebræc, broke in pieces his body (Bowulf in combat with Dæghrefn), 2509.

t-brecan, to break in pieces: inf., 781; pret. part. t-brocen, 998.

þurh-brecan, to break through, pret. wordes ord brosthord þurh-bræc, the word's point broke through his closed breast, i.e. a word burst out from his breast, 2793.

brecð, st. f., condition of being broken, breach: nom. pl. mdes brecða (sorrow of heart), 171.

-bredwian, w. v. w. acc., to fell to the ground, to kill (?): pret. bredwade, 2620.

bregdan, st. v., properly to swing round, hence: 1) to swing: inf. under sceadu bregdan, swing among the shadows, to send into the realm of shadows, 708; pret. brægd ealde lfe, swung the old weapon, 796; brægd feorh-genðlan, swung his mortal enemy (Grendel's mother), threw her down, 1540; pl. git agorstram ... mundum brugdon, stirred the sea with your hands (of the movement of the hands in swimming), 514; pret. part. brden (brogden) ml, the drawn sword, 1617, 1668.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: inf., figuratively, inwitnet ðrum bregdan, to weave a waylaying net for another (as we say in the same way, to lay a trap for another, to dig a pit for another), 2168; pret. part. beadohrægl brden, a woven shirt of mail (because it consisted of metal rings joined together), 552; similarly, 1549; brogdne beadusercean, 2756.

-bregdan, to swing: pret. hond up -bræd, swung, raised his hand, 2576.

ge-bregdan: 1) swing: pret. hring-ml gebrægd, swung the ringed sword, 1565; eald sweord acen ... þæt ic þy wpne gebrægd, an old heavy sword that I swung as my weapon, 1665; with interchanging instr. and acc. wællseaxe gebr, biter and beadu-scearp, 2704; also, to draw out of the sheath: sweord r gebr, had drawn the sword before, 2563.—2) to knit, to knot, to plait: pret. part. bere-byrne hondum gebrden, 1444.

on-bregdan, to tear open, to throw open: pret. onbræd þ recedes mðan, had then thrown open the entrance of the hall (onbregdan is used because the opening door swings upon its hinges), 724.

brego, st. m., prince, ruler: nom. sg. 427, 610.

brego-rf, adj., powerful, like a ruler, of heroic strength : nom. sg. m., 1926.

brego-stl, st. m., throne, figuratively for rule: acc. sg. him gesealde seofon þsendo, bold and brego-stl, seven thousand see under sceat), a country-seat, and the dignity of a prince, 2197; þr him Hygd gebad ... brego-stl, where H. offered him the chief power, 2371; lt þone bregostl Bowulf healdan, gave over to Bowulf the chief power (did not prevent Bowulf from entering upon the government), 2390.

brme, adj., known afar, renowned. nom. sg., 18.

brenting (see brant), st. m., ship craft: nom. pl. brentingas, 2808.

-bratan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. brot brimwsan, killed the sea-king (King Hæðcyn), 2931. See brotan.

brost, st. n.: 1) breast: nom. sg., 2177; often used in the pl., so acc. þæt mne brost wereð, which protects my breast, 453; dat. pl. beadohrægl brden on brostum læg. 552.—2) the inmost thoughts, the mind, the heart, the bosom: nom. sg. brost innan woll þostrum geþoncum, his breast heaved with troubled thoughts, 2332; dat. pl. lt þ of brostum word t faran, caused the words to come out from his bosom, 2551.

brost-gehygd, st. n. f., breast-thought, secret thought: instr. pl. -gehygdum, 2819.

brost-gewdu, st. n. pl., breast-clothing, garment covering the breast, of the coat of mail: nom., 1212; acc., 2163.

brost-hord, st. m., breast-hoard, that which is locked in the breast, heart, mind, thought, soul: nom. sg., 1720; acc. sg., 2793.

brost-net, st. n., breast-net, shirt of chain-mail, coat of mail: nom. sg. brost-net brden, 1549.

brost-weorðung, st. f., ornament that is worn upon the breast: acc. sg. brost-weorðunge, 2505: here the collar is meant which Bowulf receives from Wealhþow (1196, 2174) as a present, and which B., according to 2173, presents to Hygd, while, according to 1203, it is in the possession of her husband Hygelc. In front the collar is trimmed with ornaments (frætwe), which hang down upon the breast, hence the name brost-weorðung.

brost-wylm, st. m., heaving of the breast, emotion of the bosom: acc. sg, 1878.

brotan, st. v., to break, to break in pieces, to kill: pret. brat bodgenatas, killed his table-companions (courtiers), 1714.

-brotan, same as above: pret. þone þe ho on ræste brat, whom she killed upon his couch, 1299; pret. part. þ þæt monige gewearð, þæt hine so brimwylf broten hæfde, many believed that the sea-wolf (Grendel's mother) had killed him, 1600; h hyne ... broten hæfdon, had killed him (the dragon), 2708.

brim, st. n., flood, the sea: nom. sg., 848, 1595; gen. sg. t brimes faroðe, to the sea, 28; æt brimes nosan, at the sea's promontory, 2804; nom. pl. brimu swaðredon, the waves subsided, 570.

brim-clif, st. n., sea-cliff, cliff washed by the sea: acc. pl. -clifu, 222.

brim-ld, st. f., flood-way, sea-way: acc. sg. þra þe mid Bowulfe brimlde tah, who had travelled the sea-way with B., 1052.

brim-lðend, pt, sea-farer, sailor acc. p. -lðende, 568.

brim-stram, st. m., sea-stream, the flood of the sea: acc. pl. ofer brim-stramas, 1911.

brim-wsa, w. m., sea-king: acc. sg. brimwsan, of Hæðcyn, king of the Gatas, 2931.

brim-wylf, st. f., sea-wolf (designation of Grendel's mother): nom. sg. so brimwylf, 1507, 1600.

brim-wylm, st. m., sea-wave: nom. sg., 1495.

bringan, anom. v., to bring, to bear: prs. sg. I. ic þ þsenda þegna bringe t helpe, bring to your assistance thousands of warriors, 1830; inf. sceal hringnaca ofer haðu bringan lc and luftcen, shall bring gifts and love-tokens over the high sea, 1863; similarly, 2149, 2505; pret. pl. w þs slc ... brhton, brought this sea-offering (Grendel's head), 1654.

ge-bringan, to bring: pres. subj. pl. þat w þone gebringan ... on dfære, that we bring him upon the funeral-pile, 3010.

brosnian, w. v., to crumble, to become rotten, to fall to pieces: prs. sg. III. herepd ... brosnað æfter beorne, the coat of mail falls to pieces after (the death of) the hero, 2261.

brðor, st. m., brother: nom. sg., 1325, 2441; dat sg. brðer, 1263; gen. sg. his brðor bearn, 2620; dat. pl. brðrum, 588, 1075.

ge-brðru, pl., brethren, brothers: dat. pl. sæt be þm gebrðrum twm, sat by the two brothers, 1192.

brga, w. m., terror, horror: nom. sg., 1292, 2325, 2566; acc. sg. billa brgan, 583.—Comp.: gryre-, here-brga.

brcan, st. v. w. gen., to use, to make use of: prs. sg. III. s þe longe hr worolde brceð, who here long makes use of the world, i.e. lives long, 1063; imp. brc manigra mda, make use of many rewards, give good rewards, 1179; to enjoy: inf. þæt h bahhordes brcan mste, could enjoy the ring-hoard, 895; similarly, 2242, 3101; pret. brac lfgesceafta, enjoyed the appointed life, lived the appointed time, 1954. With the genitive to be supplied: brac þonne mste, 1488; imp. brc þisses bages, enjoy this ring, take this ring, 1217. Upon this meaning depends the form of the wish, wl brcan (compare the German geniesze froh!): inf. ht hine wl brcan, 1046; ht hine brcan well, 2813; imp. brc ealles well, 2163.

brn, adj., having a brown lustre, shining: nom. sg. so ecg brn, 2579.

brn-ecg, adj., having a gleaming blade: acc. sg. n. (hyre seaxe) brd [and] brnecg, her broad sword with gleaming blade, 1547.

brn-fg, adj., gleaming like metal: acc. sg. brnfgne helm, 2616.

bryne-loma, w. m., light of a conflagration, gleam of fire : nom. sg., 2314.

bryne-wylm, st. m., wave of fire: dat. pl. -wylmum, 2327.

brytnian (properly to break in small pieces, cf. brotan), w. v., to bestow, to distribute: pret. sinc brytnade, distributed presents, i.e. ruled (since the giving of gifts belongs especially to rulers), 2384.

brytta, w. m., giver, distributer, always designating the king: nom. sg. sinces brytta, 608, 1171, 2072; acc. sg. baga bryttan, 35, 352, 1488; sinces bryttan, 1923.

bryttian (to be a dispenser), w. v., to distribute, to confer: prs. sg. III. god manna cynne snyttru bryttað, bestows wisdom upon the human race, 1727.

bryd, st. f.: 1) wife, consort: acc. sg. bryd, 2931; bryde, 2957, both times of the consort of Ongenþow (?).—2) betrothed, bride: nom. sg., of Hrðgr's daughter, Fraware, 2032.

bryd-br, st. n., woman's apartment: dat. sg. ode ... cyning of brydbre, the king came out of the apartment of his wife (into which, according to 666, he had gone), 922.

bunden-stefna, w. m., (that which has a bound prow), the framed ship: nom. sg., 1911.

bune, w. f., can or cup, drinking-vessel: nom. pl. bunan, 3048; acc. pl. bunan, 2776.

burh, burg, st. f., castle, city, fortified house: acc. sg. burh, 523; dat. sg. byrig, 1200; dat. pl. burgum, 53, 1969, 2434.—Comp.: fro, freoðo-, ha-, hlo-, hord-, lod-, mg-burg.

burh-loca, w. m., castle-bars: dat. sg. under burh-locan, under the castle-bars, i.e. in the castle (Hygelc's), 1929.

burh-stede, st. m., castle-place, place where the castle or city stands: acc. sg. burhstede, 2266.

burh-wela, w. m., riches, treasure of a castle or city: gen. sg. þenden h burh-welan brcan mste, 3101.

burne, w. f., spring, fountain: gen. þre burnan wælm, the bubbling of the spring, 2547.

ban, st. v.: 1) to stay, to remain, to dwell: inf. gif h weard onfunde ban on beorge, if he had found the watchman dwelling on the mountain, 2843.—2) to inhabit, w. acc.: meduseld ban, to inhabit the mead-house, 3066.

ge-ban, w. acc., to occupy a house, to take possession: pret. part. han hses, h hit Hring Dene æfter borþege gebn hæfdon, how the Danes, after their beer-carouse, had occupied it (had made their beds in it), 117.—With the pres. part. bend are the compounds ceaster-, fold-, grund-, lond-bend.

bgan, st. v., to bend, to bow, to sink; to turn, to flee: prs. sg. III. bon-gr bgeð, the fatal spear sinks, i.e. its deadly point is turned down, it rests, 2032; inf. þæt se byrnwga bgan sceolde, that the armed hero had to sink down (having received a deadly blow), 2919; similarly, 2975; pret. sg. bah eft under eorðweall, turned, fled again behind the earth-wall, 2957; pret. pl. bugon t bence, turned to the bench, 327, 1014; hy on holt bugon, fled to the wood, 2599.

-bgan, to bend off, to curve away from: pret. fram sylle bag medubenc monig, from the threshold curved away many a mead-bench, 776.

be-bgan, w. acc., to surround, to encircle: prs. sw (which) wæter bebgeð, 93; efne sw sde sw s bebgeð windige weallas, as far as the sea encircles windy shores, 1224.

ge-bgan, to bend, to bow, to sink: a) intrans.: ho on flet gebah, sank on the floor, 1541; þ gebah cyning, then sank the king, 2981; þ se wyrm gebah snde tsomne (when the drake at once coiled itself up), 2568; gewt þ gebogen scrðan t, advanced with curved body (the drake), 2570.—b) w. acc. of the thing to which one bends or sinks: pret. selereste gebah, sank upon the couch in the hall, 691; similarly gebag, 1242.

br, st. n., apartment, room: dat. sg. bre, 1311, 2456; dat. pl. brum, 140.—Comp. bryd-br.

btan, bton (from be and tan, hence in its meaning referring to what is without, excluded): 1) conj. with subjunctive following, lest: btan his lc swice, lest his body escape, 967. With ind. following, but: bton hit wæs mre þonne nig mon ðer t beadulce ætberan meahte, but it (the sword) was greater than any other man could have carried to battle, 1561. After a preceding negative verb, except: þra þe gumena bearn gearwe ne wiston bton Fitela mid hine, which the children of men did not know at all, except Fitela, who was with him, 880; ne nom h mðm-hta m bton þone hafelan, etc., he took no more of the rich treasure than the head alone, 1615.—2) prep, with dat., except: bton folcscare, 73; bton þ, 658; ealle bton num, 706.

bycgan, w. v., to buy, to pay: inf. ne wæs þæt gewrixle til þæt he on b healfa bicgan scoldon fronda forum, that was no good transaction, that they, on both sides (as well to Grendel as to his mother), had to pay with the lives of their friends, 1306.

be-bycgan, to sell: pret. n ic on mðma hord mne bebohte frde feorhlege (now I, for the treasure-hoard, gave up my old life), 2800.

ge-bycgan, to buy, to acquire; to pay: pret. w. acc. n þr nige ... frfre gebohte, obtained no sort of help, consolation, 974; hit (his, MS.) ealdre gebohte, paid it with his life, 2482; pret. part. sylfes fore bagas [geboh]te, bought rings with his own life, 3015.

byldan, w. v. (to make beald, which see), to excite, to encourage, to brave deeds: inf. w. acc. sw h Frsena cyn on borsele byldan wolde (by distributing gifts), 1095.

ge-byrd, st. n., "fatum destinatum" (Grein) (?): acc. sg. he on gebyrd hruron gre wunde, 1075.

ge-byrdu, st. f., birth; in compound, bearn-gebyrdu.

byrdu-scrd, st. n., shield-ornament, design upon a shield(?): nom. sg., 2661.

byre, st. m., (born) son: nom. sg., 2054, 2446, 2622, etc.; nom. pl. byre, 1189. In a broader sense, young man, youth: acc. pl. bdde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.

byrðen, st. f., burden; in comp. mægen-byrðen.

byrele, st. m., steward, waiter, cupbearer: nom. pl. byrelas, 1162.

byrgan, w. v., to feast, to eat: inf., 448.

ge-byrgea, w. m., protector; in comp. lod-gebyrgea.

byrht. See beorht.

byrne, w. f., shirt of mail, mail: nom. sg. byrne, 405, 1630, etc.; hringed byrne, ring-shirt, consisting of interlaced rings, 1246; acc. sg. byrnan, 1023, etc.; sde byrnan, large coat of mail, 1292; hringde byrnan, 2616; hre byrnan, gray coat of mail (of iron), 2154; dat. sg. on byrnan, 2705; gen. sg. byrnan hring, the ring of the shirt of mail (i.e. the shirt of mail), 2261; dat. pl. byrnum, 40, 238, etc.; beorhtum byrnum, with gleaming mail, 3141.—Comp.: gð-, here-, heaðo-, ren-, sern-byrne.

byrnend. See beornan.

byrn-wiga, w. m., warrior dressed in a coat of mail: nom. sg., 2919.

bysgu, bisigu, st. f., trouble, difficulty, opposition: nom. sg. bisigu, 281; dat. pl. bisgum, 1744, bysigum, 2581.

bysig, adj., opposed, in need, in the compounds lf-bysig, syn-bysig.

byme, w. f., a wind-instrument, a trumpet, a trombone: gen. sg. byman gealdor, the sound of the trumpet, 2944.

bywan, w. v., to ornament, to prepare: inf. þ þe beado-grman bywan sceoldon, who should prepare the helmets, 2258.

C

camp, st. m., combat, fight between two: dat. sg. in campe (Bowulf's with Dæghrefn; cempan, MS.), 2506.

candel, st. f., light, candle: nom. sg. rodores candel, of the sun, 1573.—Comp. woruld-candel.

cempa, w. m., fighter, warrior, hero: nom. sg. æðele cempa, 1313; Gata cempa, 1552; rðe cempa, 1586; mre cempa (as voc.), 1762; gyrded cempa, 2079; dat. sg. geongum (geongan) cempan, 1949, 2045, 2627; Hga cempan, 2503; acc. pl. cempan, 206.—Comp. fðe-cempa.

cennan, w. v.: 1) to bear, w. acc.: efne sw hwylc mægða sw þone magan cende, who bore the son, 944; pret. part. þm eafera wæs æfter cenned, to him was a son born, 12.—2) reflexive, to show one's self, to reveal one's self: imp. cen þec mid cræfte, prove yourself by your strength, 1220.

-cennan, to bear: pret. part. n he fæder cunnon, hwæðer him nig wæs r cenned dyrnra gsta, they (the people of the country) do not know his (Grendel's) father, nor whether any evil spirit has been before born to him (whether he has begotten a son), 1357.

cnðu, st. f., boldness: acc. sg. cnðu, 2697.

cne, adj., keen, warlike, bold: gen. p.. cnra gehwylcum, 769. Superl., acc. pl. cnoste, 206.—Comp.: dd-, gr-cne.

ceald, adj., cold: acc. pl. cealde stramas, 1262; dat. pl. cealdum cearsðum, with cold, sad journeys, 2397. Superl. nom. sg. wedera cealdost, 546;—Comp. morgen-ceald.

cearian, w. v., to have care, to take care, to trouble one's self: prs. sg. III. n ymb his lf cearað, takes no care for his life, 1537.

cearig, adj., troubled, sad: in comp. sorh-cearig.

cear-sð, st. m., sorrowful way, an undertaking that brings sorrow, i.e. a warlike expedition: dat. pl. cearsðum (of Bowulf's expeditions against adgils), 2397.

cearu, st. f., care, sorrow, lamentation: nom. sg., 1304; acc. sg. [ceare], 3173.—Comp.: ealdor-, gð-, ml-, md-cearu.

cear-wælm, st. m., care-agitation, waves of sorrow in the breast: dat. pl. æfter cear-wælmum, 2067.

cear-wylm, st. m., same as above; nom. pl. þ cear-wylmas, 282.

ceaster-bend, pt, inhabitant of a fortified place, inhabitant of a castle: dat. pl. ceaster-bendum, of those established in Hrðgr's castle, 769.

cap, st. m., purchase, transaction: figuratively, nom. sg. næs þæt yðe cap, no easy transaction, 2416; instr. sg. þah þe ðer hit ealdre gebohte, heardan cape, although the one paid it with his life, a dear purchase, 2483.

ge-capian, w. v., to purchase: pret. part. gold unrme grimme gecapod, gold without measure, bitterly purchased (with Bowulf's life), 3013.

be-ceorfan, st. v., to separate, to cut off (with acc. of the pers. and instr. of the thing): pret. hine þ hafde becearf, cut off his head, 1591; similarly, 2139.

ceorl, st. m., man: nom. sg. snotor ceorl monig, many a wise man, 909; dat. sg. gomelum ceorle, the old man (of King Hrðel), 2445; so, ealdum ceorle, of King Ongenþow, 2973; nom. pl. snotere ceorlas, wise men, 202, 416, 1592.

col, st. m., keel, figuratively for the ship: nom. sg., 1913; acc. sg. col, 38, 238; gen. sg. coles, 1807.

cosan, st. v., to choose, hence, to assume: inf. þone cynedm cosan wolde, would assume the royal dignity, 2377; to seek: pret. subj. r h bl cure, before he sought his funeral-pile (before he died), 2819.

ge-cosan, to choose, to elect: gerund, t gecosenne cyning nigne (slran), to choose a better king, 1852; imp. þ þæt slre ge-cos, choose thee the better (of two: bealonð and ce rdas), 1759; pret. h sic on herge gecas t þyssum siðfate, selected us among the soldiers for this undertaking, 2639; gecas cne rd, chose the everlasting gain, i.e. died, 1202; similarly, godes loht gecas, 2470; pret. part. acc. pl. hæfde ... cempan gecorone, 206.

on-cirran, w. v., to turn, to change: inf. ne meahte ... þæs wealdendes [willan] wiht on-cirran, could not change the will of the Almighty, 2858; pret. ufor oncirde, turned higher, 2952; þyder oncirde, turned thither, 2971.

-cgan, w. v., to call hither: pret. cgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone, called from the retinue of the king seven men, 3122.

clam, clom, st. m., f. n.? fetter, figuratively of a strong gripe: dat. pl. heardan clammum, 964; heardum clammum, 1336; atolan clommum (horrible claws of the mother of Grendel), 1503.

clif, cleof, st. n., cliff, promontory: acc. pl. Gata clifu, 1912.—Comp.: brim-, g-, holm-, stn-clif.

ge-cnwan, st. v., to know, to recognize: inf. meaht þ, mn wine, mce gecnwan, mayst thou, my friend, recognize the sword, 2048.

on-cnwan, to recognize, to distinguish: hordweard oncnow mannes reorde, distinguished the speech of a man, 2555.

cniht, st. m., boy, youth: dat. pl. þyssum cnyhtum, to these boys (Hrðgr's sons), 1220.

cniht-wesende, prs. part., being a boy or a youth: acc. sg. ic hine cðe cniht-wesende, knew him while still a boy, 372; nom. pl. wit þæt gecwdon cniht-wesende, we both as young men said that, 535.

cnyssan, w. v., to strike, to dash against each other: pret. pl. þonne ... eoferas cnysedan, when the bold warriors dashed against each other, stormed (in battle), 1329.

collen-ferhð, -ferð, adj., (properly, of swollen mind), of uncommon thoughts, in his way of thinking, standing higher than others, high-minded: nom. sg. cuma collen-ferhð, of Bowulf, 1807; collen-ferð, of Wglf, 2786.

corðer, st. n., troop, division of an army, retinue: dat. sg. þ wæs ... Fin slægen, cyning on corðre, then was Fin slain, the king in the troop (of warriors), 1154; of corðre cyninges, out of the retinue of the king, 3122.

costian, w. v., to try; pret. (w. gen.) h mn costode, tried me, 2085.

cofa, w. m., apartment, sleeping-room, couch: in comp. bn-cofa.

cl, adj., cool: compar. cearwylmas clran wurðað, the waves of sorrow become cooler, i.e. the mind becomes quiet, 282; him wflufan ... clran weorðað, his love for his wife cools, 2067.

cræft, st. m., the condition of being able, hence: 1) physical strength: nom. sg. mægða cræft, 1284; acc. sg. mægenes cræft, 418; þurh nes cræft, 700; cræft and cnðu, 2697; dat. (instr.) sg. cræfte, 983, 1220, 2182, 2361.—2) art, craft, skill: dat. sg. as instr. dyrnum cræfte, with secret (magic) art, 2169; dyrnan cræfte, 2291; þofes cræfte, with thief's craft, 2221; dat. pl. dofles cræftum, by devil's art (sorcery), 2089.—3) great quantity (?): acc. sg. wyrm-horda cræft, 2223.—Comp.: leoðo-, mægen-, nearo-, wg-cræft.

cræftig, adj.: 1) strong, stout: nom. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; nða cræftig, 1963. Comp. wg-cræftig.—2) adroit, skilful: in comp. lagu-cræftig.—3) rich (of treasures); in comp. acen-cræftig.

cringan, st. v., to fall in combat, to fall with the writhing movement of those mortally wounded: pret. subj. on wæl crunge, would sink into death, would fall, 636; pret. pl. for the pluperfect, sume on wæle crungon, 1114.

ge-cringan, same as above: pret. h under rande gecranc, fell under his shield, 1210; æt wge gecrang, fell in battle, 1338; ho on flet gecrong, fell to the ground, 1569; in campe gecrong, fell in single combat, 2506.

cuma (he who comes), w. m., newcomer, guest: nom. sg. 1807.—Comp.: cwealm-, wil-cuma.

cuman, st. v., to come: pres. sg. II. gyf þ on weg cymest, if thou comest from there, 1383; III. cymeð, 2059; pres. subj. sg. III. cume, 23; pl. þonne w t cymen, when we come out, 3107; inf. cuman, 244, 281, 1870; pret. sg. cm, 430, 569, 826, 1134, 1507, 1601, etc.; cwm, 419, 2915; pret. subj. sg. cwme, 732; pret. part. cumen, 376; pl. cumene, 361. Often with the inf. of a verb of motion, as, cm gongan, 711; cm sðian, 721; cm in gn, 1645; cwm gn, 1163; cm scacan, 1803; cwmon ldan, 239; cwmon scean, 268; cwman scrðan, 651, etc.

be-cuman, to come, to approach, to arrive: pret. syððan niht becm, after the night had come, 115; þ on þ lode becm, that had come over the people, 192; þ h t hm becm, 2993. And with inf. following: stefn in becm ... hlynnan under hrne stn, 2553; lyt eft becwm ... hmes nosan, 2366; oð þæt ende becwm, 1255; similarly, 2117. With acc. of pers.: þ hyne so þrg becwm, when this time of battle came over him, 2884.

ofer-cuman, to overcome, to compel: pret. þy h þone fond ofercwm, thereby he overcame the foe, 1274: pl. he fond heora ... ofercmon, 700; pret. part. (w. gen.) nða ofercumen, compelled by combats, 846.

cumbol, cumbor, st. m., banner: gen. sg. cumbles hyrde, 2506.—Comp. hilte-cumbor.

cund, adj., originating in, descended from: in comp. feorran-cund.

cunnan, verb pret. pres.: 1) to know, to be acquainted with (w. acc. or depend, clause): sg. pres. I. ic mnne can glædne Hrðulf þæt h ... wile, I know my gracious H., that he will..., 1181; II. eard gt ne const, thou knowest not yet the land, 1378; III. h þæt wyrse ne con, knows no worse, 1740. And reflexive: con him land geare, knows the land well, 2063; pl. men ne cunnon hwyder helrnan scrðað, men do not know whither..., 162; pret. sg. ic hine cðe, knew him, 372; cðe h duguð þaw, knew the customs of the distinguished courtiers, 359; so with the acc., 2013; seolfa ne cðe þurh hwæt..., he himself did not know through what..., 3068; pl. sorge ne cðon, 119; so with the acc., 180, 418, 1234. With both (acc. and depend. clause): n he fæder cunnon (scil. n he cunnon) hwæðer him nig wæs r cenned dyrnra gsta, 1356.—2) with inf. following, can, to be able: prs. sg. him bebeorgan ne con, cannot defend himself, 1747; prs. pl. men ne cunnon secgan, cannot say, 50; pret. sg. cðe reccan, 90; beorgan cðe, 1446; pret. pl. herian ne cðon, could not praise, 182; pret. subj. healdan cðe, 2373.

cunnian, w. v., to inquire into, to try, w. gen. or acc.: inf. sund cunnian (figurative for roam over the sea), 1427, 1445; geongne cempan higes cunnian, to try the young warrior's mind, 2046; pret. eard cunnode, tried the home, i.e. came to it, 1501; pl. wada cunnedon, tried the flood, i.e. swam through the sea, 508.

cð, adj.: 1) known, well known; manifest, certain: nom. sg. undyrne cð, 150, 410; wde cð, 2924; acc. sg. fern. cðe folme, 1304; cðe strte, 1635; nom. pl. ecge cðe, 1146; acc. pl. cðe næssas, 1913.—2) renowned: nom. sg. gðum cð, 2179; nom. pl. cystum cðe, 868.—3) also, friendly, dear, good (see un-cð).—Comp.: un-, wd-cð.

cð-lce, adv., openly, publicly: comp. n hr cðlcor cuman ongunnon lind-hæbbende, no shield-bearing men undertook more boldly to come hither (the coast-watchman means by this the secret landing of the Vikings), 244.

cwalu, st. f., murder, fall: in comp. dað-cwalu.

cweccan (to make alive, see cwic), w. v., to move, to swing: pret. cwehte mægen-wudu, swung the wood of strength (= spear), 235.

cweðan, st. v., to say, to speak: a) absolutely: prs. sg. III. cwið æt bore, speaks at beer-drinking, 2042.—b) w. acc.: pret. word æfter cwæð, 315; fa worda cwæð, 2247, 2663.—c) with þæt following: pret. sg. cwæð, 92, 2159; pl. cwdon, 3182.—d) with þæt omitted: pret. cwæð h gð-cyning scean wolde, said he would seek out the war-king, 199; similarly, 1811, 2940.

-cweðan, to say, to speak, w. acc.: prs. þæt word cwyð, speaks the word, 2047; pret. þæt word cwæð, 655.

ge-cweðan, to say, to speak: a) absolutely: pret. sg. II. sw þ gecwde, 2665.—b)w. acc.: pret. wl-hwylc gecwæð, spoke everything, 875; pl. wit þæt gecwdon, 535.—c) w. þæt following: pret. gecwæð, 858, 988.

cwellan, w. v., (to make die), to kill, to murder: pret. sg. II. þ Grendel cwealdest, 1335.

-cwellan, to kill: pret. sg. (h) wyrm cwealde, 887; þone þe Grendel r mne cwealde, whom Grendel had before wickedly murdered, 1056; beorn cwealde, 2122.

cwn, st. f.: 1) wife, consort (of noble birth): nom. sg. cwn, 62; (Hrðgr's), 614, 924; (Finn's), 1154.—2) particularly denoting the queen: nom. sg. baghroden cwn (Wealhþow), 624; mru cwn, 2017; fremu folces cwn (Þryðo), 1933; acc. sg. cwn (Wealhþow), 666.-Comp. folc-cwn.

cwn-lc, adj., feminine, womanly: nom. sg. ne bið swylc cwnlc þaw (such is not the custom of women, does not become a woman), 1941.

cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder, destruction: acc. sg. þone cwealm gewræc, avenged the death (of Abel by Cain), 107; mndon mondryhtnes cwealm, lamented the ruler's fall, 3150.—Comp.: bealo-, dað-, gr-cwealm.

cwealm-bealu, st. n., the evil of murder: acc. sg., 1941.

cwealm-cuma, w. m., one coming for murder, a new-comer who contemplates murder: acc. sg. þone cwealm-cuman (of Grendel), 793.

cwic and cwico, adj., quick, having life, alive: acc. sg. cwicne, 793, 2786; gen. sg. ht cwices, something living, 2315; nom. pl. cwice, 98; cwico wæs þ gna, was still alive, 3094.

cwide, st. m., word, speech, saying: in comp. gegn-, gilp-, hlo-, word-cwide.

cwðan, st. v., to complain, to lament: inf. w. acc. ongan ... gioguðe cwðan hilde-strengo, began to lament the (departed) battle-strength of his youth, 2113 [ceare] cwðan, lament their cares, 3173.

cyme, st. m., coming, arrival: nom. pl. hwanan owre cyme syndon, whence your coming is, i. e. whence ye are, 257.—Comp. eft-cyme.

cymlce, adv., (convenienter), splendidly, grandly: comp. cymlcor, 38.

cyn, st. n., race, both in the general sense, and denoting noble lineage: nom. sg. Frsena cyn, 1094; Wedera (gara, MS.) cyn, 461; acc. sg. eotena cyn, 421; gganta cyn, 1691; dat. sg. Caines cynne, 107; manna cynne, 811, 915, 1726; owrum (of those who desert Bowulf in battle) cynne, 2886; gen. sg. manna (gumena) cynnes, 702, etc.; mran cynnes, 1730; lðan cynnes, 2009, 2355; sses cynnes Wgmundinga, 2814; gen. pl. cynna gehwylcum, 98.—Comp.: eormen-, feorh-, frum-, gum-, man-, wyrm-cyn.

cyn, st. n., that which is suitable or proper: gen. pl. cynna (of etiquette) gemyndig, 614.

ge-cynde, adj., innate, peculiar, natural: nom. sg., 2198, 2697.

cyne-dm, st. m., kingdom, royal dignity: acc. sg., 2377.

cyning, st. m., king: nom. acc. sg. cyning, II, 864, 921, etc.; kyning, 620, 3173; dat. sg. cyninge, 3094; gen. sg. cyninges, 868, 1211; gen. pl. kyning[a] wuldor, of God, 666.—Comp. beorn-, eorð-, folc-, guð-, hah-, lod-, s-, sð-, þod-, worold-, wuldor-cyning.

cyning-beald, adj., "nobly bold" (Thorpe), excellently brave (?): nom. pl. cyning-balde men, 1635.

ge-cyssan, w. v., to kiss: pret. gecyste þ cyning ... þegen betstan, kissed the best thane (Bowulf), 1871.

cyst (choosing, see cosan), st. f., the select, the best of a thing, good quality, excellence: nom. sg. renna cyst, of the swords, 803, 1698; wpna cyst, 1560; symbla cyst, choice banquet, 1233; acc. sg. rena cyst, 674; dat. pl. foldwegas ... cystum cðe, known through excellent qualities, 868; (cyning) cystum gecyðed, 924.—Comp. gum-, hilde-cyst.

cyð. See on-cyð.

cyðan (see cð), w. v., to make known, to manifest, to show: imp. sg. mægen-ellen cyð, show thy heroic strength, 660; inf. cwealmbealu cyðan, 1941; ellen cyðan, 2696.

ge-cyðan (to make known, hence): 1) to give information, to announce: inf. andsware gecyðan, to give answer, 354; gerund, t gecyðanne hwanan owre cyme syndon (to show whence ye come), 257; pret. part. sð is gecyðed þæt ... (the truth has become known, it has shown itself to be true), 701; Higelce wæs sð Bowulfes snde gecyðed, the arrival of B. was quickly announced, 1972; similarly, 2325.—2) to make celebrated, in pret. part.: wæs mn fæder folcum gecyðed (my father was known to warriors), 262; wæs his mdsefa manegum gecyðed, 349; cystum gecyðed, 924.

cyð (properly, condition of being known, hence relationship), st. f., home, country, land: in comp. feor-cyð.

ge-cypan, w. v., to purchase: inf. næs him nig þearf þæt h ... þurfe wyrsan wgfrecan weorðe gecypan, had need to buy with treasures no inferior warrior, 2497.

D

daroð, st. m., spear: dat. pl. dareðum lcan (to fight), 2849.

ge-dl, st. n., parting, separation: nom. sg. his worulde gedl, his separation from the world (his death), 3069.—Comp. ealdor-, lf-gedl.

dæg, st. m., day: nom. sg. dæg, 485, 732, 2647; acc. sg. dæg, 2400; andlangne dæg, the whole day, 2116; morgenlongne dæg (the whole morning), 2895; oð dmes dæg, till judgment-day, 3070; dat. sg. on þm dæge þysses lfes (eo tempore, tunc), 197, 791, 807; gen. sg. dæges, 1601, 2321; hwl dæges, a day's time, a whole day, 1496; dæges and nihtes, day and night, 2270; dæges, by day, 1936; dat. pl. on tyn dagum, in ten days, 3161.—Comp. r-, dað-, ende-, ealdor-, fyrn-, ger-, ln-, lf-, swylt-, win-dæg, an-dæges.

dæg-hwl, st. f., day-time: acc. pl. þæt h dæghwla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had enjoyed earth's pleasures during the days (appointed to him), i.e. that his life was finished, 2727.—(After Grein.)

dæg-rm, st. n., series of days, fixed number of days: nom. sg. dgera dægrm (number of the days of his life), 824.

dd, st. f., deed, action: acc. sg. dorlce dd, 585; dmlasan dd, 2891; frcne dde, 890; dd, 941; acc. pl. Grendles dda, 195; gen. pl. dda, 181, 479, 2455, etc.; dat. pl. ddum, 1228, 2437, etc.—Comp. ellen-, fyren-, lof-dd.

dd-cne, adj., bold in deed: nom. sg. dd-cne mon, 1646.

dd-fruma, w. m., doer of deeds, doer: nom. sg., of Grendel, 2091.

dd-bata, w. m., he who pursues with his deeds: nom. sg., of Grendel, 275.

ddla, w. m., doer: in comp. mn-for-ddla.

dl, st. m., part, portion: acc. sg. dl, 622, 2246, 3128; acc. pl. dlas, 1733.—Often dl designates the portion of a thing or of a quality which belongs in general to an individual, as, oð þæt him on innan oferhygda dl weaxeð, till in his bosom his portion of arrogance increases: i.e. whatever arrogance he has, his arrogance, 1741. Bowulfe wearð dryhtmðma dl daðe, forgolden, to Bowulf his part of the splendid treasures was paid with death, i.e. whatever splendid treasures were allotted to him, whatever part of them he could win in the fight with the dragon, 2844; similarly, 1151, 1753, 2029, 2069, 3128.

dlan, w. v., to divide, to bestow, to share with, w. acc.: pres. sg. III. mdmas dleð, 1757; pres. subj. þæt h wið glcean eofoðo dle, that he bestow his strength upon (strive with) the bringer of misery the drake), 2535; inf. hringas dlan, 1971; pret. bagas dlde, 80; sceattas dlde, 1687.

be-dlan, w. instr., (to divide), to tear away from, to strip of: pret. part. dramum (drame) bedled, deprived of the heavenly joys (of Grendel), 722, 1276.

ge-dlan: 1) to distribute: inf. (w. acc. of the thing distributed); br on innan eall gedlan geongum and ealdum swylc him god sealde, distribute therein to young and old all that God had given him, 71.—2) to divide, to separate, with acc.: inf. sundur gedlan lf wið lce, separate life from the body, 2423; so pret. subj. þæt h gedlde ... nra gehwylces lf wið lce, 732.

denn (cf. denu, dene, vallis), st. n., den, cave: acc. sg. þæs wyrmes denn, 2761; gen. sg. (draca) gewt dennes nosian, 3046.

ge-defe, adj.: 1) (impersonal) proper, appropriate: nom. sg. sw hit gedfe wæs (bið), as was appropriate, proper, 561, 1671, 3176.—2) good, kind, friendly; nom sg. bo þ suna mnum ddum gedfe, be friendly to my son by deeds (support my son in deed, namely, when he shall have attained to the government), 1228.—Comp. un-ge-dfelce.

dman (see dm), w. v.: 1) to judge, to award justly: pres. subj. mrðo dme, 688.—2) to judge favorably, to praise, to glorify: pret. pl. his ellenweorc duguðum dmdon, praised his heroic deed with all their might, 3176.

dmend, judge: dda dmend (of God), 181.

deal, adj., "superbus, clarus, fretus" (Grimm): nom. pl. þryðum dealle, 494.

dad, adj., dead: nom. sg. 467, 1324, 2373; acc. sg. dadne, 1310.

dað, st. m., death, dying: nom. sg, dað, 441, 447, etc.; acc. sg. dað, 2169; dat. sg. daðe, 1389, 1590, (as instr.) 2844, 3046; gen. sg. daðes wylm, 2270; daðes nyd, 2455.—Comp. gð-, wæl-, wundor-dað.

dað-bed, st. n., death-bed: dat. sg. dað-bedde fæst, 2902.

dað-cwalu, st. f., violent death, ruin and death: dat. pl. t dað-cwalum, 1713.

dað-cwealm, st. m., violent death, murder: nom. sg. 1671.

dað-dæg, st. m., death-day, dying day: dat. sg. æfter dað-dæge (after his death), 187, 886.

dað-fge, adj., given over to death: nom. sg. (Grendel) dað-fge dog, had hidden himself, being given over to death (mortally wounded), 851.

dað-sca, w. m., death-shadow, ghostly being, demon of death: nom. sg. deorc dað-sca (of Grendel), 160.

dað-wrig, adj., weakened by death, i.e. dead: acc. sg. dað-wrigne, 2126. See wrig.

dað-wc, st. n. death's house, home of death: acc. sg. gewt daðwc son (had died), 1276.

dagan (O.H.G. pret. part. tougan, hidden), to conceal one's self, to hide: pret. (for pluperf.) dog, 851.—Leo.

deorc, adj., dark: of the night, nom. sg. (nihthelm) deorc, 1791; dat. pl. deorcum nihtum, 275, 2212; of the terrible Grendel, nom. sg. deorc dað-sca, 160.

dofol, st. m. n., devil: gen. sg. dofles, 2089; gen. pl. dofla, of Grendel and his troop, 757, 1681.

dogol, dygol, adj., concealed, hidden, inaccessible, beyond information, unknown: nom. sg. dogol ddhata (of Grendel), 275; acc. sg. dygel lond, inaccessible land, 1358.

dop, st. n., deep, abyss: acc. sg., 2550.

dop, adv. deeply: acc. sg. dop wæter, 509, 1905.

dope, adj., deep: hit oð dmes dæg dope benemdon þodnas mre, the illustrious rulers had charmed it deeply till the judgment-day, had laid a solemn spell upon it, 3070.

dor, st. n., animal, wild animal: in comp. mere-, s-dor.

dor, adj.: 1) wild, terrible: nom. sg. dor dd-fruma (of Grendel), 2091.—2) bold, brave: nom. nnig ... dor, 1934.—Comp.: heaðu-, hilde-dor.

dore, dyre, adj.: 1) dear, costly (high in price): acc. sg. dyre ren, 2051; drincfæt dyre (dore), 2307, 2255; instr. sg. doran sweorde, 561; dat. sg. dorum mðme, 1529; nom. pl. dyre swyrd, 3049; acc. pl. dore (dyre) mðmas, 2237, 3132.—2) dear, beloved, worthy: nom. sg. f., æðelum dore, worthy by reason of origin, 1950; dat. sg. æfter dorum men, 1880; gen. sg. dorre duguðe, 488; superl. acc. sg. aldorþegn þone dorestan, 1310.

dor-lc, adj., bold, brave: acc. sg. dorlce dd, 585. See dor.

disc, st. m., disc, plate, flat dish: nom. acc. pl. discas, 2776, 3049.

ge-dgan. See ge-dygan.

dol-gilp, st. m., mad boast, foolish pride, vain-glory, thoughtless audacity: dat. sg. for dolgilpe, 509.

dol-lc, adj., audacious: gen. pl. mst ... dda dollcra, 2647.

dol-sceaða, w. m., bold enemy: acc. sg. þone dol-scaðan (Grendel), 479.

dgor, st. m. n., day; 1) day as a period of 24 hours: gen. sg. ymb ntd ðres dgores, at the same time of the next day, 219; morgen-loht ðres dgores, the morning-light of the second day, 606.—2) day in the usual sense: acc. sg. n. þys dgor, during this day, 1396; instr. þy dgore, 1798; forman dgore, 2574; gen. pl. dgora gehwm, 88; dgra gehwylce, 1091; dgera dægrim, the number of his days (the days of his life), 824.—3) day in the wider sense of time: dat. pl. ufaran dgrum, in later days, times, 2201, 2393.—Comp. ende-dgor.

dgor-germ, st. n., series of days: gen. sg. wæs eall sceacen dgor-germes, the whole number of his days (his life) was past, 2729.

dhtor, st. f., daughter: nom. acc. sg. dhtor, 375, 1077, 1930, 1982, etc.

dm, st. m.: I., condition, state in general; in comp. cyne-, wis-dm.—II., having reference to justice, hence: 1) judgment, judicial opinion: instr. sg. weotena dme, according to the judgment of the Witan, 1099. 2) custom: æfter dme, according to custom, 1721. 3) court, tribunal: gen. sg. miclan dmes, 979; oð dmes dæg, 3070, both times of the last judgment.—III., condition of freedom or superiority, hence: 4) choice, free will: acc. sg. on snne sylfes dm, according to his own choice, 2148; instr. sg. selfes dme, 896, 2777. 5) might, power: nom. sg. dm godes, 2859; acc. sg. Eofores nne dm, 2965; dat. sg. drihtnes dme, 441. 6) glory, honor, renown: nom. sg. [dm], 955; dm unlytel, not a little glory, 886; þæt wæs forma sð dorum mðme þæt his dm læg, it was the first time to the dear treasure (the sword Hrunting) that its fame was not made good, 1529; acc. sg. ic m dm gewyrce, make renown for myself, 1492; þæt þ ne lte dm gedrosan, that thou let not honor fall, 2667; dat. instr. sg. þr h dme forlas, here he lost his reputation, 1471; dme gewurðad, adorned with glory, 1646; gen. sg. wyrce s þe mte dmes, let him make himself reputation, whoever is able, 1389. 7) splendor (in heaven): acc. sð-fæstra dm, the glory of the saints, 2821.

dm-las, adj., without reputation, inglorious: acc. sg. f. dmlasan dd, 2891.

dn, red. v., to do, to make, to treat: 1) absolutely: imp. dð sw ic bidde, do as I beg, 1232.—2) w. acc.: inf. ht hire selfre sunu on bl dn, 1117; pret. þ h him of dyde sernbyrnan, took off the iron corselet, 672; (þonne) him Hnlfing, ... billa slest, on bearm dyde, when he made a present to him of Hnlfing, the best of swords, 1145; dyde him of healse hring gyldenne, took off the gold ring from his neck, 2810; n him þæs wyrmes wg for wiht dyde, eafoð and ellen, nor did he reckon as anything the drake's fighting, power, and strength, 2349; pl. h on beorg dydon bg and siglu, placed in the (grave-) mound rings and ornaments, 3165.—3) representing preceding verbs: inf. t Gatum sprec mildum wordum! sw sceal man dn, as one should do, 1173; similarly, 1535, 2167; pres. metod eallum wold, sw h n gt dð, the creator ruled over all, as he still does, 1059; similarly, 2471, 2860, and (sg. for pl.) 1135; pret. II. sw þ r dydest, 1677; III. sw h n gyt dyde, 957; similarly, 1382, 1892, 2522; pl. sw he oft r dydon, 1239; similarly, 3071. With the case also which the preceding verb governs: wn' ic þæt h wille ... Gatena lode etan unforhte, sw h oft dyde mægen Hrðmanna, I believe he will wish to devour the Gat people, the fearless, as he often did (devoured) the bloom of the Hrðmen, 444; gif ic þæt gefricge ... þæt þec ymbesittend egesan þywað, sw þec hetende hwlum dydon, that the neighbors distress thee as once the enemy did thee (i.e. distressed), 1829; gif ic wihte mæg þnre md-lufan mran tilian þonne ic gyt dyde, if I can with anything obtain thy greater love than I have yet done, 1825; similarly, pl. þonne þ dydon, 44.

ge-dn, to do, to make, with the acc. and predicate adj.: prs. (god) gedð him sw gewealdene worolde dlas, makes the parts of the world (i.e. the whole world) so subject that ..., 1733; inf. n hyne on medo-bence micles wyrðne drihten wereda gedn wolde, nor would the leader of the people much honor him at the mead-banquet, 2187. With adv.: h mec þr on innan ... gedn wolde, wished to place me in there, 2091.

draca, w. m., drake, dragon: nom. sg., 893, 2212; acc. sg. dracan, 2403, 3132; gen. sg., 2089, 2291, 2550.—Comp.: eorð-, fyr-, lg-, lg-, nð-draca.

on-drdan, st. v., w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the pers., to fear, to be afraid of: inf. þæt þ him on-drdan ne þearft ... aldorbealu, needest not fear death for them, 1675; pret. n h him þ sæcce ondrd, was not afraid of the combat, 2348.

ge-dræg (from dragan, in the sense se gerere), st. n., demeanor, actions: acc. sg. scan dofla gedræg, 757.

drepan, st. v., to hit, to strike: pret. sg. sweorde drep ferhð-genðlan, 2881; pret. part. bið on hreðre ... drepen biteran strle, struck in the breast with piercing arrow, 1746; wæs in feorh dropen (fatally hit), 2982.

drepe, st. m., blow, stroke: acc. sg. drepe, 1590.

drfan, ge-drfan, w. v., to move, to agitate, to stir up: inf. gewt ... drfan dop wæter (to navigate), 1905; pret. part. wæter under std drorig and gedrfed, 1418.

dram, st. m., rejoicing, joyous actions, joy: nom. sg. hæleða dram, 497; acc. sg. dram hldne, 88; þ ... dram healdende, thou who livest in rejoicing (at the drinking-carouse), who art joyous, 1228: dat. instr. sg. drame bedled, 1276; gen. pl. drama las, 851; dat. pl. dramum (here adverbial) lifdon, lived in rejoicing, joyously, 99; dramum bedled, 722; the last may refer also to heavenly joys.—Comp. glo-, gum-, man-, sele-dram.

dram-las, adj., without rejoicing, joyless: nom. sg. of King Heremd, 1721.

drogan, st. v.: 1) to lead a life, to be in a certain condition: pret. drah æfter dme, lived in honor, honorably, 2180; pret. pl. fyren-þearfe ongeat, þæt he r drugon aldorlase lange hwile, (God) had seen the great distress, (had seen) that they had lived long without a ruler (?), 15.—2) to experience, to live through, to do, to make, to enjoy: imp. droh symbelwynne, pass through the pleasure of the meal, to enjoy the meal, 1783; inf. driht-scype drogan (do a heroic deed), 1471; pret. sundnytte drah (had the occupation of swimming, i.e. swam through the sea), 2361; pret. pl. he gewin drugon (fought), 799; h sð drugon, made the way, went, 1967.—3) to experience, to bear, to suffer: scealt werhðo drogan, shall suffer damnation, 590; pret. þegn-sorge drah, bore sorrow for his heroes, 131; nearoþearfe drah, 422; pret. pl. inwidsorge þ he r drugon, 832; similarly, 1859.

-drogan, to suffer, to endure: inf. wrc drogan, 3079.

ge-drogan, to live through, to enjoy, pret. part. þæt h ... gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne, that he had now enjoyed the pleasures of earth (i.e. that he was at his death), 2727.

dror, st. m., blood dropping or flowing from wounds: instr. sg. drore, 447.—Comp. heoru-, swul-, wæl-dror.

dror-fh, adj., colored with blood, spotted with blood: nom. sg. 485.

drorig, adj., bloody, bleeding: nom. sg. wæter std drorig, 1418; acc. sg. dryhten snne drorigne fand, 2790.—Comp. heoru-drorig.

ge-drosan, st. v., to fall down, to sink: pres. sg. III. lc-homa lne gedroseð, the body, belonging to death, sinks down, 1755; inf. þæt þ ne lte dm gedrosan, honor fall, sink, 2667.

drincan, st. v., to drink (with and without the acc.): pres. part. nom. pl. ealo drincende, 1946; pret. bld drum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743; pret. pl. druncon wn weras, the men drank wine, 1234; þr guman druncon, where the men drank, 1649. The pret. part., when it stands absolutely, has an active sense: nom. pl. druncne dryhtguman, ye warriors who have drunk, are drinking, 1232; acc. pl. nealles druncne slg heorð-genatas, slew not his hearth-companions who had drunk with him, i.e. at the banquet, 2180. With the instr. it means drunken: nom. sg. bore (wne) druncen, 531, 1468; nom. pl. bore druncne, 480.

drfan, st. v., to drive: pres. pl. þ þe brentingas ofer flda genipu feorran drfað, who drive their ships thither from afar over the darkness of the sea, 2809; inf. (w. acc.) þah þe h [ne] meahte on mere drfan hringedstefnan, although he could not drive the ship on the sea, 1131.

to-drfan, to drive apart, to disperse: pret. oð þæt unc fld tdrf, 545.

drohtoð, st. m., mode of living or acting, calling, employment: nom. sg. ne wæs his drohtoð þr swylce h r gemtte, there was no employment for him (Grendel) there such as he had found formerly, 757.

drsian, w. v. (cf. drosan, properly, to be ready to fall; here of water), to stagnate, to be putrid. pret. lagu drsade (through the blood of Grendel and his mother), 1631.

dryht, driht, st. f., company, troop, band of warriors; noble band: in comp. mago-driht.

ge-dryht, ge-driht, st. f., troop, band of noble warriors: nom. sg. mnra eorla gedryht, 431; acc. sg. æðelinga gedriht, 118; mid his eorla (hæleða) gedriht (gedryht), 357, 663; similarly, 634, 1673.—Comp. sibbe-gedriht.

dryht-bearn, st. n., youth from a noble warrior band, noble young man: nom. sg. dryhtbearn Dena, 2036.

dryhten, drihten, st. m., commander, lord: a) temporal lord: nom. sg. dryhten, 1485, 2001, etc.; drihten, 1051; dat. dryhtne, 2483, etc.; dryhten, 1832.—b) God: nom. drihten, 108, etc.; dryhten, 687, etc.; dat. sg. dryhtne, 1693, etc.; drihtne, 1399, etc.; gen. sg. dryhtnes, 441; drihtnes, 941.—Comp.: fra-, fro-, gum-, man-, sige-, wine-dryhten.

dryht-guma, w. m., one of a troop of warriors, noble warrior: dat. sg. drihtguman, 1389; nom. pl. drihtguman, 99; dryhtguman, 1232; dat. pl. ofer dryhtgumum, 1791 (of Hrðgr's warriors).

dryht-lc, adj., (that which befits a noble troop of warriors), noble, excellent: dryhtlc ren, excellent sword, 893; acc. sg. f. (with an acc. sg. n.) drihtlce wf (of Hildeburh), 1159.

dryht-mðum, st. m., excellent jewel, splendid treasure: gen. pl. dryhtmðma, 2844.

dryht-scipe, st. m., (lord-ship) warlike virtue, bravery; heroic deed: acc. sg. drihtscype drogan, to do a heroic deed, 1471.

dryht-sele, st. m., excellent, splendid hall: nom. sg. driht-sele, 485; dryhtsele, 768; acc. sg. dryhtsele, 2321.

dryht-sib, st. f., peace or friendship between troops of noble warriors: gen. sg. dryhtsibbe, 2069.

drync, st. m., drink: in comp. heoru-drync.

drync-fæt, st. n., vessel for drink, to receive the drink: acc. sg., 2255; drinc-fæt, 2307.

drysmian, w. v., to become obscure, gloomy (through the falling rain): pres. sg. III. lyft drysmað, 1376.

drysne, adj. See on-drysne.

dugan, v., to avail, to be capable, to be good: pres. sg. III. hru se aldor dah, especially is the prince capable, 369; ðonne his ellen dah, if his strength avails, is good, 573; þ him selfa dah, who is capable of himself, who can rely on himself, 1840; pres. subj. þah þn wit duge, though, indeed, your understanding be good, avail, 590; similarly, 1661, 2032; pret. sg. þ s wl dohtest, you did us good, conducted yourself well towards us, 1822; similarly, n so hand ligeð s þe ow welhwylcra wilna dohte, which was helpful to each one of your desires, 1345; pret. subj. þah þ heaðorsa gehwr dohte, though thou wast everywhere strong in battle, 526.

duguð (state of being fit, capable), st. f.: 1) capability, strength: dat. pl. for dugeðum, in ability(?), 2502; duguðum dmdon, praised with all their might(?), 3176.—2) men capable of bearing arms, band of warriors, esp., noble warriors: nom. sg. duguð unlytel, 498; duguð, 1791, 2255; dat. sg. for duguðe, before the heroes, 2021; nalles frætwe geaf ealdor duguðe, gave the band of heroes no treasure (more), 2921; loda duguðe on lst, upon the track of the heroes of the people, i.e. after them, 2946; gen. sg. cðe h duguðe þaw, the custom of the noble warriors, 359; dorre duguðe, 488; similarly, 2239, 2659; acc. pl. duguða, 2036.—3) contrasted with geogoð, duguð designates the noted warriors of noble birth (as in the Middle Ages, knights in contrast with squires): so gen. sg. duguðe and geogoðe, 160; gehwylc ... duguðe and iogoðe, 1675; duguðe and geogoðe dl ghwylcne, 622.

durran, v. pret. and pres. to dare; prs. sg. II. þ dearst bdan, darest to await, 527; III. h gescean dear, 685; pres. subj. sc gyf þ dyrre, seek (Grendel's mother), if thou dare, 1380; pret. dorste, 1463, 1469, etc.; pl. dorston, 2849.

duru, st. f., door, gate, wicket: nom. sg., 722; acc. sg. [duru], 389.

ge-dfan, st. v., to dip in, to sink into: pret. þæt sweord gedaf (the sword sank into the drake, of a blow), 2701.

þurh-dfan, to dive through; to swim through, diving: pret. wæter up þurh-daf, swam through the water upwards (because he was before at the bottom), 1620.

dwellan, w. v., to mislead, to hinder: prs. III. n hine wiht dweleð, dl n yldo, him nothing misleads, neither sickness nor age, 1736.

dyhtig, adj., useful, good for: nom. sg. n. sweord ... ecgum dyhtig, 1288.

dynnan, w. v., to sound, to groan, to roar: pret. dryhtsele (healwudu, hrse) dynede, 768, 1318, 2559.

dyrne, adj.: 1) concealed, secret, retired: nom. sg. dyrne, 271; acc. sg. dryhtsele dyrnne (of the drake's cave-hall), 2321.—2) secret, malicious, hidden by sorcery: dat. instr. sg. dyrnan cræfte, with secret magic art, 2291; dyrnum cræfte, 2169; gen. pl. dyrnra gsta, of malicious spirits (of Grendel's kin), 1358.—Comp. un-dyrne.

dyrne, adv., in secret, secretly: him ...æfter dorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880.

dyrstig, adj., bold, daring: þah þe h dda gehwæs dyrstig wre, although he had been courageous for every deed, 2839.

ge-dygan, ge-dgan, w. v., to endure, to overcome, with the acc. of the thing endured: pres. sg. II. gif þ þæt ellenweorc aldre gedgest, if thou survivest the heroic work with thy life, 662; III. þæt þone hilders hl gedgeð, that he survives the battle in safety, 300; similarly, inf. unfge gedgan wan and wræcsð, 2293; hwæðer sl mge wunde gedygan, which of the two can stand the wounds better (come off with life), 2532; ne meahte unbyrnende dop gedygan, could not endure the deep without burning (could not hold out in the deep), 2550; pret. sg. I. III. ge-dgde, 578, 1656, 2351, 2544.

dygol. See dogol.

dyre. See dore.

E

ecg, st. f., edge of the sword, point: nom. sg. sweordes ecg, 1107; ecg, 1525, etc.; acc. sg. wið ord and wið ecge ingang forstd, defended the entrance against point and edge (i.e. against spear and sword), 1550; mces ecge, 1813; nom. pl. ecge, 1146.—Sword, battle-axe, any cutting weapon: nom. sg. ne wæs ecg bona (not the sword killed him), 2507; so ecg brn (Bowulf's sword Nægling), 2578; hyne ecg fornam, the sword snatched him away, 2773, etc.; nom. pl. ecga, 2829; dat. pl. æscum and ecgum, 1773; dat. pl. (but denoting only one sword) acnum ecgum, 2141; gen. pl. ecga, 483, 806, 1169;—blade: ecg wæs ren, 1460.—Comp.: brn-, heard-, styl-ecg, adj.

ecg-bana, w. m., murderer by the sword: dat. sg. Cain wearð t ecg-banan ngan brðer, 1263.

ecg-hete, st. m., sword-hate, enmity which the sword carries out: nom. sg., 84, 1739.

ecg-þracu, st. f., sword-storm (of violent combat): acc. atole ecg-þræce, 597.

ed-hwyrft, st. m., return (of a former condition): þ þr sna wearð edhwyrft eorlum, siððan inne fealh Grendles mdor (i.e. after Grendel's mother had penetrated into the hall, the former perilous condition, of the time of the visits of Grendel, returned to the men), 1282.

ed-wendan, w. v., to turn back, to yield, to leave off: inf. gyf him edwendan fre scolde bealuwa bisigu, if for him the affliction of evil should ever cease, 280.

ed-wenden, st. f., turning, change: nom. sg. edwenden, 1775; ed-wenden torna gehwylces (reparation for former neglect), 2189.

edwt-lf, st. n., life in disgrace: nom. sg., 2892.

efn, adj., even, like, with preceding on, and with depend. dat., upon the same level, near: him on efn ligeð ealdorgewinna, lies near him, 2904.

efnan (see æfnan) w. v., to carry out, to perform, to accomplish: pres. subj. eorlscype efne (accomplish knightly deeds), 2536; inf. eorlscipe efnan, 2623; sweorda gelc efnan (to battle), 1042; gerund. t efnanne, 1942; pret. eorlscipe efnde, 2134, 3008.

efne, adv., even, exactly, precisely, just, united with sw or swylc: efne sw swðe sw, just so much as, 1093; efne sw sde sw, 1224; wæs se gryre lssa efne sw micle sw, by so much the less as ..., 1284; loht inne std efne sw ... scneð, a gleam stood therein (in the sword) just as when ... shines, 1572; efne sw hwylc mægða sw þone magan cende (a woman who has borne such a son), 944; efne sw hwylcum manna sw him gemet þhte, to just such a man as seemed good to him, 3058; efne swylce mla swylce ... þearf geslde, just at the times at which necessity commanded it, 1250.

efstan, w. v., to be in haste, to hasten: inf. uton n efstan, let us hurry now, 3102; pret. efste mid elne, hastened with heroic strength, 1494.

eft, adv.: l) thereupon, afterwards: 56, 1147, 2112, 3047, etc.; eft sna bið, then it happens immediately, 1763; bt eft cuman, help come again, 281.—2) again, on the other side: þæt hine on ylde eft gewunigen wilgesðas, that in old age again (also on their side) willing companions should be attached to him, 22;—anew, again: 135, 604, 693, 1557, etc.; eft sw r, again as formerly, 643.—3) retro, rursus, back: 123, 296, 854, etc.; þæt hig æðelinges eft ne wndon (did not believe that he would come back), 1597.

eft-cyme, st. m., return: gen. sg. eftcymes, 2897.

eft-sð, st. m., journey back, return: acc. sg. 1892; gen. sg. eft-sðes georn, 2784; acc. pl. eftsðas tah, went the road back, i.e. returned, 1333.

egesa, egsa (state of terror, active or passive): l) frightfulness: acc. sg. þurh egsan, 276; gen. egesan ne gymeð, cares for nothing terrible, is not troubled about future terrors(?), 1758.—2) terror, horror, fear: nom. sg. egesa, 785; instr. sg. egesan, 1828, 2737.—Comp.: gld-, lg-, wæter-egesa.

eges-full, adj., horrible (full of fear, fearful), 2930.

eges-lc, adj., terrible, bringing terror: of Grendel's head, 1650; of the beginning of the fight with the drake, 2310; of the drake, 2826.

egle, adj., causing aversion, hideous: nom. pl. neut., or, more probably, perhaps, adverbial, egle (MS. egl), 988.

egsian (denominative from egesa), w. v., to have terror, distress: pret. (as pluperf.) egsode eorl(?), 6.

ehtian, w. v., to esteem, to make prominent with praise: III. pl. pres. þæt þ ... weras ehtigað, that thee men shall esteem, praise, 1223.

elde (those who generate, cf. O.N. al-a, generare), st. m. only in the pl., men: dat. pl. eldum, 2215; mid eldum, among men, 2612.—See ylde.

eldo, st. f., age: instr. sg. eldo gebunden, 2112.

el-land, st. n., foreign land, exile: acc. sg. sceall ... elland tredan, (shall be banished), 3020.

ellen, st. n., strength, heroic strength, bravery: nom. sg. ellen, 573; eafoð and ellen, 903; Gata ... eafoð and ellen, 603; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; ellen cyðan, show bravery, 2696; ellen fremedon, exercised heroic strength, did heroic deeds, 3; similarly, ic gefremman sceal eorlc ellen, 638; ferh ellen wræc, life drove out the strength, i.e. with the departing life (of the dragon) his strength left him, 2707; dat. sg. on elne, 2507, 2817; as instr. þ wæs æt þm geongum grim andswaru ðbegte þm þe r his elne forlas, then it was easy for (every one of) those who before had lost his hero-courage, to obtain rough words from the young man (Wglf), 2862; mid elne, 1494, 2536; elne, alone, in adverbial sense, strongly, zealously, and with the nearly related meaning, hurriedly, transiently, 894, 1098, 1968, 2677, 2918; gen. sg. elnes læt, 1530; þ him wæs elnes þearf, 2877.—Comp. mægen-ellen.

ellen-dd, st. f., heroic deed: dat. pl. -ddum, 877, 901.

ellen-gst, st. m., strength-spirit, demon with heroic strength: nom. sg. of Grendel, 86.

ellen-lce, adv., strongly, with heroic strength, 2123.

ellen-mrðu, st. f., renown of heroic strength, dat. pl. -mrðum, 829, 1472.

ellen-rf, adj., renowned for strength: nom. sg. 340, 358, 3064; dat. pl. -rfum, 1788.

ellen-soc, adj., infirm in strength: acc. sg. þoden ellensocne (the mortally wounded king, Bowulf), 2788.

ellen-weorc, st. n., (strength-work), heroic deed, achievement in battle: acc. sg. 662, 959, 1465, etc.; gen. pl. ellen-weorca, 2400.

elles, adv., else, otherwise: a (modal), in another manner, 2521.—b (local), elles hwr, somewhere else, 138; elles hwergen, 2591.

ellor, adv., to some other place, 55, 2255.

ellor-gst, -gst, st. m., spirit living elsewhere (standing outside of the community of mankind): nom. sg. se ellorgst (Grendel), 808; (Grendel's mother), 1622; ellorgst (Grendel's mother), 1618; acc. pl. ellorgstas, 1350.

ellor-sð, st. m., departure, death: nom. sg. 2452.

elra, adj. (comparative of a not existing form, ele, Goth. aljis, alius), another: dat. sg. on elran men, 753.

el-þodig, adj., of another people: foreign: acc. pl. el-þodige men, 336.

ende, st. m., the extreme: hence, 1) end: nom. sg. aldres (lfes) ende, 823, 2845; oð þæt ende becwm (scil. unrihtes), 1255; acc. sg. ende lfgesceafta (lfes, ln-daga), 3064, 1387, 2343; hæfde eorðscrafa ende genyttod, had used the end of the earth-caves (had made use of the caves for the last time), 3047; dat. sg. ealdres (lfes) æt ende, 2791, 2824; eoletes æt ende, 224.—2) boundary: acc. sg. sde rce þæt h his selfa ne mæg ... ende geþencean, the wide realm, so that he himself cannot comprehend its boundaries, 1735.—3) summit, head: dat. sg. eorlum on ende, to the nobles at the end (the highest courtiers), 2022.—Comp. woruld-ende.

ende-dæg, st. m., last day, day of death: nom. sg. 3036; acc. sg. 638.

ende-dgor, st. m., last day, day of death: gen. sg. bga on wnum endedgores and eftcymes lotes monnes (hesitating between the belief in the death and in the return of the dear man), 2897.

ende-lf, st. f., last remnant: nom. sg. þ eart ende-lf sses cynnes, art the last of our race, 2814.

ende-lan, st. n., final reparation: acc. sg. 1693.

ende-sta, w. m., he who sits on the border, boundary-guard: nom. sg. (here of the strand-watchman), 241.

ende-stæf, st. m. (elementum finis), end: acc. sg. hit on endestæf eft gelimpeð, then it draws near to the end, 1754.

ge-endian, w. v., to end: pret. part. ge-endod, 2312.

enge, adj., narrow: acc. pl. enge npaðas, narrow paths, 1411.

ent, st. m., giant: gen. pl. enta r-geweorc (the sword-hilt out of the dwelling-place of Grendel), 1680; enta geweorc (the dragon's cave), 2718; eald-enta r-geweorc (the costly things in the dragon's cave), 2775.

entisc, adj., coming from giants: acc. sg. entiscne helm, 2980.

etan, st. v., to eat, to consume: pres. sg. III. bldig wæl ... eteð n-genga, he that goes alone (Grendel) will devour the bloody corpse, 448; inf. Gatena lode ... etan, 444.

þurh-etan, to eat through: pret. part. pl. nom. swyrd ... þurhetone, swords eaten through (by rust), 3050.



c. See ac.

ce, adj., everlasting; nom. ce drihten (God), 108; acc. sg. ce eorðreced, the everlasting earth-hall (the dragon's cave), 2720; gecas cne rd, chose the everlasting gain (died), 1202; dat. sg. cean dryhtne, 1693, 1780, 2331; acc. pl. gecos ce rdas, 1761.

dre. See dre.

ð-begte, adj., easy to obtain, ready: nom. sg. þ wæs æt þm geongum grim andswaru ð-begte, then from the young man (Wglf) it was an easy thing to get a gruff answer, 2862.

ðe. See aðe.

ðel, st. m., hereditary possessions, hereditary estate: acc. sg. swsne ðel, 520; dat. sg. on ðle, 1731.—In royal families the hereditary possession is the whole realm: hence, acc. sg. ðel Scyldinga, of the kingdom of the Scyldings, 914; (Offa) wsdme hold ðel snne, ruled with wisdom his inherited kingdom, 1961.

ðel-riht, st. n., hereditary privileges (rights that belong to a hereditary estate): nom. sg. eard ðel-riht, estate and inherited privileges, 2199.

ðel-stl, st. m., hereditary seat, inherited throne: acc. pl. ðel-stlas, 2372.

ðel-turf, st. f., inherited ground, hereditary estate: dat. sg. on mnre ðeltyrf, 410.

ðel-weard, st. m., lord of the hereditary estate (realm): nom. sg. ðelweard (king), 1703, 2211; dat. sg. ast-Dena ðel wearde (King Hrðgr), 617.

ðel-wyn, st. f., joy in, or enjoyment of, hereditary possessions: nom. sg. n sceal ... eall ðelwyn owrum cynne, lufen licgean, now shall your race want all home-joy, and subsistence(?) (your race shall be banished from its hereditary abode), 2886; acc. sg. h m lond forgeaf, eard ðelwyn, presented me with land, abode, and the enjoyment of home, 2494.

ð-gesyne, yð-gesne, adj., easy to see, visible to all: nom. sg. 1111, 1245.

g-clif, st. n., sea-cliff: acc. sg. ofer g-clif (ecg-clif, MS.), 2894.

g-stram, st. m., sea-stream, sea-flood: dat. pl. on g-stramum, in the sea-floods, 577. See agor-stram.

htan (M.H.G. chten; cf. ht and ge-æhtla), w. v. w. gen., to be a pursuer, to pursue: pres. part. glca htende wæs duguðe and geogoðe, 159; pret. pl. hton glcan, they pursued the bringer of sorrow (Bowulf)(?), 1513.

st, st. m. f., favor, grace, kindness: acc. sg. h him st getah mara and mðma (honored him with horses and jewels), 2166; gearwor hæfde gendes st r gescawod, would rather have seen the grace of the Lord (of God) sooner, 3076.—dat. pl., adverbial, libenter: him on folce hold, stum mid re, 2379; stum geywan (to present), 2150; him wæs ... wunden gold stum geawed (presented), 1195; w þæt ellenweorc stum miclum fremedon, 959.

ste, adj., gracious: w. gen. ste bearn-gebyrdo, gracious through the birth (of such a son as Bowulf), 946.

EA

eafoð, st. n., power, strength: nom, sg. eafoð and ellen, 603, 903; acc. sg. eafoð and ellen, 2350; w frcne genðdon eafoð uncðes, we have boldly ventured against the strength of the enemy (Grendel) have withstood him, 961; gen. sg. eafoðes cræftig, 1467; þæt þec dl oððe ecg eafoðes getwfed, shall rob of strength, 1764; dat. pl. hine mihtig god ... eafeðum stpte, made him great through strength, 1718.

eafor, st. m., boar; here the image of the boar as banner: acc. sg. eafor, 2153.

eafora (offspring), w. m.: 1) son: nom. sg. eafera, 12, 898; eafora, 375; acc. sg. eaferan, 1548, 1848; gen. sg. eafera, 19; nom. pl. eaferan, 2476; dat. pl. eaferum, 1069, 2471; uncran eaferan, 1186.—2) in broader sense, successor: dat. pl. eaforum, 1711.

eahta, num., eight: acc. pl. eahta maras, 1036; ode eahta sum, went as one of eight, with seven others, 3124.

eahtian, w. v.: 1) to consider; to deliberate: pret. pl. w. acc. rd eahtedon, consulted about help, 172; pret. sg. (for the plural) þone slestan þra þe mid Hrðgre hm eahtode, the best one of those who with Hrðgr deliberated about their home (ruled), 1408.—2) to speak with reflection of (along with the idea of praise): pret. pl. eahtodan eorlscipe, spoke of his noble character, 3175.

eal, eall, adj., all, whole: nom. sg. werod eall, 652; pl. eal bencþelu, 486; sg. eall ðelwyn, 2886; eal worold, 1739, etc.; þæt hit wearð eal gearo, healærna mst, 77; þæt hit (wgbil) eal gemealt, 1609. And with a following genitive: þr wæs eal geador Grendles grpe, there was all together Grendel's hand, the whole hand of Grendel, 836; eall ... lissa, all favor, 2150; wæs eall sceacen dgorgermes, 2728. With apposition: þhte him eall t rm, wongas and wcstede, 2462; acc. sg. bot eal, 523; similarly, 2018, 2081; oncyððe ealle, all distress, 831; heals ealne, 2692; hlw ... ealne tan-weardne, 2298; gif h þæt eal gemon, 1186, 2428; þæt eall geondseh, recedes geatwa, 3089; ealne wde-ferhð, through the whole wide life, through all time, 1223; instr. sg. ealle mægene, with all strength, 2668; dat. sg. eallum ... manna cynne, 914; gen. sg. ealles moncynnes, 1956. Subst. ic þæs ealles mæg ... gefan habban, 2740; brc ealles well, 2163; fran ealles þanc secge, give thanks to the Lord of all, 2795; nom. pl. untydras ealle, 111; scotend ... ealle, 706; w ealle, 942; acc. pl. fond ealle, 700; similarly, 1081, 1797, 2815; subst. ofer ealle, 650; ealle he dað fornam, 2237; lg ealle forswealg þra þe þr gð fornam, all of those whom the war had snatched away, 1123; dat. pl. eallum ceaster-bendum, 768; similarly, 824, 907, 1418; subst. na wið eallum, one against all, 145; with gen. eallum gumena cynnes, 1058; gen. pl. æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, the kinsmen of all twelve nobles (twelve nobles hold the highest positions of the court), 3172; subst. h h ealra geweald, has power over all, 1728.