l. 898. Scherer proposes hte, = from heat, instr. of ht, heat; cf. l. 2606.

l. 901. h þæs ron þh = he throve in honor (B.). Ten Br. inserts comma after þh, making siððan introduce a depend. clause.—Beit. viii. 568. Cf. weorð-myndum þh, l. 8; ll. 1155, 1243.—H.-So.

l. 902. Heremdes is considered by Heinzel to be a mere epithet = the valiant; which would refer the whole passage to Sigmund (Sigfrid), the eotenas, l. 903, being the Nibelungen. This, says H.-So., gets rid of the contradiction between the good "Heremd" here and the bad one, l. 1710 seq.—B. however holds fast to Heremd.—Beit. xii. 41. on fonda geweald, l. 904,—into the hands of devils, says B.; cf. ll. 809, 1721, 2267; Christ, l. 1416; Andreas, l. 1621; for hine fyren onwd, cf. Gen. l. 2579; Hunt's Dan. 17: he wlenco anwd.

l. 902 seq. "Heremd's shame is contrasted with the glory of Sigemund, and with the prudence, patience, generosity, and gentleness of Beowulf as a chieftain."—Br., p. 66.

l. 906. MS. has lemede. Toller-Bosw. corrects to lemedon.

l. 917. Cf. Hunt's Exod., l. 170, for similar language.

l. 925. hs, G. hansa, company, "the word from which the mercantile association of the 'Hanseatic' towns took their designation."—E.

l. 927. on staþole = on the floor (B., Rask, ten Br.).—Beit. xii. 90.

l. 927. May not stapne here = bright, from its being immediately followed by golde fhne? Cf. Chaucer's "his eyen stepe," Prol. l. 201 (ed. Morris); Cockayne's Ste. Marherete, pp. 9, 108; St. Kath., l. 1647.

l. 931. grynna may be for gyrnna (= sorrows), gen. plu. of gyrn, as suggested by one commentator.

l. 937. B. (Beit. xii. 90) makes gehwylcne object of wd-scofen (hæfde). Gr. makes wa nom. absolute.

l. 940. scuccum: cf. G. scheuche, scheusal; Prov. Eng. old-shock; perhaps the pop. interjection O shucks! (!)

l. 959. H. explains w as a "plur. of majesty," which Bowulf throws off at l. 964.

l. 963. fond þone frætgan (B. Beit. xii. 90).

l. 976. synnum. "Most abstract words in the poetry have a very wide range of meanings, diverging widely from the prose usage, synn, for instance, means simply injury, mischief, hatred, and the prose meaning sin is only a secondary one; hata in poetry is not only hater, but persecutor, enemy, just as nð is both hatred and violence, strength; heard is sharp as well as hard."—Sw.

l. 986. S. places wæs at end of l. 985 and reads stðra nægla, omitting gehwylc and the commas after that and after scawedon. Beit. ix. 138; stdra (H.-So.); hand-sporu (H.-So.) at l. 987.

l. 986. Miller (Anglia, xii. 3) corrects to ghwylene, in apposition to fingras.

l. 987. hand-sporu. See Anglia, vii. 176, for a discussion of the intrusion of u into the nom. of n-stems.

l. 988. Cf. ll. 2121, 2414, for similar use of unhoru = ungeheuer.

l. 992. B. suggests hatimbred for hten, and gefrætwon for -od; Kl., hroden (Beit. ix. 189).

l. 995, 996. Gold-embroidered tapestries seem to be meant by web = aurifrisium.

l. 997. After þra þe = of those that, the depend, vb. often takes sg. for pl.; cf. ll. 844, 1462, 2384, 2736.—Sw.; Dietrich.

l. 998. "Metathesis of l takes place in seld for setl, bold for botl," etc.—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 96. Cf. Eng. proper names, Bootle, Battlefield, etc.—Skeat, Principles, i. 250.

l. 1000. heorras: cf. Chaucer, Prol. (ed. Morris) l. 550:

"Ther was no dore that he nolde heve of harre."

ll. 1005-1007. See Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 391, and Beit. xii. 368, for R.'s and B.'s views of this difficult passage.

l. 1009. Cf. l. 1612 for sl and ml, surviving still in E. Anglia in "mind your seals and meals," = times and occasions, i.e. have your wits about you.—E.

ll. 1012, 1013. Cf. ll. 753, 754 for two similar comparatives used in conjunction.

l. 1014. Cf. l. 327 for similar language.

ll. 1015, 1016. H.-So. puts these two lines in parentheses (fylle ... þra). Cf. B., Beit. xii. 91.

l. 1024. One of the many famous swords spoken of in the poem. See Hrunting, ll. 1458, 1660; Hnlfing, l. 1144, etc. Cf. Excalibur, Roland's sword, the Nibelung Balmung, etc.

l. 1034. scr-heard. For an ingenious explanation of this disputed word see Professor Pearce's article in Mod. Lang. Notes, Nov. 1, 1892, and ensuing discussion.

l. 1039. eoderas is of doubtful meaning. H. and Toller-Bosw. regard the word here = enclosure, palings of the court. Cf. Cdmon, ll. 2439, 2481. The passage throws interesting light on horses and their trappings

l. 1043. Grundt. emends wg to wicg, = charger; and E. quotes Tacitus, Germania, 7.

l. 1044. "Power over each and both"; cf. "all and some," "one and all."

For Ingwin, see List of Names.

l. 1065. Gr. contends that fore here = de, concerning, about (Ebert's Jahrb., 1862, p. 269).

l. 1069. H.-So. supplies fram after eaferum, to govern it, = concerning (?). Cf. Fight at Finnsburg, Appendix.

l. 1070. For the numerous names of the Danes, "bright-" "spear-" "east-" "west-" "ring-" Danes, see these words.

l. 1073. Eotenas = Finn's people, the Frisians; cf. ll. 1089, 1142, 1146, etc., and Beit. xii. 37. Why they are so called is not known.

l. 1084. R. proposes wiht Hengeste wið gefeohtan (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 394). Kl., wið H. wiht gefeohtan.

ll. 1085 and 1099. wa-lf occurs in Wulfstan, Hom. 133, ed. Napier.—E. Cf. daroða lf, Brunanb., l. 54; des lfe, Phoenix, 272 (Bright), etc.

l. 1098. elne unflitme = so dass der eid (der inhalt des eides) nicht streitig war.—B., Beit. iii. 30. But cf. 1130, where Hengist and Finn are again brought into juxtaposition and the expression ealles (?) unhlitme occurs.

l. 1106. The pres. part. + be, as myndgiend wre here, is comparatively rare in original A.-S. literature, but occurs abundantly in translations from the Latin. The periphrasis is generally meaningless. Cf. l. 3029.

l. 1108. Körner suggests ecge, = sword, in reference to a supposed old German custom of placing ornaments, etc., on the point of a sword or spear (Eng. Stud. i. 495). Singer, ince-gold = bright gold; B., andege = Goth, andaugjo, evidently. Cf. incge lfe, l. 2578. Possibly: and inge (= young men) gold hfon of horde. For inge, cf. Hunt's Exod. l. 190.

ll. 1115-1120. R. proposes (ht þ ...) bnfatu bærnan ond on bl dn, earme on eaxe = to place the arms in the ashes, reading gðrc = battle-reek, for -rinc (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 395). B., Sarrazin (Beit. xi. 530), Lichtenfeld (Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 330), C., etc., propose various emendations. See H.-So., p. 97, and Beit. viii. 568. For gùðrinc sth, cf. Old Norse, stiga á bál, "ascend the bale-fire."

l. 1116. sweoloðe. "On Dartmoor the burning of the furze up the hillsides to let new grass grow, is called zwayling."—E. Cf. sultry, G. schwül, etc.

l. 1119. Cf. wudu-rc sth, l. 3145; and Exod. (Hunt), l. 450: wlmist sth.

l. 1122. ætspranc = burst forth, arose (omitted from the Gloss.), < æt + springan.

l. 1130. R. and Gr. read elne unflitme, = loyally and without contest, as at l. 1098. Cf. Ha., p. 39; H.-So., p. 97.

l. 1137. scacen = gone; cf. ll. 1125, 2307, 2728.

l. 1142. "The sons of the Eotenas" (B., Beit. xii. 31, who conjectures a gap after 1142).

l. 1144. B. separates thus: Hn Lfing, = Hn placed the sword Lfing, etc.—Beit. xii. 32; cf. R., Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 396. Heinzel and Homburg make other conjectures (Herrig's Archiv, 72, 374, etc.).

l. 1143. B., H.-So., and Möller read: worod rdenne, þonne him Hn Lfing, = military brotherhood, when Hn laid upon his breast (the sword) Lfing. There is a sword Laufi, Lövi in the Norse sagas; but swords, armor, etc., are often called the leaving (lf) of files, hammers, etc., especially a precious heirloom; cf. ll. 454, 1033, 2830, 2037, 2629, 796, etc., etc.

l. 1152. roden = reddened (B., Tidskr. viii. 295).

l. 1160. For ll. 1069-1160, containing the Finn episode, cf. Möller, Alteng. Volksepos, 69, 86, 94; Heinzel, Anz. f. dtsch. Altert., 10, 226; B., Beit. xii. 29-37. Cf. Wdsð, l. 33, etc.

ll. 1160, 1161. loð (lied = song, lay) and gyd here appear synonyms.

ll. 1162-1165. "Behind the wars and tribal wanderings, behind the contentions of the great, we watch in this poem the steady, continuous life of home, the passions and thoughts of men, the way they talked and moved and sang and drank and lived and loved among one another and for one another."—Br., p. 18.

l. 1163. Cf. wonderwork. So wonder-death, wonder-bidding, wonder-treasure, -smith, -sight, etc. at ll. 1748, 3038, 2174, 1682, 996, etc. Cf. the German use of the same intensive, = wondrous, in wunder-schön, etc.

l. 1165. þ gyt points to some future event when "each" was not "true to other," undeveloped in this poem, suhtor-gefæderan = Hrðgr and Hrðulf, l. 1018. Cf. ðum-swerian, l. 84.

l. 1167 almost repeats l. 500, æt ftum, etc., where Unferð is first introduced.

l. 1191. E. sees in this passage separate seats for youth and middle-aged men, as in English college halls, chapels, convocations, and churches still.

l. 1192. ymbutan, round about, is sometimes thus separated: ymb he tan; cf. Voyage of hthere, etc. (Sw.), p. 18, l. 34, etc.; Bowulf, ll. 859, 1686, etc.

l. 1194. bewægned, a , tr. offered by Th. Probably a p. p. wægen, made into a vb. by -ian, like own, drown, etc. Cf. hafenian ( < hafen, < hebban), etc.

l. 1196. E. takes the expression to mean "mantle and its rings or broaches." "Rail" long survived in Mid. Eng. (Piers Plow., etc.).

l. 1196. This necklace was afterwards given by Beowulf to Hygd, ll. 2173, 2174.

ll. 1199-1215. From the obscure hints in the passage, a part of the poem may be approximately dated,—if Hygelc is the Chochi-laicus of Gregory of Tours, Hist. Francorum, iii. 3,—about A.D. 512-20.

l. 1200. The Breosinga men (Icel. Brisinga men) is the necklace of the goddess Freya; cf. Elder Edda, Hamarshemt. Hma stole the necklace from the Gothic King Eormenrc; cf. Traveller's Song, ll. 8, 18, 88, 111. The comparison of the two necklaces leads the poet to anticipate Hygelc's history,—a suggestion of the poem's mosaic construction.

l. 1200. For Brsinga mene, cf. B., Beit. xii. 72. C. suggests flah, = fled, for fealh, placing semicolon after byrig, and making h subject of flah and gecas.

l. 1202. B. conjectures gecas cne rd to mean he became a pious man and at death went to heaven. Heime (Hma) in the Thidrekssaga goes into a cloister = to choose the better part (?). Cf. H.-So., p. 98. But cf. Hrðgr's language to Beowulf, ll. 1760, 1761.

l. 1211. S. proposes feoh, = property, for feorh, which would be a parallel for brost-gewdu ... bah below.

l. 1213. E. remarks that in the Laws of Cnut, i. 26, the devil is called se wdfreca werewulf, the ravening werwolf.

l. 1215. C. proposes heals-bge onfng. Beit. viii. 570. For hre- Kl. suggests hr-.

l. 1227. The son referred to is, according to Ettmüller, the one that reigns after Hrðgr.

l. 1229. Kl. suggests s, = be, for is.

l. 1232. S. gives wine-elated as the meaning of druncne.—Beit. ix. 139; Kl. ibid. 189, 194. But cf. Judith, ll. 67, 107.

l. 1235. Cf. l. 119 for similarity of language.

l. 1235. Kl. proposes gea-sceaft; but cf. l. 1267.

l. 1246. Ring armor was common in the Middle Ages. E. points out the numerous forms of byrne in cognate languages,—Gothic, Icelandic, OHG., Slavonic, O. Irish, Romance, etc. Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, i. 126. Cf. Murray's Dict. s. v.

l. 1248. nwg-gearwe = ready for single combat (C.); but cf. Ha. p. 43; Beit. ix. 210, 282.

l. 1252. Some consider this fitt the beginning of Part (or Lay) II. of the original epic, if not a separate work in itself.

l. 1254. K., W., and Ho. read farode = wasted; Kolbing reads furode; but cf. wsten warode, l. 1266. MS. has warode.

ll. 1255-1258. This passage is a good illustration of the constant parallelism of word and phrase characteristic of A.-S. poetry, and is quoted by Sw. The changes are rung on ende and swylt, on gesyne and wdcð, etc.

l. 1259. "That this story of Grendel's mother was originally a separate lay from the first seems to be suggested by the fact that the monsters are described over again, and many new details added, such as would be inserted by a new singer who wished to enhance and adorn the original tale."—Br., p. 41.

l. 1259. Cf. l. 107, which also points to the ancestry of murderers and monsters and their descent from "Cain."

l. 1261. The MS. has s þe, m.; changed by some to seo þe. At ll. 1393, 1395, 1498, Grendel's mother is referred to as m.; at ll. 1293, 1505, 1541-1546, etc., as f., the uncertain pronoun designating a creature female in certain aspects, but masculine in demonic strength and savageness.—H.-So.; Sw. p. 202. Cf. the masc. epithets at ll. 1380, 2137, etc.

l. 1270. glca = Grendel, though possibly referring to Beowulf, as at l. 1513.—Sw.

l. 1273. "It is not certain whether anwalda stands for onwealda, or whether it should be read nwealda, = only ruler.—Sw.

l. 1279. The MS. has sunu þeod wrecan, which R. changes to sunu þod-wrecan, þod- = monstrous; but why not regard þod as opposition to sunu, = her son, the prince? See Sweet's Reader, and Körner's discussion, Eng. Stud. i. 500.

l. 1281. Ten Br. suggests (for sna) sra = return of sorrows.

l. 1286. "geþuren (twice so written in MSS.) stands for geþrúen, forged, and is an isolated p. p."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., 209. But see Toller-Bosw. for examples; Sw., Gloss.; March, p. 100, etc.

ll. 1292. þe hine = whom; cf. ll. 441, 1437, 1292; Hliand, l. 1308.

l. 1298. be sm tweonum; cf. l. 1192; Hunt's Exod. l. 442; and Mod. Eng. "to us-ward, etc.—Earle's Philol., p. 449. Cf. note, l. 1192.

l. 1301. C. proposes ðer him ærn = another apartment was assigned him.

l. 1303. B. conjectures under hrf genam; but Ha., p. 45, shows this to be unnecessary, under also meaning in, as in (or under) these circumstances.

l. 1319. E. and Sw. suggest ngde or ngde, accosted, < ngan = Mid. Ger. nhwian, pr. p. nhwiandans, approach. For hngan, press down, vanquish, see ll. 1275, 1440, etc.

l. 1321. C. suggests nad-lðum for nod-laðu, after crushing hostility; but cf. frond-laðu, l. 1193.

l. 1334. K. and ten Br. conjecture gefægnod = rejoicing in her fill, a parallel to se wlanc, l. 1333.

l. 1340. B. translates: "and she has executed a deed of blood-vengeance of far-reaching consequence."—Beit. xii. 93.

l. 1345. B. reads go for ow (Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 205).

ll. 1346-1377. "This is a fine piece of folk-lore in the oldest extant form.... The authorities for the story are the rustics (ll. 1346, 1356)." —E.

l. 1347. Cf. sele-rdende at l. 51.

l. 1351. "The ge [of gewitan] may be merely a scribal error,—a repetition (dittography) of the preceding ge of gewislcost."—Sw.

l. 1352. ides, like fras, men, etc., is a poetic word supposed by Grimm to have been applied, like Gr. , to superhuman or semi-divine women.

ll. 1360-1495 seq. E. compares this Dantesque tarn and scenery with the poetical accounts of AEneid, vii. 563; Lucretius, vi. 739, etc.

l. 1360. firgenstram occurs also in the Phoenix (Bright, p. 168) l. 100; Andreas, ll. 779, 3144 (K.); Gnomic Verses, l. 47, etc.

l. 1363. The genitive is often thus used to denote measure = by or in miles; cf. l. 3043; and contrast with partitive gen. at l. 207.

l. 1364. The MS. reads hrinde = hrnende (?), which Gr. adopts; K. and Th. read hrinde-bearwas; hringde, encircling (Sarrazin, Beit. xi. 163); hrmge = frosty (Sw.); with frost-whiting covered (Ha.). See Morris, Blickling Hom., Preface, vi., vii.

l. 1364. Cf. Ruin, hrmige edoras behrofene, rimy, roofless halls.

l. 1366. nðwundor may = nið- (as in nið-sele, q. v.) wundor, wonder of the deep.

l. 1368. The personal pronoun is sometimes omitted in subordinate and even independent clauses; cf. wite here; and Hunt's Exod., l. 319.

l. 1370. hornum. Such "datives of manner or respect" are not infrequent with adj.

l. 1371. "seleð is not dependent on r, for in that case it would be in the subjunctive, but r is simply an adverb, correlative with the conjunction r in the next line: 'he will (sooner) give up his life, before he will,' etc."—Sw.

l. 1372. Cf. ll. 318 and 543 for willan with similar omitted inf.

l. 1373. heafola is found only in poetry.—Sw. It occurs thirteen or fourteen times in this poem. Cf. the poetic gamol, swt (l. 2694), etc., for eald, bld.

l. 1391. uton: hortatory subj. of wtan, go, = let us go; cf. French allons, Lat. eamus, Ital. andiamo, etc. + inf. Cf. ll. 2649, 3102.

l. 1400. H. is dat. of person indirectly affected, = advantage.

l. 1402. geatolc probably = in his equipments, as B. suggests (Beit. xii. 83), comparing searolc.

ll. 1402, 1413 reproduce the wk. form of the pret. of gn (Goth, gaggida). Cf. Andreas, l. 1096, etc.

l. 1405. S. (Beit. ix. 140) supplies [þr ho] gegnum fr; B. (ibid. xii. 14) suggests hwr ho.

l. 1411. B., Gr., and E. take n-paðas = paths wide enough for only one, like Norwegian einstig; cf. stge nearwe, just above. Trail is the meaning. Cf. enge npaðas, uncð geld, Exod. (Hunt), l. 58.

l. 1421. Cf. oncyð, l. 831. The whole passage (ll. 1411-1442) is replete with suggestions of walrus-hunting, seal-fishing, harpooning of sea-animals (l. 1438), etc.

l. 1425. E. quotes from the 8th cent. Corpus Gloss., "Falanx foeða."

l. 1428. For other mention of nicors, cf. ll. 422, 575, 846. E. remarks, "it survives in the phrase 'Old Nick' ... a word of high authority ... Icel. nykr, water-goblin, Dan. nök, nisse, Swed. näcken, G. nix, nixe, etc." See Skeat, Nick.

l. 1440. Sw. reads gehnged, prostrated, and regards nða as gen. pl. "used instrumentally," = by force.

l. 1441. -bora = bearer, stirrer; occurs in other compds., as mund-, rd-, wg-bora.

l. 1447. him = for him, a remoter dative of reference.—Sw.

l. 1455. Gr. reads brondne, = flaming.

l. 1457. lon is the inf. of lh; cf. onlh (< onlon) at l. 1468. lhan was formerly given as the inf.; cf. lne = lhne.

l. 1458. Cf. the similar dat. of possession as used in Latin.

l. 1458. H.-So. compares the Icelandic saga account of Grettir's battle with the giant in the cave. hæft-mce may be = Icel. heptisax (Anglia, iii. 83), "hip-knife."

l. 1459. "The sense seems to be 'pre-eminent among the old treasures.' ... But possibly foran is here a prep. with the gen.: 'one before the old treasures.'".—Sw. For other examples of foran, cf. ll. 985, 2365.

l. 1460. ter-tarum = poison-drops (C., Beit. viii. 571; S., ibid. xi. 359).

l. 1467. þæt, comp. relative, = that which; "we testify that we do know."

l. 1480. forð-gewitenum is in appos. to me, = mihi defuncto.—M. Callaway, Am. Journ. of Philol., October, 1889.

l. 1482. nime. Conditional clauses of doubt or future contingency take gif or bton with subj.; cf. ll. 452, 594; of fact or certainty, the ind.; cf. ll. 442, 447, 527, 662, etc. For bton, cf. ll. 967, 1561.

l. 1487. "findan sometimes has a preterit funde in W. S. after the manner of the weak preterits."—Cook's Sievers' Cram., p, 210.

l. 1490. Kl. reads wæl-sweord, = battle-sword.

l. 1507. "This cave under the sea seems to be another of those natural phenomena of which the writer had personal knowledge (ll. 2135, 2277), and which was introduced by him into the mythical tale to give it a local color. There are many places of this kind. Their entrance is under the lowest level of the tide."—Br., p. 45.

l. 1514. B. (Beit. xii. 362) explains niðsele, hrfsele as roof-covered hall in the deep; cf. Grettir Saga (Anglia, iii. 83).

l. 1538. Sw., R., and ten Br. suggest feaxe for eaxle, = seized by the hair.

l. 1543. and-lan (R.); cf. l. 2095. The MS. has hand-lan.

l. 1546. Sw. and S. read seax.—Beit. ix. 140.

l. 1557. H.-So. omits comma and places semicolon after yðelce; Sw. and S. place comma after gescd.

l. 1584. ðer swylc = another fifteen (Sw.); = fully as many (Ha.).

ll. 1592-1613 seq. Cf. Anglia, iii; 84 (Grettir Saga).

l. 1595. blondenfeax = grizzly-haired (Bright, Reader, p. 258); cf. Brunanb., l. 45 (Bright).

l. 1599. gewearð, impers. vb., = agree, decide = many agreed upon this, that, etc. (Ha., p. 55; cf. ll. 2025-2027, 1997; B., Beit. xii. 97).

l. 1605. C. supposes wiston = wscton = wished.—Beit. viii. 571.

l. 1607. brden ml is now regarded as a comp. noun, = inlaid or damascened sword.—W., Ho.

l. 1611. wæl-rpas = water-ropes = bands of frost (l. 1610) (?). Possibly the Prov. Eng. weele, whirlpool. Cf. wl, gurges, Wright, Voc., Gnom. Verses, l. 39.—E.

l. 1611. wgrpas (Sw.) = wave-bands (Ha.).

l. 1622. B. suggests eatna = eotena, eardas, haunts of the giants (Northumbr. ea for eo).

l. 1635. cyning-holde (B., Beit. xii. 369); cf. l. 290.

l. 1650. H., Gr., and Ettmüller understand idese to refer to the queen.

l. 1651. Cf. Anglia, iii. 74, Beit. xi. 167, for coincidences with the Grettir Saga (13th cent.).

l. 1664. B. proposes eotenise ... èste for acen ... oftost, omitting brackets (Zackers Zeitschr. iv. 206). G. translates mighty ... often.

l. 1675. ondrdan. "In late texts the final n of the preposition on is frequently lost when it occurs in a compound word or stereotyped phrase, and the prefix then appears as a: abútan, amang, aweg, aright, adr'dan."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 98.

ll. 1680-1682. Giants and their work are also referred to at ll. 113, 455, 1563, 1691, etc.

l. 1680. Cf. ceastra ... orðanc enta geweorc, Gnomic Verses, l. 2; Sweet's Reader, p. 186.

ll. 1687-1697. "In this description of the writing on the sword, we see the process of transition from heathen magic to the notions of Christian times .... The history of the flood and of the giants ... were substitutes for names of heathen gods, and magic spells for victory."—E. Cf. Mohammedan usage.

ll. 1703, 1704. þæt þ eorl nre geboren betera (B., Tidskr. 8, 52).

l. 1715. na hwearf = he died solitary and alone (B., Beit. xii. 38); = lonely (Ha.); = alone (G.).

l. 1723. lod-bealo longsum = eternal hell-torment (B., Beit. xii. 38, who compares Ps. Cott. 57, lf longsum).

l. 1729. E. translates on lufan, towards possession; Ha., to possessions.

l. 1730. mdgeþonc, like lig, s, segn, niht, etc., is of double gender (m., n. in the case of mdgeþ.).

l. 1741. The doctrine of nemesis following close on , or overweening pride, is here very clearly enunciated. The only protector against the things that "assault and hurt" the soul is the "Bishop and Shepherd of our souls" (l. 1743).

l. 1745 appears dimly to fore-shadow the office of the evil archer Loki, who in the Scandinavian mythology shoots Balder with a mistletoe twig. The language closely resembles that of Psalm 64.

l. 1748. Kl. regards wom = w(u)m; cf. wh-bogen, l. 2828. See Gloss., p. 295, under wam. Contrast the construction of bebeorgan a few lines below (l. 1759), where the dat. and acc. are associated.

l. 1748. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 167, for declension of wh, wrong = gen. ws or wges, dat. w(u)m, etc.; pl. gen. wra, dat. w(u)m, etc.; and cf. declension of hah, hroh, rh, etc.

l. 1748. wergan gstes; cf. Blickl. Hom. vii.; Andreas, l. 1171. "Auld Wearie is used in Scotland, or was used a few years ago, ... to mean the devil."—E. Bede's Eccles. Hist. contains (naturally) many examples of the expression = devil.

l. 1750. on gyld = in reward (B. Beit. xii. 95); Ha. translates boastfully; G., for boasting; Gr., to incite to boastfulness. Cf. Christ, l. 818.

l. 1767. E. thinks this an allusion to the widespread superstition of the evil eye (mal occhio, mauvais il). Cf. Vergil, Ecl. iii. 103. He remarks that Pius IX., Gambetta, and President Carnot were charged by their enemies with possessing this weapon.

l. 1784. wigge geweorðad (MS. wigge weorðad) is C.'s conjecture; cf. Elene, l. 150. So G., honored in war.

l. 1785. The future generally implied in the present of bon is plainly seen in this line; cf. ll. 1826, 661, 1830, 1763, etc.

l. 1794. Some impers. vbs. take acc. (as here, Geat) of the person affected; others (as þyncan) take the dat. of the person, as at ll. 688, 1749, etc. Cf. verbs of dreaming, being ashamed, desiring, etc.—March, A.-S. Gram., p. 145.

l. 1802. E. remarks that the blaca hrefn here is a bird of good omen, as opposed to se wonna hrefn of l. 3025. The raven, wolf, and eagle are the regular epic accompaniments of battle and carnage. Cf. ll. 3025-3028; Maldon, 106; Judith, 205-210, etc.

l. 1803. S. emends to read: "then came the light, going bright after darkness: the warriors," etc. Cf. Ho., p. 41, l. 23. G. puts period before "the warriors." For nettan, cf. Sw.'s Gloss, and Bright's Read., Gloss.

ll. 1808-1810. Müllenh. and Grundt. refer se hearda to Beowulf, correct sunu (MS.) to suna Ecglfes (i.e. Unferth); [he] (Beo.) thanked him (Un.) for the loan. Cf. ll. 344, 581, 1915.

ll. 1823-1840. "Beowulf departing pledges his services to Hroðgar, to be what afterwards in the mature language of chivalry was called his 'true knight'"—E.

l. 1832. Kl. corrects to dryhtne, in appos. with Higelce.

l. 1835 gr-holt more properly means spear-shaft; cf. æsc-holt.

l. 1855. sl = better (Grundt.; B., Beit. xii. 96), instead of MS. wl.

ll. 1855-1866. "An ideal picture of international amity according to the experience and doctrine of the eighth century."—E.

l. 1858. S. and Kl. correct to gemne, agreeing with sib.—Beit. ix. 140, 190.

l. 1862. "The gannet is a great diver, plunging down into the sea from a considerable height, such as forty feet."—E.

l. 1863. Kl. suggests heafu, = seas.

l. 1865. B. proposes geþhte, = with firm thought, for geworhte; cf. l. 611.

l. 1876. geson = see again (Kl., Beit. ix. 190). S. and B. insert n to modify geson and explain Hrðgr's tears. Ha. and G. follow Heyne's text. Cf. l. 567.

l. 1881. Is beorn here = bearn (be-arn?) of l. 67? or more likely = born, barn, = burned?—S., Th.

l. 1887. orleahtre is a . E. compares Tennyson's "blameless" king. Cf. also ll. 2015, 2145; and the gd cyning of l. 11.

l. 1896. scaðan = warriors (cf. l. 1804) has been proposed by C.; but cf. l. 253.

l. 1897. The boat had been left, at ll. 294-302, in the keeping of Hrðgr's men; at l. 1901 the bt-weard is specially honored by Beowulf with a sword and becomes a "sworded squire."—E. This circumstance appears to weld the poem together. Cf. also the speed of the journey home with ymb n-td þres dgores of l. 219, and the similarity of language in both passages (fmig-heals, clifu, næssas, slde, brim, etc.).—The nautical terms in Beowulf would form an interesting study.

l. 1904. R. proposes, gewt him on naca, = the vessel set out, on alliterating as at l. 2524 (Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402). B. reads on nacan, but inserts irrelevant matter (Beit. xii. 97).

l. 1913. Cf. the same use of col, = ship, in the A.-S. Chron., ed. Earle-Plummer; Gnomic Verses, etc.

l. 1914. S. inserts þæt h before on lande.

l. 1916. B. makes lofra manna depend on wltode, = looked for the dear men ready at the coast (Beit. xii. 97).

l. 1924. Gr., W., and Ho. propose wunade, = remained; but cf. l. 1929. S. conceives ll. 1924, 1925 as "direct speech" (Beit. ix. 141).

l. 1927 seq. "The women of Beowulf are of the fine northern type; trusted and loved by their husbands and by the nobles and people; generous, gentle, and holding their place with dignity."—Br., p. 67. Thrytho is the exception, l. 1932 seq.

l. 1933. C. suggests frcnu, = dangerous, bold, for Thrytho could not be called "excellent." G. writes "Modthrytho" as her name. The womanly Hygd seems purposely here contrasted with the terrible Thrytho, just as, at l. 902 seq., Sigemund and Heremd are contrasted. For Thrytho, etc., cf. Gr., Jahrb. für rom. u. eng. Lit. iv. 279; Müllenhoff, Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 216; Matthew Paris; Suchier, Beit. iv. 500-521; R. Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 402; B., ibid. iv. 206; Körner, Eng. Stud. i. 489-492; H.-So., p. 106.

l. 1932-1963. K. first pointed out the connection between the historical Offa, King of Mercia, and his wife Cwendrida, and the Offa and Þryðo (Gr.'s Drida of the Vita Off Secundi) of the present passage. The tale is told of her, not of Hygd.

l. 1936. Suchier proposes andges, = eye to eye; Leo proposes ndges, = the whole day; G., by day. No change is necessary if an be taken to govqern hire, = on her, and dæges be explained (like nihtes, etc.) as a genitive of time, = by day.

l. 1943. R. and Suchier propose onsce, = seek, require; but cf. 2955.

l. 1966. Cf. the heofoncandel of Exod. l. 115 (Hunt). Shak.'s 'night's candles.'

l. 1969. Cf. l. 2487 seq. for the actual slayer of Ongenþow, i.e. Eofor, to whom Hygelc gave his only daughter as a reward, l. 2998.

l. 1981. meodu-scencum = with mead-pourers or mead-cups (G., Ha.); draught or cup of mead (Toller-Bosw.).

l. 1982. K., Th., W., H. supply [heal-]reced; Holler [ha-].

l. 1984. B. defends the MS., reading h n (for hðn), which he regards as = Heinir, the inhabitants of the Jutish "heaths" (hð). Cf. H.-So., p. 107; Beit. xii. 9.

l. 1985. snne. "In poetry there is a reflexive possessive of the third person, sn (declined like mn). It is used not only as a true reflexive, but also as a non-reflexive (= Lat. ejus)"—Sw.; Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 185. Cf. ll. 1508, 1961, 2284, 2790.

l. 1994. Cf. l. 190 for a similar use of sað; cf. to "glow" with emotion, "boil" with indignation, "burn" with anger, etc. weallan is often so used; cf. ll. 2332, 2066, etc.

l. 2010. B. proposes fcne, = in treachery, for fenne. Cf. Juliana, l. 350; Beit. xii. 97.

l. 2022. Food of specific sorts is rarely, if at all, mentioned in the poem. Drink, on the other hand, occurs in its primitive varieties,—ale (as here: ealu-wg), mead, beer, wine, lð (cider? Goth. leiþus, Prov. Ger. leit- in leit-haus, ale-house), etc.

l. 2025. Kl. proposes is for wæs.

l. 2027. Cf. l. 1599 for a similar use of weorðan, = agree, be pleased with (Ha.); appear (Sw., Reader, 6th ed.).

ll. 2030, 2031. Ten Br. proposes: oft seldan ( = gave) wre æfter lod-hryre: lytle hwle bongr bgeð, þah so bryd duge = oft has a treaty been given after the fall of a prince: but little while the murder-spear resteth, however excellent the bride be. Cf. Kl., Beit. ix. 190; B., Beit. xii. 369; R., Zachers Zeitschr. in. 404; Ha., p. 69; G., p. 62.

l. 2036. Cf. Kl, Beit. ix. 191; R., Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 404.

l. 2042. For bah B. reads b, = both, i.e. Freaware and the Dane.

l. 2063. Thorkelin and Conybeare propose wgende, = fighting, for lifigende.

l. 2068. W.'s edition begins section xxx. (not marked in the MS.) with this line. Section xxxix. (xxxviii. in copies A and B, xxxix. in Thorkelin) is not so designated in the MS., though þ (at l. 2822) is written with capitals and xl. begins at l. 2893.

l. 2095. Cf. l. 1542, and note.

l. 2115 seq. B. restores thus:

Þr on innan gong niðða nthwylc, node t gefng hðnum horde; hond ætgenam seleful since fh; n h þæt syððan geaf, þah þe h slpende besyrede hyrde þofes cræfte: þæt se þoden onfand, by-folc beorna, þæt h gebolgen wæs. —Beit. xii. 99; Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 210.

l. 2129. B. proposes frunga, = suddenly, for Gr.'s reading in the text.—Beit. xii. 98.

l. 2132. MS. has þine life, which Leo translates by thy leave (= ON. leyfi); B., by thy life.—Beit. xii. 369.

l. 2150. B. renders gn, etc., by "now I serve thee alone again as my gracious king" (Beit. xii. 99).

l. 2151. The forms hafu [hafo], hafast, hafað, are poetic archaisms.—Sw.

l. 2153. Kl. proposes ealdor, = prince, for eafor. W. proposes the compd. eafor-hafodsegn, = helm; cf. l. 1245.

l. 2157. The wk. form of the adj. is frequent in the vocative, especially when postponed: "Beowulf lofa," l. 1759. So, often, in poetry in nom.: wudu selesta, etc.

l. 2158. rest is possibly the verbal subs. from rsan, to arise, = arising, origin. R. suggested rist, arising, origin. Cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, where the word is spelt as above, but = (as usual) resurrection. See Sweet, Reader, p. 211; E.-Plummer's Chronicle, p. 302, etc. The MS. has est. See Ha., p. 73; S., Beit. x. 222; and cf. l. 2166.

l. 2188. Gr., W., H. supply [wn]don, = weened, instead of Th.'s [oft sæg]don.

l. 2188. The "slack" Beowulf, like the sluggish Brutus, ultimately reveals his true character, and is presented with a historic sword of honor. It is "laid on his breast" (l. 2195) as Hun laid Lfing on Hengest's breast, l. 1145.

l. 2188. "The boy was at first slothful, and the Geats thought him an unwarlike prince, and long despised him. Then, like many a lazy third son in the folk tales, a change came, he suddenly showed wonderful daring and was passionate for adventure."—Br., p. 22.

l. 2196. "Seven of thousands, manor and lordship" (Ha.). Kl., Beit. ix. 191, thinks with Ettm. that þsendo means a hide of land (see Schmid, Ges. der Angl, 610), Bede's familia = 1/2 sq. meter; seofan being used (like hund, l. 2995) only for the alliteration.

l. 2196. "A vast Honour of 7000 hides, a mansion, and a judgment-seat" [throne].—E.

l. 2210. MS. has the more correct wintra.

l. 2211. Cf. similar language about the dragon at l. 100. Beowulf's "jubilee" is fitly solemnized by his third and last dragon-fight.

l. 2213. B. proposes s þe on hearge hðen hord beweotode; cf. Ha., p. 75.

l. 2215. "The dragon lies round the treasures in a cave, as Fafnir, like a Python, lay coiled over his hoard. So constant was this habit among the dragons that gold is called Worms' bed, Fafnir's couch, Worms' bed-fire. Even in India, the cobras ... are guardians of treasure."—Br., p. 50.

l. 2216. node. E. translates deftly; Ha., with ardor. H.-So. reads node, = with desire, greedily, instr. of nod.

l. 2223. E. begins his "Part Third" at this point as he begins "Part Second" at l. 1252, each dragon-fight forming part of a trilogy.

ll. 2224, 2225. B. proposes: nealles mid gewealdum wyrmes weard gæst sylfes willum.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 100.

l. 2225. For þow read þegn.—K. and Z.

l. 2227. For ofer-þearfe read rnes þearfa.—Z.

ll. 2229-2231. B. proposes:

secg synbysig sna onwltode, þah þm gyste gryrebrga std, hwæðre earmsceapen innganges þearfa . . . . . . . . . . fasceapen, þ hyne se fr begeat. —Beit. xii. 101. Cf. Ha., p. 69.

l. 2232. W. suggests seah or ser for geseah, and Gr. suggests searolc.

l. 2233. Z. surmises eorð-hse (for -scræfe).

l. 2241. B. proposes ln-gestrona, = transitory, etc.; Th., R. propose leng (= longer) gestrona; S. accepts the text but translates "the long accumulating treasure."

l. 2246. B. proposed (1) hard-fyndne, = hard to find; (2) hord-wynne dl,—a deal of treasure-joy (cf. l. 2271).—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 211; Beit. xii. 102.

l. 2247. fecword = banning words (?) MS. has fec.

l. 2254. Others read feor-[mie], = furbish, for fetige: I own not one who may, etc.

l. 2261. The Danes themselves were sometimes called the "Ring-Danes," = clad in ringed (or a ring of) armor, or possessing rings. Cf. ll. 116, 1280.

l. 2263. Koeppel suggests nis for næs.

The editors are much indebted to E. Koeppel (in Eng. Stud. xiii. 3) for numerous corrections in text and glossary.

l. 2264. Note the early reference to hawking. Minstrelsy (hearpan wyn), saga-telling, racing, swimming, harpooning of sea-animals, feasting, and the bestowal of jewels, swords, and rings, are the other amusements most frequent in Bowulf.

l. 2264. Cf. Maldon, ll. 8, 9, for a reference to hawking.

l. 2276. Z. suggests swyðe ondrdað; Ho. puts gescean for Gr.'s gewunian.

l. 2277. Z. and K. read: hord on hrsan. "Three hundred winters," at l. 2279, is probably conventional for "a long time," like hund missra, l. 1499; hund þsenda, l. 2995; þrtig (of Beowulf's strength), l. 379; þrtig (of the men slain by Grendel), l. 123; seofan þsendo, l. 2196, etc.

l. 2285. B. objects to hord as repeated in ll. 2284, 2285; but cf. Ha., p. 77. C. prefers sum to hord. onboren = inminutus; cf. B., Beit. xii. 102.

l. 2285. onberan is found also at line 991, = carry off, with on- = E. un—(un-bind, -loose, -tie, etc.), G. ent-. The negro still pronounces on-do, etc.

l. 2299. Cf. H.-So., p. 112, for a defense of the text as it stands. B. proposes "nor was there any man in that desert who rejoiced in conflict," etc. So ten Br.

l. 2326. B. and ten Br,. propose hm, = home, for him.—Beit. xii. 103.

l. 2335. E. translates alond utan by the sea-board front, the water-washed land on the (its) outside. See B., Beit. xii. 1, 5.

l. 2346. Cf. l. 425, where Beowulf resolves to fight the dragon single-handed. E. compares Guy of Warwick, ll. 49, 376.

l. 2355. Ten Br. proposes laðan cynne as apposition to mgum.

l. 2360. Cf. Beowulf's other swimming-feat with Breca, ll. 506 seq.

l. 2362. Gr. inserts na, = lone-going, before xxx.: approved by B.; and Krüger, Beit. ix. 575. Cf. l. 379.

l. 2362. "Beowulf has the strength of thirty men in the original tale. Here, then, the new inventor makes him carry off thirty coats of mail."—Br., p. 48.

l. 2364. Hetware = Chattuarii, a nation allied against Hygelc in his Frisian expedition; cf. ll. 1208 seq., 2917, etc.

l. 2368. B. proposes quiet sea as trans, of sioleða bigong, and compares Goth. anasilan, to be still; Swed. dial, sil, still water between waterfalls.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 214.

l. 2380. hyne—Heardrd; so him, l. 2358.

l. 2384. E. calls attention to Swo-rce as identical with the modern Sverige = Sweden; cf. l. 2496.

l. 2386. Gr. reads on feorme, = at the banquet; cf. Möller, Alteng. Volksepos, 111, who reads (f)or feorme. The MS. has or.

l. 2391. Cf. l. 11.

l. 2394. B., Gr., and Mllenh. understand ll. 2393-2397 to mean that adgils, hthere's son, driven from Sweden, returns later, supported by Beowulf, takes the life of his uncle Onela, and probably becomes himself O.'s successor and king of Sweden. For another view see H.-So., p. 115. MS. has freond (l. 2394), which Leo, etc., change to fond. G. translates friend.—Beit. xii. 13; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 177.

l. 2395. adgils is hthere's son; cf. l. 2381; Onela is hthere's brother; cf. ll. 2933, 2617.

l. 2402. "Twelfsome"; cf. "fifteensome" at l. 207, etc. As Bowulf is essentially the Epic of Philanthropy, of the true love of man, as distinguished from the ordinary love-epic, the number twelve in this passage may be reminiscent of another Friend of Man and another Twelve. In each case all but one desert the hero.

l. 2437. R. proposes styred, = ordered, decreed, for strd.—Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 409.

l. 2439. B. corrects to fro-wine = noble friend, asking, "How can Herebeald be called Hæðcyn's fra-wine [MS.], lord?"

l. 2442. feohlas gefeoht, "a homicide which cannot be atoned for by money—in this case an unintentional fratricide."—Sw.

l. 2445. See Ha., pp. 82, 83, for a discussion of ll. 2445-2463. Cf. G., p. 75.

l. 2447. MS. reads wrece, justified by B. (Tidskr. viii. 56). W. conceives wrece as optative or hortative, and places a colon before þonne.

l. 2449. For helpan read helpe.—K., Th., S. (Zeitschr. f. D. Phil. xxi. 3, 357).

ll. 2454-2455. (1) Müllenh. (Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 232) proposes:

þonne se n hafað þurh dda nyd daðes gefandod.

(2) B. proposes:

þurh dda nð daðes gefondad. —Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 215.

l. 2458. Cf. scotend, pl., ll. 704, 1155, like rdend. Cf. Judith, l. 305, etc.

l. 2474. Th. considers the "wide water" here as the Mälar lake, the boundary between Swedes and Goths.

l. 2477. On oþþe = and, cf. B., Tidskr. viii. 57. See Ha., p. 83.

l. 2489. B. proposes hra-blc for Gr.'s heoro-.—Tikskr. viii. 297.

l. 2494. S. suggests ðel-wynne.

l. 2502. E. translates for dugeðum, of my prowess; so Ettmüller.

ll. 2520-2522. Gr. and S. translate, "if I knew how else I might combat the monster's boastfulness."—Ha., p. 85.

l. 2524. and-httres is H.'s invention. Gr. reads oreðes and attres, blast and venom. Cf. oruð, l. 2558, and l. 2840 (where attor- also occurs).

l. 2526. E. quotes flon ftes trym from Maldon, l. 247.

l. 2546. Gr., H.-So., and Ho. read standan stn-bogan (for std on stn-bogan) depending on geseah.

l. 2550. Grundt. and B. propose dor, brave one, i.e. Beowulf, for dop.

L. 2565. MS. has ungleaw (K., Th.), unglaw (Grundt.). B. proposes unslw, = sharp.—Beit. xii. 104. So H.-So., Ha., p. 86.

ll. 2570, 2571. (1) May not gescfe (MS. to gscipe) = German schief, "crooked," "bent," "aslant," and hence be a parallel to gebogen, bent, coiled? cf. l. 2568, þ se wyrm gebah snde tsomne, and l. 2828. Coiled serpents spring more powerfully for the coiling. (2) Or perhaps destroy comma after t and read gescæpe, = his fate; cf. l. 26: him þ Scyld gewt t gescæp-hwle. G. appar. adopts this reading, p. 78.

l. 2589. grund-wong = the field, not the earth (so B.); H.-So., cave, as at l. 2771. So Ha., p. 87.

l. 2595. S. proposes colon after stefne.—Beit. ix. 141.

l. 2604. Müllenh. explains lod Scylfinga in Anzeiger f. d. Altert. iii. 176-178.

l. 2607. re = possessions, holding (Kl., Beit. ix. 192; Ha., p. 88).

l. 2609. folcrihta. Add "folk-right" to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. ðel-, land-riht, word-riht.

l. 2614. H.-So. reads with Gr. wrccan winelasum Wohstn bana, = whom, a friendless exile, W. had slain.

ll. 2635-61. E. quotes Tacitus, Germania, xiv.: "turpe comitatui virtutem principis non adaequare." Beowulf had been deserted by his comitatus.

l. 2643. B. proposes ser.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 216.

l. 2649. wutun; l. 3102, uton = pres. subj. pl. 1st person of wtan, to go, used like Mod. Eng. let us + inf., Lat. eamus, Ital. andiamo, Fr. allons; M. E. (Layamon) uten. Cf. Psa. ii. 3, etc. March, A.-S. Gram., pp. 104, 196.

l. 2650. B. suggests ht for hyt,.—Beit. xii. 105.

l. 2656. fne = fh-ne; cf. fra = fh-ra, l. 578; so hanne (MS.) = hah-ne, etc., l. 984. See Cook's Sievers' Gram.

ll. 2660, 2661. Why not read beadu-scrd, as at l. 453, = battle-shirt? B. and R. suppose two half-verses omitted between byrdu-scrd and bm gemne. B. reads bywdu, = handsome, etc. Gr. suggests unc n, = to us two now, for rum; and K. and Grundt. read bon gemne for bm, etc. This makes sense. Cf. Ha., p. 89.

l. 2666. Cf. the dat. absolute without preposition.

l. 2681. Nægling; cf. Hrunting, Lfing, and other famous wundor-smiða geweorc of the poem.

l. 2687. B. changes þonne into þone (rel. pro.) = which.—Beit. xii. 105.

l. 2688. B. supports the MS. reading, wundum.

l. 2688. Cf. l. 2278 for similar language.

l. 2698. B. (Beit. xii. 105) renders: "he did not heed the head of the dragon (which Beowulf with his sword had struck without effect), but he struck the dragon somewhat further down." Cf. Saxo, vi. p. 272.

l. 2698. Cf. the language used at ll. 446 and 1373, where hafelan also occurs; and hydan.

l. 2700. hwne; cf. Lowl. Sc. wheen, a number; Chaucer's woon, number.

l. 2702. S. proposes þ (for þæt) þæt fyr, etc., = when the fire began, etc.

l. 2704. "The (hup)-seax has often been found in Saxon graves on the hip of the skeleton."—E.

l. 2707. Kl. proposes: feorh ealne wræc, = drove out all the life; cf. Gen. l. 1385.—Beit. ix. 192. S. suggests gefylde,—he felled the foe, etc.—Ibid. Parentheses seem unnecessary.

l. 2727. dæg-hwl = time allotted, lifetime.

l. 2745, 2745. Ho. removes geong from the beginning of l. 2745 and places it at the end of l. 2744.

l. 2750. R. proposes sigle searogimmas, as at l. 1158.

l. 2767. (1) B. proposes doubtfully oferhgean or oferhgan, = Goth, ufarhauhjan, p. p. ufarhauhids (Gr. ) = exceed in value.—Tidskr. viii. 60. (2) Kl. proposes oferhydian, = to make arrogant, infatuate; cf. oferhyd.—Beit. ix. 192.

l. 2770. gelocen leoðocræftum = (1) spell-bound (Th., Arnold, E.); (2) wrought with hand-craft (G.); (3) meshed, linked together (H., Ho.); cf. Elene, ll. 1251, 522.

l. 2778. B. considers bill ... ealdhlfordes as Beowulf's short sword, with which he killed the dragon, l. 2704 (Tidskr. viii. 299). R. proposes ealdhlforde. Müllenh. understands ealdhlford to mean the former possessor of the hoard. W. agrees to this, but conceives rgescd as a compd. = re calceatus, sheathed in brass. Ha. translates rgescd as vb. and adv.

l. 2791. Cf. l. 224, eoletes æt ende; landes æt ende, Exod. (Hunt).

l. 2792. MS. reads wæteres weorpan, which R. would change to wætere sweorfan.

l. 2806. "Men saw from its height the whales tumbling in the waves, and called it Whale's Ness (Hrones-ns)."—Br. p. 28. Cf. l. 3137.

l. 2815. Wglf was the next of kin, the last of the race, and hence the recipient of Beowulf's kingly insignia. There is a possible play on the word lf (Wg-lf, ende-lf).

l. 2818. gingeste word; cf. novissima verba, and Ger. jüngst, lately.

l. 2837. E. translates on lande, in the world, comparing on lfe, on worulde.

l. 2840. gersde = pret. of gersan (omitted from the Gloss.), same as rsan; cf. l. 2691.

l. 2859. B. proposes dað rdan, = determine death.—Beit. xii. 106.

l. 2861. Change geongum to geongan as a scribal error (?), but cf. Lichtenheld, Haupts Zeitschr. xvi. 353-355.

l. 2871. S. and W. propose wr.—Beit. ix. 142.

l. 2873. S. punctuates: wrðe forwurpe, þ, etc.

l. 2874. H.-So. begins a new sentence with nealles, ending the preceding one with beget.

l. 2879. ætgifan = to render, to afford; omitted in Gloss.

ll. 2885-2892. "This passage ... equals the passage in Tacitus which describes the tie of chief to companion and companion to chief among the Germans, and which recounts the shame that fell on those who survived their lord."—Br., p. 56.

l. 2886. cyn thus has the meaning of gens or clan, just as in many Oriental towns all are of one blood. E. compares Tacitus, Germania, 7; and cf. "kith and kin."

l. 2892. Death is preferable to dishonor. Cf. Kemble, Saxons, i. 235.

l. 2901. The begins his here.

l. 2910. S. proposes higemðe, sad of soul; cf. ll. 2853 and 2864 (Beit. ix. 142). B. considers higemðum a dat. or instr. pl. of an abstract in -u (Beit. xii. 106). H. makes it a dat. pl. = for the dead. For heafod-wearde, etc., cf. note on l. 446.

l. 2920-2921. B. explains "he could not this time, as usual, give jewels to his followers."—Beit. xii. 106.

l. 2922. The Merovingian or Frankish race.

l. 2940 seq. B. conjectures:

cwæð he on mergenne mces ecgum gtan wolde, sumon galgtreowu hawan on holte ond he han on þ fuglum t gamene. —Beit. xii. 107, 372.

Cf. S., Beit. ix. 143. gtan = cause blood to be shed.

l. 2950. B. proposes gomela for gda; "a surprising epithet for a Geat to apply to the 'terrible' Ongentheow."—Ha. p. 99. But "good" does not necessarily mean "morally excellent," as a "good" hater, a "good" fighter.

l. 2959. See H.-So. for an explanatory quotation from Paulus Diaconus, etc. B., K., and Th. read segn Higelces, = H.'s banner uplifted began to pursue the Swede-men.—Beit. xii. 108. S. suggests sce, = pursuit.

l. 2977. gewyrpton: this vb. is also used reflexively in Exod. (Hunt), l. 130: wyrpton he wrige.

l. 2989. bær is Grundt.'s reading, after the MS. "The surviving victor is the heir of the slaughtered foe."—H.-So. Cf. Hildebrands Lied, ll. 61, 62.

l. 2995. "A hundred of thousands in land and rings" (Ha., p. 100). Cf. ll. 2196, 3051. Cf. B., Beit. xii. 20, who quotes Saxo's bis senas gentes and remarks: "Hrolf Kraki, who rewards his follower, for the slaying of the foreign king, with jewels, rich lands, and his only daughter's hand, answers to the Jutish king Hygelc, who rewards his liegeman, for the slaying of Ongenthow, with jewels, enormous estates, and his only daughter's hand."

l. 3006. H.-So. suggests Scilfingas for Scyldingas, because, at l. 2397, Beowulf kills the Scylfing adgils and probably acquires his lands. Thus ll. 3002, 3005, 3006, would indicate that, after Beowulf's death, the Swedes desired to shake off his hated yoke. Müllenh., however, regards l. 3006 as a thoughtless repetition of l. 2053.—Haupts Zeitschr. xiv. 239.

l. 3008. Cf. the same proverb at l. 256; and Exod. (Hunt.) l. 293.

l. 3022. E. quotes:

"Thai token an harp gle and game And maked a lai and yaf it name." —Weber, l. 358.

and from Percy, "The word glee, which peculiarly denoted their art (the minstrels'), continues still in our own language ... it is to this day used in a musical sense, and applied to a peculiar piece of composition."

l. 3025. "This is a finer use than usual of the common poetic attendants of a battle, the wolf, the eagle, and the raven. The three are here like three Valkyrie, talking of all that they have done."—Br., p. 57.

l. 3033. Cf. Hunt's Dan. l. 731, for similar language.

l. 3039. B. supplies a supposed gap here:

[banan ac fundon bennum socne (n) r h þm gesgan syllcran wiht] wyrm on wonge... —Beit. xii. 372.

Cf. Ha., p. 102. W. and Ho. insert r before gesgan.

l. 3042. Cf. l. 2561, where gryre-giest occurs as an epithet of the dragon. B. proposes gry[re-fh].

l. 3044. lyft-wynne, in the pride of the air, E.; to rejoice in the air, Ha.

l. 3057. (1) He (God) is men's hope; (2) he is the heroes' hope; (3) gehyld = the secret place of enchanters; cf. hlsmanna gehyld, Gr.'s reading, after A.-S. hlsere, haruspex, augur.

l. 3060. B. suggests gehyðde, = plundered (i.e. by the thief), for gehydde.

ll. 3063-3066. (1) B. suggests wundur [daðe] hwr þonne eorl ellenrof ende gefre = let a brave man then somewhere meet his end by wondrous venture, etc.—Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 241; cf. l. 3038. (2) S. supposes an indirect question introduced by hwr and dependent upon wundur, = a mystery is it when it happens that the hero is to die, if he is no longer to linger among his people.—Beit. ix. 143. (3) Müllenh. suggests: is it to be wondered at that a man should die when he can no longer live?—Zachers Zeitschr. xiv. 241. (4) Possibly thus:

Wundrað hwæt þonne, eorl ellen-rf, ende gefre lf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg (etc.),

in which hwæt would = þurh hwæt at l. 3069, and eorl would be subject of the conjectural vb. wundrað: "the valiant earl wondereth then through what he shall attain his life's end, when he no longer may live. ... So Bowulf knew not (wondered how) through what his end should come," etc. W. and Ho. join þonne to the next line. Or, for hwr read wre: Wundur wre þonne (= gif), etc., = "would it be any wonder if a brave man," etc., which is virtually Müllenhoff's.

l. 3053. galdre bewunden, spell-bound, throws light on l. 2770, gelocen leoðo-cræftum. The "accursed" gold of legend is often dragon-guarded and placed under a spell. Even human ashes (as Shakespeare's) are thus banned. ll. 3047-3058 recall the so-called "Treasury of Atreus."

l. 3070. H.-So. begins a new line with sw.

l. 3073. herh, hearh, temple, is conjectured by E. to survive in Harrow. Temple, barrow, etc., have thus been raised to proper names. Cf. Bowulfes biorh of l. 2808.

l. 3074. H.-So. has strude, = ravage, and compares l. 3127. MS. has strade. S. suggests stride, = tread.

l. 3074. H.-So. omits strdan, = tread, stride over, from the Gloss., referring ll. 3174 and 3074 to strdan, q. v.

l. 3075. S. proposes: næs h goldhwætes gearwor hæfde, etc., = Beowulf had not before seen the greedy possessor's favor.—Beit. ix. 143. B. reads, goldhwæte gearwor hæfde, etc., making goldhwæte modify st, = golden favor; but see Beit. xii. 373, for B.'s later view.

l. 3086-3087. B. translates, "that which (i.e. the treasure) drew the king thither was granted indeed, but it overwhelmed us."—Beit. xii. 109.

l. 3097. B. and S. propose æfter wine dadum, = in memory of the dead friend.—Beit. ix. 144.

l. 3106. The brd gold here possibly includes the i-monna gold of l. 3053 and the wunden gold of l. 3135. E. translates brd by bullion.

l. 3114. B. supposes folc-gende to be dat. sg. to gdum, referring to Beowulf.

l. 3116. C. considers weaxan, = Lat. vescor, to devour, as a parallel to fretan, and discards parentheses.—Beit. viii. 573.

l. 3120. fs = furnished with; a meaning which must be added to those in the Gloss.

ll. 3124-3125. S. proposes:

ode eahta sum under inwit-hrf hilderinca: sum on handa bær, etc. —Beit. ix. 144.

l. 3136. H.-So. corrects (after B.) to æðelingc, the MS. having e.

l. 3145. "It was their [the Icelanders'] belief that the higher the smoke rose in the air the more glorious would the burnt man be in heaven."— Ynglinga Saga, 10 (quoted by E.). Cf. the funeral pyre of Herakles.

l. 3146-3147. B. conjectures:

... swgende lc wpe bewunden windblonda lg

(lc from lcan, see Gloss.).—Beit. xii. 110. Why not windblonda lc?

l. 3147. Müllenhoff rejected wind-blond gelæg because a great fire raises rather than "lays" the wind; hence B., as above, = "swoughing sported the flame wound with the howling of wind-currents."

l. 3151 seq. B. restores conjecturally:

swylce gimor-gyd sio ge-meowle [æfter Bowulfe] bunden-heorde [song] sorg-cearig, sde geneahhe, þæt ho hyre [hearm-]dagas hearde on [dr]de, wælfylla worn, [w]gendes egesan, hy[n]ðo ond hæftnyd, hof on rce wealg. —Beit. xii. 100.

Here ge-meowle = old woman or widow; bunden-heorde = with bound locks; hof = lamentation; cf. l. 3143. on rce wealg is less preferable than the MS. reading, heofon rce swealg = heaven swallowed the smoke.—H.-So. B. thinks Beowulf's widow (gemeowle) was probably Hygd; cf. ll. 2370, 3017-3021.

l. 3162. H.-So. reads (with MS.) bronda be lfe, for betost, and omits colon after bcn. So B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 224.

l. 3171. E. quotes Gibbon's accounts of the burial of Attila when the "chosen squadrons of the Hun, wheeling round in measured evolutions, chanted a funeral song to the memory of a hero."

ll. 3173-3174. B. proposes:

woldon gn cwðan [ond] kyning wordgyd wrecan ond ymb wl sprecan. —Beit. xii. 112.

l. 3183. Z., K., Th. read manna for mannum.

l. 3184. "It is the English ideal of a hero as it was conceived by an Englishman some twelve hundred years ago."—Br., p. 18.

NOTES TO THE FIGHT AT FINNSBURG.

The original MS. of this fragment has vanished, but a copy had been made and printed by Hickes in his Thesaurus Linguarum Septentrionalium, i. 192. The original was written on a single sheet attached to a codex of homilies in the Lambeth Library. Möller, Alteng. Epos, p. 65, places the fragment in the Finn episode, between ll. 1146 and 1147. Bugge (Beit. xii. 20) makes it illustrate the conflict in which Hnæf fell, i.e. as described in Bowulf as antecedent to the events there given. Heinzel (Anzeiger f. d. Altert.), however, calls attention to the fact that Hengest in the fragment is called cyning, whereas in Bowulf, l. 1086, he is called þegn. See H.-So., p. 125.

"The Fight at Finnsburg and the lays from which our Bowulf was composed were, as it seems to me, sung among the English who dwelt in the north of Denmark and the south of Sweden, and whose tribal name was the Jutes or Goths."—Br., p. 101.

l. 1. R. supposes [hor]nas, and conjectures such an introductory conversation as follows: "Is it dawning in the east, or is a fiery dragon flying about, or are the turrets of some castle burning?" questions which the king negatives in the same order. Then comes the positive declaration, "rather they are warriors marching whose armor gleams in the moonlight." —Alt- und Angels. Lesebuch, 1861. Heinzel and B. conjecture, [beorhtor hor]nas byrnað nfre. So. G.—Beit. xii. 22; Anzeiger f. d. Altert. x. 229.

l. 5. B. conjectures fugelas to mean arrows, and supplies:

ac hr forð berað [fyrdsearu rincas, flacre flnbogan], fugelas singað.

He compares Saxo, p. 95, cristatis galeis hastisque sonantibus instant, as explanatory of l. 6.—Beit. xii. 22. But see Brooke, Early Eng. Literature, who supposes fugelas = raven and eagle, while grg-hama is = wulf (the "grey-coated one"), the ordinary accompaniers of battle.

l. 11. hicgeað, etc.: cf. Maldon, l. 5; Exod. l. 218.

l. 15. Cf. B. (Beit. xii. 25), etc., and Saxo, p. 101, for l. 13.

ll. 18-21. H.-So. remarks: "If, according to Möller and Bugge, Grulf is one of the attackers, one of Finn's men, this does not harmonize with his character as Gðlf's son (l. 33), who (l. 16, and Bowulf, l. 1149) is a Dane, therefore one of Finn's antagonists." B. (Beit. xii. 25) conjectures:

þ gyt Gðdene Grulf styrode, þæt h sw frolc feorh forman sðe t þre healle durum hyrsta ne bre, n he nða heard nyman wolde;

in which Gðdene is the same as Sigeferð, l. 24; h (l. 22) refers to Grulf; and he (l. 21) to hyrsta.

l. 27. swæðer = either (bad or good, life or death).—H.-So.

l. 29. clod: meaning doubtful; cf. Maldon, l. 283. G. renders "curved board"; Sw. suggests "round"? "hollow"?

l. 30. B. suggests br-helm, = boar-helm. Cf. Saxo, p. 96.—Beit. xii. 26.

l. 34. B. conjectures: (1) hwearf flacra hrw hræfen, wandrode; (2) hwearf flacra hrw hræfen fram ðrum = flew from one corpse to another.—Beit. xii. 27.

l. 43. B. supposes wund hæleð to be a Dane, folces hyrde to be Hnæf, in opposition to Holtzmann (Germania, viii. 494), who supposes the wounded man to be a Frisian, and folces hyrde to be their king, Finn.—Beit. xii. 28.

l. 45. B. adopts Th.'s reading heresceorp unhrr = equipments useless.—Beit. xii. 28.

l. 47. "Though wounded, they had retained their strength and activity in battle."—B., Beit. xii. 28.



GLOSSARY

A

ac, conj. denoting contrariety: hence 1) but (like N.H.G. sondern), 109, 135, 339, etc.—2) but (N.H.G. aber), nevertheless, 602, 697, etc.—3) in direct questions: nonne, numquid, 1991.

glca, hlca, glca, -cea, w. m. (cf. Goth, aglo, trouble, O.N. agi, terror, + lc, gift, sport: = misery, vexation, = bringer of trouble; hence): 1) evil spirit, demon, a demon-like being; of Grendel, 159, 433, 593, etc.; of the drake, 2535, 2906, etc.—2) great hero, mighty warrior; of Sigemund, 894; of Bowulf: gen. sg. glcan(?), 1513; of Bowulf and the drake: nom. pl. þ glcean, 2593.

glc-wf, st. n., demon, devil, in the form of a woman; of Grendel's mother, 1260.

aldor. See ealdor.

al-wealda. See eal-w.

am-biht (from and-b., Goth, and-baht-s), st. m., servant, man-servant: nom. sg. ombeht, of the coast-guard, 287; ombiht, of Wulfgr, 336.

ambiht-þegn (from ambiht n. officium and þegn, which see), servant, man-servant: dat. sg. ombiht-þegne, of Bowulf's servant, 674.

an, prep, with the dat., on, in, with respect to, 678; with, among, at, upon (position after the governed word), 1936; with the acc., 1248. Elsewhere on, which see.

ancor, st. m., anchor: dat. sg. ancre, 303, 1884.

ancor-bend, m. (?) f. (?), anchor-cable: dat. pl. oncer-bendum, 1919.

and, conj. (ond is usual form; for example, 601, 1149, 2041), and 33, 39, 40, etc. (See Appendix.)

anda, w. m., excitement, vexation, horror: dat. wrðum on andan, 709, 2315.

and-git, st. n., insight, understanding: nom. sg., 1060. See gitan.

and-htor, st. m. n., heat coming against one: gen. sg. rðes and-httres, 2524.

and-lang, -long, adj., very long. hence 1) at whole length, raised up high: acc. andlongne eorl, 2696 (cf. Bugge upon this point, Zachers Ztschr., 4, 217).—2) continual, entire; andlangne dæg, 2116, the whole day; andlonge niht, 2939.

and-lan, st. n., reward, payment in full: acc. sg., 1542, 2095 (hand-, hond-lean, MS.).

and-risno, st. f. (see rsan, surgere, decere), that which is to be observed, that which is proper, etiquette: dat. pl. for andrysnum, according to etiquette, 1797.

and-saca, w. m., adversary: godes andsaca (Grendel), 787, 1683.

and-slyht, st. m., blow in return: acc. sg., 2930, 2973 (MS. both times hond-slyht).

and-swaru, st. f., act of accosting: 1) to persons coming up, an address, 2861.—2) in reply to something said, an answer, 354, 1494, 1841.

and-weard, adj., present, existing: acc. sg. n. swn ofer helme and-weard (the image of the boar, which stands on his helm), 1288.

and-wlita, w. m., countenance: acc. sg. -an, 690.

an-sund, adj., entirely unharmed: nom. sg. m., 1001.

an-syn, f., the state of being seen: hence 1) the exterior, the form, 251: ansyn ywde, showed his form, i.e. appeared, 2835.—2) aspect, appearance, 929; on-syn, 2773.

an-walda, w. m., He who rules over all, God, 1273. See Note.

atelc, adj., terrible, dreadful: atelc egesa, 785.

atol, adj. (also eatol, 2075, etc.), hostile, frightful, cruel: of Grendel, 159, 165, 593, 2075, etc.; of Grendel's mother's hands (dat. pl. atolan), 1503; of the undulation of the waves, 849; of battle, 597, 2479.—cf. O.N. atall, fortis, strenuus.

attor, st. n., poison, here of the poison of the dragon's bite: nom., 2716.

attor-sceaða, w. m., poisonous enemy, of the poisonous dragon: gen. sg. -sceaðan, 2840.

wa, adv. (certainly not the dative, but a reduplicated form of , which see), ever: wa t aldre, fr ever and ever, 956.



, adv. (Goth, áiv, acc. from aiv-s aevum), ever, always, 455, 882, 931, 1479: syððan, ever afterwards, ever, ever after, 283, 2921.—ever, 780.—Comp. n.

d st. m. funeral pile: acc. sg. d, 3139; dat. sg. de, 1111, 1115.

d-faru, st. f., way to the funeral pile, dat. sg. on d-fære, 3011.

dl, st. f. sickness, 1737, 1764, 1849.

ð, st. m., oath in general, 2740; oath of allegiance, 472 (?); oath of reconciliation of two warring peoples, 1098, 1108.

ð-sweord, st. n., the solemn taking of an oath, the swearing of an oath: nom. pl., 2065. See sweord.

ðum-swerian, m. pl., son-in-law and father-in-law: dat. pl., 84.

gan, verb, pret. and pres., to have, to possess, w. acc.: III. prs. sg. h, 1728; inf. gan, 1089; prt. hte, 487, 522, 533; with object, geweald, to be supplied, 31. Form contracted with the negative: prs. sg. I. nh hw sweord wege (I have no one to wield the sword), 2253.

gen, adj., own, peculiar, 2677.

gend (prs. part. of gan), possessor, owner, lord: gen. sg. gendes, of God, 3076.—Compounds: bld-, bold-, folc-, mægen-gend.

gend-fra, w. m., owner, lord: gen. sg. gend-fran, 1884.

hsian, ge-hsian, w. v.: 1) to examine, to find out by inquiring: pret. part. ge-hsod, 433.—2) to experience, to endure: pret. hsode, 1207; pl. hsodon, 423.

ht, st. n. (contracted from -wiht, which see), something, anything: ht cwices, 2315.

n, num. The meaning of this word betrays its apparent demonstrative character: 1) this, that, 2411, of the hall in the earth mentioned before; similarly, 100 (of Grendel; already mentioned), cf. also 2775.—2) one, a particular one among many, a single one, in numerical sense: ymb ne niht (the next night), 135; þurh nes cræft, 700; þra num, 1038; n æfter num, one for the other (Hrðel for Herebeald), 2462: similarly, n æfter eallum, 2269; nes hwæt, some single thing, a part, 3011; se n loda duguðe, the one of the heroes of the people, 2238; nes willan, for the sake of a single one, 3078, etc.—Hence, again, 3) alone, distinguished, 1459, 1886.—4) a, in the sense of an indefinite article: n ... fond, 100; gen. sg. nre bne (or to No.2[?]), 428; n ... draca, 2211—5) gen. pl. nra, in connection with a pronoun, single; nra gehwylces, every single one, 733; nra gehwylcum, 785. Similarly, the dat. pl. in this sense: nemne faum num, except a few single ones, 1082.—6) solus, alone: in the strong form, 1378, 2965; in the weak form, 145, 425, 431, 889, etc.; with the gen., na Gata duguðe, alone of the warriors of the Gatas, 2658.—7) solitarius, alone, lonely, see n.—Comp. nn.

n-feald, adj., simple, plain, without reserve: acc. sg. nfealdne geþht, simple opinion, 256.

n-genga, -gengea, w. m., he who goes alone, of Grendel, 165, 449.

n-haga, w. m., he who stands alone, solitarius, 2369.

n-hydig, adj. (like the O.N. ein-rd-r, of one resolve, i.e. of firm resolve), of one opinion, i.e. firm, brave, decided, 2668.

nga, adj. (only in the weak form), single, only: acc. sg. ngan dhtor, 375, 2998; ngan eaferan, 1548; dat. sg. ngan brðer, 1263.

n-pæð, st. m., lonely way, path: acc. pl. npaðas, 1411.

n-rd, adj. (cf. under n-hydig), of firm resolution, resolved, 1530, 1576.

n-td, st. f., one time, i.e. the same time, ymb n-td ðres dgores, about the same time the second day (they sailed twenty-four hours), 219.—n stands as in n-mod, O.H.G. ein-muoti, harmonious, of the same disposition.

nunga, adv., throughout, entirely, wholly, 635.

r, st. m., ambassador, messenger, 336, 2784.

r, st. f., 1) honor, dignity: rum healdan, to hold in honor, 296; similarly, 1100, 1183.—2) favor, grace, support: acc. sg. re, 1273, 2607; dat. sg. re, 2379; gen. pl. hwæt ... rna, 1188.—Comp. worold-r; also written r.

r-fæst, adj., honorable, upright, 1169; of Hunferð (with reference to 588). See fæst.

rian, w. v., (to be gracious), to spare: III. sg. prs. w. dat. nnegum rað; of Grendel, 599.

r-stæf, st. m.,(elementum honoris), grace, favor: dat. pl. mid rstafum, 317.—Help, support: dat. pl. for r-stafum, to the assistance, 382, 458. See stæf.

ter-tar, m., poisonous drop: dat. pl. ren ter-tarum fh (steel which is dipped in poison or in poisonous sap of plants), 1460.

Æ

æðele, adj., noble: nom. sg., of Bowulf, 198, 1313; of Bowulf's father, 263, where it can be understood as well in a moral as in a genealogical sense; the latter prevails decidedly in the gen. sg. æðelan cynnes, 2235.

æðeling, st. m., nobleman, man of noble descent, especially the appellation of a man of royal birth; so of the kings of the Danes, 3; of Scyld, 33; of Hrðgr, 130; of Sigemund, 889; of Bowulf, 1226, 1245, 1597, 1816, 2189, 2343, 2375, 2425, 2716, 3136; perhaps also of Dæghrefn, 2507;—then, in a broader sense, also denoting other noble-born men: Æschere, 1295; Hrðgr's courtiers, 118, 983; Heremd's courtiers, 907; Hengest's warriors, 1113; Bowulf's retinue, 1805, 1921, 3172; noble-born in general, 2889. —Comp. sib-æðeling.

æðelu, st. n., only in the pl., noble descent, nobility, in the sense of noble lineage: acc. pl. æðelu, 392; dat. pl. cyning æðelum gd, the king, of noble birth, 1871; æðelum dore, worthy on account of noble lineage, 1950; æðelum (hleþum, MS.), 332.—Comp. fæder-æðelu.

æfnan, w. v. w. acc., to perform, to carry out, to accomplish: inf. ellen-weorc æfnan, to do a heroic deed, 1465; pret. unriht æfnde, perpetrated wrong, 1255.

ge-æfnan, 1) to carry out, to do, to accomplish: pret. pl. þæt geæfndon sw, so carried that out, 538; pret. part. ð wæs geæfned, the oath was sworn, 1108.—2) get ready, prepare: pret. part. geæfned, 3107. See efnan.

æfter (comparative of af, Ags. of, which see; hence it expresses the idea of forth, away, from, back), a) adv., thereupon, afterwards, 12, 341, 1390, 2155.—ic him æfter sceal, I shall go after them, 2817; in word æfter cwæð, 315, the sense seems to be, spoke back, having turned; b) prep. w. dat., 1) (temporal) after, 119, 128, 187, 825, 1939, etc.; æfter beorne, after the (death of) the hero, 2261, so 2262; æfter mððum-welan, after (obtaining) the treasure, 2751.—2) (causal) as proceeding from something, denoting result and purpose, hence, in consequence of, conformably to: æfter rihte, in accordance with right, 1050, 2111; æfter faroðe, with the current, 580; so 1321, 1721, 1944, 2180, etc., æfter heaðo-swte, in consequence of the blood of battle, 1607; æfter wælnðe, in consequence of mortal enmity, 85; in accordance with, on account of, after, about: æfter æðelum (hleþum, MS.)frægn, asked about the descent, 332; ne frn þ æfter slum, ask not after my welfare, 1323; æfter sincgyfan groteð, weeps for the giver of treasure, 1343; him æfter dorum men dyrne langað, longs in secret for the dear man, 1880; n æfter num, one for the other, 2462, etc.—3) (local), along: æfter gumcynnum, throughout the races of men, among men, 945; shte bed æfter brum, sought a bed among the rooms of the castle (the castle was fortified, the hall was not), 140; æfter recede wlt, looked along the hall, 1573; stone æfter stne, smelt along the rocks, 2289; æfter lyfte, along the air through the air, 2833; similarly, 996, 1068, 1317, etc.

æf-þunca, w. m., anger, chagrin, vexatious affair: nom., 502.

ge-æhtan, w. v., to prize, to speak in praise of: pret. part. geæhted, 1866.

ge-æhtla, w. m., or ge-æhtle, w. f., a speaking of with praise, high esteem: gen. sg. hy ... wyrðe þinceað eorla geæhtlan, seem worthy of the high esteem of the noble-born, 369.

æglcea. See glcea.

æl-fylce (from æl-, Goth. ali-s, , and fylce, O.N. fylki, collective form from folc), st. n., other folk, hostile army: dat. pl. wið ælfylcum, 2372.

æl-mihtig (for eal-m.), adj., almighty: nom. sg. m., of the weak form, se æl-mihtiga, 92.

æl-wiht, st. m., being of another species, monster: gen. pl. æl-wihta eard, of the dwelling-place of Grendel's kindred, 1501.

æppel-fealu, adj., dappled sorrel, or apple-yellow: nom. pl. æppel-fealuwe maras, apple-yellow steeds, 2166.

ærn, st. n., house, in the compounds heal-, hord-, medo-, þryð-, win-ærn.

æsc, st. m., ash (does not occur in Bowulf in this sense), lance, spear, because the shaft consists of ash wood: dat. pl. (qu instr.) æscum and ecgum, with spears and swords, 1773.

æsc-holt, st. n., ash wood, ashen shaft: nom. pl. æsc-holt ufan grg, the ashen shafts gray above (spears with iron points), 330.

æsc-wiga, w. m., spear-fighter, warrior armed with the spear: nom. sg., 2043.

æt, prep. w. dat., with the fundamental meaning of nearness to something, hence 1) local, a) with, near, at, on, in (rest): æt hyðe, in harbor, 32; æt symle, at the meal, 81, æt de, on the funeral-pile, 1111, 1115; æt þ num, with thee alone, 1378; æt wge, in the fight, 1338; æt hilde, 1660, 2682; æt te, in eating, 3027, etc. b) to, towards, at, on (motion to): daðes wylm hrn æt heortan, seized upon the heart, 2271; gehton æt hærgtrafum, vowed at (or to) the temples of the gods, 175. c) with verbs of taking away, away from (as starting from near an object): geþeah þæt ful æt Wealhþon, took the cup from W., 630; fela ic gebd grynna æt Grendle, from Grendel, 931; æt mnum fæder genam, took me from my father to himself, 2430.—2) temporal, at, in, at the time of: æt frumsceafte, in the beginning, 45; æt ende, at an end, 224; fand snne dryhten ealdres æt ende, at the end of life, dying, 2791; similarly, 2823; æt feohgyftum, in giving gifts, 1090; æt sðestan, finally, 3014.

æt-grpe, adj., laying hold of, prehendens, 1270.

æt-rihte, adv., almost, 1658.



dre, dre, st. f., aqueduct, canal (not in Bow.), vein (not in Bow.), stream, violent pouring forth: dat. pl. swt drum sprong, the blood sprang in streams, 2967; bld drum dranc, drank the blood in streams(?), 743.

dre, adv., hastily, directly, immediately, 77, 354, 3107.

ðm, st. m., breath, gasp, snort: instr. sg. hreðer ðme woll, the breast (of the drake) heaved with snorting, 2594.

fen, st. m., evening, 1236.

fen-gram, adj., hostile at evening, night-enemy: nom. sg. m. fen-grom, of Grendel, 2075.

fen-loht, st. n., evening-light: nom. sg., 413.

fen-ræst, st. f., evening-rest: acc. sg. -ræste, 647, 1253.

fen-sprc, st. f., evening-talk: acc. sg. gemunde ...fen-sprce, thought about what he had spoken in the evening, 760.

fre, adv., ever, at any time, 70, 280, 504, 693, etc.: in negative sentences, fre ne, never, 2601.—Comp. nfre.

g-hw (O.H.G. o-ga-hwër), pron., every, each: dat. sg. ghwm, 1385. The gen. sg. in adverbial sense, in all, throughout, thoroughly: ghwæs untle, thoroughly blameless, 1866; ghwæs unrm, entirely innumerable quantity, i.e. an enormous multitude, 2625, 3136.

g-hwæðer (O.H.G. o-ga-hwëdar): 1) each (of two): nom. sg. hæfde ghwæðer ende gefred, each of the two (Bowulf and the drake) had reached the end, 2845; dat. sg. ghwæðrum wæs brga fram ðrum, to each of the two (Bowulf and the drake) was fear of the other, 2565; gen. sg. ghwæðres ... worda and worca, 287.—2) each (of several): dat. sg. heora ghwæðrum, 1637.

g-hwr, adv., everywhere, 1060.

g-hwilc (O.H.G. o-gi-hwëlih), pron., unusquisque, every (one): 1) used as an adj.: acc. sg. m. dl ghwylcne, 622.—2) as substantive, a) with the partitive genitive: nom. sg. g-hwylc, 9, 2888; dat. sg. ghwylcum, 1051. b) without gen.: nom. sg. ghwylc, 985, 988; (wæs) ghwylc ðrum trywe, each one (of two) true to the other, 1166.

g-weard, st. f., watch on the sea shore: acc. sg. g-wearde, 241.

ht (abstract form from gan, denoting the state of possessing), st. f.: 1) possession, power: acc. sg. on fldes ht, 42; on wæteres ht, into the power of the water, 516; on ht gehwearf Denigea fran, passed over into the possession of a Danish master, 1680.—2) property, possessions, goods: acc. pl. hte, 2249.—Comp. mðm-, gold-ht.

ht (O.H.G. hta), st. f., pursuit: nom. þ wæs ht boden Swona lodum, segn Higelce, then was pursuit offered to the people of the Swonas, (their) banner to Hygelc (i.e. the banner of the Swedes, taken during their flight, fell into the hands of Hygelc), 2958.

led (Old Sax. eld, O.N. edl-r), st. m., fire, 3016.

led-loma, w. m., (fire-light), torch: acc. sg. loman, 3126. See loma.

n (oblique form of n), num., one: acc. sg. m. þone nne þone..., the one whom..., 1054; oftor micle þonne on nne sð, much oftener than one time, 1580; forð onsendon nne, sent him forth alone, 46.

ne, adv., once: oft nalles ne, 3020.

nig, pron., one, any one, 474, 503, 510, 534, etc.: instr. sg. nolde ... 0nige þinga, would in no way, not at all, 792; lyt nig mearn, little did any one sorrow (i.e. no one), 3130.—With the article: næs se folccyning ... nig, no people's king, 2735.—Comp. nnig.

n-lc, adj., alone, excellent, distinguished: nlc ansyn, distinguished appearance, 251; þah þe ho nlcu sy, though she be beautiful, 1942.

r (comparative form, from ): 1) adv., sooner, before, beforehand, 15, 656, 695, 758, etc., for a long time, 2596; eft sw r, again as formerly, 643; r n siððan, neither sooner nor later, 719; r and sð, sooner and later (all times), 2501; n þy r (not so much the sooner), yet not, 755, 1503, 2082, 2161, 2467.—2) conjunct., before, ere: a) with the ind.: r ho t setle gong, 2020. b) w. subjunc.: r g fyr fran, before you travel farther, 252; r h on hwurfe 164, so 677, 2819; r þon dæg cwme, ere the day break, 732; r correlative to r adv.: r h feorh seleð, aldor an fre, r h wille ..., he will sooner (rather) leave his life upon the shore, before (than) he will ..., 1372.—3) prepos. with dat., before r daðe, before death, 1389; r dæges hwle, before daybreak, 2321; r swylt-dæge, before the day of death, 2799.

ror, comp. adv., sooner, before-hand, 810; formerly, 2655.

rra, comp. adj., earlier; instr. pl., rran mlum, in former times, 908, 2238, 3036.

rest, superl.: 1) adv., first of all, foremost, 6, 617, 1698, etc.—2) as subst. n., relation to, the beginning: acc. þæt ic his rest þ eft gesægde (to tell thee in what relation it stood at first to the coat of mail that has been presented), 2158. See Note.

r-dæg, st. m. (before-day), morning-twilight, gray of morning: dat. sg. mid rdæge, 126; samod rdæge, 1312, 2943.

rende, st. n., errand, trust: acc. sg., 270, 345.

r-fæder, st. m., late father, deceased father: nom sg. sw his rfæder, 2623.

r-gestron, st. n., old treasure, possessions dating from old times: acc sg., 1758; gen. sg. swylcra fela rgestrona, much of such old treasure, 2233. See gestron.

r-geweorc, st. n., work dating from old times: nom. sg. enta r-geweorc, the old work of the giants (of the golden sword-hilt from Grendel's water-hall), 1680. See geweorc.

r-gd, adj., good since old times, long invested with dignity or advantages: æðeling rgd, 130; (eorl) rgd, 1330; ren rgd (excellent sword), 990, 2587.

r-wela, w. m., old possessions, riches dating from old times: acc. sg. rwelan, 2748. See wela.

s, st. n., carcass, carrion: dat. (instr.) sg. se, of Æschere's corpse, 1333.

t, st. m., food, meat: dat, sg., h him æt te spow, how he fared well at meat, 3027.

ttren (see attor), adj., poisonous: wæs þæt bld t þæs ht, ttren ellorgst, se r inne swealt, so hot was the blood, (and) poisonous the demon (Grendel's mother) who died therein, 1618

B

bana, bona, w. m., murderer, 158, 588, 1103, etc.: acc. sg. bonan Ongenþowes, of Hygelc, although in reality his men slew Ongenþow (2965 ff.), 1969. Figuratively of inanimate objects: ne wæs ecg bona, 2507; wearð wracu Wohstnes bana, 2614.—Comp.: ecg-, feorh-, gst-, hand-, mð-bana.

bon-gr, st. m. murdering spear, 2032.

ge-bannan, st. v. w. acc. of the thing and dat. of the person, to command, to bid: inf., 74.

bd, st. f., pledge, only in comp.: nyd-bd.

bn, st. n., bone: dat. sg. on bne (on the bony skin of the drake), 2579; dat. pl. heals ealne ymbefng biteran bnum (here of the teeth of the drake), 2693.

bn-cofa, w. m., "cubile ossium" (Grimm) of the body: dat. sg. -cofan, 1446.

bn-fg, adj., variegated with bones, either with ornaments made of bone-work, or adorned with bone, perhaps deer-antlers; of Hrðgr's hall, 781. The last meaning seems the more probable.

bn-fæt, st. n., bone-vessel, i.e. the body: acc. pl. bn-fatu, 1117.

bn-hring, st. m., the bone-structure, joint, bone-joint: acc. pl. hire wið halse ... bnhringas bræc (broke her neck-joint), 1568.

bn-hs, st. n., bone-house, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bnhs gebræc, 2509; similarly, 3148.

bn-loca, w. m., the enclosure of the bones, i.e. the body: acc. sg. bt bnlocan, bit the body, 743; nom. pl. burston bnlocan, the body burst (of Grendel, because his arm was torn out), 819.

bt, st. m., boat, craft, ship, 211.—Comp. s-bt.

bt-weard, st. m., boat-watcher, he who keeps watch over the craft. dat. sg. -wearde, 1901.

bæð, st. n., bath: acc. sg. ofer ganotes bæð, over the diver's bath (i.e. the sea), 1862.

bærnan, w. v., to cause to burn, to burn: inf. ht ... bnfatu bærnan, bade that the bodies be burned, 1117; ongan ... beorht hofu bærnan, began to consume the splendid country-seats (the dragon), 2314.

for-bærnan, w. v., consume with fire: inf. hy hine ne mston ... brondefor-bærnan, they (the Danes) could not burn him (the dead Æschere) upon the funeral-pile, 2127.

bdan (Goth, baidjan, O.N. beðia), to incite, to encourage: pret. bdde byre geonge, encouraged the youths (at the banquet), 2019.

ge-bdan, w. v., to press hard: pret. part. bysigum gebded, distressed by trouble, difficulty, danger (of battle), 2581; to drive, to send forth: strla storm strengum gebded, the storm of arrows sent with strength, 3118; overcome: draca ... bealwe gebded, the dragon ... overcome by the ills of battle, 2827.

bl (O.N. bl), st. n., fire, flames: (wyrm) mid ble fr, passed (through the air) with fire, 2309; hæfde landwara lge befangan, ble and bronde, with fire and burning, 2323.—Especially, the fire of the funeral-pile, the funeral-pile, 1110, 1117, 2127; r h bl cure, ere he sought the burning (i.e. died), 2819; htað ... hlw gewyrcean ... æfter ble, after I am burned, let a burial mound be thrown up (Bowulf's words), 2804.

bl-fyr, st. n., bale-fire, fire of the funeral-pile: gen. pl. blfyra mst, 3144.

bl-stede, st. m., place for the funeral-pile: dat. sg. in bl=stede, 3098.

bl-wudu, st. m., wood for the funeral-pile, 3113.

br, st. f., bier, 3106.

ge-bran, w. v., to conduct one's self, behave: inf. w. adv., ne gefrægen ic þ mgðe ... sl gebran, I did not hear that a troop bore itself better, maintained a nobler deportment, 1013; h on eorðan geseah þone lofestan lfes æt ende blate gebran, saw the best-beloved upon the earth, at the end of his life, struggling miserably (i.e. in a helpless situation), 2825.

ge-btan (denominative from bte, the bit), w. v., to place the bit in the mouth of an animal, to bridle: pret. part. þ wæs Hrðgre hors gebted, 1400.

be, prep. w. dat. (with the fundamental meaning near, "but not of one direction, as æt, but more general"): 1) local, near by, near, at, on (rest): be ydlfe uppe lgon, lay above, upon the deposit of the waves (upon the strand, of the slain nixies), 566; hæfde be honda, held by the hand (Bowulf held Grendel), 815; be sm tweonum, in the circuit of both the seas, 859, 1686; be mæste, on the mast, 1906; by fyre, by the fire, 2220; be næsse, at the promontory, 2244; sæt be þm gebrðrum twm, sat by the two brothers, 1192; wæs se gryre lssa efne sw micle sw bið mægða cræft be wpnedmen, the terror was just so much less, as is the strength of woman to the warrior (i.e. is valued by), 1285, etc.—2) also local, but of motion from the subject in the direction of the object, on, upon, by: gefng be eaxle, seized by the shoulder, 1538; ldon lofne þoden be mæste, laid the dear lord near the mast, 36; be healse genam, took him by the neck, fell upon his neck, 1873; wpen hafenade be hiltum, grasped the weapon by the hilt, 1757, etc.—3) with this is connected the causal force, on account of, for, according to: ic þis gid be þ wræc, I spake this solemn speech for thee, for thy sake, 1724; þ þ lr be þon, learn according to this, from this, 1723; be fæder lre, according to her father's direction, 1951.—4) temporal, while, during: be þ lifigendum, while thou livest, during thy life, 2666. See b.

bed, st. n., bed, couch: acc. sg. bed, 140, 677; gen. sg. beddes, 1792; dat. pl. beddum, 1241.—Comp: deað-, hlin-, læger-, morðor-, wæl-bed.

ge-bedde, w. f., bed-fellow: dat. sg. wolde scan ewn t gebeddan, wished to seek the queen as bed-fellow, to go to bed with her, 666.—Comp. heals-gebedde.

bgen, fem. b, both: nom. m., 536, 770, 2708; acc. fem. on b healfa, on two sides (i.e. Grendel and his mother), 1306; dat. m. bm, 2197; and in connection with the possessive instead of the personal pronoun, rum bm, 2661; gen. n. bga, 1874, 2896; bga gehwæðres, each one of the two, 1044; bga folces, of both peoples, 1125.

ge-belgan, st. v. (properly, to cause to swell, to swell), to irritate: w. dat. (pret. subj.) þæt h cean dryhtne bitre gebulge, that he had bitterly angered the eternal Lord, 2332; pret. part. gebolgen, 1540; (gebolge, MS.), 2222; pl. gebolgne, 1432; more according to the original meaning in torne gebolgen, 2402.

-belgan, to anger: pret. sg. w. acc. oð þæt hyne n bealh mon on mde, till a man angered him in his heart, 2281; pret. part. bolgen, 724.

ben, st. f., wound: acc. sg. benne, 2725.—Comp.: feorh-, seax-ben.

benc, st. f., bench: nom. sg. benc, 492; dat. sg. bence, 327, 1014, 1189, 1244.—Comp.: ealu-, medu-benc.

benc-swg, st. m., (bench-rejoicing), rejoicing which resounds from the benches, 1162.

benc-þel, st. n., bench-board, the wainscotted space where the benches stand: nom. pl. benc-þelu, 486; acc. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-boards (i.e. by taking away the benches, so as to prepare couches), 1240.

bend, st. m. f., bond, fetter: acc. sg. forstes bend, frost's bond, 1610; dat. pl. bendum, 978.—Comp.: fyr-, hell-, hyge-, ren-, oncer-, searo-, wæl-bend.

ben-geat, st. n., (wound-gate), wound-opening: nom. pl. ben-geato, 1122.

bera (O.N. beri), w. m., bearer: in comp. hleor-bera.

beran, st. v. w. acc., to carry; III. sg. pres. byreð, 296, 448; þone mððum byreð, carries the treasure (upon his person), 2056; pres. subj. bere, 437; pl. beren, 2654; inf. beran, 48, 231, 291, etc.; heht þ se hearda Hrunting beran, to bring Hrunting, 1808; up beran, 1921; in beran, 2153; pret. bær, 495, 712, 847, etc.; mandryhtne bær fted wge, brought the lord the costly vessel, 2282; pl. bron, 213, 1636, etc.; bran, 2851; pret. part. boren, 1193, 1648, 3136.—The following expressions are poetic paraphrases of the forms go, come: þæt w rondas beren eft t earde, 2654; gewtað forð beran wpen and gewdu, 291; ic gefrægn sunu Whstnes hringnet beran, 2755; wgheafolan bær, 2662; helmas bron, 240 (conjecture); scyldas bran, 2851: they lay stress upon the connection of the man with his weapons.

æt-beran, to carry to: inf. t beadulce (battle) ætberan, 1562; pret. þ hine on morgentd on Heaðormas holm up ætbær, the sea bore him up to the Heaðormas, 519; ho Bowulfe medoful ætbær brought Bowulf the mead-cup, 625; mægenbyrðenne ... hider t ætbær cyninge mnum, bore the great burden hither to my king, 3093; pl. h hyne ætbron t brimes faroðe, 28.—2) bear away: æt lc ætbær, 2128.

for-beran, to hold, to suppress: inf. þæt h þone brostwylm forberan ne mehte, that he could not suppress the emotions of his breast, 1878.

ge-beran, to bring forth, to bear: pret. part. þæt l mæg secgan s þe sð and riht fremeð on folce ... þæt þes eorl wre geboren betera (that may every just man of the people say, that this nobleman is better born), 1704.

oð-beran, to bring hither: pret. þ mec s oðbær on Finna land, 579.

on-beran (O.H.G. in bëran, intpëran, but in the sense of carere), auferre, to carry off, to take away: inf. ren rgd þæt þæs hlcan bldge beadufolme onberan wolde, excellent sword which would sweep off the bloody hand of the demon, 991; pret. part. (wæs) onboren baga hord, the treasure of the rings had been carried off, 2285.—Compounds with the pres. part.: helm-, swl-berend.

berian (denominative from bær, naked), w. v., to make bare, to clear: pret. pl. bencþelu beredon, cleared the bench-place (by removing the benches), 1240.

berstan, st. v., to break, to burst: pret. pl. burston bnlocan, 819; bengeato burston, 1122.—to crack, to make the noise of breaking: fingras burston, the fingers cracked (from Bowulf's gripe), 761.

for-berstan, break, to fly asunder: pret. Nægling forbærst, Nægling (Bowulf's sword) broke in two, 2681.

betera, adj. (comp.), better: nom. sg. m. betera, 469, 1704.

bet-lc, adj., excellent, splendid: nom. sg. n., of Hrðgr's hall, 781; of Hygelc's residence, 1926.

betst, betost (superl.), best, the best: nom. sg. m. betst beadurinca, 1110; neut. n is ofost betost, þæt w ..., now is haste the best, that we..., 3008; voc. m. secg betsta, 948; neut. acc. beaduscrda betst, 453; acc. sg. m. þegn betstan, 1872.

bcn, st. n., (beacon), token, mark, sign: acc. sg. betimbredon beadu-rfes bcn (of Bowulf's grave-mound), 3162. See beacen.

bg. See bag.

bn, st. f., entreaty: gen. sg. bne, 428, 2285.

bna, w. m., suppliant, supplex: nom. sg. sw þ bna eart (as thou entreatest), 352; sw h bna wæs (as he had asked), 3141; nom. pl. hy bnan synt, 364.

ge-betan: 1) to make good, to remove: pret. ac þ Hrðgre wdcðne wan wihte gebttest, hast thou in any way relieved Hrðgr of the evil known afar, 1992; pret. part. acc. sg. swylce oncyððe ealle gebtte, removed all trouble, 831. —2) to avenge: inf. wihte ne meahte on þm feorhbonan fhðe gebtan, could in no way avenge the death upon the slayer, 2466.

beadu, st. f., battle, strife, combat: dat. sg. (as instr.) beadwe, in combat, 1540; gen. pl. bd beadwa ge-þinges, waited for the combats (with Grendel) that were in store for him, 710.

beadu-folm, st. f., battle-hand: acc. sg. -folme, of Grendel's hand, 991.

beado-grma, w. m., (battle-mask), helmet: acc. pl. -grman, 2258.

beado-hrægl, st. n., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail, 552.

beadu-lc, st. n., (exercise in arms, tilting), combat, battle: dat. sg. t beadu-lce, 1562.

beado-loma, w. m., (battle-light), sword: nom. sg., 1524.

beado-mce, st. m., battle-sword: nom. pl. beado-mcas, 1455.

beado-rinc, st. m., battle-hero, warrior: gen. pl. betst beadorinca, 1110.

beadu-rf, adj., strong in battle: gen. sg. -rfes, of Bowulf, 3162.

beadu-rn, st. f., mystery of battle: acc. sg. onband beadu-rne, solved the mystery of the combat, i.e. gave battle, commenced the fight, 501.

beadu-scearp, adj., battle-sharp, sharp for the battle, 2705.

beadu-scrd, st. n., (battle-dress), corselet, shirt of mail: gen. pl. beaduscrda betst, 453.

beadu-serce, w. f., (battle-garment), corselet, shirt of mail: acc. sg. brogdne beadu-sercean (because it consists of interlaced metal rings), 2756.

beado-weorc, st. n., (battle-work), battle: gen. sg. gefeh beado-weorces, rejoiced at the battle, 2300.

beald, adj., bold, brave: in comp. cyning-beald.

bealdian, w. v., to show one's self brave: pret. bealdode gdum ddum (through brave deeds), 2178.

bealdor, st. m., lord, prince: nom. sg. sinca baldor, 2429; winia bealdor, 2568.

bealu, st. n., evil, ruin, destruction: instr. sg. bealwe, 2827; gen. pl. bealuwa, 281; bealewa, 2083; bealwa, 910.—Comp.: cwealm-, ealdor-, hreðer-, lod-, morðor-, niht-, sweord-, wg-bealu.

bealu, adj., deadly, dangerous, bad: instr. sg. hyne sr hafað befongen balwon bendum, pain has entwined him in deadly bands, 978.

bealo-cwealm, st. m., violent death, death by the sword(?), 2266.

bealo-hycgende, pres. part., thinking of death, meditating destruction: gen. pl. ghwæðrum bealo-hycgendra, 2566.

bealo-hydig, adj., thinking of death, meditating destruction: of Grendel, 724.

bealo-nð, st. m., (zeal for destruction), deadly enmity: nom. sg., 2405; destructive struggle: acc. sg. bebeorh þ þone bealonð, beware of destructive striving, 1759; death-bringing rage: nom. sg. him on brostum bealo-nð woll, in his breast raged deadly fury (of the dragon's poison), 2715.

bearhtm (see beorht): 1) st. m., splendor, brightness, clearness: nom. sg. agena bearhtm, 1767.—2) sound, tone: acc. sg. bearhtm ongeton, gðhorn galan, they heard the sound, (heard) the battle-horn sound, 1432.

bearm, m., gremium, sinus, lap, bosom: nom. sg. foldan bearm, 1138; acc. sg. on bearm scipes, 35, 897; on bearm nacan, 214; him on bearm hladan bunan and discas, 2776.—2) figuratively, possession, property, because things bestowed were placed in the lap of the receiver (1145 and 2195, on bearm licgan, lecgan); dat. sg. him t bearme cwm mððumfæt mre, came into his possession, 2405.

bearn, st. n., 1) child, son: nom. sg. bearn Healfdenes, 469, etc.; Ecglfes bearn, 499, etc.; dat. sg. bearne, 2371; nom. pl. bearn, 59; dat. pl. bearnum, 1075.—2) in a broader sense, scion, offspring, descendant: nom. sg. Ongenþow's bearn, of his grandson, 2388; nom. pl. yldo. bearn, 70; gumena bearn, children of men, 879; hæleða bearn, 1190; æðelinga bearn, 3172; acc. pl. ofer ylda bearn, 606; dat. pl. ylda bearnum, 150; gen. pl. niðða bearna, 1006.—Comp.: brðor-, dryht-bearn.