XXXIII. BEOWULF RESOLVES TO KILL THE FIRE-DRAKE.

Þ se gæst ongan gldum spwan, beorht hofu bærnan; bryne-loma std 2315 eldum on andan; n þr ht cwices lð lyft-floga lfan wolde. Wæs þæs wyrmes wg wde gesyne, nearo-fges nð nan and feorran, h se gð-sceaða Gata lode 2320 hatode and hynde: hord eft gescat, dryht-sele dyrnne r dæges hwle. Hæfde land-wara lge befangen, ble and bronde; beorges getruwode, wges and wealles: him so wn gelah. 2325 Þ wæs Bowulfe brga gecyðed snde t sðe, þæt his sylfes him bolda slest bryne-wylmum mealt, gif-stl Gata. Þæt þm gdan wæs hrow on hreðre, hyge-sorga mst: 2330 wnde se wsa, þæt h wealdende, ofer ealde riht, cean dryhtne bitre gebulge: brost innan woll þostrum geþoncum, sw him geþywe ne wæs. Hæfde lg-draca loda fæsten, 2335 a-lond tan, eorð-weard þone gldum forgrunden. Him þæs gð-cyning, Wedera þoden, wræce leornode. Heht him þ gewyrcean wgendra hlo eall-renne, eorla dryhten 2340 wg-bord wrtlc; wisse h gearwe, þæt him holt-wudu helpan ne meahte, lind wið lge. Sceolde ln-daga æðeling r-gd ende gebdan worulde lfes and se wyrm somod; 2345 þah þe hord-welan holde lange. Oferhogode þ hringa fengel, þæt h þone wd-flogan weorode geshte, sdan herge; n h him þ sæcce ondrd, n him þæs wyrmes wg for wiht dyde, 2350 eafoð and ellen; forþon h r fela nearo nðende nða gedgde, hilde-hlemma, syððan h Hrðgres, sigor-adig secg, sele flsode and æt gðe forgrp Grendeles mgum, 2355 lðan cynnes. N þæt lsest wæs hond-gemota, þr mon Hygelc slh, syððan Gata cyning gðe rsum, fra-wine folces Frslondum on, Hrðles eafora hioro-dryncum swealt, 2360 bille gebaten; þonan Bowulf cm sylfes cræfte, sund-nytte drah; hæfde him on earme ... XXX hilde-geatwa, þ h t holme stg. Nealles Hetware hrmge þorfton 2365 fðe-wges, þ him foran ongan linde bron: lyt eft becwm fram þm hild-frecan hmes nosan. Oferswam þ sioleða bigong sunu Ecgþowes, earm n-haga eft t lodum, 2370 þr him Hygd gebad hord and rce, bagas and brego-stl: bearne ne truwode, þæt h wið æl-fylcum ðel-stlas healdan cðe, þ wæs Hygelc dad. N þy r fa-sceafte findan meahton 2375 æt þm æðelinge nige þinga, þæt h Heardrde hlford wre, oððe þone cyne-dm cosan wolde; hwæðre h him on folce frond-lrum hold, stum mid re, oð þæt h yldra wearð, 2380 Weder-Gatum wold. Hyne wræc-mæcgas ofer s shtan, suna hteres: hæfdon hy forhealden helm Scylfinga, þone slestan s-cyninga, þra þe in Swo-rce sinc brytnade, 2385 mrne þoden. Him þæt t mearce wearð; h þr orfeorme feorh-wunde hlat sweordes swengum, sunu Hygelces; and him eft gewt Ongenþowes bearn hmes nosan, syððan Heardrd læg; 2390 lt þone brego-stl Bowulf healdan, Gatum wealdan: þæt wæs gd cyning.

XXXIV. RETROSPECT OF BOWULF.—STRIFE BETWEEN SWEONAS AND GEATAS.

S þæs lod-hryres lan gemunde uferan dgrum, adgilse wearð fa-sceaftum fond. Folce gestepte 2395 ofer s sde sunu hteres wigum and wpnum: h gewræc syððan cealdum cear-sðum, cyning ealdre binat. Sw h nða gehwane genesen hæfde, slðra geslyhta, sunu Ecgþowes, 2400 ellen-weorca, oð þone nne dæg, þ h wið þm wyrme gewegan sceolde. Gewt þ twelfa sum torne gebolgen dryhten Gata dracan scawian; hæfde þ gefrnen, hwanan so fhð rs, 2405 bealo-nð biorna; him t bearme cwm mððum-fæt mre þurh þæs meldan hond, S wæs on þm þrate þreotteoða secg, s þæs orleges r onstealde, hæft hyge-gimor, sceolde han þonon 2410 wong wsian: h ofer willan gong t þæs þe h eorð-sele nne wisse, hlw under hrsan holm-wylme nh, yð-gewinne, s wæs innan full wrtta and wra: weard unhore, 2415 gearo gð-freca, gold-mðmas hold, eald under eorðan; næs þæt yðe cap, t gegangenne gumena nigum. Gesæt þ on næsse nð-heard cyning, þenden hlo bad heorð-genatum 2420 gold-wine Gata: him wæs gemor sefa, wfre and wæl-fs, Wyrd ungemete nah, s þone gomelan grtan sceolde, scean swle hord, sundur gedlan lf wið lce: n þon lange wæs 2425 feorh æðelinges flsce bewunden. Bowulf maðelade, bearn Ecgþowes: "Fela ic on giogoðe guð-rsa genæs, "orleg-hwla: ic þæt eall gemon. "Ic wæs syfan-wintre, þ mec sinca baldor, 2430 "fra-wine folca æt mnum fæder genam, "hold mec and hæfde Hrðel cyning, "geaf m sinc and symbel, sibbe gemunde; "næs ic him t lfe lðra wihte "beorn in burgum, þonne his bearna hwylc, 2435 "Herebeald and Hæðcyn, oððe Hygelc mn. "Wæs þm yldestan ungedfelce "mges ddum morðor-bed strd, "syððan hyne Hæðcyn of horn-bogan, "his fra-wine flne geswencte, 2440 "miste mercelses and his mg ofsct, "brðor ðerne, bldigan gre: "þæt wæs feoh-las gefeoht, fyrenum gesyngad "hreðre hyge-mðe; sceolde hwæðre sw þah "æðeling unwrecen ealdres linnan. 2445 "Sw bið gemorlc gomelum ceorle "t gebdanne, þæt his byre rde "giong on galgan, þonne h gyd wrece, "srigne sang, þonne his sunu hangað "hrefne t hrðre and h him helpe ne mæg, 2450 "eald and in-frd, nige gefremman. "Symble bið gemyndgad morna gehwylce "eaforan ellor-sð; ðres ne gymeð "t gebdanne burgum on innan "yrfe-weardes, þonne se n hafað 2455 "þurh daðes nyd dda gefondad. "Gesyhð sorh-cearig on his suna bre "wn-sele wstne, wind-gereste, "rote berofene; rdend swefað "hæleð in hoðman; nis þr hearpan swg, 2460 "gomen in geardum, swylce þr i wron.

XXXV. MEMORIES OF PAST TIME.-THE FEUD WITH THE FIRE-DRAKE.

"Gewteð þonne on sealman, sorh-loð gæleð "n æfter num: þhte him eall t rm, "wongas and wc-stede. Sw Wedra helm "æfter Herebealde heortan sorge 2465 "weallende wæg, wihte ne meahte "on þm feorh-bonan fhðe gebtan: "n þy r h þone heaðo-rinc hatian ne meahte "lðum ddum, þah him lof ne wæs. "H þ mid þre sorge, þ him so sr belamp, 2470 "gum-dram ofgeaf, godes loht gecas; "eaferum lfde, sw dð adig mon, "lond and lod-byrig, þ h of lfe gewt. "Þ wæs synn and sacu Swona and Gata, "ofer wd wæter wrht gemne, 2475 "here-nð hearda, syððan Hrðel swealt, "oððe him Ongenþowes eaferan wran "frome fyrd-hwate, frode ne woldon "ofer heafo healdan, ac ymb Hrosna-beorh "eatolne inwit-scear oft gefremedon. 2480 "Þæt mg-wine mne gewrcan, "fhðe and fyrene, sw hyt gefrge wæs, "þah þe ðer hit ealdre gebohte, "heardan cape: Hæðcynne wearð, "Gata dryhtne, gð onsge. 2485 "Þ ic on morgne gefrægn mg ðerne "billes ecgum on bonan stlan, "þr Ongenþow Eofores nosade: "gð-helm tgld, gomela Scylfing "hras heoro-blc; hond gemunde 2490 "fhðo genge, feorh-sweng ne oftah. "Ic him þ mðmas, þ h m sealde, "geald æt gðe, sw m gifeðe wæs, "lohtan sweorde: h m lond forgeaf, "eard ðel-wyn. Næs him nig þearf, 2495 "þæt h t Gifðum oððe t Gr-Denum "oððe in Swo-rce scean þurfe "wyrsan wg-frecan, weorðe gecypan; "symle ic him on fðan beforan wolde, "na on orde, and sw t aldre sceall 2500 "sæcce fremman, þenden þis sweord þolað, "þæt mec r and sð oft gelste, "syððan ic for dugeðum Dæghrefne wearð "t hand-bonan, Hga cempan: "nalles h þ frætwe Frs-cyninge, 2505 "brost-weorðunge bringan mste, "ac in campe gecrong cumbles hyrde, "æðeling on elne. Ne wæs ecg bona, "ac him hilde-grp heortan wylmas, "bn-hs gebræc. N sceall billes ecg, 2510 "hond and heard sweord ymb hord wgan." Bowulf maðelode, bot-wordum spræc nehstan sðe: "Ic genðde fela "gða on geogoðe; gyt ic wylle, "frd folces weard, fhðe scan, 2515 "mrðum fremman, gif mec se mn-sceaða "of eorð-sele t gesceð!" Gegrtte þ gumena gehwylcne, hwate helm-berend hindeman sðe, swse gesðas: "Nolde ic sweord beran, 2520 "wpen t wyrme, gif ic wiste h "wið þm glcean elles meahte "gylpe wiðgrpan, sw ic gi wið Grendle dyde; "ac ic þr heaðu-fyres htes wne, "rðes and-httres: forþon ic m on hafu 2525 "bord and byrnan. Nelle ic beorges weard "oferflon ftes trem, fond unhyre, "ac unc sceal weorðan æt wealle, sw unc Wyrd getoð, "metod manna gehwæs. Ic eom on mde from, "þæt ic wið þone gð-flogan gylp ofersitte. 2530 "Gebde g on beorge byrnum werede, "secgas on searwum, hwæðer sl mge "æfter wæl-rse wunde gedygan "uncer twga. Nis þæt ower sð, "n gemet mannes, nefne mn nes, 2535 "þæt h wið glcean eofoðo dle, "eorl-scype efne. Ic mid elne sceall "gold gegangan oððe gð nimeð, "feorh-bealu frcne, fran owerne!" rs þ b ronde rf retta, 2540 heard under helm, hioro-sercean bær under stn-cleofu, strengo getruwode nes mannes: ne bið swylc earges sð. Geseah þ be wealle, s þe worna fela, gum-cystum gd, gða gedgde, 2545 hilde-hlemma, þonne hnitan fðan, (std on stn-bogan) stram t þonan brecan of beorge; wæs þre burnan wælm heaðo-fyrum ht: ne meahte horde nah unbyrnende nige hwle 2550 dop gedygan for dracan lge. Lt þ of brostum, þ h gebolgen wæs, Weder-Gata lod word t faran, stearc-heort styrmde; stefn in becm heaðo-torht hlynnan under hrne stn. 2555 Hete wæs onhrred, hord-weard oncnow mannes reorde; næs þr mra fyrst, frode t friclan. From rest cwm oruð glcean t of stne, ht hilde-swt; hrse dynede. 2560 Biorn under beorge bord-rand onswf wið þm gryre-gieste, Gata dryhten: þ wæs hring-bogan heorte gefysed sæcce t sceanne. Sweord r gebr gd gð-cyning gomele lfe, 2565 ecgum unglaw, ghwæðrum wæs bealo-hycgendra brga fram ðrum. Stð-md gestd wið stapne rond winia bealdor, þ se wyrm gebah snde tsomne: h on searwum bd. 2570 Gewt þ byrnende gebogen scrðan t, gescfe scyndan. Scyld wl gebearg lfe and lce lssan hwle mrum þodne, þonne his myne shte, þr h þy fyrste forman dgore 2575 wealdan mste, sw him Wyrd ne gescrf hrð æt hilde. Hond up bræd Gata dryhten, gryre-fhne slh incge lfe, þæt so ecg gewc brn on bne, bt unswðor, 2580 þonne his þod-cyning þearfe hæfde, bysigum gebded. Þ wæs beorges weard æfter heaðu-swenge on hroum mde, wearp wæl-fyre, wde sprungon hilde-loman: hrð-sigora ne gealp 2585 gold-wine Gata, gð-bill geswc nacod æt nðe, sw hyt n sceolde, ren r-gd. Ne wæs þæt ðe sð, þæt se mra maga Ecgþowes grund-wong þone ofgyfan wolde; 2590 sceolde wyrmes willan wc eardian elles hwergen, sw sceal ghwylc mon ltan ln-dagas. Næs þ long t þon, þæt þ glcean hy eft gemtton. Hyrte hyne hord-weard, hreðer ðme woll, 2595 nwan stefne: nearo þrowode fyre befongen s þe r folce wold. Nealles him on hape hand-gesteallan, æðelinga bearn ymbe gestdon hilde-cystum, ac hy on holt bugon, 2600 ealdre burgan. Hiora in num woll sefa wið sorgum: sibb fre ne mæg wiht onwendan, þm þe wl þenceð.

XXXVI. WIGLAF HELPS BOWULF IN THE FEUD

Wglf wæs hten Woxstnes sunu, loflc lind-wiga, lod Scylfinga, 2605 mg Ælfheres: geseah his mon-dryhten under here-grman ht þrowian. Gemunde þ þ re, þ h him r forgeaf wc-stede weligne Wgmundinga, folc-rihta gehwylc, sw his fæder hte; 2610 ne mihte þ forhabban, hond rond gefng, geolwe linde, gomel swyrd getah, þæt wæs mid eldum anmundes lf, suna hteres, þm æt sæcce wearð wracu wine-lasum Wohstnes bana 2615 mces ecgum, and his mgum ætbær brn-fgne helm, hringde byrnan, eald sweord eotonisc, þæt him Onela forgeaf, his gædelinges gð-gewdu, fyrd-searo fslc: n ymbe þ fhðe spræc, 2620 þah þe h his brðor bearn bredwade. H frætwe gehold fela missra, bill and byrnan, oð þæt his byre mihte eorl-scipe efnan, sw his r-fæder; geaf him þ mid Gatum gð-gewda 2625 ghwæs unrm; þ h of ealdre gewt, frd on forð-weg. Þ wæs forma sð geongan cempan, þæt h gðe rs mid his fro-dryhtne fremman sceolde; ne gemealt him se md-sefa, n his mges lf 2630 gewc æt wge: þæt se wyrm onfand, syððan he tgædre gegn hæfdon. Wglf maðelode word-rihta fela, sægde gesðum, him wæs sefa gemor: "Ic þæt ml geman, þr w medu þgun, 2635 "þonne w gehton ssum hlforde "in bor-sele, þ s þs bagas geaf, "þæt w him þ gð-geatwa gyldan woldon, "gif him þyslcu þearf gelumpe, "helmas and heard sweord: þ h sic on herge gecas 2640 "t þyssum sð-fate sylfes willum, "onmunde sic mrða and m þs mðmas geaf, "þ h sic gr-wgend gde tealde, "hwate helm-berend, þah þe hlford s "þis ellen-weorc na þhte 2645 "t gefremmanne, folces hyrde, "forþm h manna mst mrða gefremede, "dda dollcra. N is s dæg cumen, "þæt re man-dryhten mægenes behfað "gdra gð-rinca: wutun gangan t, 2650 "helpan hild-fruman, þenden hyt sy, "gld-egesa grim! God wt on mec, "þæt m is micle lofre, þæt mnne lc-haman "mid mnne gold-gyfan gld fæðmie. "Ne þynceð m gerysne, þæt w rondas beren 2655 "eft t earde, nemne w ror mgen "fne gefyllan, feorh ealgian "Wedra þodnes. Ic wt geare, "þæt nron eald-gewyrht, þæt h na scyle "Gata duguðe gnorn þrowian, 2660 "gesgan æt sæcce: sceal rum þæt sweord and helm, "byrne and byrdu-scrd bm gemne." Wd þ þurh þone wæl-rc, wg-heafolan bær fran on fultum, fa worda cwæð: "Lofa Bowulf, lst eall tela, 2665 "sw þ on geoguð-fore gera gecwde, "þæt þ ne lte be þ lifigendum "dm gedrosan: scealt n ddum rf, "æðeling n-hydig, ealle mægene "feorh ealgian; ic þ fullstu!" 2670 Æfter þm wordum wyrm yrre cwm, atol inwit-gæst ðre sðe, fyr-wylmum fh fonda nosan, lðra manna; lg-yðum forborn bord wið ronde: byrne ne meahte 2675 geongum gr-wigan goce gefremman: ac se maga geonga under his mges scyld elne geode, þ his gen wæs gldum forgrunden. Þ gn gð-cyning mrða gemunde, mægen-strengo, 2680 slh hilde-bille, þæt hyt on heafolan std nðe genyded: Nægling forbærst, geswc æt sæcce sweord Bowulfes gomol and grg-ml. Him þæt gifeðe ne wæs, þæt him renna ecge mihton 2685 helpan æt hilde; wæs so hond t strong, s þe mca gehwane mne gefrge swenge ofershte, þonne h t sæcce bær wpen wundrum heard, næs him wihte þ sl. Þ wæs þod-sceaða þriddan sðe, 2690 frcne fyr-draca fhða gemyndig, rsde on þone rfan, þ him rm geald, ht and heaðo-grim, heals ealne ymbefng biteran bnum; h gebldegod wearð swul-drore; swt yðum woll.

XXXVII. BOWULF WOUNDED TO DEATH.

2695 Þ ic æt þearfe gefrægn þod-cyninges and-longne eorl ellen cyðan, cræft and cnðu, sw him gecynde wæs; ne hdde h þæs heafolan, ac so hand gebarn mdiges mannes, þr h his mges healp, 2700 þæt h þone nð-gæst nioðor hwne slh, secg on searwum, þæt þæt sweord gedaf fh and fted, þæt þæt fyr ongon sweðrian syððan. Þ gn sylf cyning gewold his gewitte, wæll-seaxe gebr, 2705 biter and beadu-scearp, þæt h on byrnan wæg: forwrt Wedra helm wyrm on middan. Fond gefyldan (ferh ellen wræc), and h hyne þ bgen broten hæfdon, sib-æðelingas: swylc sceolde secg wesan, 2710 þegn æt þearfe. Þæt þm þodne wæs sðast sge-hwle sylfes ddum, worlde geweorces. Þ so wund ongon, þ him se eorð-draca r geworhte, swelan and swellan. H þæt sna onfand, 2715 þæt him on brostum bealo-nð woll, attor on innan. Þ se æðeling gong, þæt h b wealle, ws-hycgende, gesæt on sesse; seah on enta geweorc, h þ stn-bogan stapulum fæste 2720 ce eorð-reced innan holdon. Hyne þ mid handa heoro-drorigne þoden mrne þegn ungemete till, wine-dryhten his wætere gelafede, hilde-sædne and his helm onspon. 2725 Bowulf maðelode, h ofer benne spræc, wunde wæl-blate (wisse h gearwe, þæt h dæg-hwla gedrogen hæfde eorðan wynne; þ wæs eall sceacen dgor-germes, dað ungemete nah): 2730 "N ic suna mnum syllan wolde "gð-gewdu, þr m gifeðe sw "nig yrfe-weard æfter wurde, "lce gelenge. Ic þs lode hold "fftig wintra: næs se folc-cyning 2735 "ymbe-sittendra nig þra, "þ mec gð-winum grtan dorste, "egesan þon. Ic on earde bd "ml-gesceafta, hold mn tela, "ne shte searo-nðas, n m swr fela 2740 "ða on unriht. Ic þæs ealles mæg, "feorh-bennum soc, gefan habban: "forþm m wtan ne þearf waldend fra "morðor-bealo mga, þonne mn sceaceð "lf of lce. N þ lungre 2745 "geong, hord scawian under hrne stn, "Wglf lofa, n se wyrm ligeð, "swefeð sre wund, since berafod. "Bo n on ofoste, þæt ic r-welan, "gold-ht ongite, gearo scawige 2750 "swegle searo-gimmas, þæt ic þy sft mge "æfter mððum-welan mn ltan "lf and lod-scipe, þone ic longe hold."

XXXVIII. THE JEWEL-HOARD. THE PASSING OF BEOWULF.

Þ ic snde gefrægn sunu Whstnes æfter word-cwydum wundum dryhtne 2755 hyran heaðo-socum, hring-net beran, brogdne beadu-sercean under beorges hrf. Geseah þ sige-hrðig, þ h b sesse gong, mago-þegn mdig mððum-sigla fela, gold glitinian grunde getenge, 2760 wundur on wealle and þæs wyrmes denn, ealdes ht-flogan, orcas stondan, fyrn-manna fatu feormend-lase, hyrstum behrorene: þr wæs helm monig, eald and mig, earm-baga fela, 2765 searwum gesled. Sinc aðe mæg, gold on grunde, gumena cynnes gehwone ofer-hgian, hyde s þe wylle! Swylce h siomian geseah segn eall-gylden hah ofer horde, hond-wundra mst, 2770 gelocen leoðo-cræftum: of þm loma std, þæt h þone grund-wong ongitan meahte, wrte giond-wltan. Næs þæs wyrmes þr onsyn nig, ac hyne ecg fornam. Þ ic on hlwe gefrægn hord rafian, 2775 eald enta geweorc nne mannan, him on bearm hladan bunan and discas sylfes dme, segn ac genom, bacna beorhtost; bill r-gescd (ecg wæs ren) eald-hlfordes 2780 þm þra mðma mund-bora wæs longe hwle, lg-egesan wæg htne for horde, hioro-weallende, middel-nihtum, oð þæt h morðre swealt. r wæs on ofoste eft-sðes georn, 2785 frætwum gefyrðred: hyne fyrwet bræc, hwæðer collen-ferð cwicne gemtte in þm wong-stede Wedra þoden, ellen-socne, þr h hine r forlt. H þ mid þm mðmum mrne þoden, 2790 dryhten snne drorigne fand ealdres æt ende: h hine eft ongon wæteres weorpan, oð þæt wordes ord brost-hord þurhbræc. Bowulf maðelode, gomel on giohðe (gold scawode): 2795 "Ic þra frætwa fran ealles þanc "wuldur-cyninge wordum secge, "cum dryhtne, þ ic hr on starie, "þæs þe ic mste mnum lodum "r swylt-dæge swylc gestrynan. 2800 "N ic on mðma hord mne bebohte "frde feorh-lege, fremmað g n "loda þearfe; ne mæg ic hr leng wesan. "Htað heaðo-mre hlw gewyrcean, "beorhtne æfter ble æt brimes nosan; 2805 "se scel t gemyndum mnum lodum "hah hlfian on Hrones næsse, "þæt hit s-lðend syððan htan "Bowulfes biorh, þ þe brentingas "ofer flda genipu feorran drfað." 2810 Dyde him of healse hring gyldenne þoden þrst-hydig, þegne gesealde, geongum gr-wigan, gold-fhne helm, bah and byrnan, ht hyne brcan well: "Þ eart ende-lf sses cynnes, 2815 "Wgmundinga; ealle Wyrd forswof, "mne mgas t metod-sceafte, "eorlas on elne: ic him æfter sceal." Þæt wæs þm gomelan gingeste word brost-gehygdum, r h bl cure, 2820 hte heaðo-wylmas: him of hreðre gewt swol scean sð-fæstra dm.

XXXIX. THE COWARD-THANES.

Þ wæs gegongen guman unfrdum earfoðlce, þæt h on eorðan geseah þone lofestan lfes æt ende 2825 blate gebran. Bona swylce læg, egeslc eorð-draca, ealdre berafod, bealwe gebded: bah-hordum leng wyrm wh-bogen wealdan ne mste, ac him renna ecga fornmon, 2830 hearde heaðo-scearpe homera lfe, þæt se wd-floga wundum stille hras on hrsan hord-ærne nah, nalles æfter lyfte lcende hwearf middel-nihtum, mðm-hta wlonc 2835 ansyn ywde: ac h eorðan gefoll for þæs hild-fruman hond-geweorce. Hru þæt on lande lyt manna þh mægen-gendra mne gefrge, þah þe h dda gehwæs dyrstig wre, 2840 þæt h wið attor-sceaðan oreðe gersde, oððe hring-sele hondum styrede, gif h wæccende weard onfunde ban on beorge. Bowulfe wearð dryht-mðma dl daðe forgolden; 2845 hæfde ghwæðer ende gefred lnan lfes. Næs þ lang t þon, þæt þ hild-latan holt ofgfan, tydre trow-logan tyne ætsomne, þ ne dorston r dareðum lcan 2850 on hyra man-dryhtnes miclan þearfe; ac hy scamiende scyldas bran, gð-gewdu, þr se gomela læg: wlitan on Wglf. H gewrgad sæt, fðe-cempa fran eaxlum nah, 2855 wehte hyne wætre; him wiht ne spow; ne meahte h on eorðan, þah h ðe wl, on þm frum-gre feorh gehealdan, n þæs wealdendes willan wiht oncirran; wolde dm godes ddum rdan 2860 gumena gehwylcum, sw h n gn dð. Þ wæs æt þm geongan grim andswaru ð-begte þm þe r his elne forlas. Wglf maðelode, Wohstnes sunu, secg srig-ferð seah on unlofe: 2865 "Þæt l mæg secgan, s þe wyle sð sprecan, "þæt se mon-dryhten, se ow þ mðmas geaf, "ored-geatwe, þ g þr on standað, "þonne h on ealu-bence oft gesealde "heal-sittendum helm and byrnan, 2870 "þoden his þegnum, swylce h þryðlcost "hwr feor oððe nah findan meahte, "þæt h gnunga gð-gewdu "wrðe forwurpe. Þ hyne wg beget, "nealles folc-cyning fyrd-gesteallum 2875 "gylpan þorfte; hwæðre him god ðe, "sigora waldend, þæt h hyne sylfne gewræc "na mid ecge, þ him wæs elnes þearf, "Ic him lf-wraðe lytle meahte "ætgifan æt gðe and ongan sw þah 2880 "ofer mn gemet mges helpan: "symle wæs þy smra, þonne ic sweorde drep "ferhð-genðlan, fyr unswðor "woll of gewitte. Wergendra t lyt "þrong ymbe þoden, þ hyne so þrg becwm. 2885 "N sceal sinc-þego and swyrd-gifu "eall ðel-wyn owrum cynne, "lufen licgean: lond-rihtes mt "þre mg-burge monna ghwylc "del hweorfan, syððan æðelingas 2890 "feorran gefricgean flam owerne, "dm-lasan dd. Dað bið slla "eorla gehwylcum þonne edwt-lf!"

XL. THE SOLDIER'S DIRGE AND PROPHECY.

Heht þ þæt heaðo-weorc t hagan bodan up ofer g-clif, þr þæt eorl-weorod 2895 morgen-longne dæg md-gimor sæt, bord-hæbbende, bga on wnum ende-dgores and eft-cymes lofes monnes. Lyt swgode nwra spella, s þe næs gerd, 2900 ac h sðlce sægde ofer ealle; "N is wil-geofa Wedra loda, "dryhten Gata dað-bedde fæst, "wunað wæl-reste wyrmes ddum; "him on efn ligeð ealdor-gewinna, 2905 "siex-bennum soc: sweorde ne meahte "on þm glcean nige þinga "wunde gewyrcean. Wglf siteð "ofer Bowulfe, byre Whstnes, "eorl ofer ðrum unlifigendum, 2910 "healdeð hige-mðum hafod-wearde "lofes and lðes. N ys lodum wn "orleg-hwle, syððan underne "Froncum and Frysum fyll cyninges "wde weorðeð. Wæs so wrht scepen 2915 "heard wið Hgas, syððan Higelc cwm "faran flot-herge on Frsna land, "þr hyne Hetware hilde gehngdon, "elne geodon mid ofer-mægene, "þæt se byrn-wiga bgan sceolde, 2920 "foll on fðan: nalles frætwe geaf "ealdor dugoðe; s wæs syððan "Merewoinga milts ungyfeðe. "N ic t Swo-þode sibbe oððe trowe "wihte ne wne; ac wæs wde cð, 2925 "þætte Ongenþo ealdre besnyðede "Hæðcyn Hrðling wið Hrefna-wudu, "þ for on-mdlan rest geshton "Gata lode Gð-scilfingas. "Sna him se frda fæder htheres, 2930 "eald and eges-full ond-slyht geaf, "brot brim-wsan, bryd horde, "gomela o-meowlan golde berofene, "Onelan mdor and htheres, "and þ folgode feorh-genðlan 2935 "oð þæt h oðodon earfoðlce "in Hrefnes-holt hlford-lase. "Besæt þ sin-herge sweorda lfe "wundum wrge, wan oft geht "earmre teohhe andlonge niht: 2940 "cwæð h on mergenne mces ecgum "gtan wolde, sume on galg-trowum "fuglum t gamene. Frfor eft gelamp "srig-mdum somod r-dæge, "syððan he Hygelces horn and byman 2945 "gealdor ongeton. Þ se gda cm "loda dugoðe on lst faran.

XLI. HE TELLS OF THE SWEDES AND THE GEATAS

"Wæs so swt-swaðu Swona and Gata, "wæl-rs wera wde gesyne, "h þ folc mid him fhðe twehton. 2950 "Gewt him þ se gda mid his gædelingum, "frd fela gemor fæsten scean, "eorl Ongenþo ufor oncirde; "hæfde Higelces hilde gefrnen, "wlonces wg-cræft, wiðres ne truwode, 2955 "þæt h s-mannum onsacan mihte, "haðo-lðendum hord forstandan, "bearn and bryde; bah eft þonan "eald under eorð-weall. Þ wæs ht boden "Swona lodum, segn Higelce. 2960 "Freoðo-wong þone forð oferodon, "syððan Hrðlingas t hagan þrungon. "Þr wearð Ongenþo ecgum sweorda, "blonden-fexa on bd wrecen, "þæt se þod-cyning þafian sceolde 2965 "Eofores nne dm: hyne yrringa "Wulf Wonrding wpne gerhte, "þæt him for swenge swt drum sprong "forð under fexe. Næs h forht sw þh, "gomela Scilfing, ac forgeald hraðe 2970 "wyrsan wrixle wæl-hlem þone, "syððan þod-cyning þyder oncirde: "ne meahte se snella sunu Wonrdes "ealdum ceorle ond-slyht giofan, "ac h him on hafde helm r gescer, 2975 "þæt h blde fh bgan sceolde, "foll on foldan; næs h fge þ gt, "ac h hyne gewyrpte, þah þe him wund hrne, "Lt se hearda Higelces þegn "brdne mce, þ his brðor læg, 2980 "eald sweord eotonisc, entiscne helm, "brecan ofer bord-weal: þ gebah cyning, "folces hyrde, wæs in feorh dropen. "Þ wron monige, þ his mg wriðon, "ricone rrdon, þ him gerymed wearð, 2985 "þæt he wæl-stwe wealdan mston. "Þenden rafode rinc ðerne, "nam on Ongenþo ren-byrnan, "heard swyrd hilted and his helm somod; "hres hyrste Higelce bær. 2990 "H þm frætwum fng and him fægre geht "lana fore lodum and gelste sw: "geald þone gð-rs Gata dryhten, "Hrðles eafora, þ h t hm becm, "Jofore and Wulfe mid ofer-mðmum, 2995 "sealde hiora gehwæðrum hund þsenda "landes and locenra baga; ne þorfte him þ lan oðwtan "mon on middan-gearde, syððan he þ mrða geslgon; "and þ Jofore forgeaf ngan dhtor, "hm-weorðunge, hyldo t wedde. 3000 "Þæt ys so fhðo and se fond-scipe, "wæl-nð wera, þæs þe ic wn hafo, "þ s sceað t Swona lode, "syððan he gefricgeað fran serne "ealdor-lasne, þone þe r gehold 3005 "wið hettendum hord and rce, "æfter hæleða hryre hwate Scylfingas, "folc-rd fremede oððe furður gn "eorl-scipe efnde. N is ofost betost, "þæt w þod-cyning þr scawian 3010 "and þone gebringan, þ s bagas geaf, "on d-fære. Ne scel nes hwæt "meltan mid þm mdigan, ac þr is mðma hord. "gold unrme grimme gecapod "and n æt sðestan sylfes fore 3015 "bagas gebohte; þ sceal brond fretan, "led þeccean, nalles eorl wegan "mððum t gemyndum, n mægð scyne "habban on healse hring-weorðunge, "ac sceall gemor-md golde berafod 3020 "oft nalles ne el-land tredan, "n se here-wsa hleahtor legde, "gamen and glo-dram. Forþon sceall gr wesan "monig morgen-ceald mundum bewunden, "hæfen on handa, nalles hearpan swg 3025 "wgend weccean, ac se wonna hrefn "fs ofer fgum, fela reordian, "earne secgan, h him æt te spow, "þenden h wið wulf wæl rafode." Sw se secg hwata secgende wæs 3030 lðra spella; h ne lag fela wyrda n worda. Weorod eall rs, odon unblðe under Earna næs wollen-tare wundur scawian. Fundon þ on sande swul-lasne 3035 hlim-bed healdan, þone þe him hringas geaf rran mlum: þ wæs ende-dæg gdum gegongen, þæt se gð-cyning, Wedra þoden, wundor-daðe swealt. r h gesgan syllcran wiht, 3040 wyrm on wonge wiðer-ræhtes þr lðne licgean: wæs se lg-draca, grimlc gryre-gæst, gldum beswled, s wæs fftiges ft-gemearces. lang on legere, lyft-wynne hold 3045 nihtes hwlum, nyðer eft gewt dennes nosian; wæs þ daðe fæst, hæfde eorð-scrafa ende genyttod. Him big stdan bunan and orcas, discas lgon and dyre swyrd, 3050 mige þurh-etone, sw he wið eorðan fæðm þsend wintra þr eardodon: þonne wæs þæt yrfe acen-cræftig, i-monna gold galdre bewunden, þæt þm hring-sele hrnan ne mste 3055 gumena nig, nefne god sylfa, sigora sð-cyning, sealde þm þe h wolde (h is manna gehyld) hord openian, efne sw hwylcum manna, sw him gemet þhte.

XLII. WGLAF SPEAKS. THE BUILDING OF THE BALE-FIRE.

Þ wæs gesyne, þæt se sð ne þh 3060 þm þe unrihte inne gehydde wrte under wealle. Weard r ofslh fara sumne; þ so fhð gewearð gewrecen wrðlce. Wundur hwr, þonne eorl ellen-rf ende gefre 3065 lf-gesceafta, þonne leng ne mæg mon mid his mgum medu-seld ban. Sw wæs Bowulfe, þ h biorges weard shte, searo-nðas: seolfa ne cðe, þurh hwæt his worulde gedl weorðan sceolde; 3070 sw hit oð dmes dæg dope benemdon þodnas mre, þ þæt þr dydon, þæt se secg wre synnum scildig, hergum geheaðerod, hell-bendum fæst, wommum gewtnad, s þone wong strde. 3075 Næs h gold-hwæt: gearwor hæfde gendes st r gescawod. Wglf maðelode, Whstnes sunu: "Oft sceall eorl monig nes willan "wrc drogan, sw s geworden is. 3080 "Ne meahton w gelran lofne þoden, "rces hyrde rd nigne, "þæt h ne grtte gold-weard þone, "lte hyne licgean, þr h longe wæs, "wcum wunian oð woruld-ende. 3085 "Holdon hah gesceap: hord ys gescawod, "grimme gegongen; wæs þæt gifeðe t swð, "þ þone þoden þyder ontyhte. "Ic wæs þr inne and þæt eall geond-seh, "recedes geatwa, þ m gerymed wæs, 3090 "nealles swslce sð lyfed "inn under eorð-weall. Ic on ofoste gefng "micle mid mundum mægen-byrðenne "hord-gestrona, hider t ætbær "cyninge mnum: cwico wæs þ gna, 3095 "ws and gewittig; worn eall gespræc "gomol on gehðo and owic grtan ht, "bæd þæt g geworhton æfter wines ddum "in bl-stede beorh þone han "micelne and mrne, sw h manna wæs 3100 "wgend weorð-fullost wde geond eorðan, "þenden h burh-welan brcan mste. "Uton n efstan ðre sðe "son and scean searo-geþræc, "wundur under wealle! ic ow wsige, 3105 "þæt g genge nan scawiað "bagas and brd gold. Se so br gearo "dre geæfned, þonne w t cymen, "and þonne geferian fran serne, "lofne mannan, þr h longe sceal 3110 "on þæs waldendes wre geþolian." Ht þ gebodan byre Whstnes, hæle hilde-dor, hæleða monegum bold-gendra, þæt he bl-wudu feorran feredon, folc-gende 3115 gdum tgnes: "N sceal gld fretan "(weaxan wonna lg) wigena strengel, "þone þe oft gebd sern-scre, "þonne strla storm, strengum gebded, "scc ofer scild-weall, sceft nytte hold, 3120 "feðer-gearwum fs flne full-ode." Hru se snotra sunu Whstnes cgde of corðre cyninges þegnas syfone tsomne þ slestan, ode eahta sum under inwit-hrf; 3125 hilde-rinc sum on handa bær led-loman, s þe on orde gong. Næs þ on hlytme, hw þæt hord strude, syððan or-wearde nigne dl secgas gesgon on sele wunian, 3130 lne licgan: lyt nig mearn, þæt h ofostlice t geferedon dyre mðmas; dracan c scufun, wyrm ofer weall-clif, lton wg niman, fld fæðmian frætwa hyrde. 3135 Þr wæs wunden gold on wn hladen, ghwæs unrm, æðeling boren, hr hilde-rinc t Hrones næsse.

XLIII. BOWULF'S FUNERAL PYRE.

Him þ gegiredan Gata lode d on eorðan un-wclcne, 3140 helmum behongen, hilde-bordum, beorhtum byrnum, sw h bna wæs; legdon þ t-middes mrne þoden hæleð hofende, hlford lofne. Ongunnon þ on beorge bl-fyra mst 3145 wgend weccan: wudu-rc sth sweart ofer swioðole, swgende lg, wpe bewunden (wind-blond gelæg) oð þæt h þ bn-hs gebrocen hæfde, ht on hreðre. Higum unrte 3150 md-ceare mndon mon-dryhtnes cwealm; swylce gimor-gyd lat . con meowle . . . . . wunden heorde . . . serg (?) cearig slde geneahhe þæt ho hyre . . . . gas hearde 3155 . . . . . ede wælfylla wonn . . hildes egesan hyðo haf mid heofon rce swealh (?) Geworhton þ Wedra lode hlw on hlðe, s wæs hah and brd, 3160 wg-lðendum wde gesyne, and betimbredon on tyn dagum beadu-rfes bcn: bronda betost wealle beworhton, sw hyt weorðlcost fore-snotre men findan mihton. 3165 H on beorg dydon bg and siglu, eall swylce hyrsta, swylce on horde r nð-hydige men genumen hæfdon; forlton eorla gestron eorðan healdan, gold on grote, þr hit n gn lifað 3170 eldum sw unnyt, sw hit ror wæs. Þ ymbe hlw riodan hilde-dore, æðelinga bearn ealra twelfa, woldon ceare cwðan, kyning mnan, word-gyd wrecan and ymb wer sprecan, 3175 eahtodan eorl-scipe and his ellen-weorc duguðum dmdon, sw hit ge-dfe bið, þæt mon his wine-dryhten wordum herge, ferhðum froge, þonne h forð scile of lc-haman lne weorðan. 3180 Sw begnornodon Gata lode hlfordes hryre, heorð-genatas, cwdon þæt h wre woruld-cyning mannum mildust and mon-þwrust, lodum lðost and lof-geornost.



APPENDIX

THE ATTACK IN FINNSBURG.

". . . . . . . . . . . næs byrnað nfre." Hleoðrode þ heaðo-geong cyning: "Ne þis ne dagað astan, ne hr draca ne flogeð, "ne hr þisse healle hornas ne byrnað, 5 "ac fr forð berað fugelas singað, "gylleð grg-hama, gð-wudu hlynneð, "scyld scefte oncwyð. N scyneð þes mna "waðol under wolcnum; n rsað wa-dda, "þ þisne folces nð fremman willað. 10 "Ac onwacnigeað n, wgend mne, "hebbað owre handa, hicgeað on ellen, "winnað on orde, wesað on mde!" Þ rs monig gold-hladen þegn, gyrde hine his swurde; þ t dura odon drihtlce cempan, 15 Sigeferð and Eaha, hyra sweord getugon, and æt ðrum durum Ordlf and Gðlf, and Hengest sylf; hwearf him on lste. Þ gt Grulf Gðere styrode, þæt he sw frolc feorh forman sðe 20 t þre healle durum hyrsta ne bran, n hyt nða heard nyman wolde: ac h frægn ofer eal undearninga, dor-md hæleð, hw þ duru holde. "Sigeferð is mn nama (cwæð h), ic eom Secgena lod, 25 "wrecca wde cð. Fela ic wana gebd, "heardra hilda; þ is gyt hr witod, "swæðer þ sylf t m scean wylle." Þ wæs on wealle wæl-slihta gehlyn, sceolde clod bord cnum on handa 30 bn-helm berstan. Buruh-þelu dynede, oð þæt æt þre gðe Grulf gecrang, ealra rest eorð-bendra, Gðlfes sunu; ymbe hine gdra fela. Hwearf flacra hrw hræfn, wandrode 35 sweart and sealo-brn; swurd-loma std swylce eal Finns-buruh fyrenu wre. Ne gefrægn ic nfre wurðlcor æt wera hilde sixtig sige-beorna sl gebran, ne nfre swnas swtne medo sl forgyldan, 40 þonne Hnæfe guldon his hæg-stealdas. Hig fuhton ff dagas, sw hyra nn ne fol driht-gesða, ac hig þ duru holdon. Þ gewt him wund hæleð on wæg gangan, sde þæt his byrne brocen wre, 45 here-sceorpum hrr, and ac wæs his helm þyrl. Þ hine sna frægn folces hyrde, h þ wgend hyra wunda genson oððe hwæðer þra hyssa . . . . . . .



LIST OF NAMES; NOTES; AND GLOSSARY.

ABBREVIATIONS

m.: masculine. f.: feminine. n.: neuter. nom., gen.: nominative, genitive, etc. w.: weak. w. v.: weak verb. st.: strong. st. v.: strong verb. I., II., III.: first, second, third person. comp.: compound. imper.: imperative. w.: with. instr.: instrumental. G. and Goth.: Gothic. O.N.: Old Norse. O.S.: Old Saxon. O.H.G.: Old High German. M.H.G.: Middle High German.

The vowel æ = a in glad } The diphthong = a in hair } approximately.

The names Leo, Bugge, Rieger, etc., refer to authors of emendations.

Words beginning with ge- will be found under their root-word.

Obvious abbreviations, like subj., etc., are not included in this list.



LIST OF NAMES.

bel, Cain's brother, 108.

Ælf-here (gen. Ælf-heres, 2605), a kinsman of Wglf's, 2605.

Æsc-here, confidential adviser of King Hrðgr (1326), older brother of Yrmenlf (1325), killed by Grendel's mother, 1295, 1324, 2123.

Bn-stn, father of Breca, 524.

Bo-wulf, son of Scyld, king of the Danes, 18, 19. After the death of his father, he succeeds to the throne of the Scyldings, 53. His son is Healfdene, 57.

Bo-wulf (Bowulf, 1988, 2390; gen. Bowulfes, 857, etc., Bowulfes, 2195, 2808, etc.; dat. Bowulfe, 610, etc., Bowulfe, 2325, 2843), of the race of the Gatas. His father is the Wgmunding Ecgþow (263, etc.); his mother a daughter of Hrðel, king of the Gatas (374), at whose court he is brought up after his seventh year with Hrðel's sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelc, 2429 ff. In his youth lazy and unapt (2184 f., 2188 f.); as man he attains in the gripe of his hand the strength of thirty men, 379. Hence his victories in his combats with bare hands (711 ff., 2502 ff.), while fate denies him the victory in the battle with swords, 2683 f. His swimming-match with Breca in his youth, 506 ff. Goes with fourteen Gatas to the assistance of the Danish king, Hrðgr, against Grendel, 198 ff. His combat with Grendel, and his victory, 711 ff., 819 ff. He is, in consequence, presented with rich gifts by Hrðgr, 1021 ff. His combat with Grendel's mother, 1442 ff. Having again received gifts, he leaves Hrðgr (1818-1888), and returns to Hygelc, 1964 ff.—After Hygelc's last battle and death, he flees alone across the sea, 2360 f. In this battle he crushes Dæghrefn, one of the Hgas, to death, 2502 f. He rejects at the same time Hygelc's kingdom and the hand of his widow (2370 ff.), but carries on the government as guardian of the young Heardrd, son of Hygelc, 2378 ff. After Heardrd's death, the kingdom falls to Bowulf, 2208, 2390.—Afterwards, on an expedition to avenge the murdered Heardrd, he kills the Scylfing, adgils (2397), and probably conquers his country. —His fight with the drake, 2539 ff. His death, 2818. His burial, 3135 ff.

Breca (acc. Brecan, 506, 531), son of Banstn, 524. Chief of the Brondings, 521. His swimming-match with Bowulf, 506 ff.

Brondingas (gen. Brondinga, 521), Breca, their chief, 521.

Brsinga mene, corrupted from, or according to Müllenhoff, written by mistake for, Breosinga mene (O.N., Brisinga men, cf. Haupts Zeitschr. XII. 304), collar, which the Brisingas once possessed.

Cain (gen. Caines, 107): descended from him are Grendel and his kin, 107, 1262 ff.

Dæg-hrefn (dat. Dæghrefne, 2502), a warrior of the Hgas, who, according to 2504-5, compared with 1203, and with 1208, seems to have been the slayer of King Hygelc, in his battle against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hgas. Is crushed to death by Bowulf in a hand-to-hand combat, 2502 ff.

Dene (gen. Dena, 242, etc., Denia, 2126, Deniga, 271, etc.; dat. Denum, 768, etc.), as subjects of Scyld and his descendants, they are also called Scyldings; and after the first king of the East Danes, Ing (Runenlied, 22), Ing-wine, 1045, 1320. They are also once called Hrðmen, 445. On account of their renowned warlike character, they bore the names Gr-Dene, 1, 1857, Hring-Dene (Armor-Danes), 116, 1280, Beorht-Dene, 427, 610. The great extent of this people is indicated by their names from the four quarters of the heavens: ast-Dene, 392, 617, etc., West-Dene, 383, 1579, Sð-Dene, 463, Norð-Dene, 784.—Their dwelling-place "in Scedelandum," 19, "on Scedenigge," 1687, "be sm twonum," 1686.

Ecg-lf (gen. Ecglfes, 499), Hunferð's father, 499.

Ecg-þow (nom. Ecgþow, 263, Ecgþo, 373; gen. Ecgþowes, 529, etc., Ecgþowes, 2000), a far-famed hero of the Gatas, of the house of the Wgmundings. Bowulf is the son of Ecgþow, by the only daughter of Hrðel, king of the Gatas, 262, etc. Among the Wylfings, he has slain Heaðolf (460), and in consequence he goes over the sea to the Danes (463), whose king, Hrðgr, by means of gold, finishes the strife for him, 470.

Ecg-wela (gen. Ecg-welan, 1711). The Scyldings are called his descendants, 1711. Grein considers him the founder of the older dynasty of Danish kings, which closes with Heremd. See Heremd.

Elan, daughter of Healfdene, king of the Danes, (?) 62. According to the restored text, she is the wife of Ongenþow, the Scylfing, 62, 63.

Earna-næs, the Eagle Cape in the land of the Gatas, where occurred Bowulf's fight with the drake, 3032.

adgils (dat. adgilse, 2393), son of hthere, and grandson of Ongenþow, the Scylfing, 2393. His older brother is

anmund (gen. anmundes, 2612). What is said about both in our poem (2201-2207, 2380-2397, 2612-2620) is obscure, but the following may be conjectured:—

The sons of hthere, anmund and adgils, have rebelled against their father (2382), and must, in consequence, depart with their followers from Sworce, 2205-6, 2380. They come into the country of the Gatas to Heardrd (2380), but whether with friendly or hostile intent is not stated; but, according to 2203 f., we are to presume that they came against Heardrd with designs of conquest. At a banquet (on feorme; or feorme, MS.) Heardrd falls, probably through treachery, by the hand of one of the brothers, 2386, 2207. The murderer must have been anmund, to whom, according to 2613, "in battle the revenge of Wohstn brings death." Wohstn takes revenge for his murdered king, and exercises upon anmund's body the booty-right, and robs it of helm, breastplate, and sword (2616-17), which the slain man had received as gifts from his uncle, Onela, 2617-18. But Wohstn does not speak willingly of this fight, although he has slain Onela's brother's son, 2619-20.—After Heardrd's and anmund's death, the descendant of Ongenþow, adgils, returns to his home, 2388. He must give way before Bowulf, who has, since Heardrd's death, ascended the throne of the Gatas, 2390. But Bowulf remembers it against him in after days, and the old feud breaks out anew, 2392-94. adgils makes an invasion into the land of the Gatas (2394-95), during which he falls at the hands of Bowulf, 2397. The latter must have then obtained the sovereignty over the Swonas (3005-6, where only the version, Scylfingas, can give a satisfactory sense).

Eofor (gen. Eofores, 2487, 2965; dat. Jofore, 2994, 2998), one of the Gatas, son of Wonrd and brother of Wulf (2965, 2979), kills the Swedish king, Ongenþow (2487 ff., 2978-82), for which he receives from King Hygelc, along with other gifts, his only daughter in marriage, 2994-99.

Eormen-rc (gen. Eormenrces, 1202), king of the Goths (cf. about him, W. Grimm, Deutsche Heldensage, p. 2, ff.). Hma has wrested the Brsinga mene from him, 1202.

Eomr, son of Offa and Þryðo (cf. Þryðo), 1961.

Eotenas (gen. pl. Eotena, 1073, 1089, 1142; dat. Eotenum, 1146), the subjects of Finn, the North Frisians: distinguished from eoton, giant. Vid eoton. Cf. Bugge, Beit., xii. 37; Earle, Beowulf in Prose, pp. 146, 198.

Finn (gen. Finnes, 1069, etc.; dat. Finne, 1129), son of Folcwalda (1090), king of the North Frisians, i.e. of the Eotenas, husband of Hildeburg, a daughter of Hc, 1072, 1077. He is the hero of the inserted poem on the Attack in Finnsburg, the obscure incidents of which are, perhaps, as follows: In Finn's castle, Finnsburg, situated in Jutland (1126-28), the Hcing, Hnæf, a relative—perhaps a brother—of Hildeburg is spending some time as guest. Hnæf, who is a liegeman of the Danish king, Healfdene, has sixty men with him (Finnsburg, 38). These are treacherously attacked one night by Finn's men, 1073. For five days they hold the doors of their lodging-place without losing one of their number (Finnsburg, 41, 42). Then, however, Hnæf is slain (1071), and the Dane, Hengest, who was among Hnæf's followers, assumes the command of the beleaguered band. But on the attacking side the fight has brought terrible losses to Finn's men. Their numbers are diminished (1081 f.), and Hildeburg bemoans a son and a brother among the fallen (1074 f., cf. 1116, 1119). Therefore the Frisians offer the Danes peace (1086) under the conditions mentioned (1087-1095), and it is confirmed with oaths (1097), and money is given by Finn in propitiation (1108). Now all who have survived the battle go together to Friesland, the homo proper of Finn, and here Hengest remains during the winter, prevented by ice and storms from returning home (Grein). But in spring the feud breaks out anew. Gðlf and Oslf avenge Hnæf's fall, probably after they have brought help from home (1150). In the battle, the hall is filled with the corpses of the enemy. Finn himself is killed, and the queen is captured and carried away, along with the booty, to the land of the Danes, 1147-1160.

Finna land. Bowulf reaches it in his swimming-race with Breca, 580.

Fitela, the son and nephew of the Wälsing, Sigemund, and his companion in arms, 876-890. (Sigemund had begotten Fitela by his sister, Signy. Cf. more at length Leo on Bowulf, p. 38 ff., where an extract from the legend of the Walsungs is given.)

Folc-walda (gen. Folc-waldan, 1090), Finn's father, 1090.

Francan (gen. Francna, 1211; dat. Froncum, 2913). King Hygelc fell on an expedition against the allied Franks, Frisians, and Hgas, 1211, 2917.

Frsan, Frysan (gen. Frsena, 1094, Frysna, 1105, Frsna, 2916: dat. Frysum, 1208, 2913). To be distinguished, are: 1) North Frisians, whose king is Finn, 1069 ff.; 2) West Frisians, in alliance with the Franks and Hgas, in the war against whom Hygelc falls, 1208, 2916. The country of the former is called Frysland, 1127; that of the latter, Frsna land, 2916.

Fr..es wæl (in Fr..es wæle, 1071), mutilated proper name.

Frawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrðgr; given in marriage to Ingeld, the son of the Heaðobeard king, Frda, in order to end a war between the Danes and the Heaðobeardnas, 2023 ff., 2065.

Frda (gen. Frdan), father of Ingeld, the husband of Fraware, 2026.

Grmund (gen. Grmundes, 1963) father of Offa. His grandson is omr, 1961-63.

Gatas (gen. Gata, 205, etc.; dat. Gatum, 195, etc.), a tribe in Southern Scandinavia, to which the hero of this poem belongs; also called Wedergatas, 1493, 2552; or, Wederas, 225, 423, etc.; Gðgatas, 1539; Sgatas, 1851, 1987. Their kings named in this poem are: Hrðel; Hæðcyn, second son of Hrðel; Hygelc, the brother of Hæðcyn; Heardrd, son of Hygelc; then Bowulf.

Gifðas (dat. Gifðum, 2495), Gepid, mentioned in connection with Danes and Swedes, 2495.

Grendel, a fen-spirit (102-3) of Cain's race, 107, 111, 1262, 1267. He breaks every night into Hrðgr's hall and carries off thirty warriors, 115 ff., 1583ff. He continues this for twelve years, till Bowulf fights with him (147, 711 ff.), and gives him a mortal wound, in that he tears out one of his arms (817), which is hung up as a trophy in the roof of Heorot, 837. Grendel's mother wishes to avenge her son, and the following night breaks into the hall and carries off Æschere, 1295. Bowulf seeks for and finds her home in the fen-lake (1493 ff.), fights with her (1498 ff.), and kills her (1567); and cuts off the head of Grendel, who lay there dead (1589), and brings it to Hrðgr, 1648.

Gð-lf and Oslf, Danish warriors under Hnæf, whose death they avenge on Finn, 1149.

Hlga, with the surname, til, the younger brother of the Danish king, Hrðgr, 61. His son is Hrðulf, 1018, 1165, 1182.

Hma wrests the Brsinga mene from Eormenrc, 1199.

Hæreð (gen. Hæreðes, 1982), father of Hygd, the wife of Hygelc, 1930, 1982.

Hæðcyn (dat. Hæðcynne, 2483), second son of Hrðel, king of the Gatas, 2435. Kills his oldest brother, Herebeald, accidentally, with an arrow, 2438 ff. After Hrðel's death, he obtains the kingdom, 2475, 2483. He falls at Ravenswood, in the battle against the Swedish king, Ongenþow, 2925. His successor is his younger brother, Hygelc, 2944 ff., 2992.

Helmingas (gen. Helminga, 621). From them comes Wealhþow, Hrðgr's wife, 621.

Heming (gen. Heminges, 1945, 1962). Offa is called Heminges mg, 1945; omr, 1962. According to Bachlechner (Pfeiffer's Germania, I., p. 458), Heming is the son of the sister of Grmund, Offa's father.

Hengest (gen. Hengestes, 1092; dat. Hengeste, 1084): about him and his relations to Hnæf and Finn, see Finn.

Here-beald (dat. Herebealde, 2464), the oldest son of Hrðel, king of the Gatas (2435), accidentally killed with an arrow by his younger brother, Hæðcyn, 2440.

Here-md (gen. Heremdes, 902), king of the Danes, not belonging to the Scylding dynasty, but, according to Grein, immediately preceding it; is, on account of his unprecedented cruelty, driven out, 902 ff., 1710.

Here-rc (gen. Hererces, 2207) Heardrd is called Hererces nefa, 2207. Nothing further is known of him.

Het-ware or Franks, in alliance with the Frisians and the Hgas, conquer Hygelc, king of the Gatas, 2355, 2364 ff., 2917.

Healf-dene (gen. Healfdenes, 189, etc.), son of Bowulf, the Scylding (57); rules the Danes long and gloriously (57 f.); has three sons, Heorogr, Hrðgr, and Hlga (61), and a daughter, Elan, who, according to the renewed text of the passage, was married to the Scylfing, Ongenþow, 62, 63.

Heard-rd (dat. Heardrde, 2203, 2376), son of Hygelc, king of the Gatas, and Hygd. After his father's death, while still under age, he obtains the throne (2371, 2376, 2379); wherefore Bowulf, as nephew of Heardrd's father, acts as guardian to the youth till he becomes older, 2378. He is slain by hthere's sons, 2386. This murder Bowulf avenges on adgils, 2396-97.

Heaðo-beardnas (gen. -beardna, 2033, 2038, 2068), the tribe of the Lombards. Their king, Frda, has fallen in a war with the Danes, 2029, 2051. In order to end the feud, King Hrðgr has given his daughter, Frawaru, as wife to the young Ingeld, the son of Frda, a marriage that does not result happily; for Ingeld, though he long defers it on account of his love for his wife, nevertheless takes revenge for his father, 2021-2070 (Wdsð, 45-49).

Heaðo-lf (dat. Heaðo-lfe, 460), a Wylfingish warrior. Ecgþow, Bowulf's father, kills him, 460.

Heaðo-rmas reached by B. in the swimming-race with Bowulf, 519.

Heoro-gr (nom. 61; Heregr, 467; Hiorogr, 2159), son of Healfdene, and older brother of Hrðgr, 61. His death is mentioned, 467. He has a son, Heoroweard, 2162. His coat of mail Bowulf has received from Hrðgr (2156), and presents it to Hygelc, 2158.

Heoro-weard (dat. Heorowearde, 2162), Heorogr's son, 2161-62.

Heort, 78. Heorot, 166 (gen. Heorotes, 403; dat. Heorote, 475, Heorute, 767, Hiorte, 2100). Hrðgr's throne-room and banqueting hall and assembly-room for his liegemen, built by him with unusual splendor, 69, 78. In it occurs Bowulf's fight with Grendel, 720 ff. The hall receives its name from the stag's antlers, of which the one-half crowns the eastern gable, the other half the western.

Hildeburh, daughter of Hc, relative of the Danish leader, Hnæf, consort of the Frisian king, Finn. After the fall of the latter, she becomes a captive of the Danes, 1072, 1077, 1159. See also under Finn.

Hnæf (gen. Hnæfes, 1115), a Hcing (Wdsð, 29), the Danish King Healfdene's general, 1070 ff. For his fight with Finn, his death and burial, see under Finn.

Hond-sco, warrior of the Gatas: dat. 2077.

Hc (gen. Hces, 1077), father of Hildeburh, 1077; probably also of Hnæf (Wdsð, 29).

Hrðel (gen. Hrðles, 1486), son of Swerting, 1204. King of the Gatas, 374. He has, besides, a daughter, who is married to Ecgþow, and has borne him Bowulf, (374), three sons, Herebeald, Hæðcyn, and Hygelc, 2435. The eldest of these is accidentally killed by the second, 2440. On account of this inexpiable deed, Hrðel becomes melancholy (2443), and dies, 2475.

Hrðla (gen. Hrðlan, MS. Hrdlan, 454), the same as Hrðel (cf. Müllenhoff in Haupts Zeitschrift, 12, 260), the former owner of Bowulf's coat of mail, 454.

Hrðling, son of Hrðel, Hygelc: nom. sg. 1924; nom. pl., the subjects of Hygelc, the Geats, 2961.

Hrð-men (gen. Hrð-manna, 445), the Danes are so called, 445.

Hrð-rc, son of Hrðgr, 1190, 1837.

Hrefna-wudu, 2926, or Hrefnes-holt, 2936, the thicket near which the Swedish king, Ongenþow, slew Hæðcyn, king of the Gatas, in battle.

Hrosna-beorh, promontory in the land of the Gatas, near which Ongenþow's sons, hthere and Onela, had made repeated robbing incursions into the country after Hrðel's death. These were the immediate cause of the war in which Hrðel's son, King Hæcyn, fell, 2478 ff.

Hrð-gr (gen. Hrðgres, 235, etc.; dat. Hrðgre, 64, etc.), of the dynasty of the Scyldings; the second of the three sons of King Healfdene, 61. After the death of his elder brother, Heorogr, he assumes the government of the Danes, 465, 467 (yet it is not certain whether Heorogr was king of the Danes before Hrðgr, or whether his death occurred while his father, Healfdene, was still alive). His consort is Wealhþow (613), of the stock of the Helmings (621), who has borne him two sons, Hrðrc and Hrðmund (1190), and a daughter, Fraware (2023), who has been given in marriage to the king of the Heaðobeardnas, Ingeld. His throne-room (78 ff.), which has been built at great cost (74 ff.), is visited every night by Grendel (102, 115), who, along with his mother, is slain by Bowulf (711 ff., 1493 ff). Hrðgr's rich gifts to Bowulf, in consequence, 1021, 1818; he is praised as being generous, 71 ff., 80, 1028 ff., 1868 ff.; as being brave, 1041 ff., 1771 ff.; and wise, 1699, 1725.—Other information about Hrðgr's reign for the most part only suggested: his expiation of the murder which Ecgþow, Bowulf's father, committed upon Heaðolf, 460, 470; his war with the Heaðobeardnas; his adjustment of it by giving his daughter, Fraware, in marriage to their king, Ingeld; evil results of this marriage, 2021-2070.—Treachery of his brother's son, Hrðulf, intimated, 1165-1166.

Hrð-mund, Hrðgr's son, 1190.

Hrð-ulf, probably a son of Hlga, the younger brother of King Hrðgr, 1018, 1182. Wealhþow expresses the hope (1182) that, in case of the early death of Hrðgr, Hrð-ulf would prove a good guardian to Hrðgr's young son, who would succeed to the government; a hope which seems not to have been accomplished, since it appears from 1165, 1166 that Hrð-ulf has abused his trust towards Hrðgr.

Hrones-næs (dat. -næsse, 2806, 3137), a promontory on the coast of the country of the Gatas, visible from afar. Here is Bowulf's grave-mound, 2806, 3137.

Hrunting (dat. Hruntinge, 1660), Hunferð's sword, is so called, 1458, 1660.

Hgas (gen. Hga, 2503), Hygelc wars against them allied with the Franks and Frisians, and falls, 2195 ff. One of their heroes is called Dæghrefn, whom Bowulf slays, 2503.

[H]n-ferð, the son of Ecglf, þyle of King Hrðgr. As such, he has his place near the throne of the king, 499, 500, 1167. He lends his sword, Hrunting, to Bowulf for his battle with Grendel's mother, 1456 f. According to 588, 1168, he slew his brothers. Since his name is always alliterated with vowels, it is probable that the original form was, as Rieger (Zachers Ztschr., 3, 414) conjectures, Unferð.

Hn-lfing, name of a costly sword, which Finn presents to Hengest, 1144. See Note.

Hygd (dat. Hygde, 2173), daughter of Hæreð, 1930; consort of Hygelc, king of the Gatas, 1927; her son, Heardrd, 2203, etc.—Her noble, womanly character is emphasized, 1927 ff.

Hyge-lc (gen. Hige-lces, 194, etc., Hygelces, 2387; dat. Higelce, 452, Hygelce, 2170), king of the Gatas, 1203, etc. His grandfather is Swerting, 1204; his father, Hrðel, 1486, 1848; his older brothers, Herebeald and Hæðcyn, 2435; his sister's son, Bowulf, 374, 375. After his brother, Hæðcyn, is killed by Ongenþow, he undertakes the government (2992 in connection with the preceding from 2937 on). To Eofor he gives, as reward for slaying Ongenþow, his only daughter in marriage, 2998. But much later, at the time of the return of Bowulf from his expedition to Hrðgr, we see him married to the very young Hygd, the daughter of Hæreð, 1930. The latter seems, then, to have been his second wife. Their son is Heardrd, 2203, 2376, 2387.—Hygelc falls during an expedition against the Franks, Frisians, and Hgas, 1206, 1211, 2356-59, 2916-17.

Ingeld (dat. Ingelde, 2065), son of Frda, the Heaðobeard chief, who fell in a battle with the Danes, 2051 ff. in order to end the war, Ingeld is married to Frawaru, daughter of the Danish king, Hrðgr, 2025-30. Yet his love for his young wife can make him forget only for a short while his desire to avenge his father. He finally carries it out, excited thereto by the repeated admonitions of an old warrior, 2042-70 (Wdsð, 45-59).

Ing-wine (gen. Ingwina, 1045, 1320), friends of Ing, the first king of the East Danes. The Danes are so called, 1045, 1320.

Mere-woingas (gen. Mere-woinga, 2922), as name of the Franks, 2922.

Nægling, the name of Bowulf's sword, 2681.

Offa (gen. Offan, 1950), king of the Angles (Wdsð, 35), the son of Grmund, 1963; married (1950) to Þryðo (1932), a beautiful but cruel woman, of unfeminine spirit (1932 ff.), by whom he has a son, omr, 1961.

ht-here (gen. htheres, 2929, 2933; hteres, 2381, 2393, 2395, 2613), son of Ongenþow, king of the Swedes, 2929. His sons are anmund (2612) and adgils, 2393.

Onela (gen. Onelan, 2933), hthere's brother, 2617, 2933.

Ongen-þow (nom. -þow, 2487, -þo, 2952; gen. -þowes, 2476, -þowes, 2388; dat. -þo, 2987), of the dynasty of the Scylfings; king of the Swedes, 2384. His wife is, perhaps, Elan, daughter of the Danish king, Healfdene (62), and mother of two sons, Onela and hthere, 2933. She is taken prisoner by Hæðcyn, king of the Gatas, on an expedition into Sweden, which he undertakes on account of her sons' plundering raids into his country, 2480 ff. She is set free by Ongenþow (2931), who kills Hæðcyn, 2925, and encloses the Gatas, now deprived of their leader, in the Ravenswood (2937 ff.), till they are freed by Hygelc, 2944. A battle then follows, which is unfavorable to Ongenþow's army. Ongenþow himself, attacked by the brothers, Wulf and Eofor, is slain by the latter, 2487 ff., 2962 ff.

s-lf, a warrior of Hnæf's, who avenges on Finn his leader's death, 1149 f.

Scede-land, 19. Sceden-g (dat. Sceden-gge, 1687), O.N., Scn-ey, the most southern portion of the Scandinavian peninsula, belonging to the Danish kingdom, and, in the above-mentioned passages of our poem, a designation of the whole Danish kingdom.

Scf or Scaf. See Note.

Scfing, the son (?) of Scf, or Scaf, reputed father of Scyld, 4. See Note.

Scyld (gen. Scyldes, 19), a Scfing. 4. His son is Bowulf, 18, 53: his grandson, Healfdene, 57; his great-grandson, Hrðgr, who had two brothers and a sister, 59 ff.—Scyld dies, 26; his body, upon a decorated ship, is given over to the sea (32 ff.), just as he, when a child, drifted alone, upon a ship, to the land of the Danes, 43 ff. After him his descendants bear his name.

Scyldingas (Scyldungas, 2053; gen. Scyldinga, 53, etc., Scyldunga, 2102, 2160; dat. Scyldingum, 274, etc.), a name which is extended also to the Danes, who are ruled by the Scyldings, 53, etc. They are also called r-Scyldingas, 464; Sige-Scyldingas, 598, 2005; Þod-Scyldingas, 1020; Here-Scyldingas, 1109.

Scylfingas, a Swedish royal family, whose relationship seems to extend to the Gatas, since Wglf, the son of Whstn, who in another place, as a kinsman of Bowulf, is called a Wgmunding (2815), is also called lod Scylfinga, 2604. The family connections are perhaps as follows:—

Scylf. Wgmund. ....... Ecgþow. Wohstn. Ongenþow. - Bowulf. Wglf. Onela. hthere. - aumund. adgils.

The Scylfings are also called Heaðo-Scilfingas, 63, Gð-Scylfingas, 2928.

Sige-mund (dat. -munde, 876, 885), the son of Wæls, 878, 898. His (son and ) nephew is Fitela, 880, 882. His fight with the drake, 887 ff.

Swerting (gen. Swertinges, 1204), Hygelc's grandfather, and Hrðel's father, 1204.

Swon (gen. Swona, 2473, 2947, 3002), also Swo-þod, 2923. The dynasty of the Scylfings rules over them, 2382, 2925. Their realm is called Sworice, 2384, 2496.

Þryðo, consort of the Angle king, Offa, 1932, 1950. Mother of omr, 1961, notorious on account of her cruel, unfeminine character, 1932 ff. She is mentioned as the opposite to the mild, dignified Hygd, the queen of the Gatas.

Wæls (gen. Wælses, 898), father of Sigemund, 878, 898.

Wg-mundingas (gen. Wgmundinga, 2608, 2815). The Wgmundings are on one side, Whstn and his son Wglf; on the other side, Ecgþow and his son Bowulf (2608, 2815). See under Scylfingas.

Wederas (gen. Wedera, 225, 423, 498, etc.), or Weder-gatas. See Gatas.

Wland (gen. Wlandes, 455), the maker of Bowulf's coat of mail, 455.

Wendlas (gen. Wendla, 348): their chief is Wulfgr. See Wulfgr. The Wendlas are, according to Grundtvig and Bugge, the inhabitants of Vendill, the most northern part of Jutland, between Limfjord and the sea.

Wealh-þow (613, Wealh-þo, 665, 1163), the consort of King Hrðgr, of the stock of the Helmings, 621. Her sons are Hrðrc and Hrðmund, 1190; her daughter, Frawaru, 2023.

Woh-stn (gen. Wox-stnes, 2603, Woh-stnes, 2863, Wih-stnes, 2753, 2908, etc.), a Wgmunding (2608), father of Wglf, 2603. In what relationship to him Ælfhere, mentioned 2605, stands, is not clear.—Wohstn is the slayer of anmund (2612), in that, as it seems, he takes revenge for his murdered king, Heardrd. See anmund.

Wg-lf, Wohstn's son, 2603, etc., a Wgmunding, 2815, and so also a Scylfing, 2604; a kinsman of Ælfhere, 2605. For his relationship to Bowulf, see the genealogical table under Scylfingas.—He supports Bowulf in his fight with the drake, 2605 ff., 2662 ff. The hero gives him, before his death, his ring, his helm, and his coat of mail, 2810 ff.

Won-rd (gen. Wonrdes, 2972), father of Wulf and Eofor, 2966, 2979.

Wulf (dat. Wulfe, 2994), one of the Gatas, Wonrd's son. He fights in the battle between the armies of Hygelc and Ongenþow with Ongenþow himself, and gives him a wound (2966), whereupon Ongenþow, by a stroke of his sword, disables him, 2975. Eofor avenges his brother's fall by dealing Ongenþow a mortal blow, 2978 ff.

Wulf-gr, chief of the Wendlas, 348, lives at Hrðgr's court, and is his "r and ombiht," 335.

Wylfingas (dat. Wylfingum, 461). Ecgþow has slain Heoðolf, a warrior of this tribe, 460.

Yrmen-lf, younger brother of Æschere, 1325.



ABBREVIATIONS.

B.: Bugge. Br.: S.A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. C.: Cosijn. E.: Earle, Deeds of Beowulf in Prose. G.: Garnett, Translation of Beowulf Gr.: Grein. H.: Heyne. Ha.: Hall, Translation of Beowulf. H.-So.: Heyne-Socin, 5th ed. Ho.: Holder. K.: Kemble. Kl.: Kluge. Müllenh.: Müllenhoff. R.: Rieger. S.: Sievers. Sw.: Sweet, Anglo-Saxon Reader, 6th ed. Ten Br.: Ten Brink. Th.: Thorpe. Z.: Zupitza.

PERIODICALS.

Ang.: Anglia. Beit.: Paul und Branne's Beiträge. Eng. Stud.: Englische Studien. Germ.: Germania. Haupts Zeitschr.: Haupts Zeitschrift, etc. Mod. Lang. Notes: Modern Language Notes. Tidskr.: Tidskrift for Philologi. Zachers Zeitschr.: Zachers Zeitschrift, etc.

NOTES.

l. 1. hwæt: for this interjectional formula opening a poem, cf. Andreas, Daniel, Juliana, Exodus, Fata Apost., Dream of the Rood, and the "Listenith lordinges!" of mediaeval lays.—E. Cf. Chaucer, Prologue, ed. Morris, l. 853:

"Sin I shal beginne the game, What, welcome be the cut, a Goddes name!"

w ... gefrnon is a variant on the usual epic formul ic gefrægn (l. 74) and mne gefrge (l. 777). Exodus, Daniel, Phoenix, etc., open with the same formula.

l. 1. "Gr was the javelin, armed with two of which the warrior went into battle, and which he threw over the 'shield-wall.' It was barbed."—Br. 124. Cf. Maldon, l. 296; Judith, l. 224; Gnom. Verses, l. 22; etc.

l. 4. "Scild of the Sheaf, not 'Scyld the son of Scaf'; for it is too inconsistent, even in myth, to give a patronymic to a foundling. According to the original form of the story, Scaf was the foundling; he had come ashore with a sheaf of corn, and from that was named. This form of the story is preserved in Ethelwerd and in William of Malmesbury. But here the foundling is Scyld, and we must suppose he was picked up with the sheaf, and hence his cognomen."—E., p. 105. Cf. the accounts of Romulus and Remus, of Moses, of Cyrus, etc.

l. 6. egsian is also used in an active sense (not in the Gloss.), = to terrify.

l. 15. S. suggests þ (which) for þæt, as object of drogan; and for aldor-lase, Gr. suggested aldor-ceare.—Beit. ix. 136.

S. translates: "For God had seen the dire need which the rulerless ones before endured."

l. 18. "Beowulf (that is, Beaw of the Anglo-Saxon genealogists, not our Beowulf, who was a Geat, not a Dane), 'the son of Scyld in Scedeland.' This is our ancestral myth,—the story of the first culture-hero of the North; 'the patriarch,' as Rydberg calls him, 'of the royal families of Sweden, Denmark, Angeln, Saxland, and England.'"—Br., p. 78. Cf. A.-S. Chron. an. 855.

H.-So. omits parenthetic marks, and reads (after S., Beit. ix. 135) eaferan; cf. Fata Apost.: lof wde sprang þodnes þegna.

"The name Bowulf means literally 'Bee-wolf,' wolf or ravager of the bees, = bear. Cf. beorn, 'hero,' originally 'bear,' and bohata, 'warrior,' in Cdmon, literally 'bee-hater' or 'persecutor,' and hence identical in meaning with bowulf."—Sw.

Cf.

"Arcite and Palamon, That foughten breme, as it were bores two." —Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 841, ed. Morris.

Cf. M. Müller, Science of Lang., Sec. Series, pp. 217, 218; and Hunt's Daniel, 104.

l. 19. Cf. l. 1866, where Scedenig is used, = Scania, in Sweden(?).

l. 21. wine is pl.; cf. its apposition wil-gesðas below. H.-So. compares Héliand, 1017, for language almost identical with ll. 20, 21.

l. 22. on ylde: cf.

"In elde is bothe wisdom and usage." —Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 1590, ed. Morris.

l. 26. Reflexive objects often pleonastically accompany verbs of motion; cf. ll. 234, 301, 1964, etc.

l. 31. The object of hte is probably geweald, to be supplied from wordum wold of l. 30.—H.-So.

R., Kl., and B. all hold conflicting views of this passage: Beit. xii. 80, ix. 188; Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 382, etc. Kl. suggests lndagas for lange.

l. 32. "hringed-stefna is sometimes translated 'with curved prow,' but it means, I think, that in the prow were fastened rings through which the cables were passed that tied it to the shore."—Br., p. 26. Cf. ll. 1132, 1898. Hring-horni was the mythic ship of the Edda. See Toller-Bosworth for three different views; and cf. wunden-stefna (l. 220), hring-naca (l. 1863).

ll. 34-52. Cf. the burial of Haki on a funeral-pyre ship, Inglinga Saga; the burial of Balder, Sinfiötli, Arthur, etc.

l. 35. "And this [their joy in the sea] is all the plainer from the number of names given to the ship-names which speak their pride and affection. It is the AEtheling's vessel, the Floater, the Wave-swimmer, the Ring-sterned, the Keel, the Well-bound wood, the Sea-wood, the Sea-ganger, the Sea-broad ship, the Wide-bosomed, the Prow-curved, the Wood of the curved neck, the Foam-throated floater that flew like a bird."—Br., p. 168.

l. 49. "We know from Scandinavian graves ... that the illustrious dead were buried ... in ships, with their bows to sea-ward; that they were however not sent to sea, but were either burnt in that position, or mounded over with earth."—E. See Du Chaillu, The Viking Age, xix.

l. 51. (1) sele-rdende (K., S., C.); (2) sle-rdenne (H.); (3) sele-rdende (H.-So.). Cf. l. 1347; and see Ha.

l. 51. E. compares with this canto Tennyson's "Passing of Arthur" and the legendary burial-journey of St. James of Campostella, an. 800.

l. 53. The poem proper begins with this, "There was once upon a time," the first 52 lines being a prelude. Eleven of the "fitts," or cantos, begin with the monosyllable þ, four with the verb gewtan, nine with the formula Hrðgr (Bowulf, Unferð) maðelode, twenty-four with monosyllables in general (him, sw, s, hwæt, þ, heht, wæs, mæg, cwm, strt).

l. 58. gamel. "The ... characteristics of the poetry are the use of archaic forms and words, such as mec for mé, the possessive sín, gamol, dógor, swát for eald, dg, blód, etc., after they had become obsolete in the prose language, and the use of special compounds and phrases, such as hildendre (war-adder) for 'arrow,' gold-gifa (gold-giver) for 'king,' ... goldwine gumena (goldfriend of men, distributor of gold to men) for 'king,'" etc.—Sw. Other poetic words are ides, ielde (men), etc.

l. 60. H.-So. reads rswa (referring to Heorogr alone), and places a point (with the Ms.) after Heorogr instead of after rswa. Cf. l. 469; see B., Zachers Zeitschr. iv. 193.

l. 62. Elan here (OHG. Elana, Ellena, Elena, Elina, Alyan) is thought by B. (Tidskr. viii. 43) to be a remnant of the masc. name Onela, and he reads: [On-]elan ewn, Heaðoscilfingas(=es) healsgebedda.

l. 68. For h, omitted here, cf. l. 300. Pronouns are occasionally thus omitted in subord. clauses.—Sw.

l. 70. þone, here = þonne, than, and micel = mre? The passage, by a slight change, might be made to read, medo-ærn micle m gewyrcean,—þone = by much larger than,—in which þone (þonne) would come in naturally.

l. 73. folc-scare. Add folk-share to the meanings in the Gloss.; and cf. gð-scearu.

l. 74. ic wide gefrægn: an epic formula very frequent in poetry, = men said. Cf. Judith, ll. 7, 246; Phoenix, l. 1; and the parallel (noun) formula, mne gefrge, ll. 777, 838, 1956, etc.

ll. 78-83. "The hall was a rectangular, high-roofed, wooden building, its long sides facing north and south. The two gables, at either end, had stag-horns on their points, curving forwards, and these, as well as the ridge of the roof, were probably covered with shining metal, and glittered bravely in the sun."—Br., p. 32.

l. 84. Son-in-law and father-in-law; B., a so-called dvanda compound. Cf. l. 1164, where a similar compound means uncle and nephew; and Wdsð's suhtorfdran, used of the same persons.

l. 88. "The word dram conveys the buzz and hum of social happiness, and more particularly the sound of music and singing."—E. Cf. l. 3021; and Judith, l. 350; Wanderer, l. 79, etc.

ll. 90-99. There is a suspicious similarity between this passage and the lines attributed by Bede to Cdmon:

N w sculan herian heofonrices Weard, etc. —Sw., p. 47.

ll. 90-98 are probably the interpolation of a Christian scribe.

ll. 92-97. "The first of these Christian elements [in Bowulf] is the sense of a fairer, softer world than that in which the Northern warriors lived.... Another Christian passage (ll. 107, 1262) derives all the demons, eotens, elves, and dreadful sea-beasts from the race of Cain. The folly of sacrificing to the heathen gods is spoken of (l. 175).... The other point is the belief in immortality (ll. 1202, 1761)."—Br. 71.

l. 100. Cf. l. 2211, where the third dragon of the poem is introduced in the same words. Beowulf is the forerunner of that other national dragon-slayer, St. George.

l. 100. onginnan in Bowulf is treated like verbs of motion and modal auxiliaries, and takes the object inf. without t; cf. ll. 872, 1606, 1984, 244. Cf. gan (= did) in Mid. Eng.: gan espye (Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 254, ed. Morris).

l. 101. B. and H.-So. read, fond on healle; cf. l. 142.—Beit. xii.

ll. 101-151. "Grimm connects [Grendel] with the Anglo-Saxon grindel (a bolt or bar).... It carries with it the notion of the bolts and bars of hell, and hence a fiend. ... Ettmüller was the first ... to connect the name with grindan, to grind, to crush to pieces, to utterly destroy. Grendel is then the tearer, the destroyer."—Br., p. 83.

l. 102. gæst = stranger (Ha.); cf. ll. 1139, 1442, 2313, etc.

l. 103. See Ha., p. 4.

l. 105 MS. and Ho. read won-sli.

l. 106. "The perfect and pluperfect are often expressed, as in Modern English, by hfð and hfde with the past participle."—Sw. Cf. ll. 433, 408, 940, 205 (p. p. inflected in the last two cases), etc.

l. 106. S. destroys period here, reads in Caines, etc., and puts þone ... drihten in parenthesis.

l. 108. þæs þe = because, especially after verbs of thanking (cf. ll. 228, 627, 1780, 2798); according as (l. 1351).

l. 108. The def. article is omitted with Drihten (Lord) and Deofol (devil; cf. l. 2089), as it is, generally, sparingly employed in poetry; cf. t s (l. 318), ofer s (l. 2381), on lande (l. 2311), t ræste (l. 1238), on wicge (l. 286), etc., etc.

l. 119. weras (S., H.-So.); wera (K., Th.).—Beit. ix. 137.

l. 120. unflo = uncanny (R.).

l. 131. E. translates, majestic rage; adopting Gr.'s view that swyð is = Icel. sviði, a burn or burning. Cf. l. 737.

l. 142. B. supposes heal-þegnes to be corrupted from helþegnes; cf. l. 101.—Beit. xii. 80. See Gðlc, l. 1042.

l. 144. See Ha., p. 6, for S.'s rearrangement.

l. 146. S. destroys period after slest, puts wæs ... micel in parenthesis, and inserts a colon after td.

l. 149. B. reads srcwidum for syððan.

l. 154. B. takes sibbe for accus. obj. of wolde, and places a comma after Deniga.—Beit. xii. 82.

l. 159. R. suggests ac se for atol.

l. 168. H.-So. plausibly conjectures this parenthesis to be a late insertion, as, at ll. 180-181, the Danes also are said to be heathen. Another commentator considers the throne under a "spell of enchantment," and therefore it could not be touched.

l. 169. n ... wisse: nor had he desire to do so (W.). See Ha., p. 7, for other suggestions.

l. 169. myne wisse occurs in Wanderer, l. 27.

l. 174. The gerundial inf. with t expresses purpose, defines a noun or adjective, or, with the verb be, expresses duty or necessity passively; cf. ll. 257, 473, 1004, 1420, 1806, etc. Cf. t + inf. at ll. 316, 2557.

ll. 175-188. E. regards this passage as dating the time and place of the poem relatively to the times of heathenism. Cf. the opening lines, In days of yore, etc., as if the story, even then, were very old.

l. 177. gst-bona is regarded by Ettmüller and G. Stephens (Thunor, p. 54) as an epithet of Thor (= giant-killer), a kenning for Thunor or Thor, meaning both man and monster.—E.

l. 189. Cf. l. 1993, where similar language is used. H.-So. takes both md-ceare and ml-ceare as accus., others as instr.

ll. 190, 1994. sað: for this use of soðan cf. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, p. 128, where p. p. soden is thus used.

l. 194. fram hm = in his home (S., H.-So.); but fram hm may be for fram him (from them, i.e. his people, or from Hrothgar's). Cf. Ha., p. 8.

l. 197. Cf. ll. 791, 807, for this fixed phrase.

l. 200. See Andreas, Elene, and Juliana for swan-rd (= sea). "The swan is said to breed wild now no further away than the North of Sweden." —E. Cf. ganotes bæð, l. 1862.

l. 203. Concessive clauses with þah, þah þe, þah ... eal, vary with subj. and ind., according as fact or contingency is dominant in the mind; cf. ll. 526, 1168, 2032, etc. (subj.), 1103, 1614 (ind.). Cf. gif, nefne.

l. 204. hl, an OE. word found in Wülker's Glossaries in various forms, = augury, omen, divination, etc. Cf. hlsere, augur; hl, omen; hlsung, augurium, hlsian, etc. Cf. Tac., Germania, 10.

l. 207. C. adds "= impetrare" to the other meanings of findan given in the Gloss.

l. 217. Cf. l. 1910; and Andreas, l. 993.—E. E. compares Byron's

"And fast and falcon-like the vessel flew," —Corsair, i. 17.

and Scott's

"Merrily, merrily bounds the bark." —Lord of the Isles, iv. 7.

l. 218. Cf.

"The fomy stedes on the golden brydel Gnawinge." —Chaucer, Knightes Tale, l. 1648, ed. Morris.

l 218. MS. and Ho. read fmi-heals.

l. 219. Does n-td mean hour (Th.), or corresponding hour = nd-td (H.-So.), or in due time (E.), or after a time, when þres, etc., would be adv. gen.? See C., Beit. viii. 568.

l. 224. eoletes may = (1) voyage; (2) toil, labor; (3) hurried journey; but sea or fjord appears preferable.

ll. 229-257. "The scenery ... is laid on the coast of the North Sea and the Kattegat, the first act of the poem among the Danes in Seeland, the second among the Geats in South Sweden."—Br., p. 15.

l. 239. "A shoal of simple terms express in Bowulf the earliest sea-thoughts of the English.... The simplest term is S.... To this they added Wter, Flod, Stream, Lagu, Mere, Holm, Grund, Heathu, Sund, Brim, Garsecg, Eagor, Geofon, Fifel, Hron-rad, Swan-rad, Segl-rad, Ganotes-bð."—Br., p. 163-166.

l. 239. "The infinitive is often used in poetry after a verb of motion where we should use the present participle."—Sw. Cf. ll. 711, 721, 1163 1803, 268, etc. Cf. German spazieren fahren reiten, etc., and similar constructions in French, etc.

l. 240, W. reads hringed-stefnan for helmas bron. B. inserts (?) after holmas and begins a new line at the middle of the verse. S. omits B.'s "on the wall."

l. 245. Double and triple negatives strengthen each other and do not produce an affirmative in A.-S. or M. E. The neg. is often prefixed to several emphatic words in the sentence, and readily contracts with vowels, and h or w; cf. ll. 863, 182, 2125, 1509, 575, 583, 3016, etc.

l. 249. seld-guma = man-at-arms in another's house (Wood); = low-ranking fellow (Ha.); stubenhocker, stay-at-home (Gr.), Scott's "carpet knight," Marmion, i. 5.

l. 250. næfne (nefne, nemne) usually takes the subj., = unless; cf. ll. 1057, 3055, 1553. For ind., = except, see l. 1354. Cf. btan, gif, þah.

l. 250. For a remarkable account of armor and weapons in Bowulf, see S. A. Brooke, Hist. of Early Eng. Lit. For general "Old Teutonic Life in Bowulf," see J. A. Harrison, Overland Monthly.

l. 252. r as a conj. generally has subj., as here; cf. ll. 264, 677, 2819, 732. For ind., cf. l. 2020.

l. 253. las = loose, roving. Ettmüller corrected to lase.

l. 256. This proverb (ofest, etc.) occurs in Exod. (Hunt), l. 293.

l. 258. An "elder" may be a very young man; hence yldesta, = eminent, may be used of Beowulf. Cf. Laws of AElfred, C. 17: N þæt lc eald sy, ac þæt h eald sy on wsdme.

l. 273. Verbs of hearing and seeing are often followed by acc. with inf.; cf. ll. 229, 1024, 729, 1517, etc. Cf. German construction with sehen, horen, etc., French construction with voir, entendre, etc., and the classical constructions.

l. 275. dd-hata = instigator. Kl. reads dd-hwata.

l. 280. ed-wendan, n. (B.; cf. 1775), = edwenden, limited by bisigu. So ten Br. = Tidskr. viii. 291.

l. 287. "Each is denoted ... also by the strengthened forms ghwæðer (gðer), éghwæðer, etc. This prefixed , óe corresponds to the Goth, aiw, OHG. eo, io, and is umlauted from á, ó by the i of the gi which originally followed."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 190.

l. 292. "All through the middle ages suits of armour are called 'weeds.'"—E.

l. 299. MS. reads gd-fremmendra. So H.-So.

l. 303. "An English warrior went into battle with a boar-crested helmet, and a round linden shield, with a byrnie of ringmail ... with two javelins or a single ashen spear some eight or ten feet long, with a long two-edged sword naked or held in an ornamental scabbard.... In his belt was a short, heavy, one-edged sword, or rather a long knife, called the seax ... used for close quarters."—Br., p. 121.

l. 303. For other references to the boar-crest, cf. ll. 1112, 1287, 1454; Grimm, Myth. 195; Tacitus, Germania, 45. "It was the symbol of their [the Baltic AEstii's] goddess, and they had great faith in it as a preservative from hard knocks."—E. See the print in the illus. ed. of Green's Short History, Harper & Bros.

l. 303. "See Kemble, Saxons in England, chapter on heathendom, and Grimm's Teutonic Mythology, chapter on Freyr, for the connection these and other writers establish between the Boar-sign and the golden boar which Freyr rode, and his worship."—Br., p. 128. Cf. Elene, l. 50.

l. 304. Gering proposes hlor-bergan = cheek-protectors; cf. Beit. xii. 26. "A bronze disk found at Öland in Sweden represents two warriors in helmets with boars as their crests, and cheek-guards under; these are the hlor-bergan."—E. Cf. hauberk, with its diminutive habergeon, < A.-S. heals, neck + beorgan, to cover or protect; and harbor, < A.-S. here, army + beorgan, id.—Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 123. Cf. cinberge, Hunt's Exod. l. 175.

l. 305. For ferh wearde and gðmde grummon, B. and ten Br. read ferh-wearde (l. 305) and gðmdgum men (l. 306), = the boar-images ... guarded the lives of the warlike men.

l. 311. loma: cf. Chaucer, Nonne Preestes Tale, l. 110, ed. Morris:

"To dremen in here dremes Of armes, and of fyr with rede lemes."

l. 318. On the double gender of s, cf. Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 147; and note the omitted article at ll. 2381, 318, 544, with the peculiar tmesis of between at ll. 859, 1298, 1686, 1957. So Cdmon, l. 163 (Thorpe), Exod. l. 562 (Hunt), etc.

l. 320. Cf. l. 924; and Andreas, l. 987, where almost the same words occur. "Here we have manifestly before our eye one of those ancient causeways, which are among the oldest visible institutions of civilization." —E.

l. 322. S. inserts comma after scr, and makes hring-ren (= ring-mail) parallel with gð-byrne.

l. 325. Cf. l. 397. "The deposit of weapons outside before entering a house was the rule at all periods.... In provincial Swedish almost everywhere a church porch is called våkenhus,... i.e. weapon-house, because the worshippers deposited their arms there before they entered the house."—E., after G. Stephens.

l. 333. Cf. Dryden's "mingled metal damask'd o'er with gold."—E.

l. 336. "l-, el-, kindred with Goth. aljis, other, e.g. in lþéodig, elþéodig, foreign."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 47.

l. 336. Cf. l. 673 for the functions of an ombiht-þegn.

l. 338. Ho. marks wræc- and its group long.

l. 343. Cf. l. 1714 for the same bod-genatas,—"the predecessor title to that of the Knights of the Table Round."—E. Cf. Andreas (K.), l. 2177.

l. 344. The future is sometimes expressed by willan + inf., generally with some idea of volition involved; cf. ll. 351, 427, etc. Cf. the use of willan as principal vb. (with omitted inf.) at ll. 318, 1372, 543, 1056; and sculan, ll. 1784, 2817.

l. 353. sð here, and at l. 501, probably means arrival. E. translates the former by visit, the latter by adventure.

l. 357. unhr = hairless, bald (Gr., etc.).

l. 358. ode is only one of four or five preterits of gn (gongan, gangan, gengan), viz. gong (gong: ll. 926, 2410, etc.), gang (l. 1296, etc.), gengde (ll. 1402, 1413). Sievers, p. 217, apparently remarks that ode is "probably used only in prose." (?!). Cf. geng, Gen. ll. 626, 834; Exod. (Hunt) l. 102.

l. 367. The MS. and H.-So. read with Gr. and B. glædman Hrðgr, abandoning Thorkelin's glædnian. There is a glass. hilaris glædman.—Beit. xii. 84; same as glæd.

l. 369. dugan is a "preterit-present" verb, with new wk. preterit, like sculan, durran, magan, etc. For various inflections, see ll. 573, 590, 1822, 526. Cf. do in "that will do"; doughty, etc.

l. 372. Cf. l. 535 for a similar use; and l. 1220. Bede, Eccles. Hist., ed. Miller, uses the same expression several times. "Here, and in all other places where cniht occurs in this poem, it seems to carry that technical sense which it bore in the military hierarchy [of a noble youth placed out and learning the elements of the art of war in the service of a qualified warrior, to whom he is, in a military sense, a servant], before it bloomed out in the full sense of knight."—E.

l. 373. E. remarks of the hyphened eald-fæder, "hyphens are risky toys to play with in fixing texts of pre-hyphenial antiquity"; eald-fæder could only = grandfather. eald here can only mean honored, and the hyphen is unnecessary. Cf. "old fellow," "my old man," etc.; and Ger. alt-vater.

l. 378. Th. and B. propose Gatum, as presents from the Danish to the Geatish king.—Beit. xii.

l. 380. hæbbe. The subj. is used in indirect narration and question, wish and command, purpose, result, and hypothetical comparison with swelce = as if.

ll. 386, 387. Ten Br. emends to read: "Hurry, bid the kinsman-throng go into the hall together."

l. 387. sibbe-gedriht, for Beowulf's friends, occurs also at l. 730. It is subject-acc. to son. Cf. ll. 347, 365, and Hunt's Exod. l. 214.

l. 404. "Here, as in the later Icelandic halls, Beowulf saw Hrothgar enthroned on a high seat at the east end of the hall. The seat is sacred. It has a supernatural quality. Grendel, the fiend, cannot approach it."—Br., p. 34. Cf. l. 168.

l. 405. "At Benty Grange, in Derbyshire, an Anglo-Saxon barrow, opened in 1848, contained a coat of mail. 'The iron chain work consists of a large number of links of two kinds attached to each other by small rings half an inch in diameter; one kind flat and lozenge-shaped ... the others all of one kind, but of different lengths.'"—Br., p. 126.

l. 407. Wes ... hl: this ancient Teutonic greeting afterwards grew into wassail. Cf. Skeat's Luke, i. 28; Andreas (K.), 1827; Layamon, l. 14309, etc.

l. 414. "The distinction between wesan and weorðan [in passive relations] is not very clearly defined, but wesan appears to indicate a state, weorðan generally an action."—Sw. Cf. Mod. German werden and sein in similar relations.

l. 414. Gr. translates hdor by receptaculum; cf. Gering, Zachers Zeitschr. xii. 124. Toller-Bosw. ignores Gr.'s suggestion.

ll. 420, 421. B. reads: þr ic (on) ffelgeban (= ocean) yðde eotena cyn. Ten Br. reads: þr ic ffelgeban yðde, eotena hm. Ha. suggests ffelgeband = monster-band, without further changes.

l. 420. R. reads þra = of them, for þr.—Zachers Zeitschr. iii. 399; Beit. xii. 367.

l. 420. "niht has a gen., nihtes, used for the most part only adverbially, and almost certainly to be regarded as masculine."—Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 158.

l. 425. Cf. also ll. 435, 635, 2345, for other examples of Beowulf's determination to fight single-handed.

l. 441. þe hine = whom, as at l. 1292, etc. The indeclinable þe is often thus combined with personal pronouns, = relative, and is sometimes separated from them by a considerable interval.—Sw.

l. 443. The MS. has Geotena. B. and Fahlbeck, says H.-So., do not consider the Gatas, but the Jutes, as the inhabitants of Swedish West-Gothland. Alfred translates Juti by Gatas, but Jutland by Gotland. In the laws they are called Guti.—Beit. xii. 1, etc.

l. 444. B., Gr., and Ha. make unforhte an adv. = fearlessly, modifying etan. Kl. reads anforhte = timid.

l. 446. Cf. l. 2910. Th. translates: thou wilt not need my head to hide (i.e. bury). Simrock supposes a dead-watch or lyke-wake to be meant. Wood, thou wilt not have to bury so much as my head! H.-So. supposes hafod-weard, a guard of honor, such as sovereigns or presumptive rulers had, to be meant by hafalan hydan; hence, you need not give me any guard, etc. Cf. Schmid, Gesetze der A., 370-372.

l. 447. S. places a colon after nimeð.

l. 451. H.-So., Ha., and B. (Beit. xii. 87) agree essentially in translating feorme, food. R. translates consumption of my corpse. Maintenance, support, seems preferable to either.

l. 452. Rönning (after Grimm) personifies Hild.—Beovulfs Kvadet, l. 59. Hildr is the name of one of the Scandinavian Walkyries, or battle-maidens, who transport the spirits of the slain to Walhalla. Cf. Kent's Elene, l. 18, etc.

l. 455. "The war-smiths, especially as forgers of the sword, were garmented with legend, and made into divine personages. Of these Weland is the type, husband of a swan maiden, and afterwards almost a god."— Br., p. 120. Cf. A. J. C. Hare's account of "Wayland Smith's sword with which Henry II. was knighted," and which hung in Westminster Abbey to a late date.—Walks in London, ii. 228.

l. 455. This is the lces mannes wyrd of Boethius (Sw., p. 44) and the wyrd bið swðost of Gnomic Verses, 5. There are about a dozen references to it in Bowulf.

l. 455. E. compares the fatalism of this concluding hemistich with the Christian tone of l. 685 seq.

ll. 457, 458. B. reads wre-ryhtum ( = from the obligations of clientage).

l. 480. Cf. l. 1231, where the same sense, "flown with wine," occurs.

l. 488. "The duguð, the mature and ripe warriors, the aristocracy of the nation, are the support of the throne."—E. The M. E. form of the word, douth, occurs often. Associated with geogoð, ll. 160 and 622.

l. 489. Kl. omits comma after meoto and reads (with B.) sige-hrð-secgum, = disclose thy thought to the victor-heroes. Others, as Körner, convert meoto into an imperative and divide on sl = think upon happiness. But cf. onband beadu-rne, l. 501. B. supposes onsl meoto =speak courteous words. Tidskr. viii. 292; Haupts Zeitschr. xi. 411; Eng. Stud. ii. 251.

l. 489. Cf. the invitation at l. 1783.

l. 494. Cf. Grimm's Andreas, l. 1097, for deal, =proud, elated, exulting; Phoenix (Bright), l. 266.

l. 499. MS. has Hunferð, but the alliteration requires Unferð, as at ll. 499, 1166, 1489; and cf. ll. 1542, 2095, 2930. See List of Names.

l. 501. sð = arrival (?); cf. l. 353.

l. 504. þon m = the more (?), may be added to the references under þon.

l. 506. E. compares the taunt of Eliab to David, I Sam. xvii. 28.

l. 509. dol-gilp = idle boasting. The second definition in the Gloss. is wrong.

l. 513. "Eagor-stream might possibly be translated the stream of Eagor, the awful terror-striking stormy sea in which the terrible [Scandinavian] giant dwelt, and through which he acted."—Br., p. 164. He remarks, "The English term eagre still survives in provincial dialect for the tide-wave or bore on rivers. Dryden uses it in his Threnod. Angust. 'But like an eagre rode in triumph o'er the tide.' Yet we must be cautious," etc. Cf. Fox's Boethius, ll. 20, 236; Thorpe's Cdmon, 69, etc.

l. 524. Krüger and B. read Bnstnes.—Beit. ix. 573.

l. 525. R. reads wyrsan (= wyrses: cf. Mod. Gr. guten Muthes) geþinges; but H.-So. shows that the MS. wyrsan ... þingea = wyrsena þinga, can stand; cf. gen. pl. banan, Christ, l. 66, etc.

l. 545 seq. "Five nights Beowulf and Breca kept together, not swimming, but sailing in open boats (to swim the seas is to sail the seas), then storm drove them asunder ... Breca is afterwards chief of the Brondings, a tribe mentioned in Wdsíth. The story seems legendary, not mythical."—Br., pp. 60, 61.

ll. 574-578. B. suggests sw þr for hwæðere, = so there it befell me. But the word at l. 574 seems = however, and at l. 578 = yet; cf. l. 891; see S.; Beit. ix. 138; Tidskr. viii. 48; Zacher, iii. 387, etc.

l. 586. Gr. and Grundt. read fgum sweordum (no ic þæs fela gylpe!), supplying fela and blending the broken half-lines into one. Ho. and Kl. supply geflites.

l. 599. E. translates nyd-bde by blackmail; adding "nd bd, toll; nd bdere, tolltaker."—Land Charters, Gloss, v.

l. 601. MS. has ond = and in three places only (601, 1149, 2041); elsewhere it uses the symbol 7 = and.

l. 612. seq. Cf. the drinking ceremony at l. 1025. "The royal lady offers the cup to Beowulf, not in his turn where he sate among the rest, but after it has gone the round; her approach to Beowulf is an act apart."—E.

l. 620. "The [loving] cup which went the round of the company and was tasted by all," like the Oriel and other college anniversary cups.—E.

l. 622. Cf. ll. 160, 1191, for the respective places of young and old.

l. 623. Cf. the circlet of gold worn by Wealhþow at l. 1164.

l. 631. gyddode. Cf. Chaucer, Prol. l. 237 (ed. Morris):

"Of yeddynges he bar utterly the prys."

Cf. giddy.

l. 648. Kl. suggests a period after geþinged, especially as B. (Tidskr. viii. 57) has shown that oþþe is sometimes = ond. Th. supplies ne.

l. 650. oþþe here and at ll. 2476, 3007, probably = and.

l. 651. Cf. 704, where sceadu-genga (the night-ganger of Leechdoms, ii. 344) is applied to the demon.—E.

l. 659. Cf. l. 2431 for same formula, "to have and to hold" of the Marriage Service.—E.

l. 681. B. considers þah ... eal a precursor of Mod. Eng. although.

l. 682. gdra = advantages in battle (Gr.), battle-skill (Ha.), skill in war (H.-So.). Might not nt be changed to nah = ne + h (cf. l. 2253), thus justifying the translation ability (?) —he has not the ability to, etc.

l. 695. Kl. reads hiera.—Beit. ix. 189. B. omits he as occurring in the previous hemistich.—Beit. xii. 89.

l. 698. "Here Destiny is a web of cloth."—E., who compares the Greek Clotho, "spinster of fate." Women are also called "weavers of peace," as l. 1943. Cf. Kent's Elene, l. 88; Wdsð, l. 6, etc.

l. 711. B. translates þ by when and connects with the preceding sentences, thus rejecting the ordinary canto-division at l. 711. He objects to the use of cm as principal vb. at ll. 703, 711, and 721. (Beit, xii.)

l. 711. "Perhaps the Gnomic verse which tells of Thyrs, the giant, is written with Grendel in the writer's mind,—þyrs sceal on fenne gewunian na inuan lande, the giant shall dwell in the fen, alone in the land (Sweet's Read., p. 187)."—Br. p. 36.

l. 717. Dietrich, in Haupt. xi. 419, quotes from AElfric, Hom. ii. 498: h beworhte þ bigelsas mid gyldenum lfrum, he covered the arches with gold-leaf,—a Roman custom derived from Carthage. Cf. Mod. Eng. oriel = aureolum, a gilded room.—E. (quoting Skeat). Cf. ll. 2257, 1097, 2247, 2103, 2702, 2283, 333, 1751, for various uses of gold-sheets.

l. 720. B. and ten Br. suggest hell-thane (Grendel) for heal-þegnas, and make hæle refer to Beowulf. Cf. l. 142.

l. 723. Z. reads [ge]hrn.

l. 727. For this use of standan, cf. ll. 2314, 2770; and Vergil, Ecl. ii. 26:

"Cum placidum ventis staret mare."

l. 757. gedræg. Tumult is one of the meanings of this word. Here, appar. = occupation, lair.

l. 759. R. reads mdega for gda, "because the attribute cannot be separated from the word modified unless the two alliterate."

l. 762. Cf. Andreas, l. 1537, for a similar use of t = off.—E.

l. 769. The foreign words in Bowulf (as ceaster-here) are not numerous; others are (aside from proper names like Cain, Abel, etc.) dofol (diabolus), candel (l. 1573), ancor (l. 303), scrfan (for- ge-), segn (l. 47), ggant (l. 113), ml- (l. 1363), strt (l. 320), ombeht (l. 287), gim (l. 2073), etc.

l. 770. MS. reads cerwen, a word conceived by B. and others to be part of a fem. compd.: -scerwen like -wenden in ed-wenden, -rden, etc. (cf. meodu-scerpen in Andreas, l. 1528); emended to -scerwen, a great scare under the figure of a mishap at a drinking-bout; one might compare bescerwan, to deprive, from bescyrian (Grein, i. 93), hence ealu-seerwen would = a sudden taking away, deprivation, of the beer.—H.-So., p. 93. See B., Tidskr. viii. 292.

l. 771. Ten Br. reads rðe, rnhearde, = raging, exceeding bold.

l. 792. Instrumental adverbial phrases like nige þinga, nnige þinga (not at all), hru þinga (especially) are not infrequent. See Cook's Sievers' Gram., p. 178; March, A.-S. Gram., p. 182.

l. 811. myrðe. E. translates in wanton mood. Toller-Bosw. does not recognize sorrow as one of the meanings of this word.

ll. 850, 851. S. reads dop for dog and erases semicolon after wol, = the death-stained deep welled with sword-gore; cf. l. 1424. B. reads dað-fges dop, etc., = the deep welled with the doomed one's gore.—Beit. xii. 89.

l. 857. The meaning of blaneum is partly explained by fealwe maras below, l. 866. Cf. Layamon's "and leop on his blancke" = steed, l. 23900; Kent's Elene, l. 1185.

l. 859. Körner, Eng. Stud. i. 482, regards the oft-recurring be sm twonum as a mere formula = on earth; cf. ll. 1298, 1686. twone is part of the separable prep. between; see be-. Cf. Baskerville's Andreas, l. 558.

l. 865. Cf. Voyage of hthere and Wulfstn for an account of funeral horse-racing, Sweet's Read., p. 22.

l. 868. See Ha., p. 31, for a variant translation.

l. 871 seq. R. considers this a technical description of improvised alliterative verse, suggested by and wrought out on the spur of the moment.

l. 872. R. and B. propose secg[an], = rehearse, for secg, which suits the verbs in the next two lines.

ll. 878-98. "It pleases me to think that it is in English literature we possess the first sketch of that mighty saga [the Volsunga Saga = Wælsinges gewin] which has for so many centuries engaged all the arts, and at last in the hands of Wagner the art of music."—Br., p. 63. Cf. Nibelung. Lied, l. 739.

l. 894. Intransitive verbs, as gn, weorðan, sometimes take habban, "to indicate independent action."—Sw. Cf. hafað ... geworden, l. 2027.

l. 895. "brcan (enjoy) always has the genitive."—Sw.; cf. l. 895; acc., gen., instr., dat., according to March, A.-S. Gram., p. 151.