Camden, Lord, counsel for Penn family, 68; predicts American independence, 83; denies unlimited power of Parliament over colonies, 118; enters cabinet, 149.

Canada, conquered by English, 78; its recession to France advocated as a check to colonies, 79; controversy on this point, 80-82; suggested as member of confederation by Franklin, 208; mission of Franklin to, 210, 211.

Carmichael, William, rank as diplomate, 220; Jay's secretary in Spain, 321; praises Franklin, 345.

Charles, ——, agent for Pennsylvania, 70.

Chatham, Earl of. See Pitt, William.

Chaumont, M. Ray de, lends Franklin a house in Passy, 235.

Choiseul, Duc de, predicts American independence, 83.

Colden, ——, letter from Franklin to, 40.

"Colonial System," criticised by Franklin, 48; defended by Granville, 67; enforced by Grenville, 104.

Colonial union, suggested by William Penn, 44; by Franklin, 44, 45; by Gov. Shirley, 46; opposed by colonies and board of trade, 45, 52; proposed at time of Stamp Act, 110.

Concord, fight at, 204; effect on Franklin, 205.

Constitutional Convention, Franklin chosen a member, 407; the two parties, 408; part played by Franklin, 408; unsalaried presidency, 408; debate on representation, 409; single legislative chamber, 410; suffrage, 410; naturalization, 410; presidential term, 410; story about the "rising sun," 411.

Continental Congress, 206-212; its duties, 206; resolves to petition once more, 206; takes no action on Franklin's plan for a confederation, 208; makes Franklin head of postal system, 209; sends him on mission to Montreal, 210; repudiates independence, 211; adopts declaration, 212; forms Confederation, 212; sends Franklin and others to confer with Lord Howe, 214; elects Franklin envoy to France, 219; has difficulty in choosing ministers, 221; instructs Deane to get help from France, 224; sends Franklin on formal embassy, 232; puzzled by letters of Deane, Lee, and Beaumarchais, 239; irritated at Deane's sending military adventurers, 242, 243; sends Austin as special messenger, 270; rejects North's conciliatory offers, 282; votes to request admission into Armed Neutrality, 288; stinginess toward Franklin, 295-343; breaks up French mission, 298; management of finances, 304-336; has power to borrow but not to tax, 304-306; method of drawing bills on foreign envoys, 306, 307; proposes to secure loans by pledging merchandise, 309, 310; orders Franklin to borrow money and build warships, 311; issues drafts on Franklin, 312, 315, 325-327, 330-334; on Jay, 321; on Laurens, 324; on Adams, 330; fails to advise ministers of bills drawn, 313, 315, 318; fails to keep promises, 322, 325, 326, 332; loses confidence of French court, 328; antedates bills to evade a promise, 332; ill-treatment of Franklin, 349; ignores his request to resign, 349; appoints commissioners to treat for peace, 349; passes act to redeem paper money at forty to one, 350; angers Vergennes, 350 seq.; induced by France to name commission instead of plenipotentiary, 363; at French suggestion omits all but independence from ultimatum, 378; instructs commissioners to be guided by France, 378; condemns independent action of commissioners, 388; again refuses Franklin's request to be relieved, 397; finally permits him, 398; honors Franklin's memory, 417; neglects to reward Temple Franklin, 417; neglects to audit Franklin's accounts, 418.

Conway, General, opposes Stamp Act, 115; secretary for colonies, 115; reenter's cabinet, 147; suggests treating for peace, 284; moves address against the war, after Yorktown, 364.

Conyngham, ——, American privateer, 248, 249.

"Cool Thoughts on the Present Situation," a pamphlet by Franklin, 91.

Cooper, Sir Grey, thinks Franklin's mission is a desertion, 234.

Cooper, Samuel, tells Franklin of the sentiment in Massachusetts regarding his appointment as agent, 138; letter to, regarding Hutchinson letters, 180.

"Critical Period of American History" a time of reviving industrial prosperity, 406.

Cornwallis, Lord, effect of his surrender, 363.

Cumberland, Duke of, forms cabinet, 115; dies, 116.

Cushing, Thomas, letter from Franklin to, about the Hutchinson letters, 180.

Dana, Francis, his reliance on Franklin, 342, 345.

Dartmouth, Lord, suggested as Hillsborough's successor by Franklin, 165; friendly relations with Franklin, 166; later divergence, 166; discusses with Franklin Massachusetts resolves denying parliamentary control, 167; impossibility of agreement, 168, 193; Franklin's memorial to, 200.

Deane, Silas, rank as diplomate, 220; first envoy to France, 222; previous career and character, 222; his mistakes, 223; abandons America, 223; introduced in France by Franklin, 223; his instructions, 224; balked by Bancroft, 224; joins plans of Beaumarchais, 230; not interfered with by Franklin, 238; slandered by Arthur Lee, 238, 239; ruined by him, 239; defended by Franklin, 240, 243, 290; sends European officers to America, 242; proposes an ultimatum to France, 269; recalled, 289; confidence in Franklin, 399.

De Grey, Lord Chief Justice, in Hutchinson letters affair, 186.

Denham, ——, offers Franklin a clerkship, 10; his death, 10.

Despencer, Lord le, breakfast party with, 136.

D'Estaing, Admiral, sails to aid America, 285.

"De Weissenstein" makes mysterious offer of peace with pensions for leading rebels, 358; supposed to be George III., 358; Franklin's reply to, 358, 359.

Dickinson, John, defends the Pennsylvania proprietors, 94; personal attack on Franklin, 97, 98; protests against his appointment as agent of the Assembly, 98; advocates renewed petitioning to king in Continental Congress, 206; supported by Franklin, 206.

Digges, ——, embezzles funds sent by Franklin to American prisoners, 264; makes secret proposals on behalf of Lord North, 364.

Diplomacy of the Revolution, its general character, 220; varied personnel, 220; difficulties in choosing ministers, 221; vagueness as to status of representatives, 222; mission of Silas Deane to France, 222-231; assistance gained from France through Beaumarchais, 225-231; mission of Franklin to France, 232-401; first offer of alliance, 236, 237; dealings of Franklin and Deane with foreign military adventurers, 242-246; management of privateers, 248-252; negotiations relative to exchange of prisoners, 252-264; dealings with opposition in England, 271; alliance with France, 273-279; proposal of Deane to force a decision, 269; effect of news of Burgoyne's capture, 273; discussion over terms of alliance, 273-277; debate over molasses duties, 276; concessions arranged by Franklin, 277, 278; peace with England suggested, 282, 284; quarrels in the French mission, 290-298; Franklin minister plenipotentiary, 298; methods of raising money in Europe, 306; history of Franklin's efforts in France, 306-336 [see Finances of the Revolution]; unique position of Franklin in Europe, 340-343; superiority to other diplomatists, 342, 344-346; mistake of John Adams in irritating Vergennes about American paper money, 350-352; the affair smoothed over by Franklin, 352-355; futile advances toward reconciliation made by English emissaries, 357-360; events leading up to treaty of peace [see treaty of peace], 363-396; commercial treaties with Prussia and other countries, 397.

Dubourg, Dr., conveys to Franklin news of French willingness to help colonies, 232.

Dunning, ——, counsel for Franklin in Hutchinson letters affair, 187, 188.

Edinburgh gives Franklin freedom of the city, 75.

East India Company, hurt by colonial non-importation, 175.

Finances of the Revolution, difficulties, 304; vague powers of Congress, 304; inability to offer security, 305; methods of raising money adopted, 305, 306; burden of making loans thrown on foreign representatives, 306; situation of Jay, 307; of Adams, 307; real brunt borne by Franklin, 307, 321; unpicturesqueness and indispensableness of his labors, 308, 336; description of them, 308-336; proposed payments by cargoes of American products, 309; failure of this method, 310; loans made by French court on pure credit, 311, 317, 319; Franklin's pamphlet on resources of the United States, 311; neglect of Congress to advise ministers of bills, 312, 313, 326, 332; protests from Franklin, 312, 318, 320; lack of business methods in Congress, 313, 314, 320; extravagance of Lee and Izard, 314-316; difficulties of French court in furnishing money, 319; injurious influence of State agents, 320; difficulties of Jay in Spain, 321, 322, 332; criticisms of Vergennes, 325; neglect of Congress to keep promises, 322, 326, 332; begging from Vergennes, 327; from Necker, 328; difficulties over loan raised in Holland, 328; extravagance of Laurens and Jackson, 329; difficulties of Adams in Holland, 331, 332; antedating of bills to elude a promise, 332; further loans, 334, 336; liquidation of accounts begins, 335; peace alone puts an end to borrowing, 336.

Fisheries, importance of, to New England, 380; right to, upheld by Adams, 380, 399.

Fitzherbert, ——, replaces Grenville, 372.

Florida, suggested as member of Confederation by Franklin, 208.

Folger, Abiah, mother of Franklin, 2.

Folger, ancestry of Franklin, 3.

Fox, C. J., member of opposition, 271; attacks North regarding French and American alliance, 281; in Rockingham cabinet, 365; tries to outdo Shelburne by treating with colonies through France, 366; willing to acknowledge their independence, 367; urges Franklin to negotiate separately, 370; retires from Shelburne's cabinet, 372.

France, policy of; early interest in English colonial controversy, 137; regarded as probable ally of colonies, 222; intervention suggested by Beaumarchais and Vergennes, 226-228; enthusiasm over Franklin, 233-235; secret assistance, 251; self-interest of France, 252, 285, 368, 375, 380, 391, 396; treaty of alliance with, 273-279; war with England, 285; financial assistance, 307-336.

Franklin ancestry, 2; from Northamptonshire, 2; religious independence, 2. Franklin, Benjamin. Early years. Ancestry, 2; birth, 3; intended at first for the church, 3; assists father as tallow chandler, 4; apprenticed as printer to his brother, 4; "escapes being a poet," 4; bold religious speculations, 5; runs away, 6; begins printing in Philadelphia, 6; receives offer of help from Gov. Temple, 6; fails to induce his father to assist, 7; tricked by Temple into sailing for England, 8; lives in London, 8; "errata" in his career, 9; bad company, 9; infidelity, 9; declines proposal to establish swimming school, 10; returns home, 10; composes epitaph, 11; rise as printer in Philadelphia, 11, 12; publishes "Pennsylvania Gazette," 12, 13; matrimonial projects, 13, 14; marriage, 15; rise in society, 19; establishes a library, 20; effective methods of agitation, 21; publishes Poor Richard's almanac, 21; his management of the Gazette, 24; religious and moral views, 24-33; gains political influence through the Junto, 34; establishment of affiliated clubs, 34; studies languages, 35; clerk of General Assembly, 35; postmaster of Philadelphia, 35; invents a stove, and refuses to patent it, 36; founds a philosophical society, 36; an academy, 37; tries to reorganize night-watch, 38; founds the Union Fire Company, 39; begins organization of military force against French, 39; takes a partner, 39; enters public life, 40; appointed to various offices and elected burgess, 40; commissioner to treat with Indians, 40; assists Dr. Bond in founding hospital, 41; induces legislature to make a contingent grant, 42; his pride over this device, 42; improves cleaning and lighting of streets, 42; appointed head of postal system, his successful management of it, 43; receives degree of Master of Arts from Yale and Harvard, 43; deputy to Indian conference at Albany, 44; proposes a colonial union, 44; his plan adopted, 45; later rejected by England and by colonies, 45; speculations as to possible results if successful, 46; opposes Shirley's plan of a parliamentary tax, 47; proclaims theory of no taxation without consent, 47; points out heaviness of existing indirect taxation, 48; doubts feasibility of colonial representation in Parliament, 48, 49; visits Boston, 49; on committee to supervise military expenditure in Pennsylvania, 50; disapproves of Braddock's expedition, 51; acts in behalf of the Assembly, 52; arranges for transportation for the expedition, 53; obliged to give bonds to owners, 54; in danger of ruin owing to failure of expedition and losses of wagons and horses, 54; escapes with slight losses, 54; reputed to have made money, 55; builds forts on frontier, 56; increased popularity, 56; scheme for settling barrier colonies west of mountains, 57; scientific studies, 59; reputation in Europe, 59, 60. Representative of Pennsylvania in conflict with proprietors. Sent to England by burgesses to appeal to the king against the proprietors, 63; his share in previous agitation, 63; detained from sailing by Lord Loudoun's procrastination, 65; arrival in London, 66; interview with Lord Granville, 66; dispute over legal rights of the colonies, 67; futile interview with proprietors, 67; with their counsel, 68; kept waiting a year, 68; complained of to the Assembly by the proprietors, 68; learns of an adverse report of the board of trade, 70; engages that proprietors shall be fairly treated by the Assembly, 70; thus gains main contention that proprietors may be taxed, 71; comments on proprietors' behavior, 71, 72; detained two years in England on business, 73; purposely delayed by opponents, 73; suffers from lack of social influence, 74; fails to see Pitt, 74; illness, 74; welcomed in scientific circles, 75; travels, 75; receives degree of Doctor of Laws from St. Andrews and Oxford, 75; friendship with Strahan, 76; attempts at match-making with Sarah Franklin and William Franklin, 76; willing to live in England, 77; regret at leaving, 77; interested in proposal to leave Canada to French in order to overawe colonies, 80; shows fallacy in a pamphlet, 80, 81; denies possibility of colonial independence, 81, 82, 83; predicts future development of the West, 84; returns home, 84; popularity, 84; elected to assembly, 84; receives partial compensation, 84; desires repose, 86; regulates post-office, 86; friendly relations with Governor Penn, 87; condemns "Paxton massacre" of friendly Indians, 88; organizes force to protect Christian Indians in Philadelphia, 89; protects governor in his house, 89; joins popular party in opposing governor, 91; urges change to Royal Government, 91, 92, 93; draws petition to this effect, 93; chosen speaker, 94; attacks governor's methods, 94, 95; defeated in election to Assembly, 96, 97; appointed agent to present petition for Royal Government, 97, 99; attacked by Dickinson, 98; expenses of journey paid by subscription, 100; return to old lodgings in London, 100; fails to gain consideration for his petition, 101, 102. Colonial representative in England. Instructed by Pennsylvania to oppose Stamp Act, 105; fruitless interview with Grenville, 106; writes home advising submission, 107; no thought of resistance, 107; names Hughes for stamp-distributer at Grenville's request, 108; temporary fury of Philadelphia at the news, 109; his surprise and mortification, 109, 110; apparent disagreement with colonists, but real unity of opinion, 111; his fitness for diplomatic position in England, 111, 112; sympathizes with both sides, 113; tact and coolness, 113; appears as witness at bar of Commons, 119; ability displayed under cross-examination, 119; thorough mastery of situation, 120; great effect of his testimony, 121; presents American sentiment against the Stamp Act, 122; expresses willingness to sacrifice all rather than submit, 123, 124; states legislative independence of colonies, 124, 125; has friendly feeling for George III., 126; seeks to defend him, 126, 127; thinks colonial representation in Parliament impossible of adoption, 128; views on "virtual" representation, 130; draws distinctions between external and internal taxation, 130, 131; asserts willingness of colonies to bear their share of public burdens, 132; return of popularity in Pennsylvania, 134; satirical publications at expense of English ignorance of colonies, 134, 135; joke concerning a claim of the king of Prussia to England, 136; "rules for reducing a great empire to a small one," 136; communications with the French, 137; appointed agent for Georgia and Massachusetts, 138; opposed by Samuel Adams, 138; increased prestige, 139; pecuniary sacrifice, 139; retains post-mastership, 140; motives of ministry in leaving him undisturbed, 140; rumors circulated in America that he had accepted royal office, 141; his reputation increases in England and France, 144; urges moderation at home, 145; disliked by extremists, 146; hopes advantage from Hillsborough's appointment, 151; discovers Hillsborough's enmity, 152; dispute with him over legality of commission from Massachusetts, 152-157; a telling retort, 157; no longer recognized as agent of Massachusetts, 157; low opinion of Hillsborough, 158; thinks agents quite as valuable to government as to colonies, 158; works to undermine Hillsborough, 159, 160; controverts Hillsborough's objections to two frontier colonies, 162; his arguments prevail with the privy council, 163; drives Hillsborough to resign, 163; snubbed by him, 164; fails to get the grant for frontier provinces, 164; suggests Lord Dartmouth for colonial secretary, 165; amicable relations with him, 166; counsels him to be patient with Massachusetts, 167, 168; would be satisfied with a return to conditions before Stamp Act, 169; begins to forbode separation, but hopes and works for peace, 171; continually urges moderation on colonists, 172; belief in efficacy of non-importation, 173; urges its advantages, 173; and effects upon England, 174; comments on complete financial failure of Stamp Act and Customs Act, 176; shown copies of Tory letters from Massachusetts, 177; sends them to Boston under pledge of secrecy, 178; publishes a letter taking upon himself responsibility of their discovery, 182, 183; presents petition of Massachusetts to Dartmouth, 183; delicacy of his position, 184; learns that Hutchinson and Oliver are to be represented by counsel, 185; fearing trouble and foreseeing an attack, asks for time, 186; threats and rumors, 187; appears before a hostile privy council, 187, 188; violently attacked as a thief by Wedderburn, 188, 189; the "suit of Manchester velvet," 191; begins and abandons a defense of himself, 192; dismissed from office of postmaster, 192; loses his standing in England, 192, 193; resigns agency for Massachusetts, 193; rebuked by Massachusetts for laxity, 194; slandered by Arthur Lee, 194; danger of charges of treason, 195; interview with Lord Chatham, 196; urges policy of colonial self-government, 197; denies that independence is desired, 197; wishes unity of the Empire, 198; attacked by Lord Sandwich in House of Lords, 198; defended by Chatham, 198, 199; irritated at attacks on America in House of Commons, 199; writes an angry letter to Dartmouth, 200; demands reparation for injuries done America and rights denied, 200; saved from presenting this by advice of Walpole, 201, 202; rejects secret attempts by ministry to negotiate, 202; again rejects bribes, 202; last day in London with Priestley, 203; emotion at situation, 203; leaves for home, 203; significance of his failure, 203. Member of Congress. Revulsion of feeling on reaching America, 204; anger against England, 205; letters to Priestly and Strahan, 204, 205; elected to Congress, 206; active in committee work, 206; willing to send the Olive Branch petition, 206; hopes thus to put England in the wrong, 206; suggests offer by colonies to pay annual sum for privilege of Free Trade, 207; repels humorously charge of colonial ingratitude, 207, 208; formulates a plan of union, 208; chairman of committee on postal service, 209; postmaster-general, 209; chairman of Committee of Safety, 209; plans defenses for Philadelphia, 209; prevented by necessary oath of allegiance from sitting in Pennsylvania Assembly, 209; sent to Boston to confer with Washington, 209; to Montreal to confer with Arnold, 210; president of Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention, 211; willing to join a New England confederacy rather than none, 212; connection with Declaration of Independence, 212; his famous jests, 212; in the Articles of Confederation wishes votes of States according to population, 212; correspondence with Lord Howe, who wishes reconciliation, 213; replies condemning the English, 213, 214; member of committee of Congress to confer with Howe, 214; remarks, 215; says nothing short of independence is possible, 216; his indignation at British attacks, 217; suggests, in humorous form, to Priestley, the impossibility of conquering the Americans, 217, 218; depth of his feeling, 218. Minister to France. Appointed, 219, 232; the only American with diplomatic experience, 220, 221; voyage, 232, 233; alarm of English at news of his arrival, 234; French enthusiasm, 234, 235; settles at Passy, 235; avoids thrusting himself upon the government, 236; presents credentials at audience given by Vergennes, 236, 237; gains a secret loan, 237; not involved in Deane's schemes, 238; befriends Deane, 240; much annoyed by the complications, 241, 242; and by French officers previously encouraged by Deane, 243, 244; discourages them, 245; uses an unvarnished form of letter of recommendation, 245; recognizes value of Lafayette and Steuben, 246; impressed with feeling for liberty in Europe, 247; expects great liberal immigration, 247; advises privateering, 248; charged with duty of regulating it, 249, 250; protects privateers against French government, 250; works to gain time, 251; tries to exchange prisoners with England, 253; tart correspondence with Stormont, 253; indignant at treatment of American prisoners by English, 254, 255; correspondence with Hartley on the subject, 256-262; urges humane treatment, 257, 258; proposes liberation by English "on account," 258, 259, 260; threatens retaliatory treatment, 260, 263; finally succeeds, 261, 262; difficulties raised by English, 262, 263; sends money to prisoners, 263; appoints Williams naval agent, 264; acquiesces in his dismissal, 266; predicts in 1777 the ultimate success of the war, 268; prevents desperate measures on Deane's part, 269; receives news of Burgoyne's surrender, 270; sends J. L. Austin to confer with English liberals, 271; justifies to Hartley the project of a French alliance, 272, 273; secret negotiations with France, 274, 275; misunderstanding with Lee, 275; arranges commercial concessions, 277; plans nearly upset by Lee and Izard, 278-9; signs treaty in "Manchester velvet suit," 279; writes to Hartley urging peace, 281, 282; predicts futility of English conciliatory bills, 282; presented to Louis XVI., 283; his costume, 283; secures in treaty principle of "free ships, free goods," 287; favors the "armed neutrality," 288; meetings with Voltaire, 287, 288; speaks well of Deane, 290; accused of inefficiency and corruption by Lee and Izard, 292, 293, 298; criticised by Adams, 294, 296; personal frugality of Franklin, 297; advises a single representative at Versailles, 297; made minister plenipotentiary, 298; insulted by Lee, 299; supplies money, commissions, and protection to Paul Jones, 300, 301; advises plundering English coast, 301; difficulties with Landais, 302. Foreign Financial Agent. Forced to beg money to meet congressional bills, 306; assists Jay, 307; sole effective financier, 307, 308; lends money to Congress, 308; yields two cargoes to Beaumarchais, 310; appeals vainly to Thomas Morris, 310; instructed by Congress to borrow money and build ships of war, 311; writes pamphlet on credit of the United States, 311; agrees to meet interest on congressional loan, 311; obliged to meet drafts, 312; continually surprised by new and old ones, 312; not warned of bills drawn, 312, 313, 318, 332; annoyed by exorbitant demands of Lee and Izard, 314; refuses Izard, 315; attacked bitterly, 316, 317; helps officers of "Alliance," 317; humiliating necessity of begging from France, 318; hampered by state agents making loans, 319; aids Jones, 320; begs Congress not to permit its agents to draw upon him, 320; assists Jay, 321, 322, 333, 335; proposes that Congress furnish supplies to French fleet, 322; urges sacrifice in America, 323, 324; meets drafts on Laurens, 324, 326, 332; overwhelmed by fresh demands, 325; fragment of his diary showing the swarm of bills, 326; more begging from Vergennes, 327, 328; secures loan in Holland, 328; difficulties over William Jackson's purchases, 329, 330; helps John Adams meet drafts, 331; directed by Robert Morris to make further requests, 331; in return asks remittance from America, 331; yet manages to meet drafts, 332; promises Vergennes to accept no drafts dated later than March, 1781, 332; discovers that Congress is antedating bills, 332; personal liability, 332; more demands from Livingston, 333, 334; warned by Vergennes, 333; refused further aid from French, but succeeds in getting more, 334; begins liquidation of accounts, 335; receives further demands for loans, 335, 336; released by treaty of peace, 336; accused of sloth, luxury, and indecision by Adams, 337, 338; political value of his personal popularity in France, 339; breadth of view, 340; carelessness never caused failure, 341; amount of his labors, 341, 342; variety of functions, 342; meagreness of assistance rendered him, 343; his indolence only physical, 344; his great social prestige in Europe, 345; its value, 346; annoyed by attacks at home, 347; patient under calumny, 348; tries vainly to resign, 348; his requests uniformly ignored by Congress, 349; urges Congress not to injure foreign creditors, 350; appealed to by Adams and Vergennes to settle quarrel, 351; agrees with Vergennes in favor of foreign creditors, 353; advises Adams to smooth over unwise expressions to Vergennes, 354; hated by Adams, 355. Commissioner to make peace. Approached by Pulteney as to peace, 357; by de Weissenstein, 358; thinks latter an agent for George III., 358; writes a severe answer which he does not send, 359; approached by Hartley as to truce, 359; bitterness toward England, 359, 360; refuses from the outset to discuss possibility of reunion, 360, 361; gratitude toward France, 362; commissioned to treat for peace, 363; refuses to treat separately from France, 364; suggests peace to Shelburne, 364; interview with Oswald, 365; again refuses separate negotiations, 366; sends suggestions to Shelburne, 366, 371; second inconclusive interview with Oswald, 367; dealings with Grenville, 368; urges Jay to join him, 371; asks Shelburne to give Oswald exclusive authority, 371; continues to discuss with Oswald, 372; willing to accept vague commission given Oswald, 373; thinks well of Vergennes' motives, 373; criticises Jay's letter on this point, 374; differs with Jay regarding French duplicity, 375, 378; resumes negotiations with Oswald, 377; surrenders his view to Jay and Adams, probably to save time, 379; on compensation to Tories, 381; suggests counter-claims, 382; antipathy to loyalists, 382; informs Vergennes of treaty, 384; criticised by him, 385; apparent duplicity, 386; tries to defend his action, 387; blamed at home for too great subservience to France, 388; persuades Jay not to write a defense, 388; asks Jay and Adams to vindicate him, 389; increased ill-feeling with Adams, 391; merits of the dispute, 391; large part played by him in negotiations, 392; value of his reputation, 392, 393; his friendly opinion of Vergennes, 393, 394, and of France, 395; again resigns, 396; retained for commercial treaties, 397; pleasant life in Paris, 397, 398; departure from France, 400, 401; voyage, 401, 402. President of Pennsylvania. Arrival at Philadelphia, popular welcome, 403; elected President of State Council, 403; acts as peacemaker between factions, 404; successive reelections, 404; devotes salary to public use, 404; humorous proposal for paying British debts, 405; not discouraged by condition of America, 406; preaches coolness, 407; elected member of Constitutional Convention, 407. In Constitutional Convention. Elected in order to preside in possible absence of Washington, 407; opposes centralization, 408; views on constitutional points, 408-411; moves that sessions open with prayer, 409; urges harmony, 411; favors Washington for president, 412; leaves public life, 412; physical infirmities, 412; cheerfulness of mind in later days, 413, 414; applauds French Revolution, 415; president of abolition society, 415; condemns too great license of press, 416; death, 417; public honors in America, 417; but continued neglect on part of Congress to adjust his accounts or recompense Temple Franklin, 417, 418; memorial ceremonies in France, 419. Character. General summary 420-427; an unfavorable view, 337, 338; criticisms on the foregoing, 338-344; religious views, 5, 9, 24-29; moral attitude, 21, 24, 29-33; utilitarianism, 29-30; 422-424; wit and humor, 11, 120, 134, 207, 212, 268, 405, 426; humanity, 101, 112, 144, 254-264, 393, 425; patriotism, 203, 424; courage and cheerfulness, 145, 172, 268, 406; business ability, 12, 13, 39; literary ability, 22, 35, 43, 426; diplomatic ability, 338-344; tact, 52, 112, 113, 243, 244, 365; political insight, 121-126; other characteristics, 19, 20, 21, 33, 36, 171, 172, 218; reputation in Europe, 75, 111, 144, 235, 398, 401, 419. Political Opinions. On colonial union, 44, 208; on parliamentary supremacy, 46, 47, 196; on colonial representation in Parliament, 49, 128; on relation of colonies to England, 66, 124-126; on external and internal taxation, 130, 131; on free ships and free goods, 207; on colonial system, 48, 197; on paper money, 13, 355; on export duties, 277; on non-importation, 173, 174; on proprietary government, 92, 93; in constitutional convention, favors unpaid presidency, 408; favors representation proportional to population, 212, 409; suggests compromise, 410; favors wide suffrage, 410; brief naturalization period, 410; president for seven years, ineligible for reelection, and liable to impeachment, 410; on French Revolution, 415; on slavery, 415, 416; a believer in democracy, 408, 421; but from faith in mankind, not mere theory, 421, 424.

Franklin, Mrs. Deborah, 6; engaged to Franklin, 14; previous matrimonial experiences, 15; marries Franklin, 15; receives Franklin's illegitimate son, 16; dread of crossing the Atlantic, 76, 78; in danger during Stamp Act riots, 109; Franklin's present of a gown to, 134; death, 203.

Franklin, James, takes his brother Benjamin Franklin as apprentice, 4; unfriendly relations, 5.

Franklin, Josiah, emigrates to Boston, 2; his family, 2, 3; father of Benjamin Franklin, 3; devotes him to the church, 3; suggests that he become a printer, 4; refuses to aid him in Philadelphia, 7.

Franklin, Sarah, offer of marriage, 76; leaves Philadelphia to escape Stamp Act riots, 109; marriage to Richard Bache, 203.

Franklin, Temple, assists his grandfather in Paris, 273, 343, 347; neglected by Congress, 417.

Franklin, William, birth, 16; refuses to marry Mary Stevenson, 76; appointed governor of New Jersey, 85; becomes a Tory and alienated from his father, 85; partial reconciliation, 85, 401.

"Free Ships and Free Goods," doctrine upheld by Franklin, 287.

"French and Indian War," 49-58; conflict inevitable, 44, 50; inequality of combatants, 50; Braddock's expedition, 51-55; outcome of war, 78.

French Revolution, applauded by Franklin, 415.

Gadsden, Christopher, 107, 111.

Galloway, Joseph, speech against Pennsylvania Proprietors, 94; defeated for reelection, 97.

Gates, General, captor of Burgoyne, 272, 280, 298.

"Gentleman's Magazine," praises Franklin's examination before Commons, 121.

George III., desires peace with France, 78; displaces Grenville, 114; favorable opinion of Franklin towards, 126, 127; hatred of Shelburne, 148, 150; vexed with Hillsborough, 160; hatred of Franklin, 284; supposed to be author of De Weissenstein letter, 358; makes Shelburne prime minister, 372.

George IV., interview with Austin, 271.

Georgia, appoints Franklin its agent, 138.

Gerard, M., asks for proposals for alliance, 274; negotiates treaty, 274, 275; arranges reciprocity with Franklin, 278; signs treaty, 279; minister to United States, 285; claims credit of having defeated Lee's schemes, 298.

Gibbon, remark on diplomatic events in 1777, 280.

Grand, M., banker for Franklin, 314, 327, 336.

Granville, Lord, interview with Franklin, 66; asserts that king is legislator for the colonies, 66; defends English colonial system, 67.

Greene, General, his remark on meeting Franklin, 210.

Grenville, George, proposes enforcement of colonial trade regulations, 104; introduces Stamp Act, 104; honesty of his intentions, 105, 143; unmoved by Franklin's protest, 106; asks Franklin to name a distributer, 108; views on parliamentary power over America, 117; loss of prestige, 143.

Grenville, Thomas, sent by Fox to treat with France and with the United States, 366; preposterous offer to Vergennes, 367; relations with Franklin, 368, 369; difficulty over his commission, 371; recalled, 372; remark on self-seeking of France, 395.

Guadaloupe. See Canada.

Hale, Edward E., quoted, 234, 238, 242, 281, 290, 303.

Hall, David, fellow workman of Franklin, 9; taken into partnership, 39.

Hamilton, Alexander, mentioned, 344; opposes Franklin's motion to open sessions of Constitutional Convention with prayer, 409.

Hamilton, governor of Pennsylvania, superseded, 87.

Harrison, Benjamin, on committee with Franklin, 209.

Hartley, David, character and friendship with Franklin, 256; aids American prisoners, 256; tries to arrange exchanges, 258; unable to hasten matters, 261; finally succeeds, 262; cautions Franklin against a French alliance, 272; sends copies of conciliatory bills to Franklin, 281; visits him, 282; warning to Franklin, 288; proposes a truce, 359; letters to, 360, 364.

Harvard College makes Franklin Master of Arts, 43.

Henry, Patrick, 107, 111.

Hillsborough, Earl of, replaces Shelburne in charge of the colonies, 151, 157; Franklin's opinion of, 151; holds that colonial agents were illegally appointed, 152; interview and dispute with Franklin, 153-157; angry at Franklin's retort, 157; refuses to recognize Franklin as agent, 157; his theory followed by board of trade, 158; loses prestige, 159; disliked by George III., 160; tries to prevent granting of barrier colonies, 160-162; his action reversed by privy council at Franklin's suggestion, 163; resigns, 163; resentment against Franklin, 164.

Hortalez & Co. See Beaumarchais.

Howe, Lord, negotiations with Franklin in England, 202; tries to mediate in America, 213; arranges a conference with Franklin, Adams, and Rutledge, 214, 215; fails to find common ground, 216.

Hughes, ——, named stamp distributer at Franklin's suggestion, 108.

Hume, David, 75.

Hunter, William, 43.

Hutchinson, Anne, 178 note.

Hutchinson, Governor, disputes over parliamentary taxation with Massachusetts Assembly, 166; vexes Dartmouth, 167; writes letters urging ministry to take severe measures in Boston, 177; value of his advice to ministry, 178 note; petition for his removal, 183; advises detention of Franklin, 196.

Hutchinson Letters, 177-193; shown to Franklin, 177; sent by him to America under pledge of secrecy, 178; published, 179; manner of transmission unknown, 180; quarrel between Temple and Whately, 181; responsibility taken by Franklin, 182, 183; question as to honorableness of his action, 184; attack on Franklin before Privy Council, 185-191; incident ruins Franklin's standing, 193.

Ignorance of English concerning America, 132, 134, 135, 137.

Indians, Franklin's dealings with, 40, 44; their opinion of rum, 41; hated in Pennsylvania, 83, 87.

Independence of colonies, dreaded in England, 49, 66, 79, 106; its possibility denied by Franklin, 81, 82, 83, 108, 197; foreseen by Pratt, Choiseul, Vergennes, 83; its approach recognized by Franklin, 107, 171; repudiated by Congress, 211; declaration of, 212.

Internal and external taxation, dispute concerning difference, 130; identity upheld by Grenville, 130; by Townshend, 149; denied by Franklin, 130, 131.

Ireland, suggested as possible member of Confederation by Franklin, 208.

Izard, rank as diplomate, 220; sides with Lee against Franklin, 278; quarrel with Franklin, 279; attacks Deane and Franklin, 290; charges against Franklin, 292, 298, 399; extravagant demands for money, 297, 299, 314; letter of Franklin to, 314.

Jackson, William, buys supplies in Holland, 328, 329; draws on Franklin, 329; damages American credit, 329; complications about goods, 330; his pro-slavery speech in Congress, 416.

Jay, John, his "conscience" in Congress, 208; rank as diplomate, 220; humiliating situation as financial agent in Spain, 307; inability to raise money, 307, 321; helped by Franklin, 307, 322, 332, 333, 335; defers to Franklin's opinion, 342; recognizes importance of Franklin's position, 346; appointed commissioner to treat for peace, 349; sent for by Franklin to aid in treating, 370; illness, 372; insists on recognition of independence in Oswald's commission, 373; suspects Vergennes' motives, 373; is certain that Vergennes is secretly working against United States, 375; persuades Shelburne to grant the new commission, 376; wishes to negotiate without Vergennes, 378; arranges boundaries and Mississippi navigation in the treaty, 380; indignant at congressional reproof, 388; dissuaded by Franklin from replying, 388; testimony in behalf of Franklin, 390, 399; freedom from quarrels, 390; the real leader in the negotiations, 391.

Jefferson, Thomas, mentioned, 212; declines mission to France, 232; appointed commissioner to treat for peace, 349; arrival in Paris, 398; succeeds Franklin, 398; describes his popularity, 398; on Franklin's calumniators, 399.

Jones, John Paul, his daring exploits, 300, 301; supported by Franklin, 301; advised by him, 301.

"Junto," club founded by Franklin, 34; becomes a political engine, 34, 35.

Kames, Lord, 75; letters to, 77, 83.

Kant, Immanuel, calls Franklin Prometheus, 60.

Keimer, ——, Franklin's employer in Philadelphia, 6, 11; prints a newspaper and sells out to Franklin, 12.

Keith, Sir William, governor of Pennsylvania, proposes to set Franklin up as printer, 6; tricks him into sailing to England, 7, 8.

Knox, ——, agent of Georgia, favors Stamp Act, 105.

Lafayette, Marquis de, recommended by Franklin, 246; brings Franklin's commission, 298; tries to help Franklin raise money, 333.

Landais, French captain of American vessel, 302; refuses to obey Franklin, 302; goes insane, 302, 303.

Laurens, Henry, rank as diplomate, 220; complains of Franklin's neglect, 264; captured, 324; appointed commissioner to treat for peace, 349; letter from Franklin to, 390; confidence in Franklin, 399.

Laurens, John, great expenses in Holland, 238, 329.

Lee, Arthur, appointed by Massachusetts to succeed Franklin as her agent on his departure from England, 141; praised by Franklin, 141; slanders him, 141; unable to help Franklin when attacked before Privy Council, 185; circulates rumors of Franklin's treachery, 194; still praised by Franklin, 194; succeeds Franklin, 203; rank as diplomate, 220; influences Beaumarchais, 226; appointed Franklin's colleague in France, 232; suspects Deane and Beaumarchais, 238; prevents Congress from sending them goods, 239; ruins Deane, 239, 240; slanders Williams, 265; secures his removal, 266; joins with Franklin against Deane, 270; description of secret meetings of Vergennes with commissioners, 274; jealousy of Franklin, the cake episode, 275; objects to reciprocity with French West Indies, 277; tries to reverse action taken on it, 278; rage with Franklin at not being told of sailing of Gerard and Deane, 290; his evil influence at home, 291; general unpopularity, 291, 317; virulent hatred of Franklin, 292; extravagant slanders, 292, 293, 297; excessive demands for money, 297, 299, 314, 316; sent to Madrid, 298; refuses to give up papers of French embassy, 299; prevents a Spanish loan by his imprudence, 317; defers to Franklin, 342; influence in prejudicing Massachusetts against Franklin, 399.

Lee, John, counsel for Franklin in Hutchinson letters affair, 187, 188.

Lee, William, rank as diplomate, 220; offended at appointment of Jonathan Williams, 265; sides with Arthur Lee against terms of French treaty, 278; makes charges against Franklin, 298.

Lexington, fight at, 204.

Library, established by Franklin, 20; parent of later subscription libraries, 20.

Livingston, R. R., letters of Franklin to, 323, 335; letters from, asking money, 333, 334; condemns commissioners for making treaty without French advice, 388.

"London Chronicle" publishes Franklin's letters to Shirley, 47.

Loudoun, Lord, appointed military head of colonies, 64; his procrastination and inefficiency, 65.

Louis XVI., puzzled by Beaumarchais' zeal for the colonies, 226; sides with Turgot in opposing intervention, 228; compliments American envoys, 283; civilities to Franklin, 401.

Lovell, James, Franklin's letter to, 312.

Luzerne, Chevalier de la, French minister to the United States, 351, 363, 387.

Lynch, ——, on committee with Franklin, 209.

Mansfield, Lord, arranges settlement of Penn dispute with Franklin, 70, 71; upholds parliamentary power over colonies, 118; condemns a pamphlet of Franklin's, 136.

Massachusetts appoints Franklin its agent, 138; fails to pay him, 139; quarrels with Hutchinson over parliamentary supremacy, 166; petitions for removal of Hutchinson and Oliver, 183; rebukes Franklin for carelessness, 194.

Mauduit, ——, agent for Hutchinson, 185.

Meredith, ——, Franklin's partner, 11, 12.

Mirabeau, eulogy on Franklin, 419.

Molasses trade, its importance to the colonies, 276; remarks of Adams upon, 276; secured in French treaty, 277-279.

Morris, Robert, offended at appointment of Jonathan Williams, 265; appointed treasurer, 304; complete reliance on Franklin, 307; urges Franklin to suggest to Vergennes to help America to raise a loan at Madrid, 331; drafts on Franklin, 333-336; letters of Franklin to, 333, 334, 335, 336; directs Franklin to leave surplus, if any, to M. Grand, 336.

Morris, Thomas, rank as diplomate, 220; commercial agent at Nantes, 264; his incompetence, 264, 265, 311.

Navy, United States, supported by Franklin, 300-303.

Necker, induced by Franklin to guarantee a loan, 328.

New Jersey, appoints Franklin its agent, 138.

"New England Courant," printed under Franklin's name, 5.

Noailles, Marquis de, announces to England alliance of French with United States, 284.

Non-importation, its effectiveness against the Stamp Act, 115, 116; urged later by Franklin, 173, 175; acts like "protection," 173; its effects upon the East India Company, 175; other effects, 176.

Norris, Isaac, declines to represent Pennsylvania against the Proprietors in England, 63; resigns speakership rather than sign petition, 94.

North, Lord, chancellor of exchequer, 151; at Privy Council hearing, 190; attempts to bribe Franklin, 202; permits Hartley to correspond with Franklin, 256; forced by Burgoyne's surrender to attempt conciliation with colonies, 280; twitted by Fox with French and American alliance, 281; receives news of Cornwallis's surrender, 363; tries to alienate France from the States, 363, 364; resigns, 364.

Oliver, Lieutenant-Governor, his letters, 177; petition for his removal, 183.

Oswald, Richard, sent by Shelburne to discuss peace with Franklin, 365; second visit, 366; fruitless interview with Franklin, 367; preferred to Grenville by Franklin, 371; continues negotiation, 372; difficulty over his commission, 373; receives satisfactory commission, 376; agrees to a draft treaty, 377.

Otis, James, opposition to Stamp Act, 107, 111.

Oxford University makes Franklin Doctor of Laws, 75.

Parliament, supremacy of, over colonies, denied by Franklin, 47; asserted by Shirley, 46; by Parliament, 64; Stamp Act raises question, 110; denied by Pitt, 114, 117; debate over declaratory resolution in Parliament, 118; arguments of Franklin before Commons, 124-126; distinction between internal and external taxes, 130; debates under Dartmouth's ministry, 167-170.

Parton, James, Life of Franklin, quoted, 3, 16, 23, 36, 97, 208, 222, 232, 240, 241, 271, 281, 283, 407, 415, 419.

"Paxton massacre," 87-89; Paxton boys threaten Indians in Philadelphia, 88; overawed by Franklin's preparations, 89; unpopularity of latter with lower classes, 90.

Pelham, Henry, said to have planned a Stamp Act, 104.

Penn family, proprietaries, strained relations with people, 49, 60; refuse to allow lands to be taxed by Assembly, 61, 62; interviews with Franklin, 67; complain to Pennsylvania of him, 68; endeavor to get taxing acts disallowed, 69; denied by the board of trade, 70, 72; continue struggle with Assembly, 90; their corrupt practices, 94, 95; famous epitaph by Franklin, 95; his hostility later diminished, 95.

Penn, John, appointed governor of Pennsylvania, 87; agreeable beginning of administration, 87; protected and directed by Franklin at time of Paxton massacre, 89; vetoes bills of the Assembly, 90, 91.

Penn, Thomas, wishes Parliament to tax colonies, 49, 64.

Penn, William, suggests colonial union, 44.

Pennsylvania, reluctance to take military measures, 39, 49, 52; controversy with proprietors, 60-64, 69, 72, 73, 90-99; desires to be a crown colony, 63, 64, 91-93; labors of Franklin in behalf of, 66-72, 101, 102; adopts a state constitution, 211; chooses Franklin president of legislature, 403, 404.

"Pennsylvania Gazette," published by Franklin, 12; its character and success, 13, 23; Franklin's writings in, 44.

Pitt, William, refuses audience to Franklin, 74; opposes Stamp Act, 114, 117; upholds American claim to self-taxation, 117; denies parliamentary power over colonies, 118; reorganizes cabinet, 147; supports Shelburne, 148; becomes Earl of Chatham, 148; loses control of affairs, 148, 150; statue erected in America, 149; interview with Franklin, 196; compliments Franklin in House of Lords, 198.

"Plain Truth," effect upon Pennsylvania, 39.

"Poor Richard's Almanac," 21; its character and influence, 22; wit and wisdom, 22, 23.

Pownall, Governor, favors barrier Western colonies, 57.

Pratt, Attorney-General [see Camden, Lord].

Price, Dr., humorous message of Franklin to, 217, 218.

Priestley, Dr., present at Privy Council hearing, 190; describes Franklin's last day with him in London, 203; letters of Franklin to, 204, 217; protects Austin, 271.

Prisoners, exchange of, difficulties attending, 252, 253; hardships of American prisoners, 253, 254, 255; refusal of British to consider them prisoners of war, 254; efforts of Franklin to secure this recognition, 255-264; correspondence with Hartley, 256-262; proposes exchange "on account," 258, 260; final success, 262, 263; refusal to exchange privateer prisoners, 263; retaliation suggested, 263.

Privateers, their feats in English waters, 248, 249; protected and commissioned by Franklin, 250, 252.

Prussia, treaty with, signed by Franklin, 397.

Pulteney, William, visits Franklin with a view to peace, 357.

Ralph, James, 9.

Rayneval, F. M. G. de, secretary to Vergennes, 375; argues with Jay against American claims to Western lands, 375; secret journey to London, 375.

Representation in Parliament, colonial, proposed by Shirley, 48; by others, 127, 128; views of Franklin, 48, 49, 128, 129.

Robertson, Dr., 75.

Rockingham, Marquis of, prime minister, 115; decides to repeal Stamp Act, 118; on importance of Franklin's arrival in France, 234; forms cabinet after Yorktown, 365; death, 372.

"Rules for reducing a great empire to a small one," 136; condemned by Mansfield, 136, 137.

Rutledge, Edward, on committee to treat with Lord Howe, 214, 215, 216.

Sandwich, Lord, attacks Franklin in House of Lords, 198.

Saville, Sir George, friendly to America, 282.

Shelburne, Earl of, friendly to America, 147; administers colonial affairs, 147; hampered by Townshend, 148; and hated by George III., 148, 149; superseded by Hillsborough, 151; protects Austin, 271; timely letter of Franklin to, 365; enters Rockingham cabinet, 365; sends Oswald to Franklin, 365; unwilling to admit independence of colonies, 367; idea of a federal union, 367; difficulties with Fox, 366, 370, 372; becomes prime minister, 372; assures Franklin of continuation of previous policy toward America, 372; issues vague commission to Oswald, 372; appealed to by Jay not to be led by Vergennes, 376; his liberal views, 376; gives new commission, 376; his anxiety over the concession, 377; earnest in behalf of Tories, 381, 382; finally yields, 382; condemned in England and loses office, 383.

Shirley, governor of Massachusetts, proposes scheme of colonial union, 46; discussion with Franklin, 47-49; appoints auditors for claims under Braddock's expedition, 54; his success as a soldier explained by Franklin, 56.

Sieyes, M., 419.

Spain, secretly aids Beaumarchais, 229; aid asked in recognizing United States, 274, 275, 279; gives slight financial aid, 307, 317, 321; interests in America threaten to prolong war, 369; or divide France and States, 370; tries to prevent States gaining Western lands, 380.

Stamp Act, causes leading to it, 102, 103; colonial taxation proposed by Townshend, 103; plan resumed by Grenville, 104, 105; protests of colonial agents disregarded, 106; passed, 106; opinion of Franklin concerning, 106; causes violent outbreak in Pennsylvania, 109; in other colonies, 110; rouses opposition among Grenville's opponents, 114; among English exporters who find trade cut down, 115, 116; attacked by Pitt, 117; its repeal decided on, 118; way paved by a declaratory resolution of its validity, 118; debated, 118; examination of Franklin as to its effects, 119-123; effect on English sentiment, 121; testimony as to colonial feeling, 122; argument as to colonial right of self-taxation, 124; repealed, 132, 133; popular rejoicing in England, 133; in America, 133, 134; causes for repeal, 142; repeal caused by union of diverse elements, 143.

St. Andrews University makes Franklin Doctor of Laws, 75.

St. Asaph, Bishop of, friend to America, 282; visits Franklin at Portsmouth, 401; letters to, 409, 414.

Steuben, Baron, recommended by Franklin, 246.

Stevenson, Mary, scientific tastes, 76; wished by Franklin to marry his son, 76; letters to, 86, 101.

Stiles, Ezra, letter to, 28.

Stormont, Lord, English ambassador to France, complains of Beaumarchais, 230; threatens to leave if Franklin is allowed to come to Paris, 234; refuses to communicate with Franklin, 253; recalled, 285.

Strachey, Henry, sent to Paris by Shelburne, 377.

Strahan, William, offers his son to marry Franklin's daughter, 76; letters to, 77, 84, 205.

Sullivan, General, carries message of Lord Howe to Congress, 214.

Temple, ——, suspected of having sent Hutchinson letters to America, 181; calls on Whately to exonerate him, 181; quarrel and duel, 182; exculpated by Franklin, 182.

Thomson, Charles, letters to, 106, 417.

Thornton, Major, agent of Franklin to aid prisoners, 257.

Townshend, Charles, proposes colonial taxation, 103; goes out of office, 104; hostility to colonies, 116; willing to repeal Stamp Act, 143; chancellor of exchequer, 147; favored by George III., 148; renews proposal to draw a revenue from America, 149; proposes disciplining New York, 150; introduces bill for American customs duties, 150; death, 151.

"Townshend duties," introduction, 150; passage, 150; non-importation used against, 174-175; effect in destroying revenue, 175; and increasing cost of collection, 176.

Treaty of peace, early suggestions of peace without independence by Pulteney, 357; by "Charles de Weissenstein," 357, 358; latter supposed to be George III., 358; answered by Franklin, 358, 359; proposals by Hartley, 359; high tone of Franklin's replies, 361; effects of capture of Cornwallis, 363; efforts by Lord North to divide the States and France, 363; repudiated by Franklin and by Vergennes, 364; fall of North cabinet, 364; formation of Rockingham cabinet, friendly to America, 365; Shelburne sends Oswald to see Franklin and Vergennes, 365; plan of separate treaty with America again rejected, 365; Laurens brings same news from Adams, 365; Franklin suggests certain concessions, 366, 371; rivalry of Fox and Shelburne, 366; both send emissaries, 366; dealings of Grenville with Vergennes and Franklin, 367-370; possibility that to avoid prolonging war on Spain's account, the States might treat separately, 369; difficulties over Grenville's and Oswald's commissions, 371; retirement of Fox and Grenville from Shelburne ministry, 372; Oswald resumes negotiation, 372; debate over form of his commission, 373-377; Jay and Adams overrule Franklin, 374; their suspicions of French friendliness, 374-376; Jay persuades Shelburne to yield his objections, 376; negotiations resumed, 377; draft agreed upon but rejected by English, 377; difficulties of American commissioners on account of their instructions, 377, 378; Adams and Jay again overrule Franklin and determine not to follow French advice, 379; boundaries agreed upon, 380; fisheries, 380; responsibility of Franklin for dispute over indemnification of Tories, 380; a deadlock, 381; counter-claims suggested by Franklin, 381, 382; Shelburne yields, 382; provisional articles signed, 383; condemnation of treaty in England, 383; real success of Americans, 384; anger of Vergennes, 384, 385, 387; Franklin's reply, 386; condemnation in America, 388; justification of Adams and Jay, 391, 392, 396.

Truxton, Commodore, 401.

Turgot, opposes France's aiding colonies, 227, 228; on French poverty, 319.

University of Pennsylvania, founded by Franklin, 37.

Vaughan, Benjamin, sent by Shelburne to Paris, 372; carries Jay's message to Shelburne, 376; fears failure of treaty over royalist indemnity, 381.

Vergennes, Comte de, predicts American independence, 83; favors policy of aiding colonies to weaken England, 227; gets control of king's foreign policy, 229; establishes Beaumarchais as Hortalez & Co., 229; maintains outward neutrality, 230, 231; avoids a quarrel on Franklin's account with English ambassadors, 234; meets the commissioners, 237; tries to suppress license of colonial privateers, 250, 251; self-interest of his policy toward America, 252; secret interview with envoys, 274; liberal dealings with States, 285; keeps departure of Gerard and Deane secret, 290; suspects Lee's secretary of being a spy, 290; dislike for Lee, 291; complains of exorbitant financial demands, 325, 328, 333; appealed to by Morris to help American credit in Spain, 331; confidence in Franklin, 345; antipathy to Adams, 350; angry at proposal to scale American paper money, 350; insists that French creditors be spared, 351; appeals to Franklin against Adams, 352; advises against answering "De Weissenstein," 359; trusted by Franklin, 362, 378; refuses to treat with England apart from United States, 364; amused at Grenville's proposal, 368; puzzled at discord between Grenville and Oswald, 370; advises commissioners not to quibble over wording of Oswald's commission, 373; suspected by Jay, 373, 375; succeeds in having American ultimatum reduced to independence, 378; and commissioners instructed to follow his advice, 378; suspected by Adams, 379; praises success of treaty, 383; informed of the conclusion of preliminary articles, 384; angry note to Franklin, 385; to Luzerne, 387; personal regard for Franklin, 387, 393, 398; apparent generosity, 393-396.

"Virtual" representation of the colonies in Parliament, 129; Pitt's opinion, 117; Franklin's, 129.

Voltaire, relations with Franklin, 288, 289.

Walpole, Horace, remarks on Franklin's voyage to France, 232; receives private news of French and American alliance, 281.

Walpole, Robert, said to have planned a stamp tax, 104.

Walpole, Thomas, astonished at Franklin's proposed memorial to Dartmouth, 200; advises Franklin not to present it, but to leave England, 201, 202; receives private news of French and American alliance, 281.

Washington, George, mentioned, 206, 209, 267, 298, 307, 328, 344, 358; harassed by foreign military adventurers, 242; relieved by Franklin, 245; comparison of services with those of Franklin, 308, 339, 404, 407; supported for president by Franklin, 412.

Wedderburn, Alexander, solicitor-general and counsel for Hutchinson and Oliver, 186; bitter attack on Franklin before Privy Council, 188, 189.

West, the, its expansion foreseen by Franklin, 57, 83, 84.

West India Islands, suggested as members of Confederation by Franklin, 208.

Whately, Thomas, denies knowledge of Hutchinson letters, 181; refuses to exculpate Temple, 181; quarrel and duel, 182; exculpated by Franklin, 182; sues him, 187.

Whately, William, recipient of Hutchinson letters, as secretary of Grenville, 180.

Whitehead, ——, deceived by a satire of Franklin, 135, 136.

Wickes, ——, colonial privateer, 248.

Williams, Jonathan, rank as diplomate, 220; appointed naval agent by Franklin, 264; accused of dishonesty by the Lees, 265; dismissed, 266;thereafterward ill-treated by Congress, 266.

Wyndham, Sir William, wishes Franklin to open a swimming-school in London, 10.

Yale College makes Franklin Master of Arts, 43.

Yorke, Charles, solicitor-general, counsel for Penn family, 68.

THE END