FOOTNOTES:

[2] Professor C.H. Van Tyne, of the University of Michigan, has recently found new material in the Paris Archives, notably a Vergennes memoir of 1782 and memoirs presented by the ministers at the time of forming the treaty, which to his mind proves conclusively that the Government would never have formed the alliance with America had it not been convinced that otherwise the colonies were prepared to join England in the conquest of the French West Indies.

GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY

A BRIEF LIST OF BOOKS FOR THE STUDY OF COLONIAL HISTORY

1. Adams, J. Familiar Letters of John Adams and His Wife Abigail Adams. Boston, 1875.

2. Andrews, C.M. The Colonial Period. New York, 1912.

3. Beer, G.L. The Origins of the British Colonial System, 1578-1660. New York, 1908. The Old Colonial System, 1660-1754. Part I. The Establishment of the System, 1660-1688. 2 vols. New York, 1912. British Colonial Policy, 1754-1765. New York, 1907.

4. Bruce, P.A. The Economic History of Virginia. 2 vols. New York, 1896.

5. Channing, E. History of the United States. Vols. I-III. New York, 1905-1912.

6. Eggleston, E. The Beginners of America. Philadelphia, 1897. The Transit of Civilization. Philadelphia, 1901.

7. Ellis, G.E. The Puritan Age and Rule in the Colony of Massachusetts Bay, 1629-1685. Boston, 1888.

8. Fisher, S.G. The Struggle for American Independence. 2 vols. Philadelphia, 1908.

9. Fiske, J. The Discovery of America. 2 vols. Boston, 1893. The Beginnings of New England. Boston, 1892. Old Virginia and Her Neighbours. 2 vols. Boston, 1897. The Dutch and Quaker Colonies. 2 vols. Boston, 1900. New France and New England. Boston, 1902.

10. Ford, P.L. The True George Washington. Philadelphia, 1897.

11. Franklin, B. The Life of Benjamin Franklin Written by Himself. 3 vols. Philadelphia, 1881.

12. Hart, A.B. American History Told by Contemporaries. 4 vols. New York, 1887.

13. Hart, A.B. The American Nation. 27 vols. New York, 1904-1907 (first nine volumes).

14. Henry, W.W. Patrick Henry; Life, Correspondence, and Speeches. 3 vols. New York, 1891.

15. Hutchinson, P.O. Diary and Letters of Thomas Hutchinson. 2 vols. Boston, 1884.

16. Jameson, J.F. Original Narratives of Early American History. 15 vols. New York, 1906-1914. (Especially valuable are the following: Bourne, E.G. The Northmen, Columbus, and Cabot; Hosmer, J.K. Winthrop's Journal. 2 vols.; Davis, W.T. Bradford's History of Plymouth Plantation, Burr, G.L. Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases.)

17. Lecky, W.E.H. The American Revolution. New York, 1912.

18. MacDonald, W. Select Charters and Other Documents. New York, 1906.

19. Osgood, H.L. The American Colonies in the 17th Century. 3 vols. New York, 1904-1907.

20. Parkman, F. Frontenac and New France. Boston. 1877. Half Century of Conflict. 2 vols. Boston. 1892. Montcalm and Wolfe. 2 vols. Boston, 1891.

21. Trevelyan, G.O. The American Revolution. 4 vols. New York, 1905-07.

22. Tyler, M.C. The Literary History of the American Revolution. 2 vols. New York, 1897.

23. Walker, W. History of Congregationalism in America. New York, 1899.

24. Weeden, W.B. The Economic and Social History of New England. 2 vols. Boston, 1890.

25. Wells, W.V. The Life and Public Services of Samuel Adams. 2 vols. Boston, 1865.

26. Wendell, B. Cotton Mather. New York. 1891.



INDEX

Abraham, Plains of, 159.

Account of the Province of Pennsylvania, William Penn's, 134.

Acts of Trade. See Navigation Acts.

Adams, John, social rank, 166; influenced by English writers, 171; religious ideas, 197; demands a "more equal liberty," 202, 240; on the Stamp Act, 221, 225; defends officers concerned in the "Massacre," 230; complains of desertion by the people, 231; dines with the Sons of Liberty, 238; opposition to the Hutchinsons and Olivers, 243; in the First Continental Congress, 246; urges a declaration of independence, 251; negotiator of Treaty of 1783, 271.

Adams, Samuel, opposes Sugar Act, 218; and the Stamp Act, 220; deserted by his friends, 231; promotes patriotic meetings, 238; in the First Continental Congress, 245; one of earliest to desire independence, 248.

Aden, 15.

Admiralty courts, established, 145, 146; fall under control of assemblies, 151; jurisdiction extended, 208.

Africa, 17, 18, 168.

Aggawam, Cobler of, 65.

Albany, Congress of. See Congress.

Albemarle Sound, 129.

Albuquerque, 27.

Alexandria, 5.

Allyon, 32.

Almon, John, 231.

Alva, Duke of, 37.

Amboina, 27.

America, Hakluyt's account of, 47.

American Whig Society at Princeton, 194.

Amherst, Jeffrey, 210.

Amsterdam, 37.

Amusements in Massachusetts, laws against, 116.

Anabaptists, 108.

Andros, Sir Edmund, 132, 145.

Androscoggin, 175.

Anglican Church, established in Massachusetts, 122; frontier communities opposed to, 183; disestablished in Virginia, 241.

Anglican episcopate, fear of, 190, 196.

Annapolis, 273.

Anti-ministerial spirit in Massachusetts, 119.

Antioch, 5.

Antwerp, 6, 36, 37.

Arabia, 13.

Arianism in New England, 189.

Aristocracy, in Virginia, 72; and colonial politics, 165; in Massachusetts, 168; frontier communities opposed to, 182; the Revolution a movement in opposition to, 240.

Aristotle, 23.

Armada, defeat of the, 43.

"Armed neutrality," 270.

Arminianism in New England, 189.

Army, the Revolutionary, character of, 254, 255, 259; supplied from Virginia, 262; causes of weakness of, 263; attitude toward Congress, 263, 264; frontier troops in, 265, 268; French troops cooeperate with, 269; willing to make Washington king, 273.

Arnold, Benedict, 268, 269.

"Art of Virtue." Franklin's idea of religion as the, 198.

Articles of Confederation, 252, 264.

Asia, relation between Europe and, 1, 7, 10-12, 16.

Assembly. See Government.

Assiento, the, 150.

Assistants, Board of. See Government, Massachusetts.

Associated Loyalists, 268.

Association of the First Continental Congress, 247; creates the Loyalist party, 247, 248; why conservatives voted for, 250. See Non-importation agreements.

Atlantis, 23.

Augsburg, 6.

Austin, Anne, 108.

Austrian Succession, War of the, 203.

Azores, 168.

Back country. See Frontier.

Backwoodsmen. See Frontier.

Bacon, Francis, 38, 197.

Bacon, Nathaniel, 76, 79, 80.

Bacon, Roger, 23.

Bagdad, 5.

Bahamas, the, 128.

Balance of trade. See Trade.

Balboa, 28.

Baltimore, Lord, 64-66, 146.

Banda, 27.

Barbados, 108, 128, 129, 138.

Barcelona, 6.

Barrowe, Henry, 88.

Basle, 6.

Beckford, William, 149.

Bellamy, Rev. Mr., 185.

Bellomont, Earl of, 141, 148.

Berkeley, George, 171.

Berkeley, John, Lord, 132, 133.

Berkeley, Sir William, 30, 76, 79.

Berkshires, 179.

Bernard, Gov. Francis, 203; advises remodeling colonial governments, 206; opposes Grenville's measures, 208, 218; on the Virginia Resolutions, 241.

Bible Commonwealth, ideal of a, 112 ff. See Massachusetts Bay.

Bienville, Celoron de, 154, 156.

Bills of credit. See Currency.

Blair, Rev. Samuel, 189.

Bland, Richard, 228.

Blathwayt, William, 77.

Blue Ridge Mountains, 176, 179.

Board of Trade, created, 145; system for colonial control, 146; advises recall of charters, 146; decline of influence, 148; and the establishment of a civil list, 164; prepares scheme for colonial defense, 212.

"Body of Liberties," 99.

Bokhara, 5.

Bolingbroke, Henry St. John, Viscount, 126, 171.

Boonesboro, 265.

Bordentown, 256.

Borderers. See Frontier.

Boston, 95, 109, 120, 168.

Boston Church, 102, 119, 122.

Boston "Massacre," 226, 230.

Boston Port Bill, 234.

"Boston Seat," 234.

Boston "Tea Party," 233.

Boundaries, established by the Treaty of 1783, 271.

Bourgeois, the, 81 ff.

"Brace of Adamses," 243.

Braddock expedition, 157.

Bradford, William, 65, 90, 113.

Bradstreet, Governor of Massachusetts Bay, 121.

Brandywine, battle of, 257.

Brewster, William, 88.

Bristol, 223.

Browne, Robert, 87, 88, 101.

Brownists, 87 ff.

Bruges, 6.

Buccaneers, 41, 140.

Bullion. See Precious metals.

Burgesses, the Virginia House of, 75 ff.

Burgoyne's expedition, 256, 257.

Burnaby, Richard, 161, 162.

Bute, John Stuart, Earl of, 206.

Byllinge, Edward, 133.

Byrd, the first William, 73, 76, 175; the second William, 167; the third William, 170, 176, 185.

Cabot, 39.

Cadamosto, 21.

Cadiz, 44, 150.

Cahokia, 153, 266.

Cairo, 5.

Calicut, 5.

Cam, Diego, 21.

Cambulac, 8.

Camden, settlement of, 153.

Camden, Lord, 223.

Canada. See France in America.

Cape Fear, 128.

Cape Non, 18.

Cape of Good Hope, 22.

Carolinas, founding of the, 128 ff. See North Carolina; South Carolina.

Carpenter's Hall, 245.

Carpini, 9.

Cartagena, 43.

Carteret, Sir George, 132, 133.

Cartier, Jacques, 39.

Cathay, 10.

Cavalier migration, 72.

Cavendish, 45.

Ceuta, 20.

Ceylon, 8.

Chalons, 6.

Champlain, 45.

Charlemagne, 2.

Charles I, 63, 86, 90, 91.

Charles II, 125, 127.

Charles V, 28, 34.

Charles River, 128.

Charleston, 152, 166, 232, 262.

Charlestown, 95.

Charlottesburg, 153.

Charter, of Connecticut, 106; of Massachusetts Bay, 91, 96, 106; of Virginia, 55, 58.

Chartres, Fort, 153.

Chateaubriand, epigram on the Revolution, 202.

Chatham. See Pitt, William.

Cherokees. See Trade, Indian.

Cherry Valley, 179.

China, 5, 16.

Chocktaws. See Trade, Indian.

Christmas festivals in Massachusetts, 116.

Church, the Reformation and the Catholic, 80 ff.

Church covenant, 96, 112, 114.

City of God, Puritan ideal of the, 84.

Civic virtue, religion identified with, 194; Revolutionary philosophy influenced by classic ideal of, 239.

Clarendon, Earl of, 128.

Clark, George Rogers, 265-67.

Class conflict in the Revolution, 240.

Classes. See Social conditions.

Clergy. See Massachusetts Bay.

Clinton, Sir Henry, succeeds Howe, policy of raids, 261; expedition to South Carolina, 262; driven out of North Carolina, 268; orders Cornwallis to fortify Yorktown, 269.

Cliosophic Society at Princeton, 194.

Coddington, William, 103.

Coercive Acts, 233, 234.

Colden, Cadwallader, 208, 217, 221.

Coligny's colony destroyed, 39.

Colleton, Sir John, 128.

Colonial control, English system of, established, 134, 145, 146; in the eighteenth century, 147; attitude of Walpole and Newcastle toward, 151; effect of Austrian war on, 152; frontier defense and, 154; Seven Years' War proves inadequacy of, 157; new policy of, 203; effect of Seven Years' War on, 214; opposition to Grenville's policy of, 215 ff.; effect of tea episode on policy of, 233. See Defense.

Colonial government. See Government.

Colonial governors. See Governors.

Colonial Manufactures Act, 151.

Colonial rights, Franklin on, 202; Bernard contrasts English and American ideas of, 203; Stamp Act raises question of, 214; the Townshend Acts and, 227; apparent settlement of dispute over, 231; revived by the Coercive Acts, 234; fundamental reasons for dispute over, 234; breach widened by every discussion of, 237; influence of classic ideals on patriot ideas of, 239; religious spirit characterizes patriot conception of, 240; class struggle in America accentuated by dispute over, 240; unfranchised classes active in the defense of, 244; effect of the Revolutionary war on the question of, 267.

Colonies, begin to be valuable, 127; important for English trade, 137; special value of the plantation type of, 138.

Colonization of America, motives leading to the, 46, 66-68, 70, 86, 89-94, 113, 118, 128, 130-34, 177; revival of interest in the, 126; effect of civil war on, 127; decline of interest in, 147.

Columbus, Bartholomew, 27.

Columbus, Christopher, 1, 2, 22-26.

Commerce. See Trade.

Commercial code. See Colonial control.

Commission merchants, employed by Southern planters, 167.

Commissioners, Board of, 226.

Commissioners of peace, 261.

Committees of the Association, 247.

Committees of Trade and Plantations, 140.

Communication. See Intercourse.

Company of Massachusetts Bay. See Massachusetts Bay.

Conciliation, conservatives hope for, 249; North's Resolutions of, 250; patriots renounce hope of, 251; renewed offer of, 261.

Concord, 175.

Congress, Albany, 156-58, 204, 212; First Continental, 234, 245, 250; Second Continental, influenced by reports from England, 250; issues paper money, 259, 260; moves to Baltimore, 255; influence declines, 262; relations with army and State Governments, 264; adopts Articles of Confederation, 264; ratifies treaty of peace, 272; receives resignation of Washington, 273.

Congress, Stamp Act, 218.

Connecticut, founded, 104; New Haven united to, 106; takes initiative in forming New England Confederation, 106, 107; frontier, settlements in, 174; "consociation" in, 190, 195.

Conquistadores, 31.

Conservative party. See Party.

"Consociation" in Connecticut, 190, 195.

Constantinople, 1, 5.

Constitution. See Articles of Confederation; State Governments.

Cooper, Anthony Ashley, 127.

Cornwallis, Charles, defeated by Washington, 256; in North Carolina, 269; surrenders at Yorktown, 270.

Coronado, 33.

Cortez, Hernando, 32.

Corvino, John de, 9.

Cotton, John, 90, 93, 102, 115, 120.

Council. See Government.

Council of Trent, 35.

Counter-Reformation, 35.

Country gentry, 82.

Courts, effect of Stamp Act on, 221, 222.

Covenant, the Church, 96, 112, 114; Half-Way, 188, 195.

"Cowpens," 176.

Cowpens, battle of, 269.

Coxe, Daniel, 218.

Cozumel, 32.

Creeks. See Trade, Indian.

Cromwell, and the colonies, 107, 127.

Crown Point, 159.

Crowns of St. Louis, the gold, 13.

Cruger, John, 167.

Crusades, the, 4.

Cuba, 25, 52.

Currency, use of paper, 208; English Government restricts paper, 209; opposition to Currency Act, 215-18; specie diminished by Sugar Act, 216; Grenville's measures increase demand for specie, 217; New York permitted to issue Bills of Credit, 230; French loans finance the war, 259; Continental Congress issues paper, 259.

Cushing, Charles, 197.

Customs, 144, 205, 207, 208, 222.

Cuzaco, 34.

D'Abreu, 27.

D'Ailly, Pierre, 23.

Dale, Sir Thomas, 60, 68.

"Dale's Laws," 60.

Damascus, 5.

Dancing, forbidden in Massachusetts, 116.

Dartmouth, Lord, approves Galloway's plan, 246.

Davenport, John, 93, 105.

Davies, Rev. Samuel, 185-87.

Davis, John, 45.

Debtor class. See Social conditions.

Declaration of Independence. See Independence.

Declaratory Act, 224, 225.

Defense, system of, 145, 152, 155; colonial troops raised for, 159; apathy of assemblies in matter of, 164; French wars and, 204, 205; Grenville's policy of, 209, 213; Board of Trade's scheme for, 212; conquest of Canada removes need for, 214, 215. See Colonial control.

De Grasse, Count, 269, 270.

De la War, Lord, 60.

Demarcation Line, 26, 28.

Democracy. See Frontier; Colonial rights.

Deputies. See Government.

De Soto, 33.

Detroit, 153, 265, 266.

Diaz, Bartholomew, 22.

Diaz, Denis, 21.

Dickinson, John, 219, 220, 227, 228, 242.

Dinwiddie, Robert, 157.

Discourse of a North West Passage, 30.

Discourse on Western Plantinge, 46.

Discovery of America, 25 ff.

Distilling, 168, 216.

Dongan, Thomas, 132, 144, 154.

Dorchester, 95, 104.

Doria, Tedisio, 18.

Drake, Sir Francis, 42-14.

"Drowned lands" of the Wabash, 266.

Ducats, first appearance of, 13.

Dudley, Thomas, 93, 120.

"Duke's Laws," 131.

Dulaney, Daniel, 217, 220, 223.

Duquesne, Fort, 157, 159.

Durham Palatinate, 64.

Durham, Town of, 175.

Dutch, the, 36; India companies of, 44, 45; threaten Connecticut, 106; driven from New Netherland, 130, 131; English rivalry with, 136.

Dyre, William, 144.

Eannes, Gil, 21.

East India Company, English, 45, 53; influence in Parliament, 149; exports tea to America, 231-33; Parliament demands compensation for, 234.

East Indies, English interest in the, 136.

Eaton, Theophilus, 105.

Ecclesiastical Polity,61.

Economic changes, thirteenth to sixteenth century, 48.

Eden, Richard, 45.

Edict of Restitution, 86.

Edwards, Jonathan, 85, 123, 187.

Effingham, Sir Thomas Howard of, 44.

Elizabeth, 39, 90.

Ellsworth, Oliver, 194.

Emanuel, King of Portugal, 26.

Endicott, John, 91.

English Government, attitude toward the colonies, 127, 134 ff.,148 ff., 163, 169; frontier policy of, 178; new colonial policy, 203, 204; new measures for defense, 209; effect of tea episode on, 233-34; offers conciliation, 250; effect of the French alliance on, 260 ff. See Colonial control.

Engrossers of land, 176, 179

Entail, abolished in Virginia, 241.

Enumerated commodities, 139, 140.

Eratosthenes, 17.

Escheator in Virginia, office of, 77.

Escobar, 21.

"External" taxes, 227.

"Fall Line," 176.

Farmer's Letters, 227.

Fenwick, John, 133.

Ferguson, General, 268.

Feudal regime, 3.

Fisher, Mary, 108.

Fisheries, 39, 122, 137, 168, 216, 271.

Five Nations. See Indians, Iroquois.

Flags of truce, used by illicit traders, 205.

Flint, Rev. Mr., 120.

Florida, 32, 33.

Florin, first appearance of, 13.

Forestallers of land, 176, 179.

Fort Chartres, 153.

Fort Duquesne, 157, 159.

Fort Frontenac, 142.

Fort Moore, 152, 153.

Fort Necessity, 157.

Fort St. Louis, 143.

Fort Stanwix, Treaty of, 211.

Fort Washington, 255.

Fox, Charles James, 237.

Foxe's Book of Martyrs, 88.

France in America, Coligny and Cartier, 39; Champlain, 45; exploration of the Great Lakes, 141; of the Mississippi, 143; occupation of the interior waterways, 152; contest for the Ohio Valley, 154; loss of Canada, 159.

Francis I, 38, 39.

Franklin, Benjamin, 161; influenced by English writers, 170, 171; religious ideas of, 198; on colonial rights, 202; drafts Albany Plan of Union, 204; defends paper money, 208; favors Board of Trade's plan for defense, 212; opposes Stamp Act, 213; examination in House of Commons, 224, 227; becomes more radical, 228; residence in England strengthens his patriotism, 235; thinks England will yield, 249; in France, 258; protests against separate negotiations with England, 271.

Fraunce's Tavern, 273.

Freemen, 99, 132, 173.

French alliance, resolution of Congress in favor of, 252; negotiated, 258, 259; importance of, 259 ff.

French and Indian War. See Seven Years' War.

French West Indies, 151, 259.

Friends. See Quakers.

Frontenac, Count, 141.

Frontenac, Fort, 142.

Frontier, in Virginia, 78, 79; in Massachusetts, 115, 116, 155; in Carolina, 129; west of the Alleghanies, 153; importance of, in the eighteenth century, 174, 182, 184; foreigners settle on the, 177; Grenville's policy for the defense of the, 209, 210, 215, 217; radicalism of the, 241; Revolution supported by the, 265, 268; Treaty of 1783 and the, 271.

Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, 129.

Fur trade. See Trade, Indian.

Galloway, Joseph, 217, 245, 246.

Gama, Vasco da, 1, 26.

Gates, General Horatio, 257.

Gates, Sir Thomas, 56, 59.

General writs, 207.

Geneva, 119.

Genoa, 6, 9.

"Gentle folk" in the eighteenth century, 173.

Gentlemen Adventurers, 46.

George III, 225, 270.

Georgia, occupied by the British, 262.

Germans, 153, 177, 242.

Germantown, founded, 178; battle of, 257.

Gibraltar, 6.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, 30, 54.

Gilds, 82, 83, 87.

Gist, Christopher, 154, 181.

Glasgow, 223.

Godolphin, Sidney, 126.

Gold. See Precious metals.

Gold Coast, 20.

Golden Hind, 43.

Gomez, 32.

Good Hope, Cape of, 22.

Gorges, Fernando, 56, 57, 64.

Gorton, Samuel, 65.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, 55.

Government, colonial, in the eighteenth century, 163; controlled by the "best people," 169; unequal representation in assemblies, 183; French wars strengthen assemblies, 205; plans for remodeling, 206; dispute with England opens way for democratization of, 227, 240, 247, 262; effect of the war on, 267, 268. See Massachusetts, Virginia, etc.

Governors, colonial, 147, 151, 152, 207.

Grand Khan, 10.

Graves, Admiral, 270.

Great Awakening, the, 181, 186, 193.

Great Barrington, 175.

Green Bay, 153.

Greene, Nathaniel, 269.

Greenwood, John, 88.

Grenville, George, colonial policy of, 203 ff.; opposition to the measures of, 215 ff.; opposes repeal of Stamp Act, 223; epigram on loss of the colonies by, 235.

Grosseilliers, 141.

Guilford Court-House, battle of, 269.

Guinea, Gulf of, 20, 21.

Hakluyt, Richard, 30, 46, 56.

Half-Way Covenant, 188, 195.

Halifax, Earl of, 204.

Hall, William, 238.

Hamburg, 6.

Hamilton, Henry, 265, 266.

Hampden Court Conference, 86.

Hanbury, John, 154.

Hancock, John, 231, 243.

Hanover County, Virginia, 186.

Harley, Robert, 126.

Harrington, James, influence on Locke, 129.

Harris, Mary, at White Woman's Creek, 181.

Harrison, Nathaniel, 78.

Hartford, 104.

Harvard College, 120, 122, 123, 169.

Haversham, Lord, 125.

Hawkins, John, 41.

Haynes, John, 104.

Hayti, 25.

Head right, 68.

Hendrick, Iroquois chief, 156.

Henry, Patrick, born on frontier, 176; influenced by Samuel Davies, 193; opposes Stamp Act, 219, 220, 241; in the First Continental Congress, 245; eager for independence, 248; Governor of Virginia, authorizes the Clark expedition, 266.

Henry the Navigator, Prince, 20, 21.

Hillsborough, town of, 153.

Hinsdale, town of, 175.

Hippon, Captain, 45.

Hispaniola, 32.

Hojeda, 26.

Home rule. See Colonial rights.

Honduras, Bay of, explored, 26.

Hooker, Richard, Ecclesiastical Polity, 61.

Hooker, Thomas, founder of Connecticut, 93, 104, 105.

Hormos (modern Ormuz), 8, 15.

Housatonic settlements, 174, 175.

Howe, Sir William, 254-57, 260, 261.

Hudson, Henry, 45.

Hudson River settlements, 131.

Huguenots, 130, 132, 177.

Hunter, Robert, 178.

Hutchinson, Anne, 101, 108, 109, 116.

Hutchinson, Thomas, 170; opposes Grenville's measures, 217; but regards them as legal, 219; property of, destroyed by mob, 221; refuses clearance to the tea ships, 233; letters published, 233; effect of exile on, 235; disliked by John Adams, 243, 244; thinks Boston has gone mad, 245.

Ilkhans of Persia, 15, 16.

Illicit trade. See Trade.

Immigration. See Germans; Scotch-Irish.

Imperial Defense. See Defense.

Independence, predicted, 215; desired by some in 1774, 245; but not generally desired before 1776, 248, 249; Lee and Adams lead the movement for, 251; Lee introduces resolution for, 252; significance of the Declaration of, 253; acknowledged by England, 271.

India, 5, 8, 13-17, 236.

Indian presents, 155.

Indian trade. See Trade, Indian.

Indians, influence on colonists, 79; threaten New England, 106; massacres inspired at Quebec, 145; Iroquois, 144, 145, 155, 157, 211; Pontiac's conspiracy, 211; employed by British in Revolution, 265.

Indigo, 166.

Industry. See Trade.

"Inner Light." See Quakers.

Intellectual conditions, 161, 169, 170, 175, 180 ff., 184 ff.

Intercourse, with England, 169; intercolonial, 184, 190.

"Interests," political term, 166.

"Interlopers," East Indian, 140.

"Internal" taxes, 227.

Intolerable Acts, 233, 234.

Introduction to Cosmography, Waldseemueller's, 27.

Iron manufactures, 151.

Iroquois. See Indians.

Isabella, 24.

Italian cities, 1, 5, 6, 18.

Jaffa, 5.

Jamaica, 127, 135, 138, 140, 149-50.

James I, 62, 86, 90.

James II, 145.

Jamestown, 58, 75.

Jarrett, Devereaux, 172.

Jay, John, 271.

Jefferson, Peter, 176.

Jefferson, Thomas, born on frontier, 176; opposed to tide-water aristocracy, 182; leader of radical party in Virginia, 241.

Jenghis Khan, 7.

Jenyns, Soame, 235, 240.

Jesuits, 35, 40, 142.

John of Good Memory, King of Portugal, 19.

Johnson, Samuel, 202, 239.

Johnson, Sir William, 157.

Johnstone, "Governor," 261.

Joint-stock company, rise of the, 53 ff.

Joint-stock regime in Virginia, 58, 68.

Judges, control of, 164.

Kalm, Peter, 162, 165, 191, 215.

Kaskaskia, 153, 266.

Kentucky settlements, 267.

King George's War, 152.

"King's Friends," 270.

King's Mountain, battle of, 268.

Kublai Khan, 7, 8.

Lafayette, 269, 270.

Land, grants in Virginia, 70, 77, 167; in Massachusetts, 95; in the Carolinas, 129; in New York, 131; in the Ohio Valley, 154, 209; in Pennsylvania, 178; in Maryland, 179; importance of free land in the eighteenth century, 174 ff.; Proclamation of 1763 restricts grants of, 211; cession of Western, 265.

Landowners, influence legislation, 183.

Laodicea, 5.

La Salle, 143.

Laud, William, 64, 91, 106.

Laurens, of South Carolina, 166, 269.

Laurentian Portolano, 18.

Lawyers, and the Stamp Act, 221.

Lay religious societies, 83.

Lee, Richard Henry, influence by the classics, 239; thinks England will yield, 249; introduces resolutions of independence, 251, 252; influence declines, 254.

Leeds, 223.

Legislation, character of eighteenth-century colonial, 164; representation and, 228, 229.

Leisler Rebellion, 132.

Leon, Ponce de, 32.

Le Ronde Denys, 215.

Levant, 1, 6, 11, 15, 17, 150.

"Levelling spirit of New England," feared in the Middle colonies, 246; strengthened by the Revolution, 244 ff.

Leverett, Governor of Massachusetts, 121.

Lexington, battle of, 257.

Leyden, 89.

Liberalism in Massachusetts, 120, 122.

Liberty. See Colonial rights.

Liberty Boys, 268.

Liberty Pole festivals, 238.

Lincoln, Benjamin, 262.

Locke, John, 129, 171, 172, 197.

Log College, 187, 189.

Logstown, 154.

London, 6, 37, 150, 223.

London Company, 56, 57.

Londonderry, 180.

Long Island, early settlements on, 131; battle of, 254.

Lords of Trade, Committee of the, 143, 145.

Louis XVI, 258, 259.

Louisburg, 155, 159.

Louisiana, 152.

Louisville, 266.

Low, Isaac, 245.

Loyalists. See Party.

Lubec, 6.

Luther, Martin, 84, 110, 111.

Lutherans in America, 180 ff.

Luxuries in the eighteenth century, 173.

Lyons, 6.

MacDougall, Alexander, 238.

Madeiras, 120.

Madison, James, 194.

Magalhaes. See Magellan.

Magellan, 28.

Magistrates. See Government.

Magnalia, Cotton Mather's, 123.

Maine, 57, 64, 174.

Malacca, Straits of, 5, 8, 27.

Manchester, 223.

Manufactures. See Trade.

Marcos, Friar, 33.

Marion, Francis, partisan leader in South Carolina, 267.

Marlborough, Duke of, 126.

Marseilles, 6.

Martin Luther, 194.

Martyr, Peter, 34.

Maryland, proprietary grant of, 64; and English trade, 138; charter recalled and restored, 146; quit-rents in, 164; social conditions in, 166, 167; forces cession of Western lands, 265.

Mason, John, 57.

Massachusetts Bay, grant of territory, 57; charter of, 64; settlement of, 90 ff.; government of, 96 ff.; dissensions in, 100 ff.; and the New England Confederation, 106; relations with the Protectorate, 107; hangs the Quakers, 108 ff.; ideals of the founders, 112 ff.; growth of material interests in, 120; recall of the charter, 121 ff.; charter of 1691, 146; repaid for conquest of Louisburg, 155; troops raised in the Seven Years' War, 159; rise of Puritan democracy in, 194 ff.; paper money retired, 208; class conflict in, 242-44.

Massacre of 1622 in Virginia, 62.

Mather, Cotton, 120, 123.

Mather, Increase, 120, 123.

Mather, Richard, 93, 120.

Mayhew, Jonathan, 220.

Mediterranean. See Levant.

Mendoza, Cardinal, 23.

Mendoza, Governor of New Spain, 33.

Mennonites, 180.

Mercantile theory, 48 ff.

Merchant marine, 125, 137.

Merchants, growing influence in Boston, 120; colonial system fashioned to suit the interests of English, 134 ff.; trade with France during war, 145; colonial legislation influenced by, 183. See Trade.

Meuthen, Treaty of, 150.

Mexico, 32, 33.

Miami, English traders on the, 154.

Michilimackinac, 142, 144.

Middle colonies, population of, 162; extension of frontier in, 175 ff.; North's resolutions of conciliation and the, 251; "levelling spirit of New England" feared in the, 246; opposed to declaration of independence in 1776, 253.

Middleton, New Jersey, 133.

Milan, 6.

Mississippi Forts, 265, 266.

Mississippi River, discovered, 33; explored, 143; boundary of the United States, 272. See France in America.

"Mohawks," 233.

Mohawk Valley settlements, 131, 153, 179.

Molasses Act, 139, 151, 207.

Moluccas, 5.

Monasteries, effect of destruction of the, 67.

Mondo Novo, 27, 29.

Money Bills, 164.

Mongols, 7, 15.

Monmouth, settled, 133; battle of, 261.

Monopoly, non-importation and, 229.

Montcalm, Marquis de, 159.

Montesquieu, 215.

Montezuma, 32.

Montreal, 39, 45, 142.

Moodie, Lady Deborah, 116.

Moors, Prince Henry and the, 20.

Moravians, 180, 186.

Morgan, Daniel, 265.

Morris, Robert, 254.

Morristown Heights, 256.

Mount Vernon, 274.

Mutiny Act, extended to the colonies, 214; reenacted, 224; causes trouble in New York, 225, 226, 230.

Narvaez, 33.

National state, rise of centralized, 48 ff.

Nationality, rise of sentiment of, 184 ff.; French wars develop, 191; Franklin the embodiment of, 199.

Native-born New Englanders, first generation of, 117.

Natural rights, 172, 237.

Naval stores, 50.

Navigation Acts, establishment of system of, 139 ff.; Act of 1696, 145; violation of, 140, 152; how regarded on the frontier, 184; Molasses Act, 151, 207; Sugar Act, 207; modified in 1766, 224; petition for further modification, 225; Board of Commissioners to enforce, 226.

Necessity, Fort, 157.

Netherlands. See Dutch.

"Neulanders," 177.

New Brunswick, 191.

"New Castle trade," 137.

Newcastle, Duke of, 149, 151, 155.

New England, named, 56; land grants in, 57; and the English colonial system, 138; united under Andros, 145; conquers Louisburg, 155; population of, 162; social conditions in, 168 ff.; frontier in, 174; not attractive to foreigners, 178; religious division in, 189; coast towns raided, 262. See Massachusetts Bay.

New England Confederation, 106.

New England Council, 57, 91.

New England theology, 190.

New Hampshire, 67, 174, 179.

New Haven, 105, 107.

New Jersey, 132, 145, 146.

"New Light," 188.

New Netherland, 45, 128, 131.

New Orleans, 152.

New Port, 103, 168.

"New Side," 188.

New Spain, 31, 150.

Newspapers, 191, 222.

Newton, Isaac, 126.

Newtown, 104.

New York, founded, 130; annexed to New England, 132, 145; control of judges in, 164; social conditions in, 167; paper money in, 208, 209; avoided by foreign settlers, 178; and the Restraining Act, 226; riots in, 226; non-importation agreement in, 229, 230; permitted to issue bills of credit, 230; and East India Company tea, 232, 233; Howe occupies the city of, 255; war conditions in, 268; projected attack on the city of, 269; evacuated by British and Loyalists, 272.

Niagara, 153, 159.

Nicolet, Jean, 141.

Nicolls, Col. Richard, 131.

Noel, Martin, 135 ff.

Nombre de Dios, 43.

Nonconformists, 87, 88, 90.

Non-importation agreements, 221, 222, 229, 230, 246.

North, Lord, 230, 231, 250, 270.

Northampton, 188.

North Carolina, 175, 269.

Northwest, conquest of the, 265-67.

Nova Britannia, 67.

Nova Scotia, 122, 155.

Oderic, Friar Beatus, 9.

Ohio Valley. See Frontier; Defense.

Old colonial system. See Colonial control.

Oldham, John, 104.

"Old Light," 188.

"Old Side," 188.

Orient, importance of the relations of Europe and the, 1, 4-7, 13.

Oswego, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159.

Otis, James, 231, 237.

Overpopulation of England, colonization and the belief in, 67, 138.

Palatinate, 177.

Paper money. See Currency.

Parliament. See English Government.

Particularism, 262, 263.

Partridge, Lieutenant-Governor, 148.

Party: the Conservatives, attitude toward Stamp Act, 222; and the Townshend Acts, 227, 229, 230; and the tea episode, 232; fear the growing influence of lower classes, 240 ff.; tend to become Loyalist, 244; in the First Congress, 245 ff.; support Galloway's plan, 246; disappearance of the, 248 ff.; influence in forming the new state constitutions, 263. the Loyalists, oppose Grenville's measures, 217; in the First Congress, 245; the "Association" creates the party of, 247 ff.; growth of the, 249 ff.; New York the headquarters of, 255; in Philadelphia, 259; property confiscated, 259; encouraged by the conquest of South Carolina, 262; take part in the war, 267, 268; ruined by the Treaty of 1783, 271; America suffers loss by the exile of, 272. the Radicals, oppose Stamp Act, 219 ff.; organize as Sons of Liberty, 222; take advanced ground on the Townshend Acts, 227-30; active opposition to the East India Company's tea monopoly, 232, 233; aim to revolutionize colonial governments, 240 ff.; control First Congress, 245 ff.; establish revolutionary government, 217 ff.; not wholly satisfied with new State Governments, 263.

Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 178.

Patent for Rhode Island, 103.

Peace of Paris, of 1763, effect on colonial policy of England, 205; of 1783, provisions of the, 270-72.

Pegalotti, 9.

Peking, 5, 8.

Penn, William, 133.

Pennsylvania, founded, 133; charter annulled and restored, 146; taxation of proprietary estates in, 164; mecca of the Germans, 177; and of the Scotch-Irish, 179; Quaker government opposed by western counties of, 242; Loyalist stronghold, 259.

Penry, John, 88.

Pepys, Samuel, 125.

Perestrello, Felipe Moniz de, 22.

Periwigs, badge of "gentle folk," 173, 174.

Peru, conquest of, 84.

Philadelphia, growth of, 162; Germans land at, 178; First Congress meets in, 234; taken by Howe, 257; evacuated by Clinton, 261.

Philip II, 34-37.

Philippine Islands, 28.

Philip's War, 119.

Phillips, George, 98.

"Philosophers," America and the French, 199, 200.

Piedmont of Virginia, 179.

Pine Barrens, 179.

Pinzon, 26, 28.

Pioneers. See Frontier.

Piquet, Pere, 156.

Piracy, 40, 146.

Pitt, William, and the Seven Years' War, 158 ff.; opposes Stamp Act, 223; admires papers of the First Congress, 247.

Pittsfield, 175.

Pizarro, Francisco, 34.

Pizarro, Hernando, 34.

Plan for a British-American Parliament, Galloway's, 246.

Plantation type of colony. See Colonial control.

Plantation in Virginia, the, 70 ff., 74, 166.

Pliny, 13.

Plymouth colony, 57, 87, 107.

Plymouth Company, 56.

Pola, Marco, 8, 9.

Politics. See Government: Party.

Pope, Alexander, 126, 170.

Population, of the colonies, 66, 161, 162; of Virginia, 69, 71; of Massachusetts Bay, 93; of Carolina, 129, 130; of New York, 132; of Pennsylvania, 134; of Louisiana, 152; of New France, 157; German and Scotch-Irish, 177.

Porto Rico, 32.

Portsmouth, 103.

Portugal, 19, 37, 150.

Post office established in the colonies, 191.

Potosi, mines of, 34.

Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts, 158.

Precious metals, European interest in Asia largely determined by the desire for, 10-14; America valuable to Spain because of, 31 ff.; important for the national state of the sixteenth century, 49 ff.; flow into England from Portugal and the West Indies, 150; lack of specie in frontier communities, 183; drain of specie leads to use of paper money, 208.

Presbyterians in America, 180 ff., 189, 190, 194.

Prices, 14, 149.

Prince, Thomas, 188.

Princeton College, 184, 190, 193 ff.

Privateers, Elizabethan, 41 ff.

Proclamation of 1763, 210, 215, 219.

Proprietary estates in Pennsylvania, taxation of, 164.

Proprietary feudal grant, as an instrument of colonization, 54, 55.

Protectorate, 127.

Protestant sects, in the sixteenth century, 111; on the American frontier, 185 ff.; effect of the Great Awakening on, 188 ff.

Protestantism; European origin of, 80 ff.; in England, 86; a Church-State incompatible with the principles of, 110 ff.

Providence, founding of, 103.

Provincialism in the eighteenth century, 170, 174.

Ptolemaic theory, 17.

Puritanism, origin of, 80 ff.; conception of morals, 84; in England, 86 ff.; in New England, 91 ff.; and the Massachusetts State Church, 110 ff.; decline of the rigid ideals of, 122, 125; in the eighteenth century, 168, 194.

Purse, control of the, 164.

Quakers, in Massachusetts, 108 ff.; in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 133, 134; indifferent to defense of the frontier, 157; control Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century, 167 ff.; Revolution destroys political power of the, 242.

Quebec, 45, 159.

Quincy, Josiah, 230, 238, 239, 249, 250.

Quit-rents, 68, 77, 95, 164, 178.

Radicals. See Party.

Radisson, 141.

Raids, Clinton's policy of, 261 ff.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 46, 54, 55.

Rail, Colonel, 256.

Randolph, Edward, 121.

Randolph, Peyton, 245.

Receiver-general of the customs in Virginia, 77.

Redstone, 179, 266.

Reed, Joseph, 245, 261.

Reformation. See Protestantism.

Religion, transformation of, 168 ff.; on the frontier, 175, 180, 184; politics influenced by, 193; John Adams's ideal of, 197; Franklin's idea of, 198. See Puritanism.

Renaissance, 31.

Representative government. See Government.

Requisitions, 213.

Restraining Act, 226.

Revolution of 1688, 145, 147.

Rhode Island, 103, 107, 146, 168.

Rice, 130, 166.

Riders, assemblies make use of, 164.

Rights. See Colonial rights.

Robinson, John, 88, 90.

Robinson, Rev. William, 186.

Rochelle, capture of, 86.

Rockingham Whigs, 223.

Rolfe, John, 69.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 196.

Roxbury, 104.

Rubruquis, William de, 9.

Rum, 168, 216.

Rutledge, John, 246.

Sagadahoc, 56.

St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 84, 86.

St. Augustine, town of, 33.

St. Brandan, Isles of, 23.

St. John, Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke, 126, 171.

St. Louis, Fort, 143.

St. Lucar, 28.

Saint-Lusson, 141.

St. Paul, 84.

Salem, 93, 100, 101.

Sandwich, Earl of, 236.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, 59, 61, 65.

San Domingo, 32.

San Juan de Ulloa, 41, 42.

Santa Maria, 25.

Sanuto, Marino, 15.

Saratoga, battle of, 257, 260.

Sault Ste. Marie, 141.

Savannah, 262.

Saybrook Platform, 188.

Schiltberger, Johan, 9, 16.

Schnell, Rev. Mr., 186, 187.

Schuyler, Philip, 155.

Sciota, 154.

Scott, John Morin, 220.

Scotch-Irish, 153, 177, 180, 242.

Scrooby, 88.

Seabury, Samuel, 248.

Senegal, 20.

Separatists, 87 ff.

"Servants," 71, 176.

Seven Cities, the, 23, 33.

Seven Years' War, 156, 165, 191, 204, 208, 214.

Severac, Jordanus de, 9.

Sewall, Jonathan, 243, 244.

Shaftesbury. See Cooper.

Shenandoah Valley, 178, 180.

Shipbuilding, 168.

Shirley, William, 212, 242.

"Simple folk" in the eighteenth century, 173.

Six Nations. See Indians, Iroquois.

Slave trade, 71, 150, 166.

Slavery, in Virginia, 71; in Barbados and the Bahamas, 128; in the West Indies, 138; slave population, 162; in Rhode Island, 168; on the frontier, 176, 183.

Smith, John, 56, 58.

Smuggling. See Trade, illicit.

Smyth, Sir Thomas, 59, 63, 65.

Social conditions, in England, 66, 67, 70; in Virginia, 70, 78; in New England, 95, 113, 116, 121; in the eighteenth century, 166 ff.,172; on the frontier, 175, 180, 184.

Somers, Sir George, 56.

Sons of Liberty. See Party.

"Soul Liberty," 103, 107.

South Carolina, founded, 128, 129; in the eighteenth century, 166, 175; occupied by the British, 262; laid waste by guerrilla war, 267.

Southampton, Earl of, 61.

South Sea, 30-32.

South Sea Company, 149, 150.

Spain, and England, 34-37, 40, 136.

Spanish exploration and settlement in America, 31 ff.

Spanish Succession War, 178.

Specific appropriations, increase of assemblies' power through, 164.

Spotswood, Alexander, 164, 176.

"Squatters" in Pennsylvania, 178.

Stamp Act, passed, 213, 214; opposition to the, 216, 218, 220; legal and illegal methods of resisting, 220, 221; repeal, 223; effect of repeal, 224; resolution of frontier counties of Pennsylvania on the, 241.

Staple Act. See Navigation Acts.

State Governments, 241, 259, 262.

Strahan, William, 170.

Stuart Restoration, 112, 125, 128, 134.

Suffolk Resolutions, First Congress approves the, 246.

Suffrage, 75, 96, 99, 122, 132, 165.

Sugar Act, 208, 215-18, 224.

Sumptuary legislation in Massachusetts, 116.

Swedes, on the Delaware, 132.

Synod of 1679, 119.

Syria, 13.

Tabriz, 5, 8.

Talon Intendant, 142.

Tarleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 267.

Taxation. See Colonial rights.

Tea, 226, 231-33.

Tennant, Gilbert, 187.

Tennessee settlements, 267.

Theocracy. See Massachusetts Bay.

Thomas, Major, 255.

Tobacco, and the founding of Virginia, 62; influence on Virginia institutions, 69-71; official corruption in connection with the sale of, 77; yields revenue to English customs, 127; not permitted to be raised in England, 130, 131; Virginia staple in eighteenth century, 167.

Tordesillas, Treaty of, 26.

Toscanelli, 29.

Town meeting, 95, 99.

Townshend, Charles, 206, 225, 230.

Trade, colonial industry and, 120, 168, 130-34, 149, 166, 215; English colonization and, 50 ff., 125, 127, 129, 136, 138, 139, 147, 150, 218, 221, 222, 229; illicit, 130-32, 140, 144, 145, 160, 205; Indian, 73, 76, 140, 144, 145, 150, 152-56, 207, 208-11; Oriental, 4-6, 13-15, 19.

Trade regulation. See Colonial control.

Travelers, thirteenth-century Oriental, 9-11.

Treasure. See Precious metals.

Trebizond, 8.

Trent, William, 154.

Trenton, 255, 256.

Trinidad, 26.

Turgot, 215.

Turkestan, 5.

Turks, 15, 17.

Ulster, 177.

Union. See Congress; Nationality.

United States, 271, 272.

Up-country. See Frontier.

Utrecht, Peace of, 150.

Vaca, Cabeza de, 33.

Valley Forge, 259.

Vandalia Company, 211.

Vane, Sir Harry, 102.

Van Tyne, Claude Halsted, 259, note.

Vassalboro, 175.

Vaughan, George, 148.

Velasquez, 32.

Venice, 6.

Vera Cruz, 150.

Vergennes, 258, 259.

Vermont, 175.

Verrazano, 30, 38.

Vespucci, Americus, 27.

Villeroi, 255.

Vincennes, 265-67.

Vindication of the Government of the New England Churches, John Wise's, 196.

Virginia, founded, 55; royal province, 63; growth of, 67 ff.; social and political conditions in, 73 ff., 166, 172; sectional conflict in, 241; instructs delegates for independence, 252; raided by British troops, 262; cedes Western lands, 265; raided by Cornwallis, 269.

"Virtual" representation, 220.

Virtue. See Civic virtue.

"Vital" religion, 186 ff.

Vivaldi, the, 18.

Voltaire, Franklin and, 199.

Voyages, Hakluyt's, 46.

Wabash River, 266.

Waldseemueller, 27.

Walpole, Horace, Lord, 150.

Walpole, Horace, Earl of Orford, 214, 236, 262.

Walpole, Robert, Earl of Orford, 151.

War of Independence, 253 ff.

Warren, Joseph, 239.

Warwick, Earl of, 63.

Washington, Augustine, 154.

Washington, George, builds Fort Necessity, 157; and the Braddock expedition, 192; appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, 254; early campaigns of the war, 254-57; thinks the "game nearly up," 255; amazed at Howe's conduct, 257; at Valley Forge, 259; effort to bribe, 261; criticism of, 264; at West Point, 268; at Yorktown, 269, 270; bids farewell to his officers, 273; army proposes to make him king, 273.

Washington, Lawrence, 154.

Watauga, 265.

Watertown, 98, 104.

Watling's Island, 25.

Wealth, colonial aristocracy based on, 166.

Wedderburne, Alexander, 225.

Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, 91.

West. See Frontier.

West Indies, trade of continental colonies with, 120, 150, 166; importance for English colonial system, 138; planters influential in Parliament, 149.

West Point, 268.

Western lands, ceded to the Federal Government, 265.

Westward movement, 104. See Frontier.

Wethersfield, 104.

Whig oligarchy, attitude toward the colonies, 148 ff.; and the Seven Years' War, 158.

Whigs, 251, 271.

Whitefield, the evangelist, 186, 188, 199.

Whitehall Ferry, 273.

White Plains, battle of, 255.

White Woman's Creek, 181.

William III, 126, 145.

Williams, Roger, 100, 103, 116.

Wills Creek, 153.

Wilmington, 269.

Wilson, John, 93, 102, 120.

Windsor, 104.

Wingfield, Edward Maria, 56.

Winthrop, John, 90, 93, 98, 102-105, 112, 115, 120.

Wisconsin River, 141.

Wise, John, 195.

Witchcraft delusion, 195.

Witherspoon, John, 194.

Wolfe, James, 159.

Woolen manufactures, 151.

Writs of assistance, 207.

Yale College, 169, 189.

Yarkand, 5.

Yeardley, Governor of Virginia, 75.

York, James, Duke of, 131.

Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 269, 270.

Yucatan, 32.

Zaiton, 8.

THE END