It is said that at first he declined to meet Trivulzio, but the chronicler Prato describes an interview which took place between the duke and his former captain soon afterwards. Trivulzio, in whose heart the old wrong still rankled, greeted his captive with the words, "It is you, Lodovico Sforza, who drove me out for the sake of a stranger, and, not content with this, have stirred the Milanese to rebellion." Lodovico merely shrugged his shoulders, and replied quietly, "Who among us can tell the reason why we love one man and hate another?"

"And so," adds Grumello, "poor Lodovico was taken captive, and with him Galeazzo and Fracassa; but Galeazzo became the prisoner of the Swiss, and was led away by these Helvetians on a black horse without a saddle, riding on a sack. And I saw this with my own eyes."

All three of the Sanseverini brothers were claimed by the Bailiff of Dijon as his prisoners, but Antonio Maria managed to escape from their hands, and both Fracassa and Galeazzo were ransomed by their relatives for one thousand ducats a-piece at the end of a few weeks. Fracassa sought his wife at Ferrara, and Galeazzo took refuge with the other Milanese exiles at Innsbruck. The Marchesino Stanga, who was also taken captive at Novara, was imprisoned in the Castello of Milan, and died there before the end of the year.

On the evening of his capture, Wednesday, the 10th of April, Lodovico was taken to the citadel of Novara, where he remained for a week. His faithful friends, the good friars of S. Maria delle Grazie, supplied their illustrious patron with a set of silk and gold and silver brocade vests, hats and shoes to match, scarlet hose, and fine Reims linen shirts. All Lodovico himself asked for was a copy of Dante's "Divina Commedia," that he might study it during his captivity. On the 17th he was conducted by La Tremouille, accompanied by four servants and two pages, to Susa, where he became so ill that he was unable to continue the journey. After a few days' rest he recovered, and was taken over the mountains to Lyons, in charge of M. de Crussol and the king's band of archers.

Great were the rejoicings among the Moro's enemies when the news of his capture was made known. King Louis ordered solemn Te Deums to be chanted in Notre Dame of Paris, and himself went in state to give thanks in the church of Our Lady of Comfort at Lyons, while he extolled La Tremouille as another Clovis or Charles Martel in his despatches. The Pope gave the messenger who brought the news a gift of a hundred ducats, for joy, he said, that the traitor-brood was annihilated. The Orsini lighted bonfires, and the jubilee rejoicings waxed louder and longer through the night. Cardinal Ascanio's palace, with all his treasures of art, was seized by Alexander VI., and his benefices were divided among the pontiff's creatures. In Venice the Piazza was illuminated and all the bells rung, while the children and boatmen sang—

"Ora il Moro fa la danza, Viva Marco e 'l re di Franza!"

and dancing and pageants celebrated the downfall of the Republic's most dreaded foe. Even in Florence the citizens rejoiced over the fall of another tyrant, and raised a crucifix at the doors of the Palazzo Pubblico to commemorate the victory of freedom. Had they known it, they were in reality celebrating the loss of national independence, the beginning of a long reign of slavery and foreign rule. Seldom has the cause of freedom and civilization suffered a worse blow than this betrayal of the Moro at Novara, which left the Milanese a prey to French invaders, and planted the yoke of the stranger firmly on the neck of Northern Italy.

At the news of his brother's capture, Ascanio Sforza left Milan to seek refuge across the Alps, but was himself taken prisoner, with his nephew Ermes, at the Castle of Rivolta, near Piacenza, by the Venetians, who delivered them up to the French king. Both were taken to France, and the cardinal was detained in honourable captivity in the citadel of Bourges, until, in January, 1502, he was released to take part in the conclave that elected Pius III. With Trivulzio's return to Milan a reign of terror began. The city was heavily fined, the partisans of the Sforza were exiled or imprisoned, Niccolo da Bussola and Leonardo's beloved friend, Jacopo Andrea, were hung, and their limbs drawn and quartered and exposed to view on the battlements of the Castello, in spite of Duke Ercole's intercession on behalf of the distinguished architect. Pavia was sacked by the French, and Lombardy paid with tears and blood for its loyalty to the race of Sforza. The period of anarchy and confusion which followed is described in mournful language by the Milanese chroniclers. During the next forty years, the city was continually taken and sacked by contending armies, her fair parks and gardens were trampled underfoot by foreign soldiery, and her beautiful churches and palaces destroyed by shells and cannon-balls. French and German ruffians tore the clothes off the backs of the poor, and snatched the bread from the lips of starving children. People were everywhere seen dying of hunger and the grass growing in the squares. There were no voices in the streets, often no services in the churches. Silence and desolation reigned throughout the unhappy city. "Blessed indeed," sighs the writer, "were those who were able to seek shelter in flight." Beyond the borders of Lombardy, there were others who grieved over the Moro's fall. In Mantua and Ferrara his friends shed secret tears over his fate. "Duke Ercole is very sad," writes our friend the annalist, "for his son-in-law's sake, and so are all the people." And Caterina Sforza, in her lonely captivity within the walls of the Castel' Sant' Angelo, wept over her uncle's ruin and the downfall of her race. Far away in Florence, one artist, who had lived in close intimacy with the Moro for many a long year, who had discussed a hundred problems and planned all manner of mighty works with him, heard the news with a pang of regret. Leonardo had been in Venice with Lorenzo da Pavia, the great organ-master, when the wonderful tidings of the duke's return had come. He and Lorenzo must have smiled when they saw the long faces and sinister air of the grave Venetian senators at this unexpected turn of affairs. Eagerly they watched and waited and wondered if these things could be really true, and if the Moro were to reign once more on his fathers' throne, and carry out all the great dreams of his soul. And now it was all over, and the French were supreme in Milan, and the great horse on which the master had spent the best years of his life was used as a target for the arrows of Gascon archers. The duke and Messer Galeaz were captives, Sforzas and Viscontis were in prison or exile, and Jacopo Andrea had died a cruel death. On Leonardo the blow fell with crushing force; but he held his peace, and only the few broken sentences in his notebook remain to tell of his shattered hopes and of his inconsolable regrets.

"The Saletta above ... (left unfinished).

"Bramante's buildings ... (left undone).

"The Castellano a prisoner ...

"Visconti in prison—his son dead.

"Gian della Rosa's revenues seized.

"Bergonzio"—the duke's treasurer—"deprived of his fortune.

"The duke has lost state, fortune, and liberty, and not one of his works has been completed."

In these last melancholy words we read Lodovico Sforza's epitaph, pronounced over him by Leonardo the Florentine.

FOOTNOTES:

[79] M. Sanuto, Diarii, iii.

[80] Luzio-Renier, op. cit., p. 672.



CHAPTER XXXI

Lodovico Sforza enters Lyons as a captive—His imprisonment at Pierre-Encise and Lys Saint-Georges—Laments over Il Moro in the popular poetry of France and Italy—Efforts of the Emperor Maximilian to obtain his release—Ascanio and Ermes Sforza released—Lodovico removed to Loches—Paolo Giovio's account of his captivity—His attempt to escape—Dungeon at Loches—Death of Lodovico Sforza—His burial in S. Maria delle Grazie.

1500-1508

On the 2nd of May, 1500, barely a month after Lodovico Sforza's triumphant return to Milan, the ancient city of Lyons witnessed a strange and mournful procession, in which he was again the central figure. That day the King of France's captive was led along the banks of the swift Rhone and through the Grande Rue up to the fortress of Pierre-Encise, on the top of the steep hill that crowns the old Roman city. The scene has been described in a well-known letter by an eye-witness, the Venetian ambassador Benedetto Trevisano, one of the envoys who had been sent, three years before, to meet the emperor on his descent into Italy, and whom the Duke of Milan had entertained royally at Vigevano. The fierce and vindictive tone of the writer, the exultant spirit in which he triumphs over the fallen foe, is another proof of the terror and hatred which the Moro inspired in Venice. Trevisano's letter was written on the evening of the 2nd of May, and addressed to the Doge.

"To-day, before two o'clock, Signor Lodovico was brought into the city. The following was the order of the procession: first came twelve officers of the city guard, to restrain the people who thronged the streets from shouting. Then came the Governor of Lyons and Provost of Justice on horseback, and then the said Signor Lodovico, clad in a black camlet vest with black hose and riding-boots, and a black cloth berretta, which he held most of the time in his hand. He looked about him as if determined to hide his feelings in this great change of fortune, but his face was very pale and he looked very ill, although he had been shaved this morning, and his arms trembled and he shook all over. Close beside him rode the captain of the king's archers, followed by a hundred of his men. In this order they led him all through the town, up to the castle on the hill, where he will be well guarded for the next week, until the iron cage is ready, which will be his room both by night and day. The cage, I hear, is very strong, and made of iron framed in wood, in such a manner that the iron bars, instead of breaking under a file or any other instrument, would throw out sparks of fire. One thing I must not forget to tell you. The ambassador of Spain and I were together at a window when Signor Lodovico passed, and when the Spaniard was pointed out to him, he took off his hat and bowed. And being told that I was the ambassador of your Serene Highness, he stopped, and seemed about to speak. But I did not move, and the captain of the archers, who rode by him, said, 'Go on—go on!' Afterwards the captain mentioned this to the king, who said, 'Do you mean that he refused to pay you any reverence?' adding that such men as this who do not keep faith are bad, and so on. And I replied that I should have felt shame rather than honour if I had received any sign of courtesy from a person of this kind. The king was in his palace, and had seen Signor Lodovico pass, and with him were many other lords and gentlemen, who spoke much of the Moro. His Christian Majesty said that he had decided not to send him to Loches as he had intended, because at certain seasons of the year he himself goes there with his court for his amusement, and would rather not be there with him, as he does not wish to see him. So he has decided to send him to Lys in Berry, two leagues from the city of Bourges, where the king has a very strong castle with trenches wider than those of the Castello of Milan, full of water. This place is in the centre of France, and is kept by a gentleman, who was captain of the archers when his Majesty was Duke of Orleans, and had a body of tried guards who were trained by the king himself. When the Moro alighted from the mule which he rode, he was carried into the castle, and is, I am told, so weak that he cannot walk a step without help. From this I judge that his days will be few. I commend myself humbly to your Serene Highness.

"BENEDICTUS TREVISANUS.[81] Eques. Orator."

Fortunately, the iron cage seems to have been a fable invented by the Venetian ambassador, and from all accounts the prisoner was well and honourably treated, although the king absolutely refused his request to see him during the fortnight that he remained in the fortress at Lyons. He received visits, however, from several of the king's ministers, who all remarked that if he had been guilty of some foolish actions his words were remarkably wise—"toutefois moult sagement parloit." Anger gave place to pity at the sight of this victim who had suffered so terrible a reverse of fortune, and the Benedictine chronicler, Jean d'Auton, deplores the sad fate of this unfortunate prince, who, after many golden days of wealth and prosperity, was doomed to end his life in weary and lonely captivity far from house and friends: "Somme, si le pauvre Seigneur captif, de deuil inconsolable avoit le coeur serre a nul devoit sembler merveilles." The sorrowful destiny of the "infelice Duca," who had once boasted himself to be the favourite of fortune—"Il Figlio della Fortuna"—became the burden of popular poetry, alike in France and Italy. Jean d'Auton himself gives vent to his feelings in an elegy on the vanity of earthly glories—

"Si Ludovic, qui jadys pleine cacque Heut de ducatz et pouvoir magnifique, Est en exil, sans targe, escu ne placque, Captif, afflict, plus mausain que cung heticque, Et que, de main hostile et inimique, Malheur le fiere rudement et estocque— Gloire mondaine est fragile et caducque."

The grief of the Milanese bards for their duke's cruel fate found utterance in the following lament:

Son quel duca in Milano Che compianto sto in dolore ... Io diceva che un sel Dio Era in cielo e un Moro in terra— E secondo il mio disio Io faveva pace e guerra Son quel duca di Milano," etc.

Fausto Andrelino wrote a Latin poem beginning with the lines—

"Ille ego sum Maurus, franco qui captus ab hoste Exemplum instabilis non leve sortis eo;"

and Jean Marot found inspiration in a Venetian song—"Ogni fumo viene al basso"—which he rendered in the following lines, alluding to the legend of the Moro's fresco in the Castello of Milan:—

"Jadiz fist paindre une dame, embellie Par sur sa robe, des villes d'Ytalie Et luy au pres tenant des epoussetes, Voullant dire, par superbe follie, Que l'Ytalie estoit toute sonillie Et qu'il voulloit faire les villes nettes. Le roi Loys, voulant ravoir ses mettes, Par bonne guerre luy a fait tel ennuy Que l'Ytalie est nettoye de lui! Chose usurpee legier est consommee, Comme argent vif qui retourne en fumee."

From Lyons the captive duke was removed to Lys Saint-Georges in Berry, where he remained during the next four years in the charge of Gilbert Bertrand, the king's old captain of the guard. He was allowed to take exercise in the precincts of the castle and to fish in the moat. According to Sanuto, he was not wholly cut off from his friends. "Since he likes to know what is happening in the world outside, the king allows him to receive letters and to hear the news." But his health suffered from the confinement, and in the summer of 1501, he became so ill that Louis XII., who was hunting in the neighbourhood, sent his doctor, Maitre Salomon, to see him. The physician was shocked at the prisoner's altered appearance; his long hair, as we learn from a contemporary miniature, had turned entirely white, and there were black circles round his eyes. He sighed constantly, complained of the faithless subjects who had caused his ruin, and asked eagerly for the latest news of the treaty with the King of the Romans. Maitre Salomon told the king that he believed Signor Lodovico was losing his reason, and his account moved Louis so much that he sent to Milan for one of the duke's favourite dwarfs, in order to beguile the weary hours of captivity. Meanwhile, in justice to Maximilian, it must be said that he was untiring in his efforts to obtain the release of his friend and kinsman. For many years he steadily refused to grant Louis XII. the investiture of Milan, unless Lodovico was set at liberty, and repeated his solicitations to this effect with the most unwearied pertinacity. On this point, however, the French king was inexorable. He knew the hold which the Moro had retained on the hearts of his subjects, and would not run the risk of another rebellion by allowing Lodovico to join his children at Innsbruck. At the prayer of the Empress Bianca, he released her brother, Ermes Sforza, in 1502, and a year later allowed Ascanio Sforza to return to Rome, at the request of Cardinal d'Amboise, and give his vote in the papal conclave. After the accession of his old enemy, Giuliano della Rovere, to the papal throne, Cardinal Sforza once more attained a high degree of honour and prosperity, and when he died, in 1505, Julius II. raised the magnificent monument in the church of S. Maria del Popolo to his memory. In February, 1504, the German ambassador made another strong appeal to the king on his master's behalf for Lodovico's release, but the only concession that he could obtain was some relaxation in the rigour of his treatment. The duke was removed to the chateau of Loches in Touraine, a healthy and beautiful spot, on the summit of a lofty hill, and was allowed greater liberty and more society.

All contemporary writers agree that he bore his long and tedious captivity with remarkable patience and fortitude. "I have heard," writes the Como historian, Paolo Giovio, "from Pier Francesco da Pontremoli, who was the duke's faithful companion and servant during his captivity, that he bore his miserable condition with pious resignation and sweetness, often saying that God had sent him these tribulations as a punishment for the sins of his youth, since nothing but the sudden might of destiny could have subverted the counsels of human wisdom."

Early in the spring of 1508, the Moro seems to have made a desperate attempt to escape. According to the Milanese chronicler Prato, he bribed one of his guardians, with gold supplied, as we learn, from Padre Gattico, by the friars of S. Maria delle Grazie, and succeeded in making his way out of the castle gates hidden in a waggon load of straw. But he lost his way in the woods that surround Loches, and after wandering all night in search of the road to Germany, he was discovered on the following day by blood-hounds, who were put upon his track. After this, his captivity became more severe. He was deprived of books and writing materials and cut off from intercourse with the outer world. It was then, too, in all likelihood, that he was confined in the subterranean dungeon, still shown as the Moro's prison. The cell, as visitors to Loches remember, is cut out of the solid rock, and light and air can only penetrate by one narrow loophole. There, tradition says, Leonardo's patron, the great duke who had once reigned over Milan, beguiled the weary hours of his captivity by painting red and blue devices and mottoes on his prison walls. Among these rude attempts at decoration we may still discover traces of a portrait of himself in casque and armour, and a sun-dial roughly scratched on the stone opposite the slit in the rock. And there, too, half effaced by the damp, are fragments of inscriptions, which tell the same piteous tale of regret for vanished days and weary longings for the end that would not come.

"Quand Mort me assault et que je ne puis mourir Et se courir on ne me veult, mais me faire rudesse Et de liesse me voir bannir. Que dois je plus guerir?"

Or this—

"Je porte en prison pour ma device que je m'arme de patience par force de peine que l'on me fait pouster" (porter) . .

Again, in large letters among the fragment of red and blue paint, we read—

"Celui qui ne craint fortune n'est pas bien saige."

Even more pathetic, when we recall the joyous days at Milan and Vigevano, where Lodovico listened to readings from Dante in Beatrice's rooms, is the following version of Francesca da Rimini's famous lines:—

"Il n'y au monde plus grande destresse, Du bon tempts soi souvenir en la tristesse."

At length death brought the desired release. Marino Sanuto briefly records the fact in the following words: "On the 17th day of May, 1508, at Loches, Signor Lodovico Sforza, formerly Duke of Milan, who was there in prison, died as a good Christian with the rites of the Catholic Church." All we know besides is that his faithful servant, Pier Francesco, was with him to the end, and closed his eyes in the last sleep. To this day the place of his burial remains unknown. A local tradition says that he was interred in the church of Loches at the entrance of the choir, but a manuscript account of the Sieur Dubuisson's travels in 1642, preserved in the Mazarin Library, states that Ludovic Sforza sleeps in the Chapel of the Holy Sepulchre on the eastern side of the church. On his death-bed, it is said, he desired to be buried in the church of the Dominican friars at Tarascon, but we never hear if his wishes were carried out, and no trace of his burial is to be found in this place. On the whole we are inclined to think the most trustworthy authority on the subject is the Dominican historian of S. Maria delle Grazie, Padre Gattico. In the history of the convent which he wrote a hundred and fifty years after the Moro's death, he tells us that the friars of his convent supplied the duke with means for his unfortunate attempt to escape, and that this having failed, after his death they removed his body to Milan, and buried him by the side of his wife, Duchess Beatrice. This may very well have been effected during the reign of Lodovico's son Maximilian, who was restored to his father's throne in 1512, and would explain the uncertainty which has always existed at Loches as to the Moro's grave, and the absence of any inscription to mark his burial-place.

For Lodovico's sake, let us hope, the good Dominican's story is true. It is good to think that, after all the distress of those long years of exile and captivity, the unfortunate prince should have been brought back to rest in his own sunny Milanese, under Bramante's cupola, in the tomb where he had wished to lie, at Beatrice's side. There, during the next three centuries, masses were duly said for the repose of Duke Lodovico's soul and that of his wife, on the four anniversaries sacred to their memory, "in gratitude," writes Padre Pino, "for all the benefactions that we have received from this duke and duchess." And to this day, on the Feast of All Souls, the stone floor immediately in front of the high altar, where Beatrice's monument once stood, is solemnly censed, year by year, in memory of the illustrious dead who sleep there, in Lodovico's own words, "until the day of resurrection."

FOOTNOTES:

[81] M. Sanuto. Diarii, iii. 320.



CHAPTER XXXII

The Milanese exiles at Innsbruck—Galeazzo di Sanseverino becomes Grand Ecuyer of France—Is slain at Pavia—Maximilian Sforza made Duke of Milan in 1512—Forced to abdicate by Francis I. in 1515—Reign of Francesco Sforza—Wars of France and Germany—Siege of Milan by the Imperialists—Duke Francesco restored by Charles V.—His marriage and death in 1535—Removal of Lodovico and Beatrice's effigies to the Certosa.

1500-1564

After the catastrophe of Novara and the final ruin of the Moro's cause, his loyal kinsfolk and followers were reduced to melancholy straits. A document among the Italian papers in the Bibliotheque Nationale gives a long list of the Milanese exiles who, in the year 1503, were living in exile, and whose lands and fortunes had been granted to French nobles or Italians who had embraced Louis XII.'s party. Among them we recognize many familiar names, Crivellis, Bergaminis, Marlianis, and Viscontis, who had served Duke Lodovico loyally and now shared in his disgrace. Many of these took refuge at Ferrara and Mantua; others went to Rome or lived in retirement on Venetian territory, while as many as two hundred and fifty were living at one time at Innsbruck. A few of these were pardoned in course of years, and obtained leave to return to their Lombard homes, but by far the greater number died in exile.

Chief among those courtiers and captains of the Moro who found refuge at Maximilian's court were the Sanseverino brothers. Two of these, Fracassa and Antonio Maria, were soon reconciled with King Louis by the powerful influence of their brothers, the Count of Caiazzo and Cardinal Sanseverino. For Galeazzo, the son-in-law and prime favourite of the Moro, a strange future was in store. After his brilliant years at the court of Milan, he, too, tasted how salt the bread of exile is, and how bitter it is to depend on the charity of others. In 1503, he was still living at Innsbruck, where Sanuto describes him as always dressed in black and looking very sorrowful, and held of little account by the German courtiers, although Maximilian always treated him kindly. He accompanied the Emperor to the Diet at Augsburg, and took an active part in his various efforts to obtain Lodovico's deliverance. But a year later, when all hope of obtaining Lodovico's release was at an end, a fresh attempt seems to have been made by the Sanseverino family to reconcile Galeazzo with King Louis. He came to Milan and saw the Cardinal d'Amboise, who embraced his cause warmly, and a petition for the restoration of Galeazzo's houses and estates, as well as the fortune of 240,000 ducats which he had inherited from his wife Bianca, was addressed to the King. The result was that he soon received a summons to the French court, where he quickly won the royal favour, and on the death of Pierre d'Urfe a year later, was appointed Grand Ecuyer de France. From that time Galeazzo became one of Louis XII.'s chief favourites, and seldom left the king's side. In 1507 he attended Louis XII. when he entered Milan for the second time, and was a conspicuous figure in the grand tournament that was held on the Piazza of the Castello. Once more he came back to the scene of his old triumphs, under these changed circumstances, and played a leading part in the wars that distracted the Milanese. Under Francis I., Galeazzo rose still higher in the royal favour, and won a signal victory over his old rival Trivulzio. The Grand Ecuyer boldly asserted his right to Castel Novo, which Louis XII. had granted to Trivulzio after the conquest of Milan, and, at the age of seventy, the old soldier came to Paris to plead his cause against Messer Galeazzo. But the suit was given against him, and he was thrown into prison for contempt of the king's majesty, and died at Chartres in 1518, bitterly rueing the day when he had entered the service of a foreign prince and led the French against Milan. Galeazzo triumphed once more, and kept up his reputation as a gallant soldier and brilliant courtier, until, in 1525, he was slain in the battle of Pavia, under the walls of the Castello, where, thirty-five years before, he had been wedded to Bianca Sforza.

Meanwhile Beatrice's sons grew up at Innsbruck, under the care of their cousin, the Empress Bianca. It was a melancholy life for these young princes, born in the purple and reared in all the luxury and culture of Milan. And when their cousin Bianca died in 1510, they lost their best friend. But a sudden and unexpected turn of the tide brought them once more to the front. That warlike pontiff, Julius II., who, as Cardinal della Rovere, had been one of the chief instruments in bringing the French into Italy, entered into a league with Maximilian to expel them and reinstate the son of the hated Moro on the throne of Milan. They succeeded so well that, in 1512, four years after Lodovico's death at Loches, young Maximilian Sforza entered Milan in triumph, amidst the enthusiastic applause of the people. Once more he rode up to the gates of the Castello where he was born, and took up his abode there as reigning duke. But his rule over Lombardy was short. A handsome, gentle youth, without either his father's talents or his mother's high spirit, Maximilian was destined to become a passive tool in the hands of stronger and more powerful men. His weakness and incapacity soon became apparent, and when, three years later, the new French king, Francis I., invaded the Milanese, and defeated the Italian army at Marignano, the young duke signed an act of abdication, and consented to spend the rest of his life in France. There he lived in honourable captivity, content with a pension allowed him by King Francis and with the promise of a cardinal's hat held out to him by the Pope, until he died, in May, 1530, and was buried in the Duomo of Milan. His brother Francesco was a far more spirited and courageous prince, who might have proved an admirable ruler in less troublous times, but was doomed to experience the strangest vicissitudes of fortune. After the second conquest of Milan by the French, he retired to Tyrol, until, in 1521, Pope Leo X. combined with Charles V. to oppose Francis I., and restore the Sforzas. Their aims were crowned with success, and by the end of the year Francesco Sforza was proclaimed Duke of Milan, only to be driven from his throne again three years later. After the defeat of Pavia, the young duke, who had won the love of all his subjects, was again restored; but having entered into a league with the Pope and Venice to expel the Imperialists, incurred the displeasure of Charles V., and was besieged in the Castello by the Connetable de Bourbon, who at length forced him to surrender. A prolonged struggle followed, in which Francesco Sforza was often worsted, and at one time forced to retire to Como. In the end, however, he was restored to the throne by Charles V., whose favour he succeeded in recovering, when, in 1530, that monarch visited Italy to receive the imperial crown. At length this long-distracted realm enjoyed an interval of peace, and a brighter day seemed about to dawn for the unhappy Milanese.

The young duke was very popular with the people, who rejoiced in having a prince of their own once more, and who, in Guicciardini's words, looked to see a return of that felicity which they had enjoyed during his father's reign. When, in 1534, he married Charles V.'s niece, Christina of Denmark, the splendour of the wedding fetes, the balls and tournaments that took place in the Castello, recalled the glories of Lodovico's reign and the marriage of the Empress Bianca. The charms of the youthful bride revived the memory of the duke's mother, Beatrice d'Este, and a richly illuminated book of prayers, prepared in honour of this occasion, and adorned with miniatures and Sforza devices, bore witness to Francesco's artistic tastes, and showed his desire to tread in his father's steps. But these bright prospects were soon clouded. The young duke became seriously ill, owing to a dangerous wound which he had received from an assassin, Bonifazio Visconti, twelve years before, and, after lingering through the summer months, he died on All Souls' Day, 1535, to the consternation of the whole Milanese, On the 19th of November the last of the Sforzas was buried with royal pomp in the Duomo of Milan, and his childless widow, the youthful Duchess Christina, retired to the city of Tortona, which had been given her as her marriage portion. Her portrait, painted by the hand of Holbein, is familiar to us all as well as "the few words she wisely spoke," when, in reply to Henry VIII.'s offer of marriage, she said "that unfortunately she had only one head, but that if she had two, one should be at his Majesty's service."



A week or two later, Lodovico Sforza's only remaining son, Gianpaolo, the child of Lucrezia Crivelli, who had fought gallantly against French and Imperialists in defence of his brother's rights, died on his way to Naples. With him the last claimant to the throne of the Sforzas passed away. The duchy of Milan reverted to the Imperial crown, and this fair and prosperous realm sank into a mere province of Charles V.'s vast empire.

* * * * *

Thirty years after the last Sforza duke had been laid in his grave, the noble monument which the Moro had raised to his wife's memory in S. Maria delle Grazie was broken up. The friars who had known Lodovico and revered his memory were dead and gone, and the Prior then in office, seized with iconoclastic zeal, ordered the monument to be removed from the choir, in accordance with a canon of the Council of Trent. The tomb was taken to pieces, and Cristoforo Solari's beautiful effigies of the duke and duchess were offered for sale. Fortunately, the news of this act of vandalism reached the ears of the Carthusians at Pavia, and remembering how much they owed to the Moro's generosity, they sent word to a Milanese citizen, Oldrado Lampugnano, to purchase the two marble statues for the Certosa. Oldrado, whose father had been exiled after the Moro's fall, and who was himself a loyal partisan of the house of Sforza, bought Solari's effigies for the small sum of thirty-eight ducats, and removed them to the Certosa, "that shrine which had been so often visited by the said duke and duchess in their lifetime, and for which they had ever shown the greatest love and honour."

There we see them to-day—Lodovico with the hooked nose and bushy eyebrows, in all the pride of his ducal robes, and Beatrice at his side, in the charm and purity of her youthful slumber, surrounded by other memorials of Sforzas and Viscontis, wrought with the same exquisite art and enriched with the same wealth of ornament. After all, these marble forms could hardly find a better home than the great Lombard sanctuary which was so closely linked with the brightest days of Beatrice's wedded life, and which to the last remained the object of Lodovico Sforza's care and love.



INDEX

A

Agnese di Maino, 16

Albergati, 151

Aldo Manuzio, 30, 126, 131, 153, 261

Alessandro Manuzio, 131

Alexander VI. (Pope), 156 f., 165, 178, 221, 223, 249, 255 f., 295, 337 f., 364

Alfonso of Calabria, 17, 28, 43, 46, 112, 118 f., 177 f., 184, 221, 223, 225 f., 232, 236, 249, 253, 255, 257

Alfonso d'Este, 5, 8, 48, 51, 58, 100, 149, 159, 165, 174, 180, 186, 190 f., 198, 200, 206, 222, 253, 259, 323, 351

Alfonso Gonzaga, 71

Alvise Marliani, 127, 324

Almodoro, 362

d'Amboise (Cardinal), 349, 371

Ambrogio Borgognone, 104

Ambrogio da Corte, 167, 206

Ambrogio Ferrari, 66, 144, 345

Ambrogio de Predis, 209, 218, 303

Ambrogio da Rosate, 61, 120, 127, 145, 168, 224, 236, 272, 324

Andre de la Vigne, 234

Andrea Cagnola, 240

Andrea Cossa, 35, 276

Andrea Mantegna, 50 f., 153, 328

Andrea Salai, 139

Angelo Poliziano, 129, 131, 147

Angelo Talenti, 179, 272, 293

Angelo Testagrossa, 152

Anna Sforza, 8, 43, 48, 70, 78, 169 f., 180 f., 186, 190 f., 198, 200, 253, 259, 323

Anna Solieri, 279

Anne de Beaujeu, 113

Anne of Bourbon, 235

Anne of Brittany, 113 f., 160, 290

Annibale Bentivoglio, 36, 71 ff.

Antoine de Bussy, 361

Anton Maria de Collis, 259

Antonio Calco, 120

Antonio Cammelli (Pistoia), 140, 144 f., 148, 150, 296

Antonio Costabili, 308, 327

Antonio da Landriano, 240, 338, 343

Antonio da Monza, 63, 332, 348

Antonio del Balzo, 156

Antonio di Campo Fregoso, 142, 150

Antonio Grifo, 142

Antonio Grimani, 292

Antonio Grumello, 361, 363

Antonio Loredano, 113

Antonio Maria Pallavicini, 342, 347

Antonio Maria Sanseverino, 151, 232, 272, 279, 342-347, 354, 375

Antonio of Salerno, 112

Antonio Stanga, 223, 226

Antonio Tassino, 22, 24 f.

Antonio Tebaldeo, 35, 144

Antonio Trivulzio (Bishop of Como), 186, 202 f., 293, 344, 347

Antonio Visconti, 261

Ariosto, 36, 87, 149, 159, 207

Art and learning at Ferrara, 31-39; at Milan, 128 ff.; at Pavia, 126 ff.

Ascanio Sforza, 16, 24, 41, 56, 73, 152, 156, 163, 165, 171, 222 f., 228, 253, 255, 262, 338, 343 f., 360, 364, 371

Atalante Migliorotti, 151 ff.

Azzo Visconti, 333

B

Baldassare Castiglione, 351

Baldassare Pusterla, 240, 250

Baldassare Taccone, 150, 210

Barone, 76, 232, 251, 298

Bartolommeo Calco, 114, 125 f., 131

Bartolommeo Scotti (Count), 58

Battista Fregoso, 316

Battista Guarino, 28 f., 36

Battista Sfondrati, 317

Battista Visconti, 344

Beatrice of Aragon, 4

Beatrice de' Contrari, 58

Beatrice di Correggio, 169, 323

Beatrice d'Este (the elder), 4, 22

Beatrice d'Este: birth, 4; early life, at Naples, 6 f.; betrothal to Lodovico Sforza, 8; portraits, 33; education, 36 ff.; wedding journey, 57 ff.; marriage, 65 f.; at Pavia, 67 ff.; early wedded life, 76 ff.; friendship with Galeazzo Sanseverino, 81 ff.; jealousy of Cecilia Gallerani, 89; at Vigevano, 92; at Villa Nova, 96; horsemanship, 97; relations with Isabella of Aragon, 99; escapades at Milan, 100 ff.; illness, 110; at Genoa, 111; at Vigevano, 122; patron of learning and poetry, 141 ff.; of drama and music, 151 ff.; first son born, 166 ff.; wardrobe, 170 f.; visit to Ferrara, 180 ff.; diplomatic visit to Venice, chap. xvi. f.; return to Milan, 205; birth of second son, 258 f.; courage in danger, 271; meets Maximilian at Bormio, 288 ff.; at Vigevano, 291 f.; sadness of her last days, 302-306; death, 306; funeral, 310 f.; Maximilian's eulogy, 313 f.; tomb, 316; Cenacolo, 317 f., 350

Belgiojoso, 180, 184, 196, 205, 222, 225

Bellincioni, 46 f., 53, 76, 86 f., 90, 100, 137, 139, 144 L., 147 f.

Bello of Ferrara, 87

Belriguardo, 183, 188, 205

Benedetto Capilupi, 231, 264, 327

Benedetto da Cingoli, 143

Benedetto Ispano, 128

Benedetto Trevisano, 255, 367

Bergonzio, 299, 366

Bernardino Caimo, 140

Bernardino Corio, 19, 22, 25, 94, 99, 125, 129 f., 177 f., 230, 241, 342 f.

Bernardino da Feltre, 123

Bernardino da Rossi, 66

Bernardino del Corte, 272, 299, 319, 344 f., 347 f.

Bernardino d'Urbino, 283

Bernardo Contarini, 271

Bernardo Prosperi, 170

Bianca d'Este, 4, 65, 183

Bianca, d. of Caterina Sforza, 330

Bianca, d. of Lodovico, 45, 57, 169, 209, 233, 235, 292, 302 f., 376

Bianca Maria Sforza, 43, 46, 70, 106, 115, 121, 136, 160 f., 169 f., 179, 184, 208-220, 222, 242, 252 f., 303, 339, 346, 371, 377

Bianca of Milan, m. of Lodovico, 14 ff.

Bibbiena, 147

Blois (Treaty of), 338

Boccaccio, 143

Bona of Savoy, Duchess of Milan, 8, 18-25, 70, 160, 170, 208, 216, 232, 237, 251 f.

Bona, d. of Giangaleazzo Sforza, 167, 353

Bonifazio da Cremona, 63

Bonifazio Visconti, 378

Borella, 245, 250

Borromeo, 342, 344, 354

Borso di Correggio (the elder), 5

Borso di Correggio (the younger), 206, 315

Borso d'Este, 3, 29, 38

Bramante of Urbino, 42, 76, 83, 92, 104, 122, 124, 132 ff., 139 f., 145-148, 229, 260, 291, 296, 299, 300, 316, 331, 350 f.

Brera Altar-piece, 285 f.

Briconnet, 280, 283

Brognolo, 261

Buttinone di Treviglio, 66

C

Cagnola, 92, 132, 288

Caiazzo. See Gianfrancesco Sanseverino

Calvi, 242

Camilla Sforza, 169, 343

Caradosso, 132, 134, 137, 139, 182, 262, 320, 348

Carpaccio, 103

Castello of Ferrara, 1

Caterina Cornaro, 204

Caterina Sforza, 20, 23, 41, 253, 330, 341, 365

Cecco Simonetta, 20-24

Cecilia Gallerani, 52 ff., 89 ff., 150, 263, 292, 321

Cecilia Simonetta, 145

Celso Maffei, 354

Certosa, 74, 102-106, 237

Caesar Borgia, 222, 338, 341, 348 ff., 361

Charles V. (Emperor), 332, 377 f.

Charles VIII. of France, 112 ff., 160, 164 f., 180, 184 f., 196 f., 209, 221, 223, 232-238, 248, 254 ff., 258, 264, 268, 273 ff., 277, 279 f., 282 ff., 287, 294, 325

Charlotte d'Albret, 338

Chevalier Bayard, 360

Chiara Gonzaga, 251, 305, 314, 329 f.

Christina of Denmark, 378

Conrad Sturzl, 270

Conrade Vimerca, 289

Constantino Privolo, 200

Cordier, 76, 152, 186, 190, 196

Cosimo Tura, 2, 33

Cristoforo Rocchi, 61

Cristoforo Romano, 56, 76, 106 ff., 111, 139, 152, 323

Cristoforo Solari (Il Gobbo), 317 ff., 351, 379

Cusani, 324

D

Dante, 146

Delaborde, 196, 247

Della Torre (Count), 169

Demetrius Calcondila, 128

De Trano, 337

Dioda (or Diodato), 76, 81

Dionigi Confanerio, 239

Doge Agostino Barbarigo, 174, 186 ff., 195 ff., 267

Dolcebuono, 132 ff., 140

Domenico de Grillandaio, 300

Donate de' Preti, 241, 244, 250

Dorotea Gonzaga, 18

E

Elizabeth Gonzaga (Duchess of Urbino), 50, 57, 144, 147, 151, 187, 227

Elizabeth Sforza, 262

Emilia Pia, 108, 147, 151

Erasmo Brasca, 64, 114, 179, 205, 217 ff., 225, 229, 242, 254, 327, 338, 343

Ercole d'Este, 2 f., 5 f., 9 f., 22, 28 ff., 38, 89, 155, 158, 164, 182 f., 206, 222, 232, 282, 284 f., 308, 312, 323, 337, 348-351, 360, 364 f.

Ercole (Maximilian) Sforza, 166, 171, 226, 264 f., 292 f., 335, 353, 373

Ermes Sforza, 43, 74, 182, 217 f., 245, 253, 310, 346, 364, 371, 377

Ermolao Barbaro, 93, 124

Este (House of), 2

Eustachio, 25, 43

F

Fausto Andrelino, 370

Federico, Marquis of Mantua, 9

Federigo of Naples, 232

Federigo Sanseverino (Cardinal), 44, 151, 255, 343, 375

Federigo of Urbino, 4

Ferrante d'Este, 6, 51, 249, 323, 351

Ferrante of Naples, 3, 6, 9 f., 21, 24, 27, 45, 112 ff., 118, 121, 165, 176, 184, 221 f.

Ferrante of Naples II., 228, 255, 257, 264, 266, 269, 277, 282, 294, 328

Ferrante Sforza, 7

Ferrara, 31 f.

Ferrari, 128

Ficino, 147

Fieschi, 335

Filelfo, 16, 129 ff.

Filippino di Frati Filippo, 300, 340

Filippo Beroaldo, 129

Filippo Sforza, 21

Florentio, 152

Fracassa. See Sanseverino (Gaspare)

Francesco Bello, 35

Francesco Bernardo Visconti, 215, 266 f., 342, 344, 347

Francesco Capello, 190

Francesco da Casate, 55

Francesco Foscari, 288, 291 f., 305

Francesco Francia, 34

Francesco Mantegna, 329

Francesco Martini, 60, 134

Francesco Pallavicino, 215, 262, 342

Francesco Sforza, 5, 8, 14, 114, 156, 186, 217

Francesco Sforza (son of Giangaleazzo), 48, 237 f., 240, 251, 299, 328, 353

Francesco Sforza (son of Lodovico), 259, 293, 321, 335, 377 f.

Francesca da Rimini, 373

Franchino Gaffuri, 128, 131, 134, 152

Francis I., 376 f.

Frederic III. (Emperor), 179, 208

Frederic of Naples, 294, 353

G

Gaguin, 94

Galeazzo Pallavicino, 213, 262, 342

Galeazzo di Sanseverino, 44 f., 51, 55, 58, 67, 71, 73, 76, 79 ff., 85 ff., 92, 100, 110, 124, 136, 138, 145-148, 158 f., 162, 164, 171, 180, 182, 206 f., 210, 216, 222, 224 f., 228, 237, 248 f., 255 f., 264, 269, 271 f., 278 f., 281, 285-288, 292, 298, 303 f., 310, 315, 322 ff., 326, 330, 338, 342, 344 ff., 348, 351, 354, 356-363, 365, 370, 376

Galeotto del Carretto, 93, 150

Galeotto della Mirandola, 4, 65, 183, 272, 292, 327, 341

Gaspare Bugati, 132

Gaspare Melchior, Bishop of Brixen, 209, 211, 215, 254, 270

Gaspare di Pusterla, 170

Gaspare Sanseverino (Fracassa), 28, 44, 71, 85, 123, 182, 228, 232, 279, 287, 291, 296, 322, 327, 330, 342, 347, 349, 354, 361, 363, 375

Gaspare Visconti, 103, 138, 142 f., 145-148, 151, 190, 217, 264, 324

Gattico, 318, 322 f.

Gentile Bellini, 103, 198

Ghibellines, 21, 23

Giacomo Trotti, 52, 62, 64 f., 76, 88 f., 91, 110, 157, 166, 241

Gian Francesco da Vimercato, 357

Gian Francesco Gonza of Bozzolo, 156

Gianfrancesco Sanseverino (Count of Caiazzo), 74, 119, 148, 178, 182, 232, 238, 249, 269, 272 ff., 278, 292 f., 315, 330, 342 f., 347, 349, 354, 375

Gian Galeazzo Sforza, Duke of Milan, 7, 20, 23, 41 ff., 46 f., 69, 71, 73, 80, 115, 118 f., 124, 167, 176 f., 209, 221, 230, 237 ff., 246 f., 285

Gian Giacomo Gillino, 202, 356

Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, 45, 352

Giannino, 137

Gianpaolo Sforza, 321, 379

Giasone del Maino, 127 f., 217, 270, 272

Gilbert Bertrand, 370

Gilbert of Montpensier, 251, 264, 277, 294

Giorgio Merula, 64, 127-130, 137, 139

Giovanni Adorno, 162, 272, 328, 335, 347

Giovanni Antonio Amadeo, 104, 133 f., 140, 325

Giovanni Bellini, 53, 153, 187, 263

Giovanni Bentivoglio, 67

Giovanni Dondi, 63

Giovanni Francesco Gonzaga, Marquis of Mantua, 9, 33, 50, 56, 66 f., 72, 109, 111, 152, 174, 182, 187 f., 191, 195, 206, 226 f., 265, 270, 272 ff., 281, 283, 285, 298, 307, 322 f., 326 f., 329, 338, 342, 348-351, 358 ff.

Giovanni Gonzaga, 69, 98, 259, 360

Giovanni de Medici, 330

Giovanni Pietro Suardo, 245

Giovanni Sforza of Pesaro, 165, 184, 338

Giovanni Simonetta, 24

Giovanni Stanga (Marquis), 106 f., 145, 148, 162, 217, 288, 291, 293, 315, 317 ff., 327, 338, 363

Giovanni da Tortona, 316

Girolamo da Figino, 200

Girolamo Landriano, 355

Girolamo Riario, 20, 23

Girolamo Savonarola, 29, 61, 157, 184, 274

Girolamo Stanga, 72

Girolamo Tuttavilla, 100, 120, 148, 162, 179, 186, 189 f., 206, 228

Giuliano della Rovere (Cardinal), 157, 165, 225, 255, 316, 349, 371

Godefroy, 237

Godfrey Borgia, 221, 225

Gualtero, 325

Guicciardini, 12, 99, 176, 225 f., 240, 249, 259 f., 278, 295, 378

Guido Arcimboldo, 301, 323

Guidotto Prestinari, 144 f.

Guiniforte Solari, 133

H

Henry VII. of England, 114, 290, 297, 355

I

Il Perugino, 104, 300, 340

Innocent VII. (Pope), 30, 43, 62, 73, 113, 156

Ippolita Sforza, 7, 17

Ippolita Sforza (the younger), 230

Ippolito d'Este (Cardinal), 51, 222

Isabella of Aragon, 46, 69, 80, 99 ff., 118 f., 124, 160, 167, 169 f., 176 f., 230, 237 f., 250 ff., 265, 269, 328, 353

Isabella d'Este, 4, 30, 33, 36 ff., 40, 50, 52, 53 f., 64, 68 f., 74 f., 78 f., 81, 84 ff., 96 ff., 101, 106 ff., 109, 123, 131, 145, 149 ff., 152, 155 ff., 162, 167, 171 f., 174 f., 187 f., 198, 205, 206 ff., 211, 226, 232, 244, 250 f., 258 ff., 263 f., 272 f., 275 f., 278, 283 f., 298, 304, 308, 312, 321 ff., 326 ff., 344, 353, 356

Isabella Sforza, 7, 17

J

Jacopo Andrea, 360, 364

Jacopo Antiquario, 115, 125 f.

Jacopo d'Atri, 7, 108, 279, 283

Jacopo Bellini, 2, 32

Jacopo da Ferrara 138 f., 355

Jacopo di San Secondo, 152

James IV. (of Scotland), 121

Jean d'Auton, 355, 359, 369, 371, 377

Jean Bontemps, 209

Jean Jacques Trivulzio, 282, 294, 315 f., 326, 329, 338, 341-349, 353, 355, 360-364, 367

Jean Marot, 370

Joan of Aragon, 6

Jorba, 173

Juan Borgia, 223, 225

Julius II. (Pope), 283

L

Lancinus Curtius, 128, 139, 149, 210, 230, 348

Lascaris, 7, 17, 19

La Tremouille, 232, 260 f., 363 f.

Leo X. (Pope), 377

Leonardo da Vinci, 42, 47, 53, 61, 66, 72, 76, 91, 107, 133-140, 144, 153 f.,210, 229, 260 f., 296, 299, 302, 306, 318 f., 324 f., 331, 339 f., 347, 350 f., 353, 365 f.

Leonello d'Este, 3, 29, 32

Leonora of Aragon (Duchess d'Este), 3, 6, 28, 30, 34, 38, 50, 64, 73, 107, 166, 168 f., 172, 177, 181, 186, 190 f., 195, 198, 206 f.

Leonora da Correggio, 217

Leonora Gonzaga, 226, 230, 329

Lodovico Bergamini, 52, 90, 292

Lodovico de Medici, 330

Lodovico Sforza (Il Moro), 4, 8; his character, 10 ff.; birth, 14; explanation of surname, 15; early years, 15 f.; leads crusade, 17; at Cremona, 17; in France, 20; exile at Pisa, 21; becomes Duke of Bari, 22; invasion of Lombardy, 22; returns to Milan as co-regent, 23; betrothal, 24; sole regent, 25; war with Genoese and Venetians, 27 f.; delays his marriage, 41; development of Milan, 42; marriage contract, 49; again delays his marriage, 51; relations with Cecilia Gallerani, 52; marriage, 65 f.; renounces Cecilia Gallerani, 89; public works in Vigevano and the Lomellina, 92 ff.; interest in the Certosa, 102-106; friendship and correspondence with Isabella D'Este, 108 ff., 163 f.; entertains French ambassadors, 115 ff.; concludes treaty with Charles VIII., 116; embassy to France, 119; reforms and extends Universities of Pavia and Milan, 126 ff.; endows research, 129 ff.; his library, 130; encourages art, 131 ff.; attitude towards Renaissance, 139 f.; ambition, 176 f.; alliance with Venice and Papacy, 178; visits Ferrara, 180 ff.; vacillating policy, 221 f.; joins Charles VII. against Naples, 224 f.; relations with the Gonzagas of Mantua, 227; proclaimed duke at Milan, 240 f.; seeks investiture from Maximilian, 241 ff.; refutes calumnies, 254; proclamation of New League against France, 267; invested Duke of Milan, 270; retires before Louis of Orleans, 271; war with France, 272 ff.; peace, 281; assists Pisa, 287; league with Maximilian and others, 290; his arrogance, 295; grief at death of Beatrice, 307 ff., 315; visit to Mantua, 326 f.; his wills, 332-336; flight before the French, and loss of Milan, 343-351; return to Milan, 356 ff.; besieged in Novara, 361; betrayed by Swiss, 362; captivity at Encise and Lys St. Georges, 367-370; at Loches, 371 ff.; death, 373; place of burial, 373 f.

Lorenzo Gusnasco, 37, 76, 152

Lorenzo de' Medici, 7, 17, 19, 21, 42, 118, 143, 147, 151, 164

Lorenzo da Pavia, 129, 153, 261 ff., 348, 365

Louis XI., 20

Louis XII., 265, 326, 332, 337 f., 341, 348, 360, 363, 371, 376. See also Orleans, Duke of.

Luca Fancelli, 133 f.

Luca Pacioli, 128, 304, 324

Lucia Marliani, 18

Lucrezia Borgia, 149, 165, 184, 338

Lucrezia Crivelli, 302, 321, 379

Lucrezia d'Este, 33, 36

Luzio, 173

M

Machiavelli, 19, 330

Maffeo Pirovano, 241, 252 ff., 324

Maffeo di Treviglio, 136

Magenta, 247

Malipiero, 271, 284, 287, 295, 331

Mantegna, 274

Marc Antonio Michieli, 303

Marco Morosini, 292

Margareta Solari, 233

Margherita Gonzaga, 298

Margherita Pia, 85, 151, 322

Marino Sanuto, 238, 248, 267, 291, 293 ff., 297, 315 f., 326, 331, 337, 346, 370, 376

Mariolo, 163, 170

Mary of Burgundy, 113

Mascagni, 147

Matteo Boiardo, 36, 38, 52, 68, 86 f.

Matteo Brandello, 138, 299, 318

Matthias Corvinus, 43, 64, 115, 136, 154

Maximilian, 113, 137, 164 f., 179 f., 184 ff., 197, 208, 218 f., 222, 225, 241, 252 ff., 256, 269, 272, 284, 288, 295, 301, 304 f., 313 ff., 334, 338 f., 341 f., 346, 355, 371, 377

Melzi (Count of), 346

Michele Savonarola, 29

Michelo Angelo, 108

Milan, 260

Milan, University of, 128

Molmenti, 188

Montferrat, Marquis of, 67, 116, 236

Montorfano, 319

Muralti, 65, 302

N

Narcisso, 152

Nexemperger, 133

Niccolo della Bussola, 355, 364

Niccolo da Correggio, 5 f., 28, 35, 65, 73, 76, 80, 107, 116, 142 f., 145 f., 149-152, 182, 208 f., 217, 259, 264, 303, 306, 313, 323, 327, 349, 351, 353

Niccolo d'Este II., 30, 193

Niccolo d'Este III., 3, 29

Niccolo d'Este (s. of Leonello d'Este), 5 f.

Niccolo de Negri, 188, 190, 293

O

Oldrado Lampugnano, 379

Orleans, Duke of, 112, 225, 231 f., 256, 266, 268 f., 271, 279, 281 f., 286, 294 f., 326. See also Louis XII.

Orsini, 223

Ortensio Lando, 52

Ottaviano Sforza, 42

P

Pamfilo Sasso, 150

Pandolfini, 25, 48, 118

Paolo Bilia, 250

Paolo Giovio, 11, 247, 273, 371

Pavia, 66 ff.

Pavia, University of, 126 ff.

Pedro Maria, 152

Perrault de Gurk, 318

Perron de Baschi, 221

Perugino. See Il P.

Petrarch, 143, 146

Philippe de Commines, 48, 187, 233, 236 f., 245, 248 f., 261 f., 269, 274, 279, 285

Pier Francesco, 373

Piero de Medici, 164, 184, 223, 231, 236, 241, 248, 256, 262

Pierre d'Urfe, 376

Pietro Alamanni, 135, 231, 241

Pietro Bembo, 108, 113, 195, 197

Pietro Landriano, 179

Pietro Lazzarone, 150

Pietro of Perugia. See Il Perugino

Pico della Mirandola, 30, 61

Pino, 318

Pistoia. See Antonio Cam. P.

Pius II., 16

Poggio, 87

Polissena d'Este, 77, 79, 232

Pontano, 7

Prato, 362

Prosperi, 181 f.

Pulci, 87

R

Raphael, 144, 152

Roberto di Sanseverino, 21 ff., 27 f., 43, 137

Roderigo Borgia. See Alexander VI.

Rodolfo Gonzaga, 65, 273

Romanini, 195

Rovegnatino, 316

S

Sabba da Castiglione, 35, 45, 108, 142 ff., 147, 149, 152 f., 354

Salomon (physician), 370 f.

Salomone Ebreo, 130

Sancia of Naples, 221, 225

Sandro Botticelli, 300

Sannazzaro, 7

Sanseverino, House of, 43 f. See also Antonio Maria S., Federigo S., Galeazzo S., Gaspare S., Gianfrancesco S., Roberto S.

Scaligero, 52

Schifanoia frescoes, 32, 38

Sebastian Badoer, 255

Senlis (Treaty of), 180, 196, 224

Serafino Aquilano, 142 ff.

Sforza, Duke of Bari, 20 ff.

Sigismund of Austria, 218

Sigismund d'Este (Cardinal), 58

Sigismund of Poland, 353

Sixtus IV., 3, 20, 24, 27, 157

Sperandio, 3, 31, 274

Spinola family, 335

Stuart d'Aubigny, 114, 121, 232, 238

T

Taddeo Contarini, 155, 303

Taddeo Vimercati, 179, 187

Tanzio, 139, 144

Tasso, 87

Teodora, 168 ff., 181

Teseo d'Albonesi, 128, 153

Theodore Guainiero, 247

Tiraboschi, 141

Tito Strozzi, 35

Tommaso Grassi, 131

Tommaso Piatti, 131

Treso di Monza, 66

Trissino, 37

Tristan Calco, 70, 129 f., 210

Tristan Sforza, 5, 22

Turman, 362

U

Ursino, 190

V

Valentina Visconti, 231

Vasari, 135, 319

Venetian fetes, 193 ff.

Venetians attack Ferrara, 26 f.

Vercelli (Peace of), 281

Verrocchio, 301

Vincenzo Baldelli, 316

Vincenzo Calmeta, 138, 142 f., 145 f., 151

Vincenzo Foppa, 63

Vittore Pisanello, 2, 32

Vittoria Colonna, 52, 263

Z

Zenale di Treviglio, 66, 285

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TURNBULL AND SPEARS

EDINBURGH



Transcriber's Note Typographical errors corrected in the text: Page ix Guiccardini changed to Guicciardini Page ix Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page x Bibliotheque changed to Bibliotheque Page xi Etude changed to Etude Page xv di changed to da Page xvi Belrignardo changed to Belriguardo Page 9 negociations changed to negotiations Page 14 II changed to Il Page 15 Guiccardini changed to Guicciardini Page 22 Tristran changed to Tristan Page 33 Cristoforo changed to Cristoforo Page 33 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 44 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page 44 Elizabetta changed to Elisabetta Page 36 Bentivogho changed to Bentivoglio Page 36 Sando changed to Sandro Page 37 di changed to da Page 41 Galezzo changed to Galeazzo Page 45 Castelnovo changed to Castelnuovo Page 45 Leonardi changed to Leonardo Page 52 Benedette changed to Benedetto Page 57 Valtelline changed to Valtellina Page 62 Certoza changed to Certosa Page 67 Salla changed to Sala Page 71 Bentovoglio changed to Bentivoglio Page 71 Sanseverinos changed to Sanseverino Page 73 Gianfranceso changed to Gianfrancesco Page 74 beside changed to besides Page 77 Polisenna changed to Polissena Page 86 Castelnovo changed to Castelnuovo Page 91 Jesu changed to Gesu Page 93 Sev^o, abbreviation for Severino, has been retained Page 97 l6th changed to 16th Page 99 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 108 Castiglone changed to Castiglione Page 113 Fnding changed to Finding Page 115 magificently changed to magnificently Page 123 l6th changed to 16th Page 128 Paciolo changed to Pacioli Page 133 Fabbriccieri changed to Fabbricieri Page 133 Gratz changed to Graz Page 138 Bellincionis's changed to Bellincioni's Page 143 Abbruzzi changed to Abruzzi Page 145 Bramarite's changed to Bramante's Page 146 Uzieili changed to Uzielli Page 147 Muntz changed to Muntz Page 150 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page 150 Valtelline changed to Valtellina Page 159 Naple's changed to Naples' Page 161 Today changed to To-day Page 163 Pecorata changed to Pecorara Page 177 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 179 Frederick changed to Frederic Page 187 Phillippe changed to Philippe Page 188 Gianfranceseo changed to Gianfrancesco Page 193 Comminnes changed to Commines Page 195 Romanin changed to Romanini Page 200 word "of" missing after "the daughters" and before "Messer Sigismondo" Page 206 Ambrosio changed to Ambrogio Page 209 Ambrogie changed to Ambrogio Page 210 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page 212 Rochetta changed to Rocchetta Page 218 Valtelline change to Valtellina Page 226 Guiccardini changed to Guicciardini Page 232 Geneva changed to Genova Page 234 judgement changed to judgment Page 236 Pecoraja changed to Pecorara Page 237 Godefroi changed to Godefroy Page 238 Placenza changed to Piacenza Page 240 Baldasarre changed to Baldassare Page 246 Piravano changed to Pirovano Page 255 Guiliano changed to Giuliano Page 259 Guiccardini changed to Guicciardini Page 260 Lazaretto changed to Lazzaretto Page 266 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 267 or changed to of Page 269 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 272 Giascone changed to Giasone Page 273 Giovo changed to Giovio Page 293 de' Negris changed to de' Negri Page 299 Vercelliana changed to Vercellina Page 300 Botticello changed to Botticelli Page 301 Verocchio changed to Verrocchio Page 302 Muralto changed to Muralti Page 318 alar changed to altar Page 322 Arragon changed to Aragon Page 325 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page 330 Machiavelii changed to Machiavelli Page 345 sus changed to sua Page 351 Baldassarre changed to Baldassare Page 355 Brizen changed to Brixen Page 371 edioius changed to tedious Page 383 Francessa changed to Francesca Page 383 d'Albert changed to d'Albret Page 383 Frederick changed to Frederic Page 384 Giocomo changed to Giacomo Page 384 Godefroi changed to Godefroy Page 385 Lascario changed to Lascaris Page 386 Botticello changed to Botticelli Page 386 Muralto changed to Muralti Page 386 Oldrade changed to Oldrado Page 387 Verocchio changed to Verrocchio

THE END