6. In 1769 Holbach published two short treatises on the doctrine of eternal punishment which claimed to be translations from English, but the originals are not to be found. The titles are De l'intolerance convaincue de crime et de folie as it is sometimes given, and—

7. L'Enfer detruit ou Examen raisonne du Dogme de l'Eternite des Peines. Londres, Amsterdam, 1769. This letter was translated into English under the title Hell Destroyed! "Now first translated from the French of d'Alembert without any mutilations," London 1823, which led Mr. J. Hibbert to say, "I know not why English publishers attribute this awfully sounding work to the cautious, not to say timid d'Alembert. It was followed by Whitefoot's 'Torments of Hell,' now first translated from the French." [47:8]

Of Holbach's remaining works on religion two, Histoire critique de Jesus Christ and Tableau des Saints, date from 1770 when he began to publish his more philosophical works.

8. The Histoire critique de Jesus Christ ou Analyse raisonnee des Evangiles was published without name of place or date. It was preceded by Voltaire's Epitre a Uranie. It is an extremely careful but unsympathetic analysis of the Gospel accounts, emphasizing all the inconsistencies and interpreting them with a literalness that they can ill sustain. From this rationalistic view-point Holbach found the Gospels a tissue of absurdities and contradictions. His method, however, would not be followed by the critique of today.

9. The Tableau des Saints is a still more severe criticism of the heroes of Christendom. Holbach's proposition is "La raison ne connait qu'une mesure pour juger et les hommes et les choses, c'est l'utilite reelle et permanente, qui en resulte pour notre espece," (p. 111). Judged by this standard, the saints with their eyes fixed on another world have fallen far short. "Ils se flatterent de meriter le ciel en se rendant parfaitement inutile a la terre" (p. xviii). Holbach much prefers the heroes of classical antiquity. The book is violent but learned throughout, and deals not only with the Jewish patriarchs from Moses on but with the church fathers and Christian Princes down to the contemporary defenders of the faith. After a rather one-sided account of the most dreary characters and events in Christian history, Holbach concludes: "Tel fut, tel est, et tel sera toujours l'esprit du Christianisme: il est aise de sentir qu'il est incompatible avec les principes les plus evidens de la morale et de la saine politique" (p. 208).

10. In Recueil philosophique, Londres (Amsterdam), 1770, edited by Naigeon. Reflexions sur les craintes de la Mort. Probleme important—La Religion est-elle necessaire a la morale et utile a la Politique. Par M. Mirabaud.

11. _Essai sur les prejuges, ou De l'influence des opinions sur les moeurs et sur le bonheur des Hommes_. Londres (Amsterdam), 1770, under name of Dumarsais. The book pretended to be an elaboration of Dumarsais' essay on the _Philosophe_ published in the _Nouvelles libertes de penser, 1750.

The special interest connected with it was the refutation Frederick the Great published under the title Examen de l'Essai sur les prejuges, Londres, Nourse, 1770 (16 mo). The King of Prussia writing from the point of view of a practical, enlightened despot, took special exception to Holbach's remarks on government. "Il l'outrage avec autant de grossierete que d'indecence, il force le gouvernement de prendre fait et cause avec l'eglise pour s'opposer a l'ennemi commun. Mais, quand avec un acharnement violent et les traits de la plus acre satire, il calomnie son Roi et le gouvernement de son pays, on le prend pour un frenetique echappe de ses chaines, et livre aux transports les plus violens de sa rage. Quoi, Monsieur le philosophe, protecteur des moeurs et de la vertu, ignorez vous qu'un bon citoyen doit respecter la forme de gouvernement sous laquelle il vit, ignorez vous qu'il ne convient point a un particulier d'insulter les Puissances..." (p. 28).

"Non content d'insulter a toutes les tetes couronnes de l'Europe, notre philosophe s'amuse, en passant, a repandre du ridicule sur les ouvrages de Hugo Grotius. J'oserais croire qu'il n'en sera pas cru sur sa parole, et que le Droit de la guerre et de la paix ira plus loin a la posterite que l'Essai sur les prejuges" (p. 39).

Holbach in his anti-militaristic enthusiasm had used the words "bourreaux mercenaires"; "epithete elegante," continues Frederick, "dont il honore les guerriers. Mais souffrions nous qu'un cerveau brule insulte au plus noble emploi de la Societe?" (p.49). He goes on to defend war in good old-fashioned terms. "Vous declamez contre la guerre, elle est funeste en elle-meme; mais c'est un mal comme ces autres fleaux du ciel qu'il faut supposer necessaires dans l'arrangement de cet univers parce qu'ils arrivent periodiquement et qu'aucun siecle n'a pu jusqu'a present d'en avoir ete exempt. J'ai prouve que de tout temps l'erreur a domine dans ce monde; et comme une chose aussi constante peut etre envisagee comme une loi general de la nature, j'en conclus que ce qui a ete toujours sera toujours le meme" (p. 19).

Frederick sent his little refutation to Voltaire for his compliments which were forthcoming. A few days after Voltaire wrote to d'Alembert:

Le roi de Prusse vous a envoye, sans doute, son petit ecrit contre un livre imprime cette annee, intitule Essai sur les prejuges, ce roi a aussi les siens, qu'il faut lui pardonner; on n'est pas roi pour rien. Mais je voudrais savoir quel est l'auteur de cet Essai contre lequel sa majeste prussienne s'amuse a ecrire un peu durement. Serait-il de Diderot? serait-il de Damilaville? serait-il d'Helvetius? peut-etre ne le connaissez-vous point, je le crois imprime en Hollande (Vol. LXVI, p. 304).

D'Alembert answered:

Oui, le roi de Prusse m'a envoye son ecrit contre l'Essai sur les prejuges. Je ne suis point etonne que ce prince n'ait pas goute l'ouvrage; je l'ai lu depuis cette refutation et il m'a paru bien long, bien monotone et trop amer. Il me semble que ce qu'il y de bon dans ce livre aurait pu et du etre noye dans moins de pages et je vois que vous en avez porte a peu pres le meme jugement (Vol. LXVI, p. 324).

In spite of these unfavorable judgments the Essai was reprinted as late as 1886 by the Bibliotheque Nationale in its Collection des meilleurs auteurs anciens et modernes, still attributed to Dumarsais with the account of his life by "le citoyen Daube" which graced the edition of the year I. (1792)

12. Early in 1770 appeared Holbach's most famous book, the Systeme de la Nature, the only book that is connected with his name in the minds of most historians and philosophers. It seems wiser, however, to deal with this work in a chapter apart and continue the account of his later publications.

13. The next of which was Le bon-sens, ou idees naturelles opposees aux idees surnaturelles. Par l'Auteur du Systeme de la Nature, Londres (Amsterdam), 1772. This work has gone through twenty-five editions or more and has been translated into English, German, Italian and Spanish. As early as 1791 it began to be published under the name of the cure Jean Meslier d'Etrepigny, made so famous by Voltaire's publication of what was supposed to be his last will and testament in which on his death bed he abjured and cursed Christianity. Some editions contain in the preface Letters by Voltaire and his sketch of Jean Meslier. The last reprint was by De Laurence, Scott & Co., Chicago, 1910. The book is nothing more or less than the Systeme de la Nature, in a greatly reduced and more readable form.

Voltaire, to whom it was attributed by some, said to d'Alembert, "Il y a plus que du bon sens dans ce livre, il est terrible. S'il sort de la boutique du Systeme de la Nature, l'auteur s'est bien perfectionne." D'Alembert answered: "Je pense comme vous sur le Bon-sens qui me parait un bien plus terrible livre que le Systeme de la Nature." These remarks were inscribed by Thomas Jefferson on the title page of his copy of Bon-sens. The book has gone through several editions in the United States and was sold at a popular price. The German translation was published in Baltimore on the basis of a copy found in a second-hand book store in New Orleans. The most serious work written against it is a long and carefully written treatise against materialism by an Italian monk, Gardini, entitled L'anima umana e sue proprieta dedotte da soli principi de ragione, dal P. lettore D. Antonmaria Gardini, monaco camaldalese, contro i materialisti e specialmente contro l'opera intitulata, le Bon-Sens, ou Idees Naturelles opposees aux idees Surnaturelles. In Padova MDCCLXXXI Nella stamperia del Seminario. Appresso Giovanni Manfre, Con Licenza de Superiori e Privilegio (8vo, p. xx + 284).

14. In 1773 Holbach published his Recherches sur les Miracles, a much more sober work than his previous writings on religion. In this book he raises the well known difficulties with belief in miracles and brings a great deal of real learning and logic to bear on the question. The entire work is in a reasonable and philosophic spirit. His conclusion is that "une vraie religion doit avoir au defaut de bonnes raisons, des preuves sensibles, capables de faire impression sur tout ceux qui la cherchent de bonne foi. Ce ne sont pas les miracles." The same year he published two serious but somewhat tiresome works on politics.

15. La politique naturelle.

16. Systeme social in which he attempts to reduce government to the naturalistic principles which were the basis of his entire philosophy. The first is also attributed to Malesherbes. There is a long and keen criticism of the Systeme Social by Mme. d'Epinay in a letter to Abbe Galiani Jan. 12, 1773 (Gal. Corresp., Vol. II, p. 167).

But the most interesting reaction upon it was that of the Abbe Richard who criticized it from point of view of the divine right of kings in his long and tiresome work entitled La Defense de la religion, de la morale, de la vertu, de la politique et de la societe, dans la refutation des ouvrages qui ont pour titre, l'un Systeme Social etc. Vautre La Politique Naturelle par le R. P. Ch. L. Richard, Professeur de Theologie, etc., Paris, Moulard, 1775.

In a preface of forty-seven pages the fears of the conservative old Abbe are well expressed. The aim of these modern philosophers who are poisoning public opinion by their writings is to "demolir avec l'antique edifice de la religion chretienne, celui des moeurs, de la vertu, de la saine politique etc. rompre tous les canaux de communication entre la terre et le ciel, bannir, exterminer du monde le Dieu qui le tira du neant, y introduire l'impiete la plus complete, la licence la plus consomnee, l'anarchie la plus entiere, la confusion la plus horrible."

17. Holbach's next work, Ethocratie ou Gouvernement fonde sur la Morale, Amsterdam, Rey, 1776, is interesting mainly for its unfortunate dedication and peroration, inscribed to Louis XVI, who was hailed therein as a long expected Messiah.

18. Holbach's last works dealt exclusively with morals. They are La morale universelle ou les devoirs de l'homme fondes sur la nature, Amsterdam, 1771, and

19. A posthumous work, Elements de la Morale universelle, ou catechisme de la nature, Paris, 1790. This is a beautiful little book. It is simple and clear to the last degree. There have been several translations in Spanish for the purposes of elementary education in morals in the public schools. It was composed in 1765. Holbach's attitude towards morals is indicated by his Avertissement—"La morale est une science dont les principes sont susceptibles d'une demonstration aussi claire et aussi rigoureuse que ceux du calcul et de la geometrie."



CHAPTER III. THE SYSTEME DE LA NATURE.

Early in 1770 appeared the famous Systeme de la Nature, ou Des Loix du Monde Physique et du Monde Morale, Par M. Mirabaud, Secretaire Perpetuel et l'un des Quarante de l'Academie Francaise, Londres (Amsterdam), 1770. This work has gone through over thirty editions in France, Spain, Germany, England and the United States. No book of a philosophic or scientific character has ever caused such a sensation at the time of its publication, excepting perhaps Darwin's Origin of Species, the thesis of which is more than hinted at by Holbach. There were several editions in 1770. A very few copies contain a Discours preliminaire de l'Auteur of sixteen pages which Naigeon had printed separately in London. The Abrege du Code de la Nature, which ends the book was also published separately and is sometimes attributed to Diderot, 8vo, 16 pp. [54:1]

There is also a book entitled Le vrai sens du Systeme de la Nature, 1774, attributed to Helvetius, a very clear, concise epitome largely in Holbach's own short and telling sentences, and much more effective than the original because of its brevity. Holbach himself reproduced the Systeme de la Nature in a shortened form in Bon-sens, 1772, and Payrard plagiarized it freely in De la Nature et de ses Lois, Paris, 1773. The book has been attributed to Diderot, Helvetius, Robinet, Damilaville and others. Naigeon is certain that it is entirely by Holbach, although it is generally held that Diderot had a hand in it. It was published under the name of Mirabaud to obviate persecution. The manuscript, it was alleged, had been found among his papers as a sort of "testament" or philosophical legacy to posterity. This work may be called the bible of scientific materialism and dogmatic atheism. Nothing before or since has ever approached it in its open and unequivocal insistence on points of view commonly held, if at all, with reluctance and reserve. It is impossible in a study of this length to deal fully with the attacks and refutations that were published immediately. We may mention first the condemnation of the book by the Parlement de Paris, August 18, 1770, to be burned by the public hangman along with Voltaire's Dieu et les Hommes, and Holbach's Discours sur les Miracles, La Contagion sacree and le Christianisme devoile, which had already been condemned on September 24, 1769. [55:2]

The Requisitoire of Seguier, avocat general, on the occasion of the condemnation of the Systeme de la Nature was so weak and ridiculous that the Parlement de Paris refused to sanction its publication, and it was printed by the express order of the King. As Grimm observed, it seemed designed solely to acquaint the ignorant with this dangerous work, without opposing any of its propositions. One would look in vain for a better example of the conservatism of the legal profession. [55:3]

Le poison des nouveautes profanes ne peut corrompre la sainte gravite des moeurs qui caracterise les vrais Magistrats: tout peut changer autour d'eux, ils restent immuables avec la loi (page 496).

N'est-ce pas ce fatal abus de la liberte de penser, qui a enfante cette multitude de sectes, d'opinions, de partis, et cet esprit d'independance dont d'autres nations ont eprouve les sinstres revolutions. Le meme abus produira en France des effets peut-etre plus funestes. La liberte indefinie trouveroit, dans la caractere de la nation, dans son activite, dans son amour pour la nouveaute, un moyen de plus pour preparer les plus affreuses revolutions (p. 498).

The most interesting private attacks on the Systeme de la Nature came from two somewhat unexpected quarters, from Ferney and Sans Souci. Voltaire, as usual, was not wholly consistent in his opinions of it, as is revealed in his countless letters on the subject. Grimm attributed his hostility to jealousy, and the fear that the Systeme de la Nature might "renverse le rituel de Ferney et que le patriarcat ne s'en aille au diable avec lui." [56:4] George Leroy went so far as to write a book entitled Reflexions sur la jalousie, pour servir de commentaire aux derniers ouvrages de M. de Voltaire, 1772. Frederick II naturally felt bound to defend the kings who, as Voltaire said, were no better treated than God in the Systeme de la Nature. [56:5]

Voltaire's correspondence during this period is so interesting that it seems worth while to quote at length, especially from his letters to Fredrick the Great. In May 1770, shortly after the publication of the Systeme de la Nature Voltaire wrote to M. Vernes: [56:6] "On a tant dit de sottises sur la nature que je ne lis plus aucun de ces livres la." But by July he had read it and wrote to Grimm: [56:7] "Si l'ouvrage eut ete plus serre il aurait fait un effet terrible, mais tel qu'il est il en a fait beaucoup. Il est bien plus eloquent que Spinoza... J'ai une grande curiosite de savoir ce qu'on en pense a Paris." In writing to d'Alembert about this time he seemed to have a fairly favorable impression of the book. "Il m'a paru qu'il y avait des longueurs, des repetitions et quelques inconsequences, mais il y a trop de bon pour qu'on n'eclate avec fureur contre ce livre. Si on garde le silence, ce sera une preuve du prodigieux progres que la tolerance fait tous les jours." [57:8] But there was little likelihood that philosophers or theologians would keep silent about this scandalous book. Before the end of the month Voltaire was writing to d'Alembert about his own and the king of Prussia's refutations of it, and the same day wrote to Frederick: "Il me semble que vos remarques doivent etre imprimees; ce sont des lecons pour le genre humain. Vous soutenez d'un bras la cause de Dieu et vous ecrasez de l'autre la superstition." [57:9] Later Voltaire confessed to Frederick that he also had undertaken to rebuke the author of the Systeme de la Nature. "Ainsi Dieu a pour lui les deux hommes les moins superstitieux de l'Europe, ce que devrait lui plaire beaucoup" (p. 390).

Frederick, however, hesitated to make his refutation public, and wrote to Voltaire: "Lorsque j'eus acheve mon ouvrage contre l'atheisme, je crus ma refutation tres orthodoxe, je la relus, et je la trouvai bien eloignee de l'etre. Il y a des endroits qui ne saurait paraitre sans effaroucher les timides et scandaliser les devots. Un petit mot qui m'est echappe sur l'eternite du monde me ferait lapider dans votre patrie, si j'y etais ne particulier, et que je l'eusse fait imprimer. Je sens que je n'ai point du tout ni l'ame ni le style theologique." [57:10] Voltaire, in his "petite drolerie en faveur de la Divinite" (as he called his work) and in his letters, could not find terms harsh enough in which to condemn the Systeme de la Nature. He called it "un chaos, un grand mal moral, un ouvrage de tenebres, un peche contre la nature, un systeme de la folie et de l'ignorance," and wrote to Delisle de Sales: "Je ne vois pas que rien ait plus avili notre siecle que cette enorme sottise." [58:11] Voltaire seemed to grow more bitter about Holbach's book as time went on. His letters and various works abound in references to it, and it is difficult to determine his motives. He was accused, as has been suggested, by Holbach's circle "de caresser les gens en place, et d'abandonner ceux qui n'y sont plus." [58:12] M. Avenel believed that he suspected Holbach himself of making these accusations. Voltaire's letter to the Duc de Richelieu, Nov. 1, 1770, [58:13] seems to give them foundation.

A very different reaction was that of Goethe and his university circle at Strasburg to whom the Systeme de la Nature appeared a harmless and uninteresting book, "grau," "cimmerisch," "totenhaft," "die echte Quintessenz der Greisenheit." To these fervent young men in the youthful flush of romanticism, its sad, atheistic twilight seemed to cast a veil over the beauty of the earth and rob the heaven of stars; and they lightheardedly discredited both Holbach and Voltaire in favor of Shakespeare and the English romantic school. One would look far for a better instance of the romantic reaction which set in so soon and so obscured the clarity of the issues at stake in the eighteenth century thought. [58:14]

The leading refutations directed explicitly against the Systeme de la Nature are:

1. 1770, Rive, Abbe J. J., Lettres philosophiques contre le Systeme de la Nature. (Portefeuille hebdomadaire de Bruxelles.)

2. Frederick II, _Examen critique du livre intitule, _Systeme de la Nature_. (Political Miscellanies, p. 175.)

3. Voltaire, Dieu, Reponse de M. de Voltaire au Systeme de la Nature. Au chateau de Ferney, 1770, 8 vo, pp. 34.

4. 1771, Bergier, Abbe N. F., Examen du materialisme, ou Refutation du Systeme de la Nature. Paris, Humbolt, 1771, 2 vols., 12mo.

5. Camuset, Abbe J. N., Principes contre l'incredulite, a l'occasion du Systeme de la Nature. Paris, Pillot, 1771, 12mo, pp. viii + 335.

6. Castillon, J. de (Salvernini di Castiglione), Observations sur le livre intitule, Systeme de la Nature. Berlin, Decker, 1771, 8vo. (40 sols broche.)

7. Rochford, Dubois de, Pensees diverses contre le systeme des materialistes, a l'occasion d'un ecrit intitule; Systeme de la Nature. Paris, Lambert, 1771, 12mo.

8. 1773, L'Impie demasque, ou remontrance aux ecrivains incredules. Londres, Heydinger, 1773

9. Holland, J. H., Reflexions philosophiques sur le Systeme de la Nature. Paris, 1773, 2 vols., 8vo.

10. 1776, Buzonniere, Nouel de, Observations sur un ouvrage intitule le Systeme de la Nature. Paris, Debure, pere, 1776, 8vo, pp. 126. (Prix 1 livre, 16 sols broche.)

11. 1780, Fangouse, Abbe, La religion prouvee aux incredules, avec une lettre a l'auteur du Systeme de la Nature par un homme du monde. Paris, Debure l'aine, 12mo, p. 150. Same under title Reflexions importantes sur la religion, etc., 1785.

12. 1788, Paulian, A. J., Le veritable systeme de la nature, etc., Avignon, Niel, 2 vols., 12mo.

13. 1803, Mangold, F. X. von, Unumstossliche Widerlegung des Materialismus gegen den Verfasser des Systems der Natur. Augsburg, 1803.

Of these and other refutations of materialism such as Saint-Martin's Des erreurs et de la verite, Dupont de Nemours' Philosophie de l'univers, Delisles de Sales' Philosophie de la nature, etc., which are not directed explicitly against the Systeme de la Nature, the works of Voltaire and Frederick the Great are the most interesting but by no means the most serious or convincing. Morley finds Voltaire very weak and much beside the point, especially in his discussion of order and disorder in nature which Holbach had denied. Voltaire's argument is that there must be an intelligent motor or cause behind nature (p. 7). This is God (p. 8). He admits at the outset that all systems are mere dreams but he continues to insist with a dogmatism equal to Holbach's on the validity of his dream. He repeatedly asserts without foundation that Holbach's system is based on the false experiment of Needham (pp. 5, 6), and even goes so far as to ridicule the evolutionary hypothesis altogether (p. 6). He speaks of the necessity of a belief in God, by a kind of natural logic. God and matter exist in the nature of things, "Tout nous announce un Etre supreme, rien ne nous dit ce qu'il est." God himself seems to be a kind of fatalistic necessity. "C'est ce que vous appellerez Nature et c'est ce que j'appelle Dieu." At the end he shifts the argument from the base of necessity to that of utility. Which is the more consoling doctrine? If the idea of God has prevented ten crimes I hold that the entire world should embrace it (p. 27). As Morley has said, such arguments could scarcely have convinced Voltaire himself.

Frederick was surprised that Voltaire and D'Alembert had found anything good in the book. His refutation was more methodical than that of Voltaire, who called it a "homage to the Divinity" but wrote to D'Alembert that it was written in the style of a notary. Two other refutations emanating from the Academy of Berlin were those of Castillon and Holland. The first of these is a very heavy and learned work, formidable and forbidding in its logic. Castillon reduces Holbach's propositions to three. The self-existence of matter, the essential relation of movement to it, and the possibility of deriving everything from it or some mode of it. Castillon concludes after five hundred pages of reasoning that matter is contingent, movement not inherent in it, and that purely spiritual beings exist in independence of it. Hence the Systeme de la Nature is a "long and wicked error." Holland's is a still more serious work, which the Sorbonne recommended strongly as an antidote against Holbach's Systeme which it qualified as "une malheureuse production que notre siecle doit rougir d'avoir enfantee." But when it was discovered that Holland was a Protestant his work was condemned forthwith, Jan. 17, 1773.

Bergier's refutation is interesting as an attack from a churchman of extraordinary keenness and insight into the progress of the new philosophy. In the Systeme de la Nature he recognized the hand of the author of La Contagion sacree and the Essai sur les prejuges and dealt with it as he did the Christianisme devoile. Buzonniere, Rochfort and Fangouse are milder and more naive in their demonstrations and their works are of no weight or interest. L'Impie demasque is a brutal work which qualifies Holbach as a "vile apostle of vice and crime," and the Systeme de la Nature as the most impudent treatise on atheism that has yet dishonored the globe—one which covers the century with shame and will be the scandal of future generations.

The work of Paulian is of a different sort. Coming comparatively late, it attempted to review the hostile opinions of many years and then mass them in an overwhelming final attack on the Systeme de la Nature. To this end Paulian rewrites the entire book chapter by chapter, giving the "true version." He then reviews Holland's outline and Bergier's comments, together with seven articles directed explicitly against the Systeme de la Nature in such works as the Lettres Helviennes, of Abbe Barruel, Dict. des Philosophes, Dict. anti-philosophe, his own Dict. theologique, etc., besides many other writings against the new philosophy in general. He then reviews articles by members of the philosophic school against materialism and then goes back to Holbach's sources, Diderot, Bayle, Spinoza, Lucretius, Epicurus, etc. The work is not scholarly but comprehensive and evidently discouraged further formal refutations.

The Systeme de la Nature had many critics in the stormy days that followed 1789. Delisle de Sales found it a monstrosity—a fratras; La Harpe called it an infamous book, "un amas de betises qu'on ose appeler philosophie, inconcevables inepties, un immense echafaudage de mensonge et d'invective"; M. Villemain is much more calm and fair; Lord Brougham, like Damiron, Buzonniere, and many others, found it seductive but full of false reasoning; Lerminier was so severe that St.-Beuve was moved to defend Holbach against him. Samuel Wilkinson, the English translator of 1820, is one of the few whose criticism is at all favorable. Holbach has always appealed to a certain type of radical mind and his translators and editors have generally been men who were often over-enthusiastic. For example, Mr. Wilkinson says of the Systeme de la Nature, [64:15] "No work, ancient or modern, has surpassed it in the eloquence and sublimity of its language or in the facility with which it treats the most abstruse and difficult subjects. It is without exception the boldest effort the human mind has yet produced in the investigation of Morals and Theology. The republic of letters has never produced another author whose pen was so well calculated to emancipate mankind from all those trammels with which the nurse, the school master, and the priest have successively locked up their noblest faculties, before they were capable of reasoning and judging for themselves."

It seems unnecessary to analyze the Systeme de la Nature. This has been done by Damiron, Soury, Fabre, Lange, Morley, the historians of philosophy, and encyclopaedists; and the book itself is easily available in the larger libraries. The substance of Holbach's philosophy is susceptible of clearer treatment apart from it or any one of his books, although it permeates all of them.

M. Jules Soury has said, in describing a certain type of mind: "Il est d'heureux esprits, des ames fortes et saines, que n'effraie point le silence eternel des espaces infinis ou s'aneantissait la raison de Pascal. Naives et robustes natures, males et vigoureux penseurs, qui gardent toute la vie quelque chose des dons charmants de la jeunesse et de l'enfance meme, une foi vive dans le temoinage immediat de nos sens et de notre conscience, une humeur alerte, toute de joyeuse ardeur, et comme une intrepidite d'esprit que rien n'arrete. Pour eux tout est clair et uni; ou a peu pres, et la ou ils soupconnent quelque bas-bond insondable, ils se detournent et poursuivent fierement leur chemin. Comme cet Epicurien dont parle Ciceron au commencement du De natura deorum, ils ont toujours l'air de sortir de l'assemblee des dieux et de descendre des intermondes d'Epicure."

Such was Holbach. His philosophy is based on the child-like assumption that things are as they seem, provided they are observed with sufficient care by a sufficient number of people. This brings us at once to the very heart of Holbach's method which was experimental and inductive to the last degree. Holbach was nourished on what might be called scientific rather than philosophical traditions. As M. Tourneux has pointed out, he had been a serious student of the natural sciences, especially those connected with the constitution of the earth. These studies led him to see the disparity between certain accepted and traditional cosmologies and a scientific interpretation of the terrestrial globe and the forms of life which flourish upon it. Finding the supposed sacred and infallible records untrustworthy in one regard, he began to question their veracity at other points. Being of a critical frame of mind, he took the records rather more literally than a sympathetic, allegorical apologist would have done, although it cannot be said that he used much historical insight. After having studied the sacred texts for purposes of writing or having translated other men's studies on Moses, David, the Prophets, Jesus, Paul, the Christian theologians and saints, miracles, etc., he concluded that these accounts were untrustworthy and mendacious. He knew ancient and modern philosophy and found in the greater part of it an unwarranted romantic or theological trend which his scientific training had caused him to suspect. It must be admitted that however false or illogical Holbach's conclusions may be considered, he was by no means ignorant of the subjects he chose to treat, as some of his detractors would have one believe. His theory of knowledge was that of Locke and Condillac, and on this foundation he built up his system of scientific naturalism and dogmatic atheism.

His initial assumption is, as has been suggested, that experience (application reiteree des sens) and reason are trustworthy guides to knowledge. By them we become conscious of an external objective world, of which sentient beings themselves are a part, from which they receive impressions through their sense organs. These myriad impressions when compared and reflected upon form reasoned knowledge or truth, provided they are substantiated by repeated experiences carefully made. That is, an idea is said to be true when it conforms perfectly with the actual external object. This is possible unless one's senses are defective, or one's judgment vitiated by emotion and passion.

Holbach's contention is that if one applies experience and reason to the external universe, or nature, "ce vaste assemblage de tout ce qui existe"; it reveals a single objective reality, i. e., matter, which is in itself essentially active or in a state of motion.

From matter in motion are derived all the phenomena that strike our senses. All is matter or a function of it. Matter, then, is not an effect, but a cause. It is not caused; it is from eternity and of necessity. The cardinal point in Holbach's philosophy is an inexorable materialistic necessity. Nothing, then, is exempt from the laws of physics and chemistry. Inorganic substance and organic life fall into the same category. Man himself with all his differentiated faculties is but a function of matter and motion in extraordinary complex and involved relations. Man's imputation to himself of free will and unending consciousness apart from his machine is an idle tale built on his desires, not on his experiences nor his knowledge of nature. This imputation of a will or soul to nature, independent of it or in any sense above it, is a still more idle one derived from his renunciation of the witness of his senses and his following after the phantoms of his imagination. It is ignorance or disregard of nature then that has given rise to supernatural ideas that have "no correspondence with true sight," or, as Holbach expressed it, have no counterpart in the external object. In other words, theology, or poetry about God, as Petrarch said, is ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system.

Man is a purely natural or physical being, like a tree or a stone. His so-called spiritual nature (l'homme moral) is merely a phase of his physical nature considered under a special aspect. He is all matter in motion, and when that ceases to function in a particular way, called life, he ceases to be as a conscious entity. He is so organized, however that his chief desires are to survive and render his existence happy. By happiness Holbach means the presence of pleasure and the absence of pain. In all his activity, then, man will seek pleasure and avoid pain. The chief cause of man's misery or lack of well being is his ignorance of the powers and possibilities of his own nature and the Universal Nature. All he needs is to ascertain his place in nature and adjust himself to it. From the beginning of his career he has been the dupe of false ideas, especially those connected with supernatural powers, on whom he supposed he was dependent. But, if ignorance of nature gave birth to the Gods, knowledge of nature is calculated to destroy them and the evils resulting from them, the introduction of theistic ideas into politics and morals. In a word, the truth, that is, correct ideas of nature is the one thing needful to the happiness and well-being of man.

The application of these principles to the given situation in France in 1770 would obviously have produced unwelcome results. Holbach's theory was that religion was worse than useless in that it had inculcated false and pernicious ideas in politics and morals. He would do away completely with it in the interest of putting these sciences on a natural basis. This basis is self-interest, or man's inevitable inclination toward survival and the highest degree of well-being, "L'objet de la morale est de faire connaitre aux hommes que leur plus grand interet exige qu'ils pratiquent la vertu; le but du gouvernement doit etre de la leur faire pratiquer."

Government then assumes the functions of moral restraint formally delegated to religion; and punishments render virtue attractive and vice repugnant. Holbach's theory of social organization is practically that of Aristotle. Men combine in order to increase the store of individual well-being, to live the good life. If those to whom society has delegated sovereignty abuse their power, society has the right to take it from them. Sovereignty is merely an agent for the diffusion of truth and the maintenance of virtue, which are the prerequisites of social and individual well-being. The technique of progress is enlightenment and good laws.

Nothing could be clearer or simpler than Holbach's system. As Diderot so truly said, he will not be quoted on both sides of any question. His uncompromising atheism is the very heart and core of his system and clarifies the whole situation. All supernatural ideas are to be abandoned. Experience and reason are once for all made supreme, and henceforth refuse to share their throne or abdicate in favor of faith. Holbach's aim was as he said to bring man back to nature and render reason dear to him. "Il est tempts que cette raison injustement degradee quitte un ton pusillamine qui la rendront complice du mensonge et du delire."

If reason is to rule, the usurper, religion, must be ejected; hence atheism was fundamental to his entire system. He did not suppose by any means that it would become a popular faith, because it presupposed too much learning and reflection, but it seemed to him the necessary weapon of a reforming party at that time. He defines an atheist as follows: "C'est un homme, qui detruit des chimeres nuisibles au genre humain, pour ramener les hommes a la nature, a l'experience, a la raison. C'est un penseur qui, ayant medite la matiere, ses proprietes et ses facons d'agir, n'a pas besoin, pour expliquer les phenomenes de l'univers et les operations de la nature, d'imaginer des puissances ideales, des intelligences imaginaires, des etres de raison; qui loin de faire mieux connaitre cette nature, ne font que la rendre capricieuse, inexplicable, et meconnaissable, inutile au bonheur des hommes."



APPENDIX

HOLBACH'S CORRESPONDENCE

The following letters of Holbach are extant:

Holbach to Hume, Aug. 23, 1763. Holbach to Hume, Mar. 16, 1766. Holbach to Hume, July 7, 1766. Holbach to Hume, Aug. 18, 1766. Holbach to Hume, Sept. 7, 1766.

These were printed in Hume's Private Correspondence, London, 1820, pp. 252-263, and deal largely with Hume's quarrel with Rousseau.

Holbach to Garrick, June 16, 1765. Holbach to Garrick, Feb. 9, 1766.

These two letters are in manuscript in Lansdowne House, Coll. Forster, and were published by F. A. Hedgcock, David Garrick et ses amis francais. Paris, 1911, pp. 251-253.

Holbach to Wilkes, Aug., 1746, 9 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30867, p. 14). Holbach to Wilkes, Dec. 10, 1746 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30867, p. 18). Holbach to Wilkes, May 22, 1766 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 39) Holbach to Wilkes, Nov. 9, 1766 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 81). Holbach to Wilkes, Dec. 10, 1767 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 173). Holbach to Wilkes, July 17, 1768 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30870, p. 59). Holbach to Wilkes, Mar. 19, 1770 (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30871, p. 16). Holbach to Wilkes, April 27, 1775, 9 (Wilkes, Correspondence, London, 1804, Vol. IV, p. 176).

The first seven of these letters are published for the first time in the present volume, pp. 6-11 and pp. 75-80.

Holbach to Galiani, Aug. 11, 1769 (Critica, Vol. I, pp. 488 sq.).

Galiani to Holbach, April 7, 1770 (Galiani, Correspondence, Paris, 1890, Vol. I, p. 92).

Galiani to Holbach, July 21, 1770 (Galiani, Correspondence, Paris, 1890, Vol. I, p. 199).

Holbach to Galiani, Aug. 25, 1770 (Critica, Vol. I, p. 489).

There are references to other letters in Critica which I have not been able to find.

Holbach to Beccaria, Mar. 15, 1767, published by M. Landry Beccaria, Scritte e lettre inediti, 1910, p. 146.

Holbach to Malesherbes, April 6, 1761 (hitherto unpublished). See present volume, p. 30.

HOLBACH TO HUME (Hume, Private Correspondence, London, 1820, pp. 252-263) PARIS, the 23rd. of August, 1763

Sir,— I have received with the deepest sense of gratitude your very kind and obliging letter of the 8th. inst: favors of great men ought to give pride to those that have at least the merit of setting the value that is due upon them. This is my case with you, sir; the reading of your valuable works has not only inspired me with the strongest admiration for your genius and amiable parts, but gave me the highest idea of your person and the strongest desire of getting acquainted with one of the greatest philosophers of my age, and of the best friend to mankind. These sentiments have emboldened me to send formally, though unknown to you, the work you are mentioning to me. I thought you were the best to judge of such a performance, and I took only the liberty of giving a hint of my desires, in case it should meet with your approbation, nor was I surprized, or presumed to be displeased, at seeing my wishes disappointed. The reasons appeared very obvious to me; not withstanding the British liberty, I conceived there were limits even to it. However, my late friend's book has appeared since and there is even an edition of it lately done in England: I believe it will be relished by the friends of truth, who like to see vulgar errors struck at the root. This has been your continued task, sir; and you deserve for it the praises of all sincere wellwishers of humanity: give me leave to rank myself among them, and express to you, by this opportunity you have been so kind as to give me, the fervent desire we have to see you in this country. Messrs. Stuart, Dempster, Fordyce, who are so good as to favor me with their company, have given me some hopes of seeing you in this metropolis, where you have so many admirers as readers, and as many sincere friends as there are disciples of philosophy. I don't doubt but my good friend M. Helvetius will join in our wishes, and prevail upon you to come over. I assure you, sir, you won't perceive much the change of the country, for all countries are alike for people that have the same minds.

I am, with the greatest veneration and esteem, sir, your most obedient and most humble servant. D'HOLBACH. Rue Royale, butte St. Roch, a Paris.

HOLBACH To GARRICK (Coll. Forster, Vol. XXI; pub., Hedgcock, p. 253) PARIS, Feb ye 9th, 1766.

I received, my very Dear Sir, with a great deal of pleasure, your agreeable letter of ye 24th of January, but was very sorry to hear that you are inlisted in the numerous troup of gouty people. Tho' I have myself the honour of being of that tribe I dont desire my friends should enter into the same corporation. I am particularly griev'd to see you among the invalids for you have, more than any other, occasion for the free use of your limbs. However, don't be cross and peevish for that would be only increasing you distemper; and I charge you especially of not scolding that admirable lady Mrs Garrick, whose sweetness of temper and care must be a great comfort in your circumstances. I beg leave to present her with my respects and ye compliments of my wife, that has enjoyed but an indifferent state of health, owing to the severity of the winter. Mr and Made Helvetius desire you both their best wishes and so do all your friends, for whom I can answer that every one of them keeps a kind remembrance of your valuable persons. Dr. Gem thinks you'll do very well to go to Bath, but his opinion is that a thin diet would be more serviceable to you than anything else; believe he is in the right. Abbe Morellet pays many thanks for the answers to his queries, but complains of their shortness and laconism; however it is not your fault. He is glad to hear you have receiv'd his translation of Beccaria's book, Des delits et des peines and the compliments of our friend Dr Gatti to whom I gave your direction before he went to London. Our friend Suard has entered his neck into the matrimonial halter; we are all of us very sorry for it for we know that nothing combin'd with love, will at last make nothing at all.

I was not much surpris'd at the particulars you are pleas'd to mention about Rousseau. According to the thorough knowledge I have had of him I look on that man as a mere philosophical quack, full of affectation, of pride, of oddities and even villainies; the work he is going to publish justifies the last imputation. Is his memory so short as to forget that Mr Grimm, for those 9 years past, has taken care of the mother of his wench or gouvernante whom he left to starve here after having debauch'd her daughter and having got her 3 or 4 times with child. That great philosopher should remember that Mr. Grimm has in his hands letters under his own hand-writing that prove him the most ungrateful dogg in the world. During his last stay in Paris he made some attempts to see Mr Diderot, and being refused that favor, he pretended that Diderot endeavoured to see him, but that himself had refused peremptorily to comply with his request. I hope these particulars will suffice to let you know what you are to think of that illustrious man. I send you here a copy of a letter supposed to come from the King of Prussia, but done by Mr Horace Walpole, whereby you'll see that gentleman has found out his true character. But enough of that rascal who deserves not to be in Mr Hume's company but rather among the bears, if there are any in the mountains of Wales.

I am surprized you have not receiv'd yet the Encyclopedie, for a great number of copies have been sent over already to England unless you have left your subscription here, where hitherto not one copy has been delivered for prudent reasons.

We have had in the French Comedy a new play called Le Philosophie sans le savoir done and acted in a new stile, quite natural and moving: it has a prodigious success and deserves it extremely well. Marmontel will give us very soon upon the Italian stage his comical opera of La Bergere des Alpes. I hope it will prove very agreeable to the Publick, having been very much delighted by the rehearsal of it; the music was done by Mr Cohaut who teaches my wife to play on the luth. We expect a tragedy of the Dutch Barnvelt.

Mr Wilkes is still in this town, where he intends to stay until you give him leave to return to his native country. We have had the pleasure of seeing Mr Chanquion, your friend, who seems to be a very discerning gentleman and to whom in favor of your friendship I have shown all the politeness I could. I hear that Sr James Macdonald has been ill at Parma, but is now recovered and in Rome. Abbe Galliani is still at Naples and stands a fair chance of being employ'd in the ministry there.

Adieu, very dear Sir and remember your affectionate friend D'HOLBACH

HOLBACH TO WILKES (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 39) PARIS the 22d Of May (1766)

My dear Sir

I am extremely glad to know your lucky passage and happy arrival in your native country. I hope you know too well the sincere dispositions of my heart as to doubt of the friendship I have vowed to you for life; it has been of too long a duration to be shaken by any circumstances, and especially by those that do honor to you. I shall be very happy if your affairs (that seem to be in a fair way) permit you to drop over very soon to spend some time in this place along with Miss Wilkes to whom Made D'Holbach and I pay our best compliments. I can easily paint to my imagination the pleasure you both felt at your first meeting; everybody that has any sensibility must be acquainted with the grateful pangs in those moving circumstances.

Your case with the hawker at your entry in London is very odd and whimsical you did extremely well to humour the man in his opinion about Mr. Wilkes. I dare say if you had done otherwise his fist would have convinc'd you of the goodness of your cause, and then it would have been impossible for you to pass for a dead man any longer; which however, I think was very necessary for you in the beginning. I expect with great eagerness the settlement of your affairs with the ministry to your own satisfaction; be persuaded, Dear Sir, that nobody interests himself in your happiness than myself, and nothing will conduce more to it than your steady attachment to the principles of honor and patriotism.

If you don't find a way of disposing of the little packet, you need not take much trouble about it, and you may bring it back along with you, when you come to this place, as to the kind offers you are so good as to make me about commissions, experience has taught me that it is unsafe to trust you with them, so I beg leave with gratitude to decline your proposals as that point.

All our common friends and acquaintances desire their best compliments to you, and believe me, my dear Sir.

Your affectionate oblig'd humble servant D'HOLBACH

HOLBACH TO WILKES (Brit. Mus. Mss., VOL 30869, p. 81) PARIS 9ber 10th 1766

My very Dear Sir

I receiv'd with the greatest pleasure the news of your lucky arrival in Engelland. You know the sentiments of my heart, and are undoubtedly convinc'd how much I wish for the good success of all your enterprises tho I am to be a great looser by it. I rejoice very heartily at the fine prospect you have now in view and don't doubt but the persons you mention will succeed if they are in good earnest: which is allways a little doubtful in people of that Kidney.

We have had the pleasure of seeing Miss Wilkes three or four times since your departure, she is extreamly well and longs for the return of her friend Mlle Helvetius the 20th of this month.

Rousseau will very likely hate the English very cordially for making him pay so dear for his books, it is however a sign that he told us a lye when he pretended in his writings to have no books at all, as to his guitar he should buy a new one to tune his heart a little better than he did before.

We have no news here, except the Election of Mr Thomas as a member of the french academy. Marquis Beccaria is going to leave us very soon being obliged to return to Milan: Count Veri will at the same time set out for England.

I'll be oblig'd to you for a copy or two of the book printed in holland you mentioned in your letter you may send it by some private opportunity to Miss Wilkes, with, proper directions. A gentleman of our Society should be glad to get 2 copies of Baskervilles' virgil in octavo.

Tho Mr Davenport and Rousseau seem to be pleased very much with one another, I suppose they may very soon be tired of their squabbling, and the latter like the apostles will shake of against the barbarous Britons the dust of his feet.

Receive the hearty compliments of my wife and all our friends. You know the true sentiments of my heart for you, Dear Sir. I am with great sincerity your most obedient humble Servant D'HOLBACH

HOLBACH TO WILKES (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30869, p. 173)

Dear Sir

I receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your friendly letter from Ostende of the 26th. nov. I was extreamly glad to hear your happy arrival at that place, and do not doubt but you met with a lucky passage to Dover the following day, we are now enjoying the conversation of your British friends about elections; that will not be tedious for you if, according to your hopes, you should succeed in your projects.

I see by your letter that instead of coming back directly by Calais you intend to travel with Miss Wilkes through Antwerp and the Low countries, which I should think not very advisable in this rigorous season of the year, for generally at that time the waters are lock'd up by the frost and travelling is bad et tedious and may be would prove hurtful to your tender fellow traveler to whom my wife and I desire our best compliments. Such a scheme will be more advantagious for you both and more conformable to the wishes of your friends in this place.

I hope your arrival in London will contribute to reconcile abbe Galliani to that place, where he complains of having not heard of the sun since he set his foot on British shore, however he may comfort himself for we have had very little of it in this country. The Abbe must be overjoy'd at the news of the Jesuits being expell'd from his Native country for now he may say Gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aquor. We have no material news in this country, except that the queen continues to be in a very bad state of health.

If there is some good new romance I'll be oblig'd to bring it over along with you as, well as a couple of french books call'd Militaire philosophe and Theologie portative in case you may easily find them in London, for we cannot get them here. I am told the works of one Morgan have been esteem'd in your country but I don't know the titles of them, if you should know them and meet with them with facility, I should be very much oblig'd to you provided you make me pay a little more than you have done hitherto for your commissions.

All our common friends beg their compliments and I wish for your speedy return, and I am Sincerely Dear Sir Your faithful affectionate humble servant D'HOLBACH PARIS the 10th of decemb. 1767



HOLBACH TO WILKES (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30870, p. 59) GRANDVAL, 17th of July 1768

Dear Sir

I receiv'd with a great deal of pleasure your very agreeable letter of the 28th of last month. I am extreamly glad that your generous soul is very far from sinking under the weight of these Misfortunes, and to see that you don't give up the hopes of carrying triumphantly your point notwithstanding the discouragements you have met with lately. I need not tell you how much your friends in Paris and I in particular interest ourselves in all the events that may befall you. Our old friendship ought to be a sure pledge of my sincere sentiments for you, and of my best wishes for your good success in all your undertakings. I believe you can do no better but to keep strictly to the rules you have laid down for your conduct, and I don't doubt but you'll find it will answer the best to your purpose.

I am very much oblig'd to you, Dear Sir, for the kind offers you make in your friendly letter. I have desir'd already Mr Suard to bring over a few books lately published in your metropolis. I am very glad to hear that Gentleman is pleas'd with his journey.

There's no possibility of getting for you a compleat sett of Callots engravings. Such a collection must be the business of many years; it is to be found only after the decease of some curious men who have taken a great deal of trouble to collect them. I found indeed in two shops 8 or 10 of them, but the proofs (les epreuves) were very indifferent and they wanted to sell them excessively dear; in general 200 guineas would procure a collection very far from being compleat.

My wife and all our common acquaintence desire their best compliments to you and to Miss Wilkes and you know the sentiments wherewith I am for ever Dear Sir your affectionate friend and very humble servant D'HOLBACH

HOLBACH TO WILKES (Brit. Mus. Mss., Vol. 30871, p. 16) PARIS the 19th of March 1770

Dear Sir

I receiv'd with a due sense of gratitude the favour of your last letter, and was overjoy'd to hear from yourself that your long confinement has not been able hitherto to obstruct the lively flow of your spirits. A little more patience and you'll reach the end of all your misfortunes, that have been faithfully partaken by your friends in England and abroad, for my own part I wish most sincerely that everything for the future may turn to your profit and welfare, without hurting that of your country, to whom, as a lover of mankind, I am a well wisher.

My wife desires her best compliments to you and your beloved Daughter, whom we both expect to see again with a great deal of pleasure in this country next month. Notwithstanding our bad circumstances we are making very great preparations for the Wedding of the Dauphin, and our metropolis begins already to be filled with foreigners that flock hither from all parts of the world. Our friend Mr D'Alainville is to set out at the end of April to fetch the Archdutchess at Strasbourg and bring mask (ed) (?) her different stages on the road to Versailles.

We have no news in the literary world except that Voltaire is become lately le pere temporal, that is to say the benefactor of the Capucins du pays de Gex where he lives, a title of which all his pranks seemd to exclude him, but grace you know, is omnipotent, and monks are not over nice when there is something to be got by their condescension.

If the hurry of affairs whould leave you any moments to read curious books I would advise you to peruse two very strange works lately publish'd viz Recherches philosophiques sur les americains, le Systeme de la Nature par Mirabaud. I suppose you'll find them cheaper and more easily in London that at Paris.

All your late acquaintances in this Town desire me to present you with their sincere compliments and best wishes; as to mine you know that they have no other object but your Welfare.

I am, Dear Sir, for ever your most affectionate friend and humble servant D'HOLBACH

P. S. I'll be very much oblig'd to you for sending over to me in 2 vol. small octavo.



HOLBACH TO WILKES (Wilkes, Correspondence, London, 1805, Vol. 4, p. 176) PARIS, April 27; 1775

"My Lord,

"I received with the utmost gratitude your lordship's friendly letter of the 28th of March. (1775?) I should have done myself the honor of answering sooner to your kind propositions, if I had not been prevented by some gouty infirmities that have assailed in the beginning of this spring. I esteem myself very happy to find that the hurry of business, and your exhaltation to the rank of chief-magistrate, could not make you forget your friendship to me; though my present circumstances do not permit me to make use of your friendly invitation, be persuaded my very dear lord that Madame D'Holbach and myself shall forever keep these signs of your kindness, in very grateful remembrance.

We both desire our best compliments to your very amiable lady-mayoress: who acted so well her part lately in the Egyptian hall, to the satisfaction of that prodigious crowd you have been entertaining there. All members of our society that have had the happiness of being acquainted with you, desire to be kindly remembered; and a continuation of your valuable friendship shall for ever be the utmost ambition my lord of your most sincerely devoted D'HOLBACH"



GALIANI To HOLBACH (Galiani, Corresp., Vol. I, p. 199) NAPLES, le 21 juillet, 1770

Bonjour, mon cher Baron,

J'ai vu le Systeme de la Nature. C'est la ligne ou finit la tristesse de la morne et seche verite, au-dela commence la gaiete du roman. Il n'y a rien de mieux que de se persuader que les des sont pipes: cette idee en enfante milles autres, et un nouveau monde se regenere. Le M. Mirabaud est un vrai abbe Terray de la metaphysique. Il fait des reductions, des suspensions, et cause la banqueroute du savoir, du plaisir et de l'esprit humain. Mais vous allez me dire qu'aussi il y avait trop de nonvaleurs: on etait trop endette, il courait trop de papiers non reels sur la place. C'est vrai aussi, et voila pourquoi la crise est arrivee.

Adieu, mon cher baron. Ecrivez-moi de longues lettres, pour que le plaisir en soit plus grand. Embrassez moi longuement la baronne, et soyez longue dans tout que vous faites, dans tout ce que vous patientez, dans tout ce que vous esperer. La longanimite est une belle vertu; c'est elle qui me fait esperer de revoir Paris. Adieu.



HOLBACH To GALIANI (Critica, Vol. I, 1903, p. 489)

GRANDVAL, le 25 d'aout 1770

Bonjour, mon tres delicieux abbe,

J'ai bien recu votre tres-precieuse lettre du 21 de juillet qui m'accuse la reception de celle que je vous avais ecrite le 3 de juin. Je vois que celle-ci a ete longtemps en route, attendu que M. Torcia a qui M. Diderot s'etait charge de la remettre, a encore trainasse quelque temps a Paris, suivant la louable coutume des voyageurs qui nous quittent toujours avec peine.

Je suis bien aise que vous ayez lu le livre de Mirabaud qui fait un bruit affreux dans ce pays. L'abbe Bergier l'a deja refute tres-longuement et sa reponse paraitra cet hiver. La Sorbonne est, dit-on, occupee a detruire ce maudit Systeme qui lui parait au moins heretique. Voltaire lui-meme se prepare a le pulveriser; en attendant nos seigneurs du Parlement y viennent d'y repondre par des fagots, ainsi qu'a quelque autres ouvrages de meme trempe. Ce qu'il y a de facheux c'est que l'ouvrage de V. qui a pour titre Dieu et les hommes a ete enveloppe dans la meme condamnation, ce qui doit deplaire souverainement a l'auteur. Je me rappelle a cette occasion ce que M. Hume dit d'un catholique que Henri VIII fit conduire au bucher avec quelques heretiques, et dont le seul chagrin etait d'etre brule en si mauvaise compagnie. Nonobstant toutes ces refutations, il parait tous les jours quelques nouveaux ouvrages impies, au point que je suis tres surpris que la recolte ait ete si bonne dans le royaume. En dernier lieu on vient de publier un ouvrage sous le titre de Droit des souverains sur les biens du clerge, qui, sans contenir des impietes n'en est pas moins deplaisant pour cela: Il va droit a la cuisine, et veut que pour liquider la dette nationale on vende tous les biens ecclesiastiques et que l'on met nos pontifes a la pension. Vous sentez qu'une proposition si mal sonnante n'a pu manquer de mettre le ciel en courroux; sa colere s'est decharge sur cinq ou six libraires et colporteurs qui ont ete mis en prison.



[ENDNOTES]

[1:1] Diderot, Oeuvres, ed. Assezat et Tourneaux, Vol. XX, p. 28.

[2:2] Grimm, Corr. Lit., Vol. XV, p. 421.

[3:3] Diderot, Oeuvres, Vol. XX, p. 95.

[3:4] Among the most important are Damiron J. P., Memoires pour servir a l'histoire de la philosophie au dix-huitieme siecle (Paris, 1858, 3 vols., 8vo); Lange, Geschichte des Materialismus (Eng. tr., Boston, 1877); Morley, Diderot and the Encyclopedists (N. Y., 1891, 2 vols., 12mo); Plekhanow, G., Beitraege zur Geschichte des Materialismus (Stuttgart, 1896) ; Hancock, A. E., The French Revolution and the English Poets (N. Y., 1899); Tallentyre, The Friends of Voltaire (London, 1906); Fabre, Les Peres de la Revolution (Paris, 1910), etc.

[5:5] Confessions, Oeuvres, Vol. XXIV, p. 338.

[5:6] Bib. Nat. mss. Pieces originales, 1529, d'Holbach, 34, 861.

[6:7] Carlyle, Rev. Dr. A., Autobiography, ed. Burton, Boston, 1861, p. 137 sq. for Holbach's English friends mentioned in his letters to Wilkes.

[12:9] See Chap. II and Bibliography, Pt. I, for these and his other works.

[12:10] Grimm Cor. Lit., Vol. II, p. 283.

[12:11] Gazette de France, Aug. 10, 1754.

[12:12] Jal, Dict. Critique, p. 685.

[13:13] His career is somewhat doubtful. He travelled in Italy in 1779 and Abbe Galiani, an old friend of Holbach's, got a very agreeable impression of him. John Wilkes, in a letter to his daughter in 1781, seems to imply that he had not turned out very well, and hopes that the baron's second son will make good the deficiencies of the first. In 1806 he published a translation of Weiland's Oberon or Huon de Bordeaux which went thru another edition in 1825, but those are the only details that have come to light.

[13:14] Diderot, in writing to Mlle Volland Sep. 17, 1760 says: "On nourrit, a Chenvieres, les deux filles de Madame d'Holbach. L'ainee est belle comme un cherubin; c'est un visage rond, de grands yeux bleus, des levres fines, une bouche riante, la peau la plus blanche et la plus animee, des cheveux chatains qui ceignent un tres joli front. La cadette est un peloton d'embonpoint ou l'on ne distingue encore que du blanc et du vermillon."

[13:15] Gazette de France, June 1, 1781.

[14:16] Holbach's intendant was [a] Jew, Berlise. After his death several of his old servants Vincent, David, and Plocque, contested Holbach's will, in which they thought they were legatees. The case was in the courts for several years and was finally decided against them. Douarche, Les tribunaux civil de Paris pendant la revolution, Paris, 1905, Vol. I., pp. 141, 261, 325, 689.

[14:17] Avezac-Lavigne, Diderot, p. 5.

[15:18] Critica, Vol. I, p. 48, note.

[15:19] He met Voltaire in Paris in 1778, however, and Naigeon relates that Voltaire greeted him very cordially and said that he had long desired to make his acquaintance.

[15:20] Collignon, Diderot, p. 1.

[16:21] Avezac-Lavigne, Diderot, p. 75, note.

[16:22] Romilly, Memoirs, Vol. I, p. 179.

[16:23] Diderot, Oeuvres, Vol. I, p. lxvi, note.

[17:24] Journal de Paris, Dec. 2, 1789.

[17:25] See appendix, p. 73, p. 77.

[18:26] See appendix, p. 71.

[19:27] See appendix, p. 72.

[19:28] See p. 6 sq. and appendix pp. 75 sq.

[39:2] Barbier, Dict., Vol. I, p. 175 sq.

[40:3] Barbier, Vol. I, p. xxxiii, note.

[40:4] Oeuvres, Vol. XVIII, p. 265.

[44:5] Oeuvres, Vol. XIV, p. 352.

[47:7] Middleton's translation, preface.

[47:8] Cf. p. 94. [Bibliography Part I]

[54:1] Morley, Diderot, Vol. II, p. 155.

[55:2] Later Bon-sens and Theologie portative were doomed to the flames by the condemnations of Jan. 10, 1774, and February 16, 1776.

[55:3] Systeme de la Nature, ed. 1771, Vol. II, p. 496.

[56:4] Grimm, Cor. Lit., Vol. IX, p. 167.

[56:5] Voltaire, Oeuvres, ed. Beuchot, Vol. LXVI, p. 404. Subsequent references to Voltaire are from this edition.

[56:6] Vol. LXVII, p. 265.

[56:7] Grimm, Cor. Lit., Vol. IX, p. 90.

[57:8] Vol. LXVI, p. 432.

[57:9] Vol. LXVI, p. 563.

[57:10] Vol. LXVI, p. 386.

[58:11] Vol. LXVI, p. 394.

[58:12] Vol. XXVIII, p. 493.

[58:13] Vol. LXVI, p. 469.

[58:14] Goethe, Wahrheit und Dichtung, 11th Book, Goethe's Werke, Stuttgart, Vol. 19, p. 55.

Auf philosophische Weise erleuchtet und gefoedert zu werden, hatten wir keinen Trieb noch Hang: ueber religioese Gegenstaende glaubten wir uns selbst aufgeklaert zu haben, und so war der heftige Streit franzoesischer Philosophen mit dem Pfafftum uns ziemlich gleichgueltig. Verbotene, zurn Feuer verdaminte Buecher, welche damals grossen Laermen machten, uebten keine Wirkung auf uns. Ich gedenke statt aller des Systeme de la Nature, das wir aus Neugier in die Hand nahmen. Wir begriffen nicht, wie ein solches Buch gefaehrlich sein koennte. Es kam uns so grau, so cimmerisch, so totenhaft vor, das wir Muehe hatten, seine Gegenwart auszuhalten, dass wir davor wie vor einern Gespenste schauderten. Der Verfasser glaubt sein Buch ganz eigens zu empfehlen, wenn er in der Vorrede versichert, dass er, als ein abgelebter Greis, soeben in die Grube stiegend, der Mit- und Nachwelt die Wahrheit verkuenden wolle. Wir lachten ihn aus: denn wir glaubten bemerkt zu haben, dass von alten Leuten eigentlich an der Welt nichts geschaetzt werde, was liebenswuerdig und gut an ihr ist. "Alte Kirchen haben dunkle Glaeser" "Wie Kirschen und Beeren schmecken, muss mann Kinder und Sperlinge fragen"—dies waren unsere Lust und Leibworte: und so schien uns jenes Buch, als die rechte Quintessenz der Greisenheit, unschmachhaft, ja abgeschmackt Alles sollte notwendig sein und deswegen kein Gott. "Koennte es denn aber nicht auch notwendig einen Gott geben?" fragten wir. Dabei gestanden wir freilich, das wir uns den Notwendigkeiten der Tage und Naechte, der Jahrszeiten, der klirnatischen Einflusse, der physichen und animalischen Zustaende nicht wohl entziehen koennten: doch fuehlten wir etwas in uns, das als vollkommene Willkuer erschien, und wieder etwas, das sich mit dieser Willkuer ins Gleichgewicht zu setzen suchte. Die Hoffnung, immer vernuenftiger zu werden, uns von den aussern Dingen, ja von uns selbst immer unabhaengiger zu machen, konnten wir nicht aufgeben. Das Wort Freiheit klingt so schon, dass mann es nicht entbehren koennte und wenn es einen Irrtum bezeichnete.

Keiner von uns hatte das Buch hinausgelesen; denn wir fanden uns in der Erwartung getaeuscht, in der wir es auf geschlagen hatten. System der Natur ward angekuendigt und wir hofften also wirklich etwas von der Natur, unsere Abgoetten, zu erfahren. Physik und Chemie, Himmels- und Erdbeschriebung, Naturgeschichte und Anatomie und so manches andere hatte nun zeit Jahren und bis auf den letzten Tag uns immer auf die geschmuechte grosse Welt hingeweisen, und wir hatten gern von Sonnen und Sternen, von Planeten und Monden, von Bergen, Thaelern, Fluessen und Meeren und von allem, was dann lebt und webt, das Naehere sowie das Allgemeinere erfahren. Das hierbei wohl manches vorkommen muesste, was dem gemeinen Menschen als schaedlich, der Geistlichkeit als gefaehrlich, dem Staat als unzulaessig erschienen moechte, daran hatten wir keinen Zweifel, und wir hofften, dieses Buechlein sollte nicht unwuerdig die Feuerprobe bestauden haben. Allein wie hohl und leer ward uns in deiser tristen Atheistischen Halbnacht zu Mute, in welcher die Erde mit allen ihren Gebilden, der Himmel mit allen seinen Gestirnen verschwand! Eine Materie sollte sein von Ewigkeit und von Ewigkeit her bewegt, und sollte nun mit dieser Bewegung rechts und links und nach allen Seiten ohne weiteres die unendlichen Phaenomene des Daseins hervorbringen. Dies alles waeren wir sogar zufrieden gewesen, wenn der Verfasser wirklich aus seiner bewegten Materie die Welt vor unsern Augen aufgebaut haette. Aber er mochte von der Natur so wenig wissen als wir; denn indem er einige allgemeine Begriffe hingepfahlt, verlaesst er sie sogleich, um dasjenige, was hoeher als die Natur oder als hoehere Natur in der Natur erschient, zur materiellen schweren, zwar bewegten, aber doch richtungs- und gestaltlosen Natur zu verwandeln, und glaubt dadurch recht viel gewonnen zu haben. Wenn uns jedoch dieses Buch einigen Schaden gebracht hat, so war es der, das wir allen Philosophie, besonderers aber der Metaphysick recht herzlich gram wurden, und bleiben, dagegen aber auf lebendige Wissen, Erfahren, Thun und Dichten uns nur desto lebhafter und leidenschaftlicher hinwarfen.

[64:15] Vol. II, p. 261, ed. 1820.



BIBLIOGRAPHY—PART I.

EDITIONS OF HOLBACH'S WORKS IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER.

As the works of Holbach are not yet cataloged in the Bibliotheque Nationale, the following list is doubtless incomplete. The numbers given are those of the Bibliotheque Nationale and the British Museum where the books were used, except in cases where they were available in Boston, New York or Washington.

ABBREVIATIONS

B. N., Bibliotheque Nationale. B. M., British Museum. L. C., Library of Congress. C. U., Columbia University. H. U., Harvard University. U. T. S., Union Theological Seminary. G. T. S., General Theological Seminary. A. T. S., Andover Theological Seminary. N. Y., New York Public Library. B. P., Boston Public Library.

Of about 120 editions consulted, C. U. had 13; U. T. S. 7; N. Y. 7; H. U. 6; B. P. 5; L. C. 4; A. T. S. 3; G. T. S. I. There are 20 or more editions in existence that were not to be found in the library catalogs consulted.

1752. Lettre a une dame d'un certain age sur l'etat present de l'Opera. En Arcadie aux depens de l'Academie Royale de Musique, (Paris, 8vo, pp. 11.) B. M. 1103 b 21 (2).

1752. Arret rendu a l'amphitheatre de l'Opera, sur la plainte du milieu du parterre intervenant dans la querelle des deux coins. (Paris, 1752, 8vo, pp. 16.) B. N. Yf 7726 (attributed to Diderot).

1752. Art de la Verrerie, De Neri, Merret et Kunckel; auquel on a ajoute Le Sol Sine Veste D'Orschall; L'Helioscopium videndi sine veste solem Chymicum; Le Sol Non Sine Veste: Le Chapitre XI du Flora Saturnizans de Henckel, Sur la Vitrification des Vegetaux; Un Memoire sur la maniere de faire le Saffre; Le Secret des vraies Porcelaines de la Chine et de Saxe; Ouvrages ou l'on trouvera la maniere de faire le Verre et le Crystal, d'y porter des Couleurs, d'imiter les Pierres Precieuses, de preparer et colorer les Emaux, de faire la Potasse, de peindre sur le Verre, de preparer des Vernis, de composer de Couvertes pour des Fayances et Poteries, d'extraire la Couleur Pourpre de l'Or, de contrefaire les Rubis, de faire le Soffre, de faire et peindre les Porcelaines, etc. Traduits de l'Allemand Par M. D... A Paris Durand, rue St. Jacques, au Griffon. Pissot, Quai des Augustins, a la Sagesse. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi (in quarto). B. N. V. 11028. C. U. A. n H 35 (Avery Library).

1753. Mineralogie, ou description generale des substances du regne mineral. Par Mr. Jean Gotshalk Wallerius, Professeur Royale de Chymie, de Metallurgie et de Pharmacie dans l'Universite d'Upsal, de l'Academie Imperiale des Curieux de la Nature. Ouvrage traduit de l'Allemand, A Paris, Chez Durand, rue S. Jacques, au Griffon. Pissot, Quai de Conti, a la Croix d'Or, MDCCLII. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi (2 vols., 8vo, pp. xlvii + 569 + 284). Followed by (second title page) Hydrologie, ou description du regne aquatique, divises par classes, gendres, especes et varietes, avec la maniere de faire l'essai des eaux (256 p.). B. N., S. 1992 (2). B. M. 987 h. 9-10.

—Ibid. (Paris, Herissant, Durand, 1759, 2 vols., 8vo.) N. Y., P. W. D. H. U. Geol. 7257-59. B. M. 970 h.l.

1756. Introduction a la Mineralogie; ou connoissance des eaux, des sucs terrestres, des sels, des terres, des pierres, des mineraux, et des metaux: avec une description abregee des operations de metallurgie. Ouvrage posthume de M. J. F. Henckel, publie sous le titre de Henckelius in Mineralogia redivivus et traduit de l'Allemand. A Paris, Chez Guillaume Cavelier, Libraire, rue S. Jacques, au Lys d'Or. MDCCLVI. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. (2 vols., 12vo, pp. lxxi + 204 + 371.) B. N. 19930 (1).

1758. Chimie metallurgique, Dans laquelle on trouvera la Theorie et la Pratique de cet Art. Avec des Experiences sur la Densite des Alliages des Metaux, et des demi-Metaux; et un Abrege de Docimastique. Avec Figures. Par M. C. E. Gellert, Conseiller des Mines de Saxe et de l'Academie Imperiale de Petersbourg. Ouvrages traduits de l'Allemand. A Paris, Chez Briasson, rue Saint Jacques; Avec Approbation et Privelege. (2 vols., 12mo, pp. xii + 296 + xvii + 351.) B. N., R. 37032 (3).

1759. Traites de physique, d'histoire naturelle, de mineralogie et de metallurgie. (Paris, 1759, 3 vols., 12mo.) (General title.) Tome I. L'Art des Mines, ou Introduction aux connoissances necessaires pour l'exploitation des mines metalliques avec un traite des exhalaisons minerales ou moufettes, et plusieurs memoires sur differens sujets d'Histoire Naturelle-Avec figures. Par M. Jean Gotlob Lehmann, Docteur en Medecine, Conseiller des Mines de Sa Majeste Prussienne, de l'Academie Royale des Sciences de Berlin et de celle des Sciences utiles de Mayence. Traduit de l'Allemand. A Paris, Chez Jean Thomas Herrisant MDCCLIX. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. Tome II. Traite de la formation des metaux et de leurs matrices ou minieres, ouvrage fonde sur les principes de la physique et de la mineralogie et confirme par des experiences chymiques. Par M. J. G. Lehmann, etc. Traduit de l'Allemand. Tome III. Essai d'une Histoire Naturelle des couches de la terre. Dans lequel on traite de leur formation, de leur situation, des mineraux, des metaux et des fossiles qu'elles contiennent. Avec des considerations physiques sur les causes des Tremblements de Terre et de leur propagation. Ouvrages traduits de l'Allemand, et augmentes de Notes du Traducteur etc. H. U., M, Z. B. M. 990 c. 16-18.

1759. Les plaisirs de l'imagination, poeme en trois chants, par M. Akenside. Traduit de l'anglais. A Amsterdam, Arkstee et Merkus, et se trouve a Paris chez Pissot, Quai de Conti MDCCLIX (8vo). B. N. 2 ex. Yk 2362 et 2498. B. M. 1162 f 20.

—Ibid. Les plaisirs de l'imagination, poeme en trois chants, Par Akenside, traduit de l'Anglais par le baron d'Holbach, augmente de Notes historiques et litteraires, de la vie de l'auteur et du Traducteur, par Pissot. Paris, Hubert MDCCCVI (1806-18vo). B. N. Yk 2363. B. M. 1065 b 20 (2).

1760. Pyritologie, ou Histoire Naturelle de la Pyrite, ouvrage dans lequel on examine l'origine, la nature, les proprietes et les usages de ce Mineral important, et de la plupart des autres Substances du meme Regne: on y a joint le Flora Saturnisans ou L'Auteur demontre l'Alliance qui se trouve entre les Vegetaux et les Mineraux; et les Orpuscules Mineralogiques, Qui comprennent un Traite de l'Appropriation, un Traite de L'Origine des Pierres, plusieurs Memoires sur la Chymie et l'Histoire Naturelle, avec un Traite des Maladies des Mineurs et des Fondeurs. Par M. Jean-Frederic Henkel, Docteur en Medicine, Conseiller des Mines du Roi de Pologne, Electeur de Saxe; de l'Academie Imperiale des Curieux de la Nature et de celle de Berlin. Ouvrages Traduit de l'Allemand [by Baron d'Holbach and M., Charas] a Paris, Chez jean Thomas Herissant, Libraire, Rue S. Jacques, a S. Paul et a S. Hilaire. MDCCLX. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. (Paris, 1760, quarto, pp. xvi + 524.) B. N. 5324. B. M. 34 c 15.

1760. Oeuvres Metallurgiques de M. Jean-Christian Orschall, Inspecteur des Mines de S. A. S. le Land-grave de Hesse-Cassel. Contenant I. L'Art de la Fonderie; II. Un Traite de la Siquation; III. Le Traite de la Maceration des Mines; IV. Le Traite des Trois Merveilles; (Traduit de l'Allemand) Le prix est de 50 sols broche et de 3 liv. relie. A Paris, Chez Hardy, Libraire, rue S. Jacques au dessus de celle de la Parcheminerie a la Colonne d'Or. MDCCLX. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. (12mo, pp. + 394.) B. N., S 19,992.

1764. Recueil des memoires les plus interessants de chymie, et d'histoire naturelle, contenus dans les actes de l'Academie d'Upsal, et dans les Memoires de l'Academie Royale des Sciences de Stockholm; Publies depuis 1720 jusqu'en 1760. Traduits du Latin et de l'Allemand. A Paris, Chez Pierre-Fr. Didot, le jeune, Quai des Augustins, a S. Augustin. MDCCLXIV. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. (2 vols., 12mo, pp. viii + 687.) B. N. R 15483 (4).

1765. Histoire du regne de la Reine Anne d'Angleterre, contenant Les Negociations de la paix d'Utrecht, et les demeles qu'elle occasionna en Angleterre. Ouvrage posthume du Docteur Jonathan Swift. Doyen de S. Patrice en Irelande: Publie sur un Manuscrit corrige de la propre main de l'Auteur, et traduit de l'Anglais par M... [d'Holbach and Eidous]. A Amsterdam, Chez Marc-Michel Rey, et Arkstee et Merkus. MDCCLXV. (12mo, pp. xxiv + 416.) B. N. 8vo Nc 1718.

1766. Traite du Soufre, ou Remarques sur la dispute qui s'est elevee entre les chymistes, au sujet du Soufre, tant commun, combustible ou volatil, que fixe, etc. Traduit de l'Allemand de Stahl. A Paris, Chez Pierre-Francois Didot, le jeune. Quai de Augustins a Saint-Augustin. MDCCLXVI. Avec Approbation et Privilege du Roi. (12mo, pp. 392.) B. N., R 51709. B. M. 233 b 15.

1766. L'Antiquite devoilee par ses usages, ou Examen critique des principales Opinions, Ceremonies et Institutions religieuses et politiques des differens Peuples de la Terre. Par feu M., Boulanger. Homo, quod rationis est particeps, consequentiam cernit causas rerum videt, earumque progressus et quasi antecessiones non ignorat, similitudines compare, rebus praesentibus adjungit at anectit futuras. —Cicero, De Offic. Lib. I. C. 4. A Amsterdam, Chez Marc-Michel Rey, MDCCLXVI. (Quarto pp. viii + 412.) B. N., E 690. C. U., A P. B 66 (Avery Library).

—Ibid. (1766, 3 vols., 12mo.) B. N. *E 2446-2448.

—Ibid. (1772, 3 Vols., (12mo.) B. N. *E 2445 (VIII). B. M. 4506 a 1.

—Ibid. (Amsterdam, 1777, 3 vols., 12mo, pp. lx + 355 + 391 + 396.) B. M. 696 b 35.

—Ibid. In Oeuvres de Boulanger T. I-IV En Suisse. De l'Imprimerie Philosophique MDCCXCI. (4 vols., (12mo.) B. N., Z 24316-24319.

—Ibid. In Oeuvres de Boulanger T. I-II Amsterdam. (Paris, 2 vols., 8vo.) (Querard.)

1767. Le Christianisme devoile, ou Examen des principes et des effets de la religion Chretienne. Par feu M. Boulanger. Superstitio error infanus est, amandos timet, quos colit violat; quid enim interest, utrum Deos neges, an infames? Senec. Ep. 12. A Londres, MDCCLVI (Nancy, Leclerc, 1761, 8vo, pp. xxviii + 295). B. N., D2 5305. B. M. 4016 bb 6. B. M., C 2863 (another copy with MS. notes by Voltaire).

—Ibid. (Londres, 1767, 8vo, pp. xx + 236.) Printed at John Wilkes' private press in George St. Westminster, according to MS. note in title page. B. M. 4017 de. 13.

—Ibid. (Londres, 1767, 8vo, pp. 244.) A. T. S. 6 11.

—Ibid. (A Paris, Chez les Libraires Associes, 1767, 8vo, pp. xvii + 218.) B. N., D2 8364.

—Ibid. (Londres [Amsterdam], 1767, 12mo.) B. M. 696 b 34

—Ibid. Oeuvres de Boulanger T. VII. (En Suisse de l'Imprimerie philosophique, 1791, 12mo.) B. N., Z 23421.

—Ibid. Oeuvres de Boulanger T. V, 1793.

—Christianity Unveiled; being an examination of the principles and effects of the Christian Religion, from the French of Boulanger, Author of Researches into the Origin of Oriental Despotism, by W. M. Johnson. New York, 1795, printed at the Columbian Press by Robertson and Gowan for the editor and sold by the principal book sellers in the United States. (12mo, pp. ix + 238.) B. M. 4017 de 4. B. M. 900 i. 1, (7) another copy with MS. Notes. B. P.... 7490 a 22.

—Ibid. London, printed and published by R. Carlile, 55 Fleet St. 1819 (8vo, pp. 98.) B. M. 4016 d. 13.

—Ibid. The Deist, etc. Vol. II, published by R. Carlile, 1819. (8vo, pp. vii + 125.) B. M. 4015 f 11.

—El Cristianismo a descurbierto, o examen de los principios y efectos de la religion cristiana. Escrito en Frances por Boulanger y traducido al castellano por S. D. V.... Londres en la emprenta de Davidson, 1821. (12mo, pp. xxvi + 246.) B. M. 4016 df 6.

1767. L'Esprit du clerge, ou Le Christianisme primitif venge des entreprises et des exces de nos Pretres modernes. Traduit de l'Anglois a Londres (Amsterdam) MDCCLXVII (2 vols. 8vo, pp. 2 + 10 + 240). B. M. pp. 54.

1767. De l'imposture sacerdotale, ou Recueil de Pieces sur le Clerge. Traduites de l'Anglois. Londres (Amsterdam) MDCCLXVII. (12mo, pp. 144.) B. N., D2 8368 (7).

Contains, Tableau fidele des papes. Traduit d'une Brochure Anglaise de M. Davisson, Publie sous le titre de a true picture of Popery, pp. 1-35.

De l'insolence pontificale, ou des Pretentions ridicules du Pape et des Flatteurs de la Cour de Rome. Extrait de la Profession de Foi du celebre Giannone, par. M. Davisson, pp. 36-54.

Sermon. Sur les fourberies et les impostures du Clerge Romain, Traduit de l'Anglois sur une Brochure publiee a Londres en 1735 par M. Bourn Birmingham, Sous le titre de Popery a Craft, pp. 55-84.

Le Pretrianisme oppose au Christianisme. Ou la Religion des Pretres comparee a celle de Jesus-Christ, ou examen de la difference qui se trouve entre les Apotres et les Membres du Clerge moderne. Publie en Anglois en 1720 sous le titre de Priestanity. Or a View of the disparity between the Apostles and the Modern Clergy, pp. 85-108.

Des Dangers de l'Eglise, Traduit de Anglois sur une Brochure Publiee eu 1719. Par M., Thomas Gordon, Sous le titre d'Apology for the danger of the Church, etc., pp. 109-128.

Le Simbole d'un Laique, ou Profession de Foi d'un homme desinteresse. Traduit de l'Anglois de M. Gordon, Sur une brochure publiee en 1720. Sous le titre de the creed of an independent Whig, pp. 129-144.

—Ibid. Published under title De La Monstruosite pontificale, ou Tableau fidele des Papes. Traduit de l'Anglois Londres MDCCLXXII. (16vo, pp. 55.) B. N., H. 19859.

1768. Examen des Propheties qui servent de fondement a la religion chretienne, avec un Essai de critique sur les Prophetes et les Propheties en general. Ouvrages traduits de l'Anglois. Londres MDCCLXVIII. (8vo, pp. 234.) B. N., D2 5190. B. M. 4017 de 18.

Contains, Discours sur les fondements de la religion chretienne, pp. 1-111.

Extrait De l'Ouvrage qui a pour titre: Examen du Septeme de ceux qui pretendent que les Propheties se sont accomplies a la lettre. The Scheme of literal Prophecy considered, etc., 1727. (8vo, pp. 118-234.)

1768. David, ou l'Histoire de l'homme selon le coeur de Dieu, ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois. Sauel, et David, tragedie en 5 actes d'apres l'Anglois.... (Londres, 1768, 8vo.) B. N. 3 ex. LD2 5194, Hz 1542, et Res Z. Beuchot 798 (2). B. M. 4014 a 67 (1).

1768. Les Pretres demasques, ou des iniquites du clerge chretien. Ouvrage traduit de l'Anglois. Londres. MDCCLXVIII. (16vo, pp. 180.) B. N., D2 4639. B. M. 4017 de 29.

1768. Lettres philosophiques, sur l'origine des Prejuges, du Dogme de l'Immortalite de l'Ame, de l'Idolatrie et de la Superstition; sur le Systeme de Spinoza et sur l'origine du mouvement dans la matiere. Traduites de l'Anglois de J. Toland.

Opinionum commenta delet dies, naturae judicia confirmat. Cicero, de Nat. Deor. lib. II. A Londres (Amsterdam). 1768. MDCCLXVIII. (8vo, pp. 267.) B. N., D2 5203. B. M. 4015 de 48.

Containing, Preface ou Lettre a un ami, en lui envoyant les Dissertations suivantes, dans laquelle l'Auteur rend compte des motifs qui les ont fait ecrire. (pp. 12-26.)

Premiere Lettre. De L'origine et de la Force de ces Prejuges. (pp. 27-44.)

Seconde Lettre. Histoire du dogme de l'Immortalite de l'Ame Chez les Payens. (pp. 45-93.)

Troisieme Lettre. Sur l'origine de l'Idolatrie et sur les fondements de la Religion Payenne. (pp. 94-152.)