The "Great Temple" measures 80 by 200 feet on the outside, 50 by 150 feet inside, longest north and south. The two ends and the side toward the land are nearly intact and from 10 to 20 feet high according to the surface of the ground. At the north end, inside, is a platform 80 feet north and south by 45 feet east and west, the four walls carefully and regularly laid up, the space within them filled with large stones, and the surface leveled with beach pebbles. It ends 4 feet within the wall next the sea, the top of this wall being on a level with the bottom of the platform. At the south end is another platform 40 feet east and west by 20 feet north and south, abutting against the east and south walls. A step or terrace 6 feet wide extends the full length of its north side. It has a less finished appearance than the platform at the north end. The central space, between the two, is paved with large stones which apparently pass under both platforms and extend from the foot of the east wall nearly to the west wall, a slight ditch separating it from the latter. The west wall stands below the top of the slope, and its outer face is from 10 to 20 feet high, in three platforms each 8 feet wide. On the slope below are several structures a few feet square formed by two parallel rows of stones with a cross wall at the lower ends, the cellar-like space thus inclosed being filled with pebbles to a level with the top of the walls.

From the northeast and northwest corners long walls extend northwest and southwest toward the beach. Their outer ends are lost in the thicket.

EAST POINT DISTRICT

From Kapoho southward to Kalapana and beyond many remains are reported, but residents say they are of rather modern date, some of them having been occupied since white people came into the country to live. Lava flows of recent date have covered a few.

NAPOOPOO

The large heiau at which Captain Cook made his landing, and where he allowed himself to be worshipped as a god, is about in its original condition, having been repaired in recent years. When Captain Cook attempted to seize the King as a prisoner, the natives naturally rallied to the King's defense. A stone or other missile struck Cook on the head.

Early in the last century an old Hawaiian who as a small boy witnessed the affray told Rev. Mr. Paris (as related by his daughter) that if Cook had been the god he pretended to be, the blow would not have hurt him; but when he fell with a loud groan the people knew he was only a man like themselves and, enraged at the deception practiced on them, quickly made an end of him.

HONAUNAU

The wall of the City of Refuge is nearly intact, as is that of the large heiau. Another heiau was destroyed by a tidal wave. The place is now a public park. Stokes, of the Bishop Museum, has done much work here and at Napoopoo. The result of his labors will be published.

KEAUHOU

The "Slide," made here in the time of King Kamehameha I, consists of two stone walls from 50 to 75 feet apart, the space between them being filled with stones to provide a level surface from side to side and to equalize the slope from top to bottom. It begins a mile from the foot of the hill, and its terminus was on a level area near the coast. The lower end is now so displaced and overgrown for a fourth of a mile that it can no longer be traced; the remainder of it is practically intact. The slope is not uniform, being somewhat determined by the natural surface, so that it is steeper in some parts than in others. Near the upper end some short stretches are quite steep, presenting from below the appearance of terraces. In places, flat stones are laid pavement fashion from side to side, or rows of stones which seem to be the tops of walls extend across. These were probably to prevent crawling of the smaller material used as a leveler. The slide, according to an old Hawaiian, was covered with one variety of grass, on which was laid another variety; but he could not say whether the two layers had their stems parallel or crosswise. Kukui-nut oil was used plentifully to act as a binder and to give a slick surface. The "sliders," as well as he could remember the description of them, were like sleds with runners; not flat boards like a toboggan. Small depressions here and there, either basin-shaped or well-shaped, have led to excavations in the hope of finding something; but they are due only to falling-in of tubes, tunnels, or bubbles in the lava.

A somewhat similar but very much smaller slide is said to be on the coast 40 miles south of this one. At present it can be reached only from the shore, making a canoe voyage necessary.

Two ruined and overgrown heiaus are near the water line a mile from the slide. Both are built on bare lava, and at very high tides waves dash over them. Possibly the shore has sunk since they were built. Near by, on the flat lava, covered by every tide, are rock carvings rudely resembling the outlines of human figures. They must be of rather recent origin, as the stone is constantly subject to wear by the shingle. Stokes has copied them.

MOOKINI

At the extreme northwest corner of the island of Hawaii is a heiau in excellent preservation, there being but few fallen stones. The ground around is entirely free of growth except for grass and a few weeds, which may explain its appearance of newness; it has a very modern aspect, though it seems to antedate the discovery. It measures 120 by 275 feet, longest east and west. The east wall is 11 feet high with a narrow terrace from end to end about midway the height. The north wall is 18 feet high. The south wall, which is in a somewhat irregular line, is 5 to 6 feet high. On the outside of the south wall, which forms one side of each, are two inclosures. One, near the east corner, measures 65 feet east and west and 15 feet wide, with its west wall at the edge of an opening which gives access to the interior of the heiau. The wall of this inclosure is 4 feet high. The other inclosure measures 21 feet east and west by 28 feet north and south, the west end flush with the west end of the temple. Its wall is 3 feet high.

The main west wall is 12 feet high. A platform 2 to 4 feet wide, probably a seat or bench, extends along the inside of the south wall. An interior wall 4 feet high, not straight but approximately parallel with the north wall, with a space 10 to 15 feet wide separating them, has one end against the east wall, the other end coming near enough to the west wall to leave only a narrow passageway.

The entire space inside is paved with large stones; on these, as a floor, are several walls whose purpose is not clear; they run in various directions. Near the west end are some small inclosures, also a raised platform in which are 13 "wells," said to be intended to "hold the blood of those offered up as a sacrifice." Possibly the bodies or bones of victims were placed in them, though it is more probable that they held posts or idols.

On the outside, 20 feet from the west wall, is a "sacrifice stone," 6 by 8 feet, averaging 15 inches thick. It is somewhat dished, with a natural depression 12 inches deep.

The heiau is about 200 yards from the ocean. Walls, like fallen fences, extend diagonally from the corners at the west end; the northern one terminates 200 yards away on an outcrop of lava; the southern one has about the same length and ends 50 feet from a similar wall that reaches in a rude semicircle, convex uphill, for 300 yards to the top of a cliff over the ocean. On the opposite side of a small cove within the farther end of this wall is a stone which is known to the natives as the "Shark" or the "Shark God." It is 81/2 feet long, 32 inches across at the widest part, averages 14 inches thick, and has somewhat the shape of a coffin with narrowed ends. Lying just on the break of the slope, it inclines slightly down the bank. The end toward the water is carved in a fairly good representation of a turtle's head; on the opposite end are nine artificial cup-like depressions from 11/2 to 3 inches in diameter with a depth rather less than half the width; three are on top, three on the end, three on the lower side. Like any long stone supported at the center with the ends free, it gives a metallic note when struck with a knife or other small piece of metal. It is already defaced by curious experimenters, and will probably be broken up some day in search of the "treasure" inside, or to "see where the music comes from."

For nearly a mile south of the heiau, covering the space between the ocean cliff and a line approximately parallel to it a fourth of a mile up the hill, are many inclosures and long walls. Low walls surround spaces 10 to 15 feet across, filled level with earth, which are either house sites or burial places. Some inclosures, still smaller, with no break in the wall, are supposed to be graves; and graves may also be marked by the many small piles of stones. Other stone heaps, some straight, some crescent-shaped, from 10 to 20 feet long, all the curved ones convex to the windward, were wind shelters. Some of them are known to be made by modern hunters as blinds in plover shooting.

In at least two places are long parallel rows of large stones placed singly, 1 foot to 3 feet apart, the rows separated by a space of from 4 to 6 feet. One set has a dozen or more rows.

Inside of one of the inclosures, directly up the hill from the old landing, is a large stone with an artificial depression of 2 gallons capacity. It was intended as a mortar for pounding nuts.

LAUPAHOEHOE

An old lava flow has pushed out into the ocean in a shape somewhat resembling "a leaf floating on the water," which is the meaning of the word. It forms a nearly level area of 12 or 13 acres, only a few feet above tide. Toward the outer end are numerous walls and inclosures, mostly in ruins and overgrown with trees and bushes. Some of them are clearly modern; others are ancient. Near the lighthouse are the remnants of a heiau; only a part of its walls can be traced.

A wall 3 feet high, beginning at a large stone at one corner, incloses a space 26 by 27 feet, outside measurement; the interior is filled with earth and small stones to a level with the top of the walls. At the end toward the ocean, is a platform 20 feet wide, terminating 50 feet from the sea. On this platform is a space 7 by 12 feet, outlined by large rocks. Halfway between the platform and the water is a wall which may be recent.

Near this inclosure is one hexagonal in outline, the walls 2 feet high, and the space inside, 11 by 17 feet, filled with earth to a foot above the top of the wall.

On top of the bluff, 350 feet above tide level, is a heiau the west wall of which was removed in making a deep cut for the railway. The inside dimensions are 70 feet east and west, 115 feet north and south. The interior area, originally irregular, was somewhat leveled, and covered with a pavement of cobblestones which were carried up from the beach, as were many of the large stones in the wall. The pavement has been torn up in cultivating the ground. The wall is from 4 to 6 feet high inside. This is a little more than the original height, as it was repaired and raised for use as a corral. Along the outside of the north wall, at the west end, is a heavy wall which, with the main wall, forms a "well," nearly filled with rocks. There are no supporting platforms outside, but along the north and east walls are revetments reaching halfway up the face. The southeast corner is rounded and braced or buttressed. These forms of support have been noticed in only one other place. There is a house site within, at the northeast corner. On the wall, placed there in adding to its height, were a broken taro pestle and a very dense siliceous rock, of high specific gravity, and filled with olivines. It weighs about 75 pounds. The ends have been chipped off to give it an ellipsoidal form, otherwise the wave-worn surface is unworked, except that one of its larger faces is rubbed smooth, almost polished, by use as a grinding stone, for which purpose it is excellently adapted by reason of its unusual abrasive quality.

* * *

MAUI ISLAND

There are not many aboriginal structures on Maui, but among those which can be found are some of extreme interest on account of their size and complicated arrangement.

KAUPO, OR MOKULAU

A mile and a half from the coast at Kaupo, or Mokulau landing, at the eastern end of the island, are two large heiaus. As it would have required a week's time and a considerable outlay of money to reach them, by reason of the distance and lack of roads, they were not visited.

WAILUKU

At the mouth of the Iao Valley, a mile north of Wailuku, is a sand dune having a nearly level area of about an acre at each end, connected by a curved ridge whose sharp crest is lowered about 20 feet by erosion. On each extremity is a stone inclosure, with several walls on the slopes below them except on the eastern side, toward the ocean. Here a stream has encroached upon the bottom of the dune to such an extent that only a portion of the inclosure nearer town is still remaining, one side and part of each end having fallen into the ravine. The wall along the opposite, or western, side is buried in the sand, only the highest stones still projecting. From the north wall a facing of large stones extending down the surface of the dune for a vertical distance of 15 feet has prevented erosion by the winds. No protection was necessary below this point as the action of rain water on the lime from disintegrated coral rock contained in the deposit has caused the sand to "set" or harden.

The other heiau, at the north end of the dune, is apparently unfinished. None of it has disappeared, but the plan is difficult to make out. At its northern end is a protecting layer of stones reaching 25 to 30 feet down the slope, in three separate terraces. Similar terraces are on the slope below the southern end of the east wall. Here and there within the structure are well-like spaces filled with stones. The purpose of these is unknown. Stones of varying sizes, mostly small, within the walls indicate a pavement or floor, but the dense growth of lantana brush and the accumulated sand preclude any careful examination or accurate description of these remains.

WAIHEE

Southward from the mouth of the Waihee Valley, 5 miles north of Wailuku, is a range of sand dunes from 200 to 300 feet high, extending for half a mile or more in a wide curve, with the concave side facing the ocean. The level space thus bounded is about a fourth of a mile in its greatest width and contains 50 or 60 acres. Approximately parallel with the windings of the shore line, at an average distance of 200 feet from it, is a strong stone wall, built at an unknown date but prior to the advent of the whites. The plain purpose of this wall was to protect from high tides the low land lying behind it and reaching nearly to the foot of the dunes. This area is now cultivated in a variety of crops, mainly rice. Formerly it was a great taro patch of a Hawaiian settlement. A modern flume, which follows closely the line of an ancient ditch, brings down the necessary water from Waihee Creek.

In front of the wall a space of 5 or 6 acres is covered with a stone pavement on which are the walls of old houses and inclosures. They are protected on the seaward side by thousands of cubic yards of water-worn stones, piled up like a revetment or riprap, which terminate abruptly at the southern end but extend to the mouth of the creek at the north. The dunes show many angular rocks of the same general material, in their lower portion, so they all probably belong to a spur or projection from the mountain, washed clean at the front by waves, and covered at the rear by the dunes. Some of the stones along the water front were rolled by tides and wave-currents from the debris carried down by the creek from the mountains. At high tides waves surmount this natural breakwater, but spread out over the level pavement and sink between the stones, so that dwellers upon the site were not disturbed by their action.

At its northern extremity the high wall connects with a rear corner of an extensive heiau, which was either never completed or has been partially demolished. The unfinished appearance of this, as of all similar remains, is explained by the natives as being due to the interrupted efforts at their construction by "the little people" (fairies), thousands of whom took part in the work. They must complete their task in one night; at the first gleam of dawn they must instantly disappear, leaving their work as it was at the moment, and could never gather at that spot again.

The highest part of the heiau wall still upright is about 10 feet; but some of the stones within, promiscuously heaped, are 2 to 3 feet higher. The structure is about 100 by 250 feet, longest on the line from water to hill. A cross wall, possibly somewhat modified in recent times, divides it into two unequal parts, the seaward portion being nearly square and 5 feet higher than the part at the rear. On the latter are small inclosures of stone, the space within them paved with gravel. If of the same age as the remainder of the structure they may have been for priestly seclusion or preparation, though they may be houses of later natives who took advantage of the foundation made by their ancestors.

Measurements or clear descriptions of these remains are not possible, owing to overgrowth. A satisfactory study, to distinguish between ancient and modern parts, or between undisturbed stones and those not in their original position, would require careful survey with transit and level after the brush is cleared away; and this must be followed up with considerable excavation as well as removal of loose rock; all of which would demand the labor of a dozen men for three months. Even at that, there is no certainty that definite knowledge would be gained; but it is not to be had in any other way.

BURIAL PLACES

Near the top of a remnant of a crater rising from the shore line of the ocean, 11 miles from Wailuku on the road to Kahakuloa, is a stone wall built on the leeward slope, the only place on which it could be constructed, as much the larger part of the crater has been blown out into the sea. Between the wall and the summit are at least a dozen stone-covered graves; possibly there are others not seen, as much of the brush is impenetrable. Some of them are sunken; others appear quite recent.

Many such graves are found on the dunes. They are all modern, some of them still surrounded by the original wooden fences.

IN THE IAO VALLEY

The deepest valley on Maui is that of the Iao River. The sides, nearly vertical in places, have an elevation of about 3,000 feet. About 2 miles above the town of Wailuku, well within the mountain, are walls made of stones of varying sizes up to half a ton or more. They extend over several acres of land and their structure is quite complicated. Mostly, they are borders of taro patches, though some of them mark house sites or garden inclosures. One wall, supporting a terrace, is 8 to 10 feet high and contains very heavy stones.

Near the head of the Iao Valley there are fully 40 acres of taro beds. A trail formerly led from this spot to the south shore of the island, near Lahaina. It can not now be traced, being obliterated by slides.

Residents of Wailuku say these places were in use only 50 or 60 years ago.

Many evidences of former occupation have been destroyed in operating the extensive sugar plantations.

* * *

KAUAI ISLAND

There seems to be less evidence of Hawaiian occupancy on Kauai than on any other of the five principal islands. Comparatively few heiaus are reported. Some of those which were in existence when the whites came have been destroyed or defaced to such a degree in establishing sugar plantations that their original form is uncertain; while others are so covered with vegetation, either natural or due to cultivation, that nothing definite can be ascertained as to their size or structure.

The site which might be considered as possessing the greatest interest is an aboriginal quarry and workshop where material for stone implements was obtained and shaped into desired forms. There can be no doubt as to the existence of such a place; but no one now knows its location, unless it be some of the older Hawaiians, who, however, profess entire ignorance in regard to it. Mr. William H. Rice, of Lihue, once induced some natives to conduct him to the spot. He believes that if he alone had gone his guides would have fulfilled their promise; but unfortunately several other men joined him, and the natives, either suspicious of their intentions, or not wishing the premises to become publicly known, pursued a devious and wearisome journey through the jungle, crossing gulches and clambering up and down cliffs until the white men were thoroughly bewildered and exhausted; then announced that they "couldn't find it," and led the party home.

LIHUE

At Niumahu, 2 miles from Lihue, on the road leading south and west from the harbor of Nawiliwili, is a fish pond known as Alakoka. It is a short distance above the mouth of the river, where the little valley widens in a half-moon shape, the stream flowing close to the bluff on the right. The bottom land on the other side is so low as to be swampy. Along the river bank on this side is a heavy wall of stone and earth, reaching the higher land at each end, thus forming a pond of 15 or 20 acres in which the ancient Hawaiians kept their surplus catch of fish. The wall has been raised and strengthened by its present owner, a Chinese, who raises ducks instead of fish.

WAILUA

Near the mouth of the Wailua River, 6 miles from Lihue, is the former abode of the royal family. The place is so overgrown, except in the few cultivated spots, that no examination of it can be made. No traces of the residences are apparent, although the stone boundary walls of the grounds are still standing. The site of the royal cemetery is set aside as public property. There is nothing now to indicate that any interments were ever made in it. The "Birthstone," on or by which all prospective heirs to the throne must be born in order to insure their right to the succession, still lies in the brush near the foot of a little cliff. In case of a dispute among the claimants to the throne this stone had the power, by some means of which the knowledge has now been lost, to determine which, if any, of the contestants was entitled to possession.

The "Sacrifice Stone," also, is in its original place, being so large that it can not be easily removed. Formerly this had a grass roof over it, supported by high poles. When the victim's life was extinct his body was suspended to a rafter or crossbeam at the top of the structure and left there until the flesh had decayed. The bones were then interred on top of the bluff in the rear. It is said that the corpses of chiefs and others of high rank were wrapped in banana leaves and steamed until the flesh fell away. The skeletons were then buried.

A mile from the mouth of the Wailua River, on a narrow plateau between it and a small tributary, the summit level being about 200 feet above the water, is a heiau in fairly good condition. It is one of the large structures of its kind, but is so overgrown that measurements or close description are not possible. It is supposed to be the one which was sacred to the devotions of the highest priesthood. The common people were not allowed to venture near it, and even the king could not visit it without special permission involving the most complicated ceremonies. It has passed into possession of the county and will be restored as nearly as can be to its pristine state and thus preserved.

On a mass of loose rocks, resulting from disintegration of an old lava flow, projecting into the ocean half a mile east from the mouth of the Wailua River, and near the race track, is a heiau of irregular construction. The extreme measurements are 80 feet north and south by 200 feet east and west. The wall on the side toward the sea is higher and wider along the central half than it is nearer the ends. Small inclosures, bounded by single rows of stones, probably mark the sites of houses for priests and attendants. Along the inner side of the wall next to the water are four depressions, remains of partially filled well-like or cistern-like excavations; similar hollows, obscured by brush, are also next to the inner foot of the opposite wall. A large rock in the form of a triangular prism, standing upright, with one end firmly imbedded in the ground, was no doubt a "god" of some kind; it has a slight hollow or "cup" pecked in the flat top. There are several irregular rows of stones outside of the inclosure. Dense growth prevents the examination necessary for a closer description.

DUNE BURIALS

Four miles east of Lihue a spur of the plantation railway was run into the dunes to procure sand for making fills. In the course of this work human bones were found, the remains of one individual in one spot and of at least two others not far away. None of these bones seemed to have been long underground. Search in the vicinity, over bare spots among the ridges whose upper portions have been carried away by the winds, revealed indications of burials in at least six other places. Such bones as were found were decayed or in fragments. Among them was part of the skull of a very young infant. A quantity of cooking stones, some coral rasps or files, and a much weathered fragment of a wooden bowl, denoted that camps had been made on the dunes. As the beach is smooth, firm, and extensive, providing an excellent place for landing canoes or dragging seines, these remains probably pertain to parties or families who maintained fishing camps here.

At the mouth of the Wailua River, on the east side, was a "City of Refuge." It is now partially destroyed, many of the stones having been taken away to make a fill in the road. It was rectangular in form, 360 feet east and west, 60 feet north and south, made of large stones, some of them weighing a ton or even more. The eastern portion of the interior is artificially made a foot higher than the western. The structure is 300 feet from the water. Midway down the gentle slope in front, opposite the western end, is a slightly crooked row, 100 feet long, of very large stones. A similar row is near the water on the side between the inclosure and the river.

WAIMEA

There were formerly several heiaus within a few miles of Waimea. Some of them have been destroyed by cultivation, while others are difficult to find and impossible to examine in the cane fields or dense brush.

At the east foot of a rocky peak 13 miles by road from Waimea, at an elevation of more than 3,600 feet, is a small heiau almost on the brink of the canyon. Within the walls it is 30 feet across each way. On the south line are three large stones in line, one at each corner, the third about midway between them. No doubt their position determined the location of the structure. It stands on a slight slope. The west wall is 2 feet high inside, the earth having washed down level with its top outside. The north wall is a foot higher than the floor at the west end, and is completely buried at the east, as are the south and west walls along their entire length except for a protruding stone here and there. In fact, the whole interior seems to have received a heavy deposit of earth, carried in from the outside by wind and rain. All these features give an appearance of antiquity to the ruin.

Directly below it, well toward the bottom of the canyon, which is said to be 3,000 feet deep, is a long, narrow, curved ridge with rounded top and almost vertical sides. The upper part, apparently an old lava flow, is darker in color than the surrounding precipices, its surface checkered and seamed by weathering and erosion, so that it has an almost startling resemblance to a huge serpent crawling out of the side of the mountain and, with head laid flat on the extreme point of the cliff, watching something in the stream bed a thousand feet below. If the old Hawaiians had been familiar with ophidians, as were the American Indians, this "Snake God" would no doubt have held high rank among their divinities.

CONCLUSIONS

As intimated above, much additional information regarding antiquities in the Hawaiian Islands can be found in publications of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu. Descriptions, with illustrations, of a number of heiaus are given by Mr. Thrum in the "Hawaiian Annual" for 1906 to 1910, inclusive; and his forthcoming volume will completely cover this branch of archeology. The Bishop Museum has undertaken to make a complete survey and report of all the ancient remains, while Dr. Brigham has almost finished for publication an exhaustive treatise which will include all his observations and deductions along the same lines. With these tasks ended, there will be nothing for anyone else to do, except to take measures for the restoration and care of the principal structures.

All the aboriginal remains on the islands are the work of the present Hawaiian race. When the earliest of these people came here they found the islands without inhabitants. There are no evidences of any prehistoric population nor any indications whatever of underground remains. Consequently, so far as can be ascertained, excavations would not result in the discovery of any prehistoric objects or of anything essentially different from what can be seen on the surface or found slightly covered by very recent natural accumulation. At the same time, all the remains are well worthy of study and preservation. These conclusions meet the full approval and indorsement of both Mr. Thrum and Dr. Brigham.



INDEX

Page.

ACCOUNT'S CAVES 131

ADAIR, quoted on construction of houses 170

ADZES— chert, from Miller's Cave 79 stone, in Molokai 177

AKERS POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 18

ALABAMA, explorations in 133-150

ALABASTER— from Wyandotte Cave 108-109 See Stalagmite; Travertine.

ALFORD'S CAVE 140

ALLEN, VALENTINE, acknowledgment to 29

ALTARS, SUPPOSED SACRIFICIAL, origin of 172 See SACRIFICIAL STONES.

ALTON, house mounds near 161

ANIMALS— bones of, found in cave 33 of Molokai 176

ANTLER, OBJECTS OF, from Sell Cave 48

ARKANSAS COUNTY, ARK., excavation of mound in 170

ARKLOW CAVE 125

ARLINGTON— cairns in vicinity of 40 caves in vicinity of 34, 35

ARMSTRONG, B.G., tradition investigated by 172

ARNHOLDT CAVE 90

ARROWHEADS discovered in caves 31, 39

ASH CAVE 89

ASHES— beds of, in caves 31, 32, 33, 38 curious cavities in 67-68 deposit of, in Miller's Cave 65-66

ASHLEY CREEK, cave on 19

AWLS— bone, in Miller's Cave 74 from Goat Bluff Cave 37

AXES— from Miller's Cave 78 grooved, found in cave 39, 40

AZTALAN, WIS., theory concerning wall at 172

BAGNELL HILL, cave on 94

BAILEY'S CAVE 140

BAKER'S LAKE, cave on 89

"BALLROOM" of Bates Cave 23

BARNARD CAVE 140-141

BARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in 119

BAT CAVE— in Colbert County 134 in Shannon County 18 near Crocker 55 on the Osage River 95

BATES CAVE 22-23

BATTLE GROUND near Miller's Cave 59

BEADS— columella, from cairn 87 shell, found in cairn 28 stone, in cave 31

BEAR CREEK, rock house on 118

BECKER, PHILIP, examination of cave refuse by 84

"BECKWITH'S FORT," mounds near 169

BEDFORD, caves in vicinity of 103, 104

BEER CAVE, popular name for Steuffer Cave 99

BELCHER CAVE 121

BELL, ROBERT A., cave on farm of 51

BELL'S CAVE 122

BEN SMITH'S CAVE 119

BERRY, GEORGE, cave on land of 43

BIG CREEK CAVE 18

BIG-MOUTH CAVE 138

BIG PINEY— caves in vicinity of 57, 81 house mounds on 162

BIG PINEY POST OFFICE, cave in vicinity of 56

BIRTHSTONE of Kauai Island 192

BISHOP MUSEUM, value of, to students 174

BLATCHLEY, W.S.— caverns described by 102 quoted 103-104, 107, 110

BLEDSOE COUNTY, TENN., cave in 128

BLOODLAND, house mounds near 57

BLOWING CAVE 136

BLUE RIVER, caves on 111

BLUE SPRING CAVE 18

BLUEWATER CAVE 134

BLUFF CITY, caves in vicinity of 124, 125

BODE CAVE 94

BOILING SPRING OF THE GASCONADE, cave near 34

BOND, JOHN R., cave on farm of 92

BONE CAVE 120

BONES, ANIMAL, in caves 33, 37, 72, 73

BONES, HUMAN— in Bell's Cave 51 in cairn at Devil's Elbow 86-87 in cairns on Helm's farm 88 in Caldwell's Cave 132 in cave on Meshach Creek 121 in Colyer's Cave 133 in Cub Run Cave 113 in dune burials 193 in Goat Bluff Cave 36, 37, 38, 39 in Gourd Creek Cave 34 in Haunted Cave 116 in Hawaiian caves 182 in Miller's Cave 67, 69-72, 73, 76 in mound 151 in Ramsey's Cave 82 in Sell Cave 47-49 See Skeletons; Skulls.

BOWLING GREEN, caves near 118

BRADLEY CAVE 112

BRANDON, cave near 138

BRIDAL CAVE, beauty of 90

BRIGGS, CAPT. J.B., cave owned by 117

BRIGGS, IKE, cave on land of 116

BRIGGS'S CAVE 116

BRIGHAM, DR., work of 174, 194

BROOKS CAVE 56

BRUMLEY, cave in vicinity of 91

BRYANT'S BLUFF, rock shelters in 40

BUCHER CAVE 51

BUCKNER CAVE. See Harry Buckner Cave; Joel Buckner Cave.

BUFFALO WALLOWS, so-called 152

BUNCH CAVE 90

BURIAL CAVE near Sheffields 135

BURIAL CUSTOMS in Hawaii 192

BURIAL PLACES on Maui Island 190

BURIALS— communal 151, 153, 157 dune 193-194 in Goat Bluff Cave 36 in Gourd Creek Cave 30 inclosed in flat stones 88 on Lost Hill 27 See Cairns; Graves.

BURKSVILLE, cave near 111

BUSHNELL, D.I., JR.— conclusion of, regarding house mounds 164 quoted on house mounds 161

CAIRNS— at Miller's Cave 59 at Sugar Tree camp 40 containing double burial 19 in vicinity of Eugene, Mo. 96 near Pillman's Cave 83 near Woodland Cave 84 of common occurrence 17 on Helm's farm 87-89 on Lost Hill 24-28, 84 on the Gasconade 40, 99 See Burials; Graves.

CALDWELL'S CAVE 131-132

CAMDEN COUNTY, MO.— explorations in 89-91 geological formations in 91

CAMERON, WILLIAM, tradition obtained by 172

CAMP-GROUND CAVE 51

CANNIBAL HOUSE, so-called, near Omaha 156

CANNIBALISM, discoveries indicating 77

CAVE, meaning of term, in Hawaii 182

CAVE EARTH, composition of 16

CAVE EXPLORATION, conditions considered in 101

CAVE MAN, no trace of, in Ozark Hills 15

CAVES. See CAVERNS.

CAVERNS— air of 14-15 as habitations 14 development of 13-14 floors of 14 method of measuring 17 proper examination of 16

CAVITIES IN ASH-BED 67-68, 73

CEDAR GROVE, cave in vicinity of 18

CHATTANOOGA, caves in vicinity of 132

CHAUMONT STATION, cave near 117

CHEATHAM'S FERRY, cave near 134

CHIPPEWAS, Sioux driven westward by 172

CHUNKEY STONES in Molokai 177, 180

CITY OF REFUGE— at mouth of Wailua River 193 wall of 184

CIVIL WAR, caves as shelters during 23

CLARKSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 123

CLEMMENS CREEK CAVE 89

COAHOMA COUNTY, MISS., large mound in 171

COAL PIT HOLLOW, mention of 24

COFFEE CAVE 134

COKELY CAVE 90

COLBERT COUNTY, ALA., caves of 134, 135

COLE COUNTY, MO., explorations in 100

COLLEGE CAVE 128

COLLINSVILLE, cave in vicinity of 139

COLOSSAL CAVE 115

COLYER'S CAVE 133

COMMUNAL BURIAL. See Burials, communal.

COOK, CAPTAIN, death of 184

COOKE, GEORGE, acknowledgment to 175

COOKING, method of, in Molokai 179

COOKVILLE, caves in vicinity of 42

CRAWFORD COUNTY, IND., explorations in 107

CRITTENDEN COUNTY, ARK., mound excavations in 169

CRUMP'S CAVE 118

CUB RUN CAVE 113-115

CULVER'S CAVE 136

CURRENT RIVER, caves of 18

DAERHOFF, BEN, cave on farm of 95

DALLAS COUNTY, MO., house mounds in 161

DANCING PLATFORMS in Molokai 181-182

DAVIS, J.W., caves on farm of 42

DAYLIGHT IN CAVES, use of term 16

DEKALB COUNTY, ALA., caves of 137-139

DENT COUNTY, MO., caves of 20-22

DEVIL'S ELBOW— burials at 88 house mounds at 162 walled graves at 84

DILLON, house mounds near 42, 162

DINSMORE, DR. R.S., excavations made by 153-154

DISCOIDS, STONE, in Molokai 177

DIXON, cave in vicinity of 89

DIXON'S CAVE 116

DONNEHUE'S CAVE 103

DONNELSON'S CAVE 103-106

DOUBLE CAVE 54-55

DRIP ROCK— deposits of, in Berry Cave 43 meaning of the term 16 See Stalactite; Stalagmite.

DRY CAVE 90

DRY CREEK, cave on 56

DRY FORK POST OFFICE, caves near 119

DUNBAR'S CAVE 123-124

DUNES, BURIALS IN 193

DUNLAP, caves in vicinity of 128-129

EDENVILLE ROAD, cave on 57

EDGAR SPRINGS, cave in vicinity of 23

EDMONSON COUNTY, KY., caves of 115-118

EIDSON, WILL ROBERT, cairns on farm of 90

EIGENMANN, PROFESSOR, conclusions of 105

ELDON, cave in vicinity of 96

ELLIS CAVE 138

EMINENCE, supposed cave near 20

ESMITH CAVES 119-120

EUGENE, graves in vicinity of 96

FARMINGTON, mounds near 162, 166

FEARIN CAVE 139

FERGUSON, MO.— excavation of mound near 168 house mounds near 161

FISH, eyeless 18

FISHING CAVE 18

FISHPONDS— at Niumahu 192 of Molokai 175

FLINTWORKING SITE 59

FOOD SUPPLY of Molokai 175

FOOTE, A.L., cave on land of 44

FORD'S CAVE 119

FORT DEPOSIT CAVE— cross sections of 144-149 description of 143-150

FORT PAYNE CAVE 137-138

FORTIFICATION, INDIAN, near Miller's Cave 59

FOSSIL CAVE— 91 plan of 92 section of 92

FRANKLIN COUNTY, TENN., caves of 131

FREEBURG, caves in vicinity of 97, 99

FREEMAN'S CAVE 81-83

FRENCH LICK SPRINGS, cavern near 107

GAME played in Molokai 177

GARVIN CAVE 112

GASCONADE RIVER, caves on 96, 97, 98, 99

GASCONDY, cave in vicinity of 98

GILDER'S DISCOVERY 157

GILL, DE LANCEY— observations of 48 theory of 17

GLAIZE CREEK, cave near 91

GLASS FRAGMENT, from Goat Bluff Cave 37

GLOVER, ROBERT, cave on farm of 122

GOAT BLUFF CAVE, description of 35-39

GODS, STONE 186, 193

GOLD IN CAVES, beliefs concerning 21, 30

GORDON, tradition related by 173

GOUGE, from Miller's Cave 79

GOURD CREEK— cairns at mouth of 24-25 village site on 34

GOURD CREEK CAVE— description of 29 exploration of 28-34

GRAHAM CAVE 83

GRANITE MOUNTAIN, mounds near 168

GRAVEL in caves 16

GRAVES— cist, at Iowa Point 152 near Bell's Cave 123 near McKennan's 52 of Molokai 178 on Laughlin's ranch 44 on Saline Creek 95 walled, at Devil's Elbow 84-87 See Cairns; Burials.

"GREAT TEMPLE" of Hawaii 183-184

GREEN RIVER, rock shelters on 118

GREGORY, PROFESSOR— mention of 175 work of 174

"GROUND HOUSE INDIANS," mounds made by 172

GROUND HOUSE RIVER, probable origin of name 173

GRUNDY COUNTY, TENN., caves of 130

GULFS, formation of 108

GULFS OF LOST RIVER 107

GUMBO for making vessels 69

GUNTERSVILLE, caves in vicinity of 139, 140

GUTHOERL, PETER— cave on farm of 20 mounds on farm of 22

HA-HA-TON-KA, caves in vicinity of 89

HAMILTON COUNTY, TENN., caves of 132

HAMMERS found in cave 39

HARDIN COUNTY, KY., caves of 112

HARDIN'S CAVE 139-140

HARLOW CAVE 112

HARRISON COUNTY, IND., explorations in 111

HARRISON'S CAVE 136

HARRY BUCKNER CAVE 113

HART COUNTY, KY., explorations in 112

HAUNTED CAVE 116

HAWAII, archeological work in 174-195

HEIAUS— at Kaupo 188 at Napoopoo 184 described by Mr. Thrum 194 of Hawaii Island 185-187 of Wailua 192-193 of Waimea 194 on Maui Island 190 on Mauna Loa 178-180 sacred to priesthood 192

HELM, DANIEL, cairns on farm of 87

HENSON'S CAVE 129

HILO, archeological work in vicinity of 182

HIXSON'S CAVE 129

HOLMES, W.H., suggestion made by 15

HOLSTON RIVER, cave on 125

HONAUNAU, work of Stokes at 184-185

HONEY LANDING, cave at 139

HOPKINS, ISAAC, mounds on farm of 166-167

HOUSE MOUNDS— defined 17 in Dent County 22 in Miller County 96 in St. Francois County, Mo., plan of 168 near Dillon 42 near Ranch House 56-57 near Rolla 41 near St. James 42 near Stover 100 of the lower Mississippi Valley 161 on Brush Creek 99 theories concerning origin of 163-165 See Village sites.

HOUSE SITES. See Heiaus.

HOWE, NEBR., excavations near 155

HRDLI[VC]KA, DR. ALE[VS], reference to 158

HUBLIN'S CAVE 130

HUGHES, SAM P., work of 155-156

HUNTER, A.B., mounds on farm of 166

HURRICANE BLUFF CAVE 97

HUT RINGS— at Beckwith's Fort 170 similar to ruins of Mandan houses 171

HUTCHINS CAVE 112

HUTCHINSON, HARRISON, cave on farm of 97

IAO VALLEY, remains in 191

ILLINOIS, explorations in 111

IMPLEMENTS— found in cave 113 found in Molokai 177 found near cemeteries 123 from Sell Cave 46

INDIAN FORD CAVE 96-97

INDIAN FORT, on the Osage River 99

INDIAN MOUND CAVE 124

INDIANA— cave region of 102 explorations in 102-111

IOWA POINT, grave at 152

IRON MOUNTAIN, house mounds near 161

IRON MOUNTAIN RAILWAY, mounds along 167

IRVIN, GEORGE, cave on farm of 96

ISBOLL CAVES 135

JACKSON, GENERAL, cave used by, as storage room 143

JACKSON COUNTY, ALA., caves of 135

JEROME, rock shelters in vicinity of 40

JOEL BUCKNER CAVE 113

JONES FARM, cave on 24

JURGGENMEYER, CONRAD, cave on farm of 94

KAMEHAMEHA I, KING— "slide" made in time of 185 temple built by 183

KANSAN DRIFT, skeletons reported found in 155

KAUAI ISLAND, investigations in 191-194

KENTUCKY, explorations in 112-123

KERR'S MILL, cave near 44

KEY, BUCK, cave on farm of 133

KEY ROCKS 24

KEY'S CAVE 133

KILAUEA, investigations near 183

KILLIAN CAVES 138-139

KNIVES— discovered in cave 31 flint, found in cave 39 found in cairn 27

LACKAYE'S BLUFF CAVE 97

LAIRD'S CAVE 112

LAKEY'S CAVE 128-129

LAND COMPANY'S CAVE 129

LANE, GEORGE, mound on farm of 24

LANE'S CAVE 56

LAUDERDALE COUNTY, ALA., caves of 133-134

LAUGHLIN RANCH, cairns on 44

LAUPAHOEHOE, ruins at 187

LAWRENCE COUNTY, IND., explorations in 102-106

LEAVENWORTH, caves in vicinity of 111

LEWIS AND CLARK— mound mentioned by 152 names of, carved on rock 153

LIBRARY OF BISHOP MUSEUM, contents of 174

LIHUE, fishpond near 192

LIMROCK, caves near 135, 136

LINN CREEK, cave formerly near 91

LINNVILLE CAVE 124

LITTLE-MOUTH CAVE 138

LITTLE PINEY— cave near 40 cave on 23, 34 mound on 24 village site on 34

LITTLE WYANDOTTE CAVE 111

LOCK'S CAVE 112

LODGE SITES on Long's Hill 159-160

LOGAN COUNTY, KY., reconnoissance in 122

LONG'S HILL, the site of Gilder's discovery 157

LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, Caves on west slope of 138

LOST HILL— cairn on 84 described 25

LOVE'S CAVE 120

LUCAS, F.A., expert on animal bones 128

LUCKENHOFF, JOHN, cave on farm of 94

MCCREARY CAVE 121

MCDERMENT'S CAVES 141-142

MCWILLIAMS FARM, cave on 42

MAMMAL CAVE 116

MAMMOTH CAVE, KY. 115 caves near 115-117

MAMMOTH CAVE, MO., rumors of, not verified 20

MAMMOTH CAVE OF ILLINOIS 111

MARENGO CAVE 107

MARIES COUNTY, MO., explorations in 96-98

MARION COUNTY, TENN., caves of 131-132

MARSH, HENRY, cave on farm of 23

MARSHALL COUNTY, ALA., explorations in 139-150

MARTIN COUNTY, IND., caves of 106

MARTIN, LEWIS, cave on place of 113

MAUI ISLAND, aboriginal structures on 188-191

MAUNA KEA, quarry on 183

MAXEY'S CAVE, described 43

MERAMEC RIVER, house mounds on 161

MERAMEC VALLEY, relics seldom found in 22

MESHACH CREEK, caves on 121

MILL CAVE 106, 118, 121

MILLER, DANIEL S., cave on farm of 57

MILLER, WALTER, cave on farm of 54

MILLER COUNTY, MO., explorations in 91-96

MILLER'S CAVE— description of 57-81 measurements of 61-62, 63 plan of 62 shells in 66-67

MILLTOWN, cave near 107

MILLTOWN CAVE, change in 108

MISSOURI RIVER, explorations along 151-160

MITCHELL, cave in vicinity of 104

MIX CAVE 53-54

MOAB, village site near 83

MOLOKAI— deforestation of 177 former population of 175 investigations in 175-182 kind of stone found in 177

MONEY CAVE 21

MONROE COUNTY, ILL., explorations in 111

MONROE COUNTY, KY., explorations in 120-121

MONTAUK, cave in vicinity of 19

MONTEAGLE, caves in vicinity of 131

MONTGOMERY COUNTY, TENN., explorations in 123-124

MORGAN CAVE 90

MORGAN COUNTY, explorations in 100

MORRELL CAVE 125-128

MORTARS— found in caves 39, 74, 77, 78 large stone used as 187

MOSQUITO CREEK, communal burial on 153

MOUNDS— mentioned by Lewis and Clark 152 not found in Molokai 178 See House mounds; Lodge sites; Village sites.

MUNFORDVILLE, KY., caves in vicinity of 112-113

MUNRO, JAMES, acknowledgment To 175

MURRELL'S CAVE 134

NAPOOPOO, investigations at 184

NATIONAL MUSEUM, objects shipped to 81

NATURAL BRIDGE CAVE 100

"NEBRASKA MAN," theories regarding 157-158

NEMAHA RIVER, mound on, mentioned by Lewis and Clark 152

NEW MADRID COUNTY, MO., mounds of 166

NEWBURG, cave in vicinity of 41

NEWSOM SPRINGS, caves near 134

NIANGUA RIVER, caverns on 89

NICKAJACK, caves near 131

NICKAJACK CAVE 132

NILES, cave near 19

NORTHTOWN, cave in vicinity of 112

OLAA, bones in caves near 182

OMAHA, investigations in vicinity of 156

ONYX CAVES 22, 34-35, 90

ORANGE COUNTY, IND., explorations in 106-107

ORANGEVILLE, caves in vicinity of 107

OSAGE COUNTY, MO., explorations in 98

OZARK REGION, explorations in 13-100

PAGE, ROBERT, cave on land of 55

PALMER, DR. E.E., rock house on land of 120

PAOLI, caves in vicinity of 106

PAPILLION, NEBR., work near 156

PARIS, REV. MR., story of Captain Cook related to 184

PARK, WILLIAM— buffalo wallows examined by 152 skeletons exhumed by 151

"PAVED TRAIL" in Molokai 176

PAWNEE VILLAGE SITE 153

PAYNE CAVE 119

PERFORATOR AND KNIFE from Wright Cave 93

PERFORATORS, BONE, in cave 31

PERU, NEBR., lodge sites near 156

PESTLE AND GRINDING STONE found at Laupahoehoe 188

PESTLES— found in caves 39, 74, 77, 78 in Molokai 177

PETERS CREEK, caves on 119-120

PETROGLYPHS— near Miller's Cave 60-61 on Gasconade River 89 See Pictographs.

PHELPS, JAMES, cave on farm of 24

PHELPS COUNTY, MO.— caves of 22-42 house mounds in 162

PHILLIPS CAVE 51

PICKETT'S CAVE 129

PICTOGRAPHS— reported near Paydown 97 See Petroglyphs.

PILLMAN, JOHN, cave on land of 83

PIPES— fragment of, in cave 31 from cairn 27 from Miller's Cave 69, 80

PIQUET ORCHARDS, cave near 89

PLATTIN CREEK, house mounds on 161

POINSETT COUNTY, ARK., mounds in 171

POLISHING STONES. See Rubbing stones.

POOL HOLLOW, cave in 41

POT from Goat Bluff Cave 38-39

POTTERY— from Miller's Cave 77 from Sell Cave 46-47 of Gourd Creek Cave 31 place where made 59 unknown in Molokai 178

POYNER'S CAVE 116-117

PRIDE'S CAVE 134

PROCTOR'S CAVE 116

PULASKI COUNTY, MO.— caves of 42-89 house mounds in 162

QUARRIES— in Hawaii 183 on Kauai Island 191

RAILROAD CAVE 55

RAIN HEIAU of Molokai 180-181

RAMSEY'S CAVE 81-83

RANCH HOUSE, house mounds near 56

REFUSE, meaning of the term 16

RENAUD CAVE 23

RICE, WILLIAM H., investigations of 191

RICH FOUNTAIN, house mounds in vicinity of 99, 162

RICHLAND CAVE 52

RIDDLE CAVE 56

RIDEN, J.W., cave on farm of 22

RIDEN'S CAVE 57

RIVER CAVE 90, 98

ROARING SPRING, description of 58

ROBBERS' CAVE 90

ROCK LEDGES QUARRY, discovery at 102

ROCK SHELTERS 24 defined 16-17 in Bryant's Bluff 40 of Colbert County, Ala. 134 on Big Piney 89

ROLLA, house mounds near 41

ROLLA ROAD, house mounds on 22

ROLLINS, SAM T., cave on farm of 52-53

ROOF DUST, use of the term 16

ROSS, JOSEPH, cairns on farm of 85, 88

ROUBIDOUX CAVE 52

ROUBIDOUX CREEK, caves on 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52

ROWLETT CAVE 113

ROWLETT'S STATION, caves in vicinity of 112, 113

ROYAL FAMILY OF HAWAII, former abode of 192

RUBBING STONE from Sell Cave 48

RULO, NEBR., investigations near 154

SACRIFICIAL ALTARS. See Altars; Sacrificial stones.

SACRIFICIAL STONES in Hawaiian Islands 181, 186, 192

ST. ELIZABETH, caves near 94-95

ST. FRANCIS COUNTY, ARK., house mounds in 170

ST. FRANCOIS COUNTY, MO., mounds of 166

ST. JAMES, house mounds near 42, 162

ST. JOHN'S BAYOU, mounds along 166

SALEM, MO.— caves in vicinity of 20 house mounds near 22, 161

SALINE CREEK, grave on 95

SALT CAVE 115-116

SALTPETER— Hublin's Cave worked for 130 made in Fearin Cave 139 manufactured in Morrell Cave 126 mining for, in Barnard Cave 140-141

SALTPETER CAVE— in Barren County, Ky. 119 in Crawford County, Ind. 110-111 in Dent County, Mo. 21 in Hardin County, Ky. 112 in Jackson County, Ala. 136 in Marshall County, Ala. 140 in Phelps County, Mo. 41 in Pulaski County, Mo. 57 in Texas County, Mo. 19-20

SCHORD, JOHN W., cave on farm of 56

SELL, DR. W.J., cave on farm of 45

SELL CAVE, described 45-51

SEQUATCHIE COLLEGE, cave near 128

SEQUATCHIE COUNTY, TENN., caves of 128

SEQUATCHIE RIVER, cave on 131

SERPENT, ridge in form of 194

SEWANEE, cave in vicinity of 131

SHANNON COUNTY, MO., caves of 18-19

SHARK GOD— stone known as 186 tradition concerning 178

SHEFFIELDS, cave at 135

SHELL, objects of, from Miller's Cave 79

SHELL HEAPS in Colbert County, Ala. 135

SHELLMOUND, caves in vicinity of 131

SHELLS, accumulation of, in Miller's Cave 66

SHELTER CAVE, defined 16-17

SHILOAH CAVE 102

SHOAL CREEK, cave on 134

SHOALS, caves in vicinity of 106

SHORT BEND CAVE 20-21

SHORT BEND POST OFFICE, caves near 20, 21

SHORT BEND ROAD, house mounds on 22

SHORT CAVE 117-118

SINK HOLES near Onyx Cave 35

SINKERS, found in Molokai 178

SINKIN CREEK, caves near mouth of 18

SIOUX, driven westward by Chippewas 172

SKELETONS— communal burial of 151 found near Rulo 154 in mound in Crittenden County 169 See Bones, human; Skulls.

SKIVERS, from Miller's Cave 79

SKULLS— found at Lost Hill 26, 27, 28 petrified 154 See Bones, human; Skulls.

SLABS, stone, used in vault 26-27

SLICK ROCK CAVE 120

"SLIDES" of Hawaii 185

SMITH, JAMES I., caves on land of 19

SMITH CAVES 19

SMITH'S CAVE. See Ben Smith's Cave.

SMITH'S GROVE, cave near 118

SMITHSONIA, cave at 133

SPEARHEADS discovered in cave 31

SPECIMENS FROM CAVES, where found 17

SPEERS CAVE 100

SPRING CREEK CAVE 83

SPRING CHEEK VALLEY, house mounds in 22

STALACTITES— abundant in Morrell Cave 125 beauty of, in Bridal Cave 90 See Stalagmite.

STALAGMITE— abundance of, in Morrell Cave 126 in Killian Cave 139 in Luckenhoff Cave 94 in Onyx Cave 35 masses of, in McDerment's Cave 142 See Alabaster; Drip rock; Onyx; Travertine.

STANDING ROCK, near Linn Creek 91

STAR CAVE 107

STARK'S CAVE 96

STEFFY'S CAVE 113

STERNS, DR. FREDERICK H., work of 156

STEUFFER CAVE 99

STOKES, MR., work of 174

STOVER, house mounds near 100, 162

STRATMAN, HENRY L., cave on farm of 98

"STRAWHORN'S" HOLLOW, cave in 41

STUDENTS, journey through cave by 105-106

SUGAR TREE CAMP, cairns at 40

SULLIVAN COUNTY, TENN., explorations in 124-128

TAVERN CREEK, cave on 95

TAYLOR MOUND 151

TEETH, deductions from wear of 48, 49

TEMPLE. See Great Temple.

TEMPLE HILL, cave near 119

TEMPLE SITE on Senator Cooke's ranch 176

TENNESSEE, explorations in 123-133

TENNESSEE RIVER, caves on 139

TERRELL LAND, cave on 18

TEXAS COUNTY, MO., caves of 19-20

THOBURN, J.B., conclusion of, regarding house mounds 164

THOMAS, DAVID, village site on farm of 83

THOMAS CAVE 118, 125

THRUM, THOMAS G., work of 174, 194

THUMB-SCRAPERS, abundant on village site 153

TICK CREEK CAVE 41

TILLMAN, CHARLES, Grave on Land of 95

TILLMAN, JOHN, graves on land of 96

TODD COUNTY, KY., explorations in 122-123

TOMPKINSVILLE, caves in vicinity of 121

"TONKY," caves in vicinity of 89

TORONTO, caves in vicinity of 90

TRADITION— concerning the Shark God 178 of the "Ground House Indians" 172

TRAVERTINE— from Wyandotte Cave 108 See Alabaster; Onyx; Stalagmite.

TROY, KANSAS, explorations in vicinity of 153-154

TULEY, JOHN BLACK, cave on land of 121

TUNNEL CAVE 56

TURKEY-PEN SLOUGH, village site at mouth of 40

TUSCUMBIA, MO., village site in vicinity of 95-96

TWIN CAVES 22

VIENNA, cave in vicinity of 96

VILLAGE SITES— in vicinity of Arlington, Mo. 40 on Big Piney 83 on Gourd Creek 34 on Saline Creek 96 on Wolf River 153 Pawnee 153 See House mounds; Hut rings; Lodge sites; Mounds.

WAIHEE, remains at 189-190

WAILUA, investigations at 192-193

WAILUKU, heiaus at 188-189

WAIMEA, remains near 183, 194

WARREN COUNTY, KY., explorations in 118

WATSON CAVE 22

WAYNESVILLE— cairns in vicinity of 44 caves in vicinity of 43, 51, 52, 56

WELBURN'S CAVE 140

WELCH'S CAVE 18

WHITE CLOUD, KANS., explorations in vicinity of 151-153

WHITE'S CAVE 115

WIDENER, CHARLES E., cave on farm of 23

WILD-HOG CAVE 23

WILSON, JACK, remarkable will of 92-93

WILSON CAVE 92-94

WOLF RIVER, village site on 153

WOOD, G.S., Indian cemetery on farm of 123

WOODLAND HOLLOW, cave in 84

WORLEY, E.S., cave on farm of 125

WRIGHT CAVE 91-92 perforator from 93

WYANDOTTE CAVE 108-110 size of 102

WYNNE'S CAVE 113

YANCY MILLS, caves in vicinity of 23, 24

YELLOW LAKE, mound opened near 172

YOARK, MARTHA, home of 44

YOARK CAVE, described 43-44

ZIMMERMAN, MARK E.— buffalo wallows examined by 152 skeletons exhumed by 151

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