2. oppan piltihua. Compare this expression with that in v. 22, p. 44.

3. xochimicohuayan, should perhaps be translated, "where the captives to be immolated to the Gods are taken." The xochimique, "those destined to a flowery death" were the captives who were reserved for sacrifice to the gods. See Joan Bautista, Sermonario en Lengua Mexicana, p. 180.

4. yaoxochimiquiztica, "pertaining to the slaughter of the flowery war." This adjective refers to the peculiar institution of the "flowery war," guerra florida, which obtained among the ancient Mexicans. It appears to have been a contest without provocation, and merely for the display of prowess and to take captives to supply the demand for human sacrifices in the religious rites. On this see Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 96.

NOTES FOR SONG XVII.

In this long fragment—the closing strophes are missing in my MS.—the bard represents himself as a stranger appearing before the nobles of Huexotzinco at some festival. The first two verses appear to be addressed to him by the nobles. They ask him to bring forth his drum and sing. He begins with a laudation of the power of music, proceeds to praise the noble company present, and touches those regretful chords, so common in the Nahuatl poetry, which hint at the ephemeral nature of all joy and the certainty of death and oblivion. An appeal is made to the Master of Life who inspires the soul of the poet, and whose praises should be ever in mind.

The words Dios and angelotin, in verse 26th, indicate that the poem has received some "recension" by the Spanish copyist; but the general tone impresses me as quite aboriginal in character.

2. quauhtlocelotl, see note to I, 5.

3. In this verse, as frequently elsewhere, the syllable ya is introduced merely to complete the metre. Ordinarily it is the sign of the imperfect tense, and has other meanings (see the Vocabulary), but in many instances does not admit of translation.

8. noncoati, for ni-on-coatl, I am a guest.

18. The references in this verse are obscure, and I doubt if I have solved them.

20. "The house of spring;" compare the expression in v. 1, of Nezahualcoyotl's song, p. 42.

21. A long oration of Xicontecatl, lord of Tizatlan, may be found in Clavigero, Hist. Antica di Messico, Tom. III, p. 40. The expression in camaxochitzin, from camatl, mouth, xochitl, rose, flower, and the reverential tzin, is noteworthy.

24. petlacoatl, the centipede or scolopender; from petlatl, mat, and coatl, serpent, as they are said to intertwine with each other, like the threads of a mat (Sahagun, Lib. XII, cap. 4).

NOTES FOR SONG XVIII.

At this portion of the MS. several poems are preceded by a line of syllables indicating their accompaniment on the teponaztli (see Introduction, p. 32).

The present number is one of the most noteworthy songs of the collection. It belongs to the ancient cyclus of Quetzalcoatl myths, and gives a brief relation of the destruction of Tollan and the departure and disappearance of the Light God, Quetzalcoatl Ce Acatl. As I have elsewhere collated this typical myth at length, and interpreted it according to the tenets of modern mythologic science, I shall not dwell upon it here (see D.G. Brinton, American Hero Myths, Phila., 1882).

The text of the poem is quite archaic, and presents many difficulties. But my translation, I think, gives the general sense correctly.

1. huapalcalli; literally, "the house constructed of beams." This name was applied to the chief temple of the Toltecs; the ruins of an ancient structure at Tollantzinco were pointed out at the time of the Conquest as those of this building (see Sahagun, Hist. de la Nueva Espana, Lib. X, cap. 29).

coatlaquetzalli; this edifice, said to have been left incomplete by Quetzalcoatl, when he forsook Tollan, had pillars in the form of a serpent, the head at the base, the tail at the top of the pillar. (See Orozco y Berra, Hist. Antigua de Mexico, Tom. III, pp. 30 and 46.) The structure is mentioned as follows in the Anales de Cuauhtitlan:—

Auh iniquac nemia Quetzalcoatl quitzintica, quipeuahtica iteocal quimaman coatlaquetzali ihuan amo quitzonquixti, amo quipantlaz."

"And when Quetzalcoatl was living, he began and commenced the temple of his which is the Coatlaquetzali (Serpent Plumes), and he did not finish it, he did not fully erect it."

Nacxitl Topiltzin, "Our Lord the four-footed." Nacxitl appears to have been the name of Quetzalcoatl, in his position as lord of the merchants. Compare Sahagun, ubi supra, Lib. I, cap. 19.

2. Poyauhtecatl, a volcano near Orizaba, mentioned by Sahagun. Acallan, a province bordering on the Laguna de los Terminos. The myth reported that Quetzalcoatl journeyed to the shores of the Gulf about the isthmus of Tehuantepec and there disappeared.

3. Nonohualco; the reference is to the cerro de Nonoalco, which plays a part in the Quetzalcoatl myth. The words of the song are almost those of Tezcatlipoca when he is introduced to Quetzalcoatl. Asked whence he came, he replied, "Nihuitz in Nonohualcatepetl itzintla, etc." (Anales de Cuauhtitlan).

4. The occurrences alluded to are the marvels performed by Quetzalcoatl on his journey from Tulan. See my American Hero Myths, p. 115.

5. The departure of Quetzalcoatl was because he was ordered to repair to Tlapallan, supposed to be beyond Xicalanco.

8. quinti, for iquintia; the reference is to the magic draught given Quetzalcoatl by Tezcatlipoca.

9. In tetl, in quahuitl; literally, "stone and stick;" a very common phrase in Nahautl, to signify misfortunes.

NOTES FOR SONG XIX.

In this song we have avowedly a specimen of an early chant prepared probably by Bishop Zummarraga for the native converts. The accompaniment on the teponaztli is marked at the beginning. The language is noticeably different from the hymn to Quetzalcoatl just given (XVIII).

NOTES FOR SONG XX.

Another song of the antique Quetzalcoatl cyclus. It bewails the loss of Tulan, and the bard seeks in vain for any joyous theme to inspire his melody, reflecting on all that has bloomed in glory and now is gone forever.

3. Tetl-quahitl; see note to XVIII, 9.

NOTES FOR SONG XXI.

The occurrence to which this poem alludes took place about the year 1507. The chroniclers state that it was in the early period of the reign of Montezuma II, that the natives of Huexotzinco, at that time allies of the Mexicans, were severely harassed by the Tlascallans, and applied, not in vain, to their powerful suzerain to aid them. (See Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 97.)

The poet does not appear to make a direct petition, but indirectly praises the grandeur of Montezuma and expresses his own ardent love for his native Huexotzinco. The song would appear to be used as a delicate prelude to the more serious negotiations. It is one of the few historical songs in the collection. From the references in verses 1 and 3 we infer that this singer held in his hand the painted book from which he recited the couplets. This may explain the presentation of the piece.

1. huetzcani; one who laughs, a jester, perhaps the designation of one who sang cheerful songs.

chalchiuhatlaquiquizcopa; a. word of difficult analysis. I suspect an omission of an l, and that the compound includes tlaquilqui, one who fastens and puts together, a mason, etc.

5. The sense is that the warriors of Montezuma when on the field of battle, shine in their deeds like beautiful flowers in a field, and win lasting fame by their exploits.

mopopoyauhtoc. The grammarian Olmos explains the reflexive verb mopopoyauhtiuh to signify "he leaves an honored memory of his exploits." See Simeon, Dictionaire de la Langue Nahuatl, sub voce.

7. Huexotzinco atzalan; "Huexotzinco amid the waters." This expression, repeated in verse 8, appears inappropriate to the town of Huexotzinco, which lies inland. In fact, the description in verse 7 applies to Tenochtitlan rather than the singer's own town. But the text does not admit this translation. Perhaps we should read "Huexotzinco and Atzalan," as there are yet two villages of that name in the state of Puebla (which embraced part of ancient Huexotzinco).

10. petiatolini, I have derived from petlatl, suspecting an error in transcription. The reference is to the rushes in the mat on which the singer stood.

NOTES FOR SONG XXII.

The ordinary sad burden of the Nahuatl poets is repeated with emphasis in this plaint. It is a variation of the Epicurean advice, "Eat, drink, and be merry, for to-morrow we die." Both the sentiment and the reference to Mictlan in verse 7, point it out as a production uninfluenced by Christian teaching.

7. The word ahuicaloyan, place of sweetness, would seem to be identical with ohuicaloyan, place of difficulty, in v. 8; I have regarded the latter as an error of transcription.

NOTES FOR SONG XXIII.

Although No. V. is probably one of the lost songs of Nezahualcoyotl, the present is the only one of the collection which is definitely attributed to him. The language is very archaic, and in the sentiment there is every mark of antiquity.

The text is apparently a dialogue, which was chanted as strophe and antistrophe, the one singer speaking for the King, the other for the bard himself.

The word teotl is used for divinity, and it is doubtless this word for which the copyists of some of the other songs have substituted the Spanish Dios, thus conveying an impression that the chants themselves were of late date.

The last verse, however, seems to be by one who lives after the time of the great poet-prince, and is calling him to memory.

NOTES FOR SONG XXIV.

It will be seen that there is a wearisome sameness in the theme of most of the short poems. Probably the bards followed conventional models, and feared for the popularity of their products, did they seek originality. Here again are the same delight in flowers and songs, and the same grief at the thought that all such joys are evanescent and that soon "death closes all."

I consider the poem one of undoubted antiquity and purely native in thought and language.

NOTES FOR SONG XXV.

The destruction of the Mexican state was heralded by a series of omens and prodigies which took place at various times during the ten years preceding the arrival of Cortes. They are carefully recorded by Sahagun, in the first chapter of the 12th book of his history. They included a comet, or "smoking star," as these were called in Nahuatl, and a bright flame in the East and Southeast, over the mountains, visible from midnight to daylight, for a year. This latter occurred in 1509. The song before us is a boding chant, referring to such prognostics, and drawing from them the inference that the existence of Mexico was doomed. It was probably from just such songs that Sahagun derived his information.

1. toztliyan, I suppose from tozquitl, the singing voice, in the locative; literally, "the quechol in the place of sweet-singing."

2. iquiapan, from i, possessive prefix, quiauatl, door, entrance, house, pan, in.

5. An obscure verse; tequantepec, appears to be a textual error; tequani, a ravenous beast, from qua to eat; tepec, a mountain; but tequantepehua occurring twice later in the poem induces the belief tequani should be taken in its figurative sense of affliction, destruction, and that tepec is an old verbal form.

7. Xochitecatl, "one who cares for flowers," is said by Sahagun to have been the name applied to a woman doomed to sacrifice to the divinities of the mountains (Hist. Nueva Espana, Lib. II, cap. 13).

8. amaxtecatl, or amoxtecatl, as the MS. may read, from amoxtli, a book.

NOTES FOR SONG XXVI.

This seems to be a song of victory to celebrate an attack upon Atlixco by the ruler of Tezcuco, the famous Nezahualpilli. This monarch died in 1516, and therefore the song must antedate this period, if it is genuine. It has every intrinsic evidence of antiquity, and I think may justly be classed among those preserved from a time anterior to the Conquest. According to the chronologies preserved, the attack of Nezahualpilli upon Atlixco was in the year XI tochtli, which corresponds to 1490, two years before the discovery by Columbus (see Orozco y Berra, Hist. Antigua de Mexico, Tom. III, p. 399).

NOTES FOR SONG XXVII.

My MS. closes with a Christian song in the style of the ancient poetry. It is valuable as indicating the linguistic differences between these later productions of the sixteenth century and those earlier ones, such as XXVI, which I have not hesitated to assign to an epoch before the Spaniards landed upon the shores of New Spain.



VOCABULARY.

The Roman numerals refer to the songs, the Arabic to the verses, in which the word occurs. Abbreviations: lit., literally; ref., reflexive; pret., preterit; rev., reverential; freq., frequentative; post., postposition; Span., a Spanish word.

A, adv. No, not, in comp. A, n. For atl, water, in comp.; as acalli, water-house, i.e., a boat. A, interj. Oh! ah! placed after the word on which stress is laid. AC, pron., interj. Who? ACA, pron. Some, any; somebody. ACALLI, n. A boat, of any kind. ACH, dubitative particle. Indeed? is it not? etc. ACHITZINCA, adv. A little while, a short time. ACHQUEN, adv. At what time? When? ACI, v. To reach, to acquire. ACOHUETZI, v. To console, to make glad. I, 3. ACOQUIZA, v. To lift up, to raise, to increase in dignity or power. ACOTLAZA, v. To console. ACXOYATL, n. The wild laurel. AHAUIA, v. To rejoice, take pleasure in; freq. of ahuia. AHUACHIA, v. To wet one's self, to bathe. VII, 4. AHUACHTLI, n. Dew, moisture. AHUEHUETL, n. The cypress tree; Cupressus disticha. AHUIA, v. To rejoice, to be joyful. AHUIAC, adj. Agreeable, pleasant, sweet. AHUIAN, adj. Content, satisfied. AHUICPA, adv. From one place to another. III, 3. AIC, adv. Never. ALTEPETL, n. Town, city, citadel. AMECH, pron. ret. You, to you. AMEYALLI, n. A fountain, a stream; lit., flowing water. AMILLI, n. Watered and arable land. XIV, 6. AMO, adv. No, not; amo ma, no other; amo zannen, not in vain; pron., you, yours. AMOXPETLATL, n. Book-mat. See XIX, 3. AMOXTECATL, n. See XXV, 8, note. AN, pron. You. ANA, v. To take, to grasp, to seize. ANAHUIA, v. To be dissatisfied. ANCA, adv. Of the kind that. XVII, 12. ANE, adv. Hollo! in calling. ANGELOTIN, n. Angels. Span. XVII, 26. ANO, adv. As little, neither. ANOZO, conj. Or, perhaps. AOC, adv. Not yet. APANA, v. To clothe. APANO, v. To ford, to cross water. XVIII, 2. AQUEN, adv. Nothing, in no manner. AQUIN, pron. Who? in aquin, he who. AT, adv. Perhaps, perchance. ATAYAHUILI, for at aya ueli. Not yet, not even. ATIHUELMATI, v. Not to be well. IX, 3. ATL, v. Water. ATLAMACHTIA, v. To praise one; ref., to be proud. ATLE, pron. Nothing. ATLEY, in atley. Without. ATONAUIA, v. To have a fever, to be sick. AUH, conj. And, even, also. AXALLI, n. Bar-sand, water-sand. AY, v. pret. oax. To do, to make. AYA, adv. Not yet, not now. AYACACHTLI, n. A musical instrument. See p. 24. AYAHUITL, n. Fog, mist, vapor. AYAUH COZAMALOTL, n. The rainbow; lit., "mist of water jewels." AYOC, adv. Already not. Ayoctle, nothing more. AYOQUAN, adv. Aoc-iuan. Nothing like it, unequaled. XVII, 17. AYOQUIC, adv. Nevermore. V, 6. AZAN, adv. Not a little, not a few. AZO, conj. Or, perhaps, perchance. AZTLACAPALLI, n. The tail feathers of a bird. XVII, 10.

C, pron. rel. He, her, it, him; postpos., with, by, in, from, at. CA, adv. Already, yes, because, for, truly, only. CA, v. To be (in a place). CA, postpos. With, by, by means of. CACALI, v. To discharge arrows. CACOPA, post. Toward, towards. CAHUA, v. To leave, to let, to desert, to stop, to lay down. CALAQUIA, v. To enter, to go in. CALLI, n. A house; in comp. cal, as nocal, my house. CALMECAC, n. A public school, p. 10. CAMAPANTLI, n. The cheeks, the face. XXVI, 5. CAMATL, n. The mouth. CAMPA, adv. Where, whither. CAN, adv. and postpos. Where. CANAUHTLI, n. A duck. XXI, 9. CANEL, adv. Since, as, because. CAQUI, v. To hear, to listen to. CATLEHUATL, pron. Who? which? whoever, whatever. CATQUI, v. irreg. From ca, to be (in a place). CAUHTEHUA, v. To leave a place. CAXTLAUITL, n. A kind of ochre. XVII, 10. CE, adj. and art. One, a, an. CECE, or Cecen, adj. Each, every. CECEMELQUIXTIA, v. To come forth wholly, perfectly. I, 1. CECEMELTIA, v. ref. To rejoice, to feel glad. CECEMELTIC, adj. Complete, whole, entire. CECEMMANA, v. To disperse, to scatter. CEHUIA, v. To rest, to repose. CEL, Sole only. CELIA, v. 1. To receive, to obtain. 2. To blossom, to bloom. CEMANAHUATL, n. The world, the universe. CEMELLE, adv. With peace or joy. Usually with a negative aic cemelle, never peacefully. XV, 18; XVI, 1. CEMILHUILTILIA, v. To detain one for a day. CEMILHUITL, n. One day. CEN, adv. Forever, for always; cen yauh, to go forever, to die. CENCA, adv. Very much, exceedingly. CENCI, adv. Elsewhere. CENQUIXTIA, v. To select from, to pick from. CENTZONTLATOLLI, n. The mocking bird, Turdus polyglottus; lit., "the myriad-voiced." CENTZONTLI, adj. num. Four hundred, used for any large number. CEPANOA, v. To unite, to join together. CHALCHIUHITL, n. The Mexican jade or green stone; emerald fig., green; precious. CHANE, n. Inhabitant or resident of a place. CHANTLI, n. A dwelling, a residence; in comp., chan. CHIA, v. To wait, to expect. CHIALONI, n. That which is awaited or expected. CHICAHUAC, adj. Strong, powerful. CHICHIA, v. 1. To make bitter. 2. To obey. XIII, 9. CHICHINA, v. To snuff up, imbibe, or suck up, especially the odors of burning incense, through a tube. VII, 4; XVII, 10. CHICHINAQUILIZTLI, n. Torment, pain, suffering. CHIHUA, v. To make, to do, to happen; chihua in noyollo, my heart is troubled, I am pained. CHIMALLI, n. The native shield or buckler. VI, 4. CHITONI, v. To sparkle, to glitter. CHITONIA, v. To gain, to realize a profit. V, 4. CHITTOLINI, v. To bow down, to sink. CHOCA, v. To cry (of animals and man). CIAHUI, v. To fatigue one's self, to tire. CIHUACOATL, n. A magistrate of high rank; lit.,"woman serpent." CIHUATL, n. A woman. CITLALIN, n. A star. CO, postpos. In, from. COA, or COHUA, v. To buy, to purchase. COCHITIA, v. To sleep. COCOA, v. To pain, to give pain. COCOLIA, v. To hate. COCOYA, v. To be sick. COHUATL, or COATL, n. A serpent; a guest; a twin; the navel; a spade. COHUAYOTL, n. Buying, purchasing. V, 2. COLLI, n. Ancestor, forefather. COLOA, v. To twist, to turn, to bend. COMONI, v. To crackle (of a fire); to be turbulent (of people). XXIV. CON, pron. Some one; comp. of c and on. COPA, postpos. By, toward. COPALLI, n. Resin, gum copal. COYOUA, v. To cry, to yell. XIII, 7. COYOHUACAN, n. The place of wolves. XIII, 10. COYOLTOTOTL, n. The coyol bird, Piranga hepatica. COYOTL, n. The coyote, the Mexican wolf. COZCATIA, v. To deck with golden chains. IV, 4. COZCATL, n. Jewel, precious stone; a string of such; a chain or collar. CUECUEXANTIA, v. To gather in the folds of the robe. CUECUEYA, v. To move to and fro. XXI, 9. CUEPA, v. To turn, to return, to bring back. CUEPONI, v. To blossom, to bud, to bloom. CUETLANI, v. To wilt, to perish. XV, 15. CUETZPALTI, v. To act as a glutton, to revel in. XVII, 5. CUEXANTLI, n. Gown, robe, petticoat. CUI, v. To take, to gather, to collect. CUICA, n. A song, a poem. CUICANI, n. A singer, a poet. CUICOYAN, n. A place for singing. See note to p. 10. CUIHUA, v. Pass. of cui, q. v. CUILIA, v. Rev. of cui, q. v. CUILOA, v. To paint, to write. CUILTONOA, v. To be rich; to rejoice greatly; to enrich or cause joy. XV, 6. CUITLATL, n. Excrement, dung. CUIX, adv. An interrogative particle.

ECACEHUAZTLI, n. A fan. EHECATL, n. Wind, air. EHECAYO, adj. Full of wind, stormy. EHUA, v. To lift up, especially to raise the voice in singing. ELCHIQUIHUITL, n. The breast, the stomach. ELCHIQUIUHEUA, v. To fatigue, to tire. VI, 5. ELCICIHUILIZTLI, n. A sigh, a groan. ELEHUIA, v. To desire ardently, to covet. ELLAQUAHUA, v. To animate, to inspire. ELLELACI, v. To suffer great pain. ELLELLI, n. Suffering, pain. ELLELQUIXTIA, v. To cause joy, to make glad. ELLELTIA, v. Ref., to regret, to repent, to abstain; act., to prevent, to hinder, to impede, to cause pain. EPOALLI, adj. num. Sixty. EZTLI, n. Blood.

HUAHUAQUI, u. To dry up, to wither wholly. VIII, 1. HUAL, adv. Hither, toward this place. HUALLAUH, v. irreg. To come hither. HUAN, postpos. In company with; also, a plural termination. HUAPALCALLI, n. Houses of planks. See XVIII, 1. HUAQUI, v. To dry up, to wither. HUECAPAN, adj. Lofty. HUECATLAN, adj. Deep, profound. HUEHUETL, n. A drum. See page 22. HUEHUETZI, v. freq. To fall often. HUEIYOTL, n. Greatness, grandeur. HUEL, adv. Well, good, pleasant. HUELIC, adj. Sweet, pleasant, fragrant. HUELMANA, v. To make smooth, or even; to polish, to burnish. HUETZCANI, n. A jester, a laugher. XXI, 1. HUETZI, v. To fall. HUETZTOC, v. To be stretched out, to be in bed. HUEY, adj. Great, large. HUEYATLAN, n. Place of increase, from hueya, to grow greater. HUIC, postpos. Toward, against. HUICA v. To accompany; to carry off; to govern, to rule, to direct. HUIHUICA, v. To follow in crowds, or often. HUIHUITEQUI, v. To gather, to pluck. HUILOHUAYAN, n. Bourne, goal, terminus; from huiloa, all go. HUIPANA, v. To put in order, to arrange. HUITOMI, v. To split, to fall. XVIII, 4. HUITZ, v. To come. HUITZITZICATIN, n. The humming bird. I, 1. HUITZITZILIN, n. The humming bird, Trochilus. HUITZLI, n. A thorn, especially of the maguey. HUITZTLAN, n. The south; huitztlampa, from or to the south.

I, v. Pret. oic. To drink. I, pron. His, her, its, their. IC, conj. For, since, because; prep. With, towards, by, in; adv. Where? when? zan ic, as soon as, often, only, on purpose. ICA, post. With him, her, it, etc. ICA, adv. Sometimes, occasionally. ICAC, v. To stand upright. ICAHUACA, v. To sing (of birds). ICALI, v. To war, to fight. VI, 5. ICAUHTLI, n. Younger brother. VII, 2. ICELIA, v. To incite another, to devote one's self to. ICNELIA, v. To do good, to benefit. ICNIUHTLI, n. A friend, a companion; tocnihuan, our friends. ICNOPILLAHUELILOCATI, v. To be ungrateful. ICNOTLAMACHTIA, v. To excite compassion. ICPAC, postpos. Upon, over. IHUAN, conj. And, also. IHUI, adv. Of this kind, in this way. IHUINTI, v. To intoxicate, to make drunk. IHUITL, n. Feather, plumage. ILACATZIUI, v. To twist, to twine. ILACATZOA, v. To twine around, to wind about. XV, 2. ILCAHUA, v. To forget. ILHUIA, v. To speak, to say, to tell. ILHUICATL, n. Heaven, the sky. ILNAMIQUILIA, v. To remember, to call to mind. ILPIA, v. To bind, to fasten. IM, See in. IMATI, v. To be skillful or wise; to prepare or arrange something skillfully. IN, art. and pron. He, they, the, which, etc.; in ma oc, meanwhile; in ic, so that, in order that. INAYA, v. To confer, to hide. X, 2. INECUI, v. To smell something, to perceive an odor. IV, 6. INIC, adv. For, in order that, after that. ININ, pron. These, they. INIQUAC, conj. When. INNE, conj. But. INOC, adv. While, during. INON, pron. Those. INTLA, conj. If. INTLACAMO, adv. Unless, if not. IPALNEMOANI, n. A name of God. See III, 1, note. IPAMPA, adv. Because. IPOTOCTLI, n. Smoke, vapor, exhalation. ITAUHCAYOTL, n. Fame, honor. XVII, 14. ITHUA, v. To see, for itla. XV, 6. ITIA, v. 1. To drink; to cause to drink. 2. To suit, to fit. ITIC, postpos. Within, inside of. ITLANI, v. To ask, to solicit, to demand. ITOA, v. To say, to speak, to tell. ITONALIZTLI, n. Sweat; fig., hard work. VI, 5. ITOTIA, n. To dance in the native fashion. ITOTILIZTLI, n. Dance. ITTA, v. To see, to behold. ITTITIA, v. To show, to make evident. ITZMOLINI, v. To be born, to sprout, to grow. XX, 4. ITZTAPALLI, n. Paving stone. XV, 8. ITZTOC, v. To watch, to keep awake, to wait for. XVII, 12. IXAMAYO, adj. Known, recognized. XIII, 2. IXAYOTL, n. A tear (from the eyes). IXCUITIA, v. To take example. IXIMACHOCA, n. The knowledge of a person. IXIMATI, v. To know personally. IXITIA, v. To awake, to arouse. IXPAN, postpos. Before the face of, in presence of. IXQUICH, adv. As many as. IXTIA, v. To face a person, especially the enemy; to watch. IXTLAHUATL, n. Open field, savanna, desert. IXTLAN, postpos. Before the face of. IXTLI, n. Face, visage; eye. IZA, v. To awaken, to arouse. IZCALI, v. To arise, to rise up. IZHUATL, n. A leaf of a tree, etc. IZHUAYO, adj. Leafy, with leaves. IZQUI, adj., pl. izquintin. As many, so many, all; izqui in quezqui, as many as. IZTAC, adj. White. IZTLACAHUIA, v. To deceive, to cheat. IZTLACOA, v. To search for; ref., to take counsel.

MA, adv. Sign of optative, subjunctive and vetative; ma oc, yet a while. MACA, v. To give, to present. MA CA, neg. Do not. MACAIC, adv. Never. MACAZO TLEIN, neg. No matter, for all that. VI, 2. MACEHUALLOTL, n. Servitude, slavery. MACEUALTI, v. defect. To merit; to be happy. MACEHUALTIA, v. 1. nino, to make another a vassal, to reduce to vassalage; nite, to give vassals to one; nita, to impose a penance on one. MACH, adv. An intensive particle. MACHTIA, v. To cause to know, to teach, to learn. MACIUI, adv. Although, granted that. XVII, 13. MACQUAITL, n. The native sword. VI, 4. MACUELE, adv. Would that—sign of the optative. MAHACA, adv. Not, no. MAHUI, v. To fear, to have fear. MAHUIZTI, v. To be esteemed, to be honored. MAITL, n. The hand, the arm. In comp. ma, as noma, my hand. MALACACHOA, v. To twine, to fold. XVI, 4. MALHUIA, v. To regale, to treat well, to take care of. MALINA, v. To twine, to wreathe. MALINTIUH, v. To twine, to twist, to enwreathe. MAMALIA, v. To carry. MAMALLI, v. To enter, to penetrate. XII, 4. MAMANA, v. To arrange a feast, to set in order. XV, 15. MAMANI, v. See Mani. MANA, v. To offer offerings. XVII, 3. MANCA, v. Imp. of Mani. MANEN, neg. That not, that it does not happen, etc. MANI, v. To be (of broad or wide things); to be stretched out. MANOZO, adv. Or, if. MAQUIZTLI, n. A bracelet or other ornament of the arm. III, 5. MATI, v. To know. Ref., to think, to reflect; qui-mati noyollo, I presume, I doubt; nonno-mati, I attach myself to a person or thing. MATILOA, v. To anoint, to rub. MAZO, adv. Although. MEYA, v. To flow, to trickle. MIAHUATOTOTL, n. A bird. IV, 2. MICOHUANI, adj. Mortal, deadly. MIEC, adv. Much, many. MILLI, n. Cultivated field. MIQUI, v. To die, to kill. MIQUITLANI, v. To desire death. X, 1. MITZ, pron. Thee, to thee. MIXITL, n. A narcotic plant. See tlapatl. IX, 2. MIXTECOMATL, n. A dark night, a dark place. III, 4. MIZQUITL, n. The mesquite. XV, 1. MO, pron. 1. Thy, thine; 2. Pron. ref. 3 sing., he, him, they, them. MOCHI, adj. All. MOCHIPA, adv. Always. MOLINIANI, n. One who moves, or agitates. XVI, 3. MOMOLOTZA, v. To cause to foam, to cut to pieces. XII, 3. MOTELCHIUH, n. The governor of Tenochtitlan. XIII, 8.—See telchihua. MOTLA, v. To throw, to fall. I, 1. MOTLALI, adj. Seated, placed, in repose. MOYAUA, v. To conquer; to become cloudy or troubled (of water); to talk about; to boast. MOZTLA, adv. To-morrow.

NAHUAC, postpos. Toward, by, along, near to. NAHUI, adj. num. Four. NALQUIXTIA, v. To cause to penetrate, causative of nalquiza, to penetrate. NANANQUILIA, v. To answer, to reply to. NANTLI, n. Mother, tonan, our mother, etc. NAUHCAMPA, adv. In four directions, to four places. NE, pron. Reflexive pronoun 3d person in verbal substantives and impersonal verbs. NE, pron. for nehuatl. I, me. NECALIZTLI, n. Battle, combat. NECH, pron. Me, to me. NECHCA, adv. There, down there; like the French la-bas; ocye nechca, formerly, once. NECI, v. To appear, to show one's self or others. NECO, v. Pass, of nequi, q. v. NECTIA, v. To desire, to wish for. NECUILTONOLLI, n. Riches, possessions. NEICALOLOYAN, n. The field of battle. NEIXIMACHOYAN, n. A place where one is taught. XIII, 1. NEL, adv. But. NELHUAYOTL, n. A root; fig., principle, foundation, essence. NELIHUI, adv. It is thus, even thus; mazo nelihui, though it be thus. NELLI, adv. Truly, verily. NELOA, v. To mingle, to shake, to beat. NELTIA, v. To verify, to make true. NEMACTIA, v. 1. To receive, to obtain. 2. To give, to grant. NEMAYAN, adv. In the course of the year. XII, 3. NEMI, v. To live, to dwell, to walk. NEMOA, v. impers. To live, to dwell. NEN, adv. Vainly, in vain. NENCHIUA, v. To do in vain. NENECTIA, v. To obtain by effort. XII, 4. NENELIUHTICA, adj. Mixed up, mingled together. NENELOA, v. To mix, to mingle. NENEPANOA, v. freq. To mix, to mingle. XVII, 1. NENEQUI, v. To act tyrannically; to feign; to covet. XI, 7. NENNEMI, v. To wander about. NENONOTZALCUICATL, n. A song of exhortation. NENTACI, v. To fail, to come to naught. XVII, 13, 14. NENTLAMACHTIA, v. ref. To afflict one's self, to torment one's self. NENTLAMATI, v. To be afflicted, disconsolate. NEPA, adv. Here, there. Ye nepa, a little further, beyond. XXI, 6. Oc nepa, further on. NEPANIUI, v. To join, to unite. NEPANTLA, postpos. In the midst of. NEPAPAN, adj. Various, diverse, different. NEPOHUALOYAN, n. The place where one is reckoned, read, or counted. VI, 2. NEQUI, v. To wish, to desire. NETLAMACHTILIZTLI, n. Riches, property. NETLAMACHTILOYAN, n. A prosperous place. IV, 6; VII, 4. NETLANEHUIHUIA, v. To have an abundance of all things. XXVI, 1. NETOTILIZTLI, n. Dance, dancing. NETOTILOYAN, n. Place of dancing. NI, pron. pers. I. Before a vowel, n. NICAN, adj. Here, hither. NIHUI, adv. From no-ihui, thus, of the same manner. XVIII, 3. NIMAN, adv. Soon, promptly. NINO, pron. ref. I myself. NIPA, adv. Here, in this part, there. NO, adv. Also, like, no yuh, in the same way, thus. Pron. My, mine. NOCA, pron. For me, for my sake, by me. NOHUAN, pron. With me. NOHUIAMPA, adv. In all directions, on all sides. NOHUIAN, adv. Everywhere, on all sides. NONOYAN, n. Place of residence. V, 2. NONOTZA, v. To consult, to take counsel, to reflect. NOTZA, v. To call some one. NOZAN, adv. Even yet, and yet, to this day.

OBISPO, n. Bishop. Span. XIX, 4. OC, adv. Yet, again; oc achi, yet a little; oc achi ic, yet more, comparative; oc pe, first, foremost. OCELOTL, n. The tiger; a warrior so called. See note to I, 5. OCOXOCHITL, n. A fragrant mountain flower. III, 2. OCTICATL, n. See note to VII, 1. OCTLI, n. The native wine from the maguey. In comp., oc. OHUAGA, interj. Oh! alas! OHUI, adj. Difficult, dangerous. OHUICALOYAN, n. A difficult or dangerous place. XXII, 7. OHUICAN, n. A difficult or dangerous place. OME, adj. Two. OMITL, n. A bone. OMPA, adv. Where. ON, adv. A euphonic particle, sometimes indicating action at a distance, at other times generalizing the action of the verb. ONCAN, adv. There, thither. ONOC, v. To be lying down. OPPA, adv. A second time, twice. OQUICHTLI, n. A male, a man. OTLI, n. Path, road, way. OTOMITL, n. An Otomi; a military officer so called. OTONCUICATL, n. An Otomi song. II, 1.

PACHIUI NOYOLLO, v. I am content, satisfied. IX, 2. PACQUI, v. To please, to delight. PACTLI, n. Pleasure, joy. PAL, postpos. By, by means of. PAMPA, postpos. For, because. PAN, postpos. Upon; apan, upon the water. PAPALOTL, n. The butterfly. PAPAQUI, v. To cause great joy. PATIUHTLI, n. Price, wages, reward. PATLAHUAC, adj. Large, spacious. PATLANI, v. To fly. PEHUA, v. Pret., opeuh, to begin, to commence. PEPETLACA, v. To shine, to glitter. PEPETLAQUILTIA, v. To cause to shine. PETLACOATL, n. The scolopender, the centipede. XVII, 24. PETLATL, n. A mat, a rug (of reeds or flags); fig., power, authority. PETLATOTLIN, n. A rush suitable to make mats. XXI, 10. PETLAUA, v. To polish, to rub to brightness. PEUHCAYOTL, n. Beginning, commencement. PILIHUI, v. To fasten to, to mingle with. XXI, 6. PILIHUITL, n. Beloved child. XII, 3. PILLI, n. Son, daughter, child. A noble, a chief, a ruler, a lord. Tepilhuan, the children, the young people. Nopiltzin, my lord. PILOA, v. To hang down, to suspend. PILTIHUA, v. To be a boy, to be young. PIPIXAUI, v. To snow, to rain heavily. PIXAUI, v. To snow, to rain. POCHOTL, n. The ceiba tree; fig., protector, chief. POCTLI, n. Smoke, vapor, fog, mist. POLOA, v. To destroy; to perish. POPOLOA, v. Freq. of poloa. POPOYAUHTIUH, v. To leave a glorious memory. XXI, 5. POXAHUA, v. To work the soil, to labor. POYAUA, v. To color, to dye. XVII, 21. POYAUI, v. To become clear, to clear off. POYOMATL, n. A flower like the rose. IV, 6. POZONI, v. To boil, to seethe; fig., to be angry.

QUA, v. To eat. QUAHTLA, n. Forest, woods. QUAHUITL, n. A tree; a stick; fig., chastisement. QUAITL, n. Head, top, summit. QUALANI, v. To anger, to irritate. QUALLI, adj. Good, pleasant. QUATLAPANA, v. To break one's head; to suffer much. QUAUHTLI, n. The eagle; a warrior so called; bravery, distinction. I, 5. QUEMACH, adv. Is it possible! QUEMMACH AMIQUE, rel. Those who are happy, the happy ones. IX, 2. QUENAMI, adv. As, the same as. QUENAMI CAN, adv. As there, the same as there, sometimes with on euphonic inserted, quenonami. QUENIN, adj. How, how much. QUENNEL, adv. What is to be done? What remedy? QUENNONAMICAN, See under quenami. QUEQUENTIA, v. To clothe, to attire. QUETZA, v. Nino, to rise up; to unite with; to aid; nite, to lift up. QUETZALLI, n. A beautiful feather; fig., something precious or beautiful. QUETZALTOTOTL, n. A bird; Trogon pavoninus. QUEXQUICH, pron. So many as, how much. QUI, pron. rel. He, her, it, they, them. QUIAUATL, n. Entrance, door. XVII, 18. QUIAUITL, n. Rain, a shower. QUIMILOA, v. To wrap up, to clothe, to shroud the dead. XI, 6. QUIN, pron. rel. They, then. QUIQUINACA, v. To groan, to buzz, etc. QUIQUIZOA, v. To ring bells. IV, 3. QUIZA, v. To go forth, to emerge. QUIZQUI, adj. Separated, divided. QUIZTIQUIZA, v. To go forth hastily. XXII.

TAPALCAYOA, _v_. To be full of potsherds and broken bits. XV, 16. TATLI, _n. and v_. See p. 19. TE, _pron. pers_. 1. Thou. 2. _Pron. rel. indef_. Somebody. TEAHUIACA, _adj_. Pleasing, agreeable. TECA, _pron_. Of some one; _te_ and _ca_. TECA, _v_. To stretch out, to sleep; to concern one's self with. _Moteca_, they unite together. TECH, _postpos_. In, upon, from. _Pron_. Us. TECOCOLIA, _n_. A hated person, an enemy. TECOMAPILOA, _n_. A musical instrument. See p. 23. TECPILLI, _n_. Nobleman, lord. TECPILLOTL, _n_. The nobility; noble bearing, courtesy. TEHUAN, _pron_. 1. We. 2. With some one. TEHUATL, _pron_. Thou. TEINI, _v_. To break, to fracture. TEL, _conj_. But, though. TELCHIHUA, _v_. To detest, to hate, to curse. TEMA, _v_. To place something somewhere. TEMACHIA, _v_. To have confidence in, to expect, to hope for. TEMI, _v_. To be filled, replete; to be stretched out. XXVI, 4. TEMIQUI, _v_. To dream. TEMO, _v_. To descend, to let fall. TEMOA, _v_. To search, to seek. TENAMITL, _n_. A town; the wall of a town. TENAUAC, _post_. With some one, near some one. TENMATI, _v_. To be idle, negligent, unfortunate. TENQUIXTIA, _v_. To speak forth, to pronounce, to declare. TENYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TEOATL, _n_. Divine water. See VI, 4, note. TEOCUITLA, _n_. Gold, of gold. TEOHUA, _n_. A priest. XVII, 19. TEOQUECHOL, _n_. A bird of beautiful plumage. TEOTL, _n_. God, divinity. TEOXIHUITL, _n_. Turquoise; _fig_., relation, ruler, parent. TEPACCA, _adj_. Causing joy, pleasurable. TEPEITIC, _n_. Narrow valley, glade, glen. TEPETL, _n_. A mountain, a hill. TEPEUA, _v_. To spread abroad, to scatter, to conquer. XV, 3. TEPONAZTLI, _n_. A drum. See p. 22. TEPOPOLOANI, _v_. To slay, to slaughter. TEQUANI, _n_. A wild beast, a savage person. TEQUI, _v_. To cut. TETECUICA, _v_. To make a loud noise, to thunder. XXI, 7. TETL, _n_. A stone, a rock. In comp., _te_. TETLAMACHTI, _n_. That which enriches, glorifies, or pleases. TETLAQUAUAC, _adj_. Hard or strong as stone. Comp. of _tetl_ and _tlaquauac_. TETOZCATEMO, _v_. To let fall or throw forth notes of singing. I, 2. TETZILACATL, _n_. A copper gong. XVII, 21. See p. 24. TEUCTLI, _n_., pl. _teteuctin_. A noble, a ruler, a lord; _in teteuctin_, the lords, the great ones. TEUCYOTL, _n_. Nobility, lordship. TEUH, _postpos_. Like, similar to. TEUHYOTL, _n_. Divinity, divineness. TEYOLQUIMA, _adj_. Pleasing, odorous, sweet. TEYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TI, _pron_. 1. thou; _timo_, ref.; _tic_, act. 2. we; _tito_, ref.; _tic_, act. TILANI, _v_. To draw out. TILINI, _v_. To crowd, to press. XVII, 19. TIMALOA, _v_. To glorify, to exalt, to praise. TIMO, _pron. ref_. Thou thyself. TITO, _pron. ref_. We ourselves. TIZAITL, _n_. Chalk; anything white; an example or model. TIZAOCTLI, _n_. White wine. See VII, 2. TLA, _adv_., for _intla_, if; _pron. indef_., something, anything; _postpos_. in abundance. TLACACE, _interj_. Expressing astonishment or admiration. XVII, 3. TLACAQUI, _v_. To hear, to understand. TLACATEUCTLI, _n_. A sovereign, a ruler. TLACATI, _v_. To be born. TLACATL, _n_. Creature, person. TLACAZO, _adv_. Truly, certainly. TLACHIA, _v_. To see, to look upon. TLACHIHUAL, _n_. Creature, invention. TLACHINOLLI, _n_. Battle, war; from _chinoa_, to burn. TLACOA, _v_. To injure, to do evil, to sin. TLACOCHTLI, _n_. The arrow. TLACOCOA, _v_. To buy, to purchase. X, 1. TLACOHUA, _v_. To buy, to purchase. TLACOHUA, _v_. To beat, to chastise. TLACOTLI, _n_. A servant, slave. TLACOUIA, _v_. To split, to splinter. TLACUILOA, _v_. To inscribe, to paint in, to write down. TLAELEHUIANI, _adj_. Desirous of, anxious for. TLAHUELLI, _n_. Anger, ire. TLAHUICA, _n_. Servant, page; also, a native of the province of Tlahuican. (See _Index_.} TLAILOTLAQUI, _n_. "Workers in filth;" scum; a term applied in contempt. XIII, 8; XV, 12, 14. Also a proper name. (See _Index_.) TLALAQUIA, _v_. To bury, to inter. TLALLI, _n_. Earth, ground; _tlalticpac_, on the earth. TLALNAMIQUI, _v_. To think of, to remember. TLALPILONI, _n_. An ornament for the head. VI, 4, from _ilpia_. TLAMACHTI, _v. ref_. To be rich, happy, prosperous. TLAMAHUIZOLLI, _n_. Miracle, wonder. TLAMATILLOLLI, _n_. Ointment; anything rubbed in the hands. XI, 9. TLAMATQUI, _adj_. Skillful, adroit. TLAMATTICA, _adj_. Calm, tranquil. TLAMELAUHCAYOTL, _n_. A plain or direct song. II, 1. TLAMI, _v_. To end, to finish, to come to an end. TLAMOMOYAUA, _v_. To scatter, to destroy. XV, 21. TLAN, _postpos_. Near to, among, at. TLANECI, _v_. To dawn, to become day. _Ye tlaneci_, the day breaks. TLANEHUIA, _v. Nicno_. To revel, to indulge one's self in. XXI, 8. TLANELTOCA, _v_. To believe in, to have faith in. TLANIA, _v_. To recover one's self, to return within one's self. TLANIICZA, _v_. To abase, to humble. IX, 3. TLANTIA, _v_. To terminate, to end. TLAOCOL, _adj_. Sad, melancholy, pitiful, merciful. TLAOCOLIA, _v_. To be sad, etc. TLAOCOLTZATZIA, _v_. To cry aloud with grief. I, 3. TLAPALHUIA, _v., rel_. To be brilliant or happy; act_., to salute a person; to paint something. TLAPALLI, _n_. and _adj_. Colored; dyed; red. TLAPALOA, _v_. To salute, to greet. TLAPANAHUIA, _adj_. Surpassing, superior, excellent; used to form superlatives. TLAPANI, _v_. To dye, to color. XVII, 10. TLAPAPALLI, _adj_. Striped, in stripes. TLAPATL, _n_. The castor-oil plant; the phrase _mixitl tlapatl_ means stupor, intoxication. IX, 2. TLAPEPETLANI, _v_. To sparkle, to shine forth. TLAPITZA, _v_. Fr. _pitza_, to play the flute. XVII, 26. TLAQUALLI, _n_. Food, eatables. TLAQUAUAC, _adj_. Strong, hard. TLAQUAUH, _adj_. Strongly, forcibly. TLAQUILLA, _adj_. Stopped up, filled. XX, 4. TLAQUILQUI, _n_. One who plasters, a mason. XXI, 1. TLATEMMATI, _v_. To suffer afflictions. TLATENEHUA, _v_. To promise. TLATHUI, _v_. To dawn, to become light. TLATIA, _v_. 1. To hide, to conceal; 2. to burn, to set on fire. TLATLAMANTITICA, _adj_. Divided, separated. TLATLATOA, _v_. To speak much or frequently. XVII, 11. TLATLAUHTIA, _v_. To pray. XVI, 3. TLATOANI, _n_. Ruler, lord. TLATOCAYOTL, _n_. The quality of governing or ruling. TLATOLLI, _n_. Word, speech, order. TLATZIHUI, _v_. To neglect, to be negligent; to be abandoned, to lie fallow; to leave, to withdraw. TLAUANTLI, _n_. Vase, cup. XXVI, 4. TLAUHQUECHOL, _n_. A bird, the red heron, _Platalea ajaja_. TLAUILLOTL, _n_. Clearness, light. X, 1. TLAXILLOTIA, _v_. To arrange, sustain, support. IX, 4. TLAXIXINIA, _v_. To disperse, to destroy. TLAYAUA, _v_. To make an encircling figure in dancing. TLAYAUALOLLI, _adj_. Encircled, surrounded. XXI, 6. TLAYLOTLAQUI, _n_. See XIII, 8. TLAYOCOLIA, _v_. To make, to form, to invent. XIV. TLAYOCOYALLI, _n_. Creature, invention. TLAZA, _v_. To throw away; _fig_., to reject, to despise. TLAZOTLA, _v_. To love, to like. TLE, _pron. int_. and _rel_. What? That. TLEAHUA, _v_. To set on fire, to fire. TLEIN, _pron., int_. and _rel_. What? That. TLEINMACH, _adv_. Why? For what reason? TLENAMACTLI, _n_. Incense burned to the gods. III, 1. TLEPETZTIC, _adj_. Shining like fire, _tletl_, _petzlic_. XV, 26. TLETL, _n_. Fire. TLEYMACH, _adv_. Why? Wherefore? TLEYOTL, _n_. Fame, honor. TLEZANNEN, _adv_. To what good? Cui bono? TLILIUHQUI, _adj_. Black, brown. TLILIUI, _v_. To blacken, to paint black. XII, 6. TLOC, _postpos_. With, near to. TLOQUE NAHUAQUE, _n_. A name of divinity. See I, 6, note. TO, _pron. posses_. Our, ours. TOCA, _v_. To follow. TOCI, _n_. "Our ancestress," a divinity so called. TOCO, _v_. Impers. of _toca_. TOHUAN, _pron_. With us. TOLINIA, _v_. To be poor, to be unfortunate. TOLQUATECTITLAN, _n_. The place where the head is bowed for lustration. III, 1. TOMA, _v_. To loosen, to untie, to open. XVII, 3. TOMAHUAC, _adj_. Great, heavy, large. TONACATI, _v_. To be prosperous or fertile. TONACATLALLI, _n_. Rich or fertile land. TONAMEYO, _adj_. Shining like the sun, glittering. TONAMEYOTL, _n_. Ray of the sun, light, brilliancy. TONATIUH, _n_. The sun. TONEUA, _v_. To suffer pain; _nite_, to inflict pain. TOQUICHPOHUAN, _n_. Our equals. I, 3. TOTOTL, _n_. A bird, generic term. TOZMILINI, _adj_. Sweet voiced. XXI, 3. TOZNENETL, _n_. A parrot, _Psittacus signatus_. TOZQUITL, _n_. The singing voice, p. 21. TZALAN, _postpos_. Among, amid. TZATZIA, _v_. To shout, to cry aloud. TZAUHQUI, _v_. To spin. XVII, 22. TZETZELIUI, _v_. To rain, to snow; _fig_., to pour down. TZIHUAC, _n_. A species of bush. XV, 1. TZIMIQUILIZTLI, _n_. Slaughter, death. XVI, 5. TZINITZCAN, _n_. A bird, _Trogon Mexicanus_. TZITZILINI, _n_. A bell. TZOTZONA, _v_. To strike the drum.

UALLAUH, v. To come. See huallauh. UITZ, v. To come. ULLI, n. Caoutchouc. See p. 22.

XAHUA, v. To paint one's self, to array one's self in the ancient manner. XXIV, 1. XAMANI, v. To break, to crack. XAXAMATZA, v. To cut in pieces, to break into bits. XAYACATL, n. Face, mask. XELIHUI, v. To divide, to distribute. XEXELOA, v. To divide, to distribute. XILOTL, n. Ear of green corn. XILOXOCHITL, n. The flower of maize. XVII, 10. XIMOAYAN, n. A place of departed souls. See I, 8. XIMOHUAYAN, n. Place of departed spirits. VIII, 1. XIUHTOTOTL, n. A bird, Guiaca cerulea. XIUITL, n. A leaf, plant; year; anything green. XOCHICALLI, n. A house for flowers, or adorned with them. XOCHIMECATL, n. A rope or garland of flowers. XOCHIMICOHUAYAN, n. See XVI, 3, note. XOCHITECATL, n. See XXV, 7, note. XOCHITL, n. A flower, a rose. XOCHIYAOTL, n. Flower-war. See XVI, 4, note. XOCOMIQUI, v. To intoxicate, to become drunk. XOCOYA, v. To grow sour. XIII, 4. XOPALEUAC, n. Something very green. XOPAN, n. The springtime. XOTLA, v. To blossom, to flower; to warm, to inflame; to cut, to scratch, to saw. XOXOCTIC, adj. Green; blue. XVI, 6. XOYACALTITLAN, n. The house or place of decay. III, 1.

Y., Abbrev. for ihuan, and in, q. v. YA, adv. Already, thus; same as ye; v., to suit, to fit. Part. euphonic or expletive. See note to XVII, 3. YAN, postpos. Suffix signifying place. YANCUIC, adj. New, fresh, recent. YANCUICAN, adv. Newly, recently. YAOTL, n. War, battle. YAOYOTL, n. Warfare. YAQUI, adj. Departed, gone, left for a place. YAUH, v., irreg. To go. YE, adv. Already, thus; ye no ceppa, a second time; ye ic, already, it is already. YE, pron. He, those, etc. YE, adj. num. Three. YECE, adv. But. YECEN, adv. Finally, at last. YECNEMI, v. To live righteously. YECOA, v. To do, to finish, to conclude. YECTENEHUA, v. To bless, to speak well of. YECTLI, adj. Good, worthy, noble. YEHUATL, pron. He, she, it. Pl. yehuan, yehuantin. YEHUIA, v. To beg, to ask charity. YEPPA YUHQUI. Formerly, it was there. VII, 2. YHUINTIA. See ihuinti. YOCATL, n. Goods, possessions; noyocauh, my property. XV, 26. YOCAUA, n. Master, possessor, owner. YOCOLIA, v. To form, to make. YOCOYA, v. To make, to invent, to create. YOHUATLI, n. Night, darkness. YOLAHUIA, v. To rejoice greatly. YOLCIAHUIA, v. To please one's self, to make glad. YOLCUECUECHOA, v. To make the heart tremble. IV, 6. YOLEHUA, v. To excite, to animate. YOLIHUAYAN, n. A place of living III, 5. YOLLO, adj. Adroit, skillful; also for iyollo, his heart. YOLLOTL, v. Heart, mind, soul. YOLNONOTZA, v. See note to I, 1. YOLPOXAHUA, v. To toil mentally. YUHQUI, adv. As, like. YUHQUIMATI, v. To understand, to realize.

ZACATL, n. Herbage, straw, hay. XXI, 5. ZACUAN, n. Feather of the zacuan bird; fig., yellow; prized. ZACUAN TOTOTL, n. The zacuan bird, Oriolus dominicensis. ZAN, adv. Only, but; zan cuel, in a short time; zanen, perhaps; Zan nen, in vain. ZANCUEL ACHIC, adv. A moment, an instant; often; zan ye, but again, but quickly. ZANIO, pron. I alone, he or it alone. ZOA, v. To pierce; to spread out; to open; to sew; to string together; to put in order. ZOLIN TOTOTL, n. The quail. ZOMA, v. To become angry. ZOMALE, adj. For comalli, vase, cup. XXVI, 4.



INDEX OF NAHUATL PROPER NAMES, WITH EXPLANATIONS.

ACALLAN, 105. "The place of boats," from acalli, boat. An ancient province at the mouth of the Usumacinta river; but the name was probably applied to other localities also.

ACATLAPAN, 41. A village southeast of Chalco. From acatla, a place of reeds, and pan, in or at.

ACHALCHIUHTLANEXTIN, 46. The first chief of the Toltecs; another form of chalchiuhtonac. Both names mean "the gleam of the precious jade." Compare Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana. Lib. III., cap. 7; Orozco y Berra, Hist. Antigua de Mexico, Tom. III., p. 42. The date of the beginning of his reign is put at A.D. 667 or 700.

ACOLHUACAN, 40, 91, 119. A compound of atl, water, and colhuacan, (q. v.) = "Colhuacan by the water," the name of the state of which Tetzcuco was the capital, in the valley of Mexico.

ACOLMIZTLAN, 89, from

ACOLMIZTLI, 35. A name of Nezahualcoyotl (see p. 35), also of other warriors.

ANAHUAC, 125. From atl, water, nahuac, by, = the land by the water. The term was applied first to the land by the lakes in the Valley of Mexico, and later to that along both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.

ATECPAN, 77. "The royal residence by the water" (atl, tecpan). I do not find this locality mentioned elsewhere.

ATLIXCO, 125. "Where the water shows its face" (atl, ixtli, co). A locality southeast of Tezcuco, near the lake, so called from a large spring. See Motolinia, Historia de los Indios, Trat. III, cap. 18.

ATLOYANTEPETL, 85, 89, 91. Perhaps for atlauantepetl, "the mountain that rules the waters." But see note to XIII, v. 6.

ATZALAN, 114. "Amid the waters" (atl, tzalan). Perhaps not a proper name; but two villages in the present State of Puebla are called Atzala (see Orozco y Berra, Geografia de las Lenguas de Mexico, pp. 212, 213).

AXAXACATZIN, 43. Probably for axayacatzin, reverential of axayacatl, the name of a species of marsh fly. It was also the name of the sixth ruler of Mexico (flor. about 1500), and doubtless of other distinguished persons. See Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, cap. 51.

AZCAPOTZALCO, 50, 51. An ancient town in the valley of Mexico, once the capital city of the Tepanecas (q. v.). The word means "place of the ant-hills," from azcaputzalli.

AZTECS, 25. A Nahuatl tribe who derived their name from their mythical ancient home, Aztlan. The derivation is obscure, but probably is from the same radical as iztac, white, and, therefore, Father Duran was right in translating Aztlan, "place of whiteness," the reference being to the East, whence the Aztecs claim to have come. See Duran, Historia de las Indias, cap. II.

CACAMATL, 94, 95. The reference appears to be to Cacamatzin (the Noble Sad One, from cacamaua, fig. to be sad), last ruler of Tezcuco, son and successor, in 1516, of Nezahualpilli. He was put to death by Cortes.

CATOCIH, 89. A doubtful word, which may not be a proper name.

CHALCO, 16, 69, 95. A town and lake in the valley of Mexico. The people were Nahuas and subject to Mexico. The word is probably derived from Challi, with the postpos. co, meaning "at the mouth" (of a river). See Buschmann, Ueber die Aztekischen Ortsnamen, s. 689, and comp. Codex Ramirez, p. 18.

CHIAPA, CHIAPANECA, 70, 71. The province and inhabitants of Chiapas, in Southern Mexico. There were colonies of Nahuas in Chiapas, though most of the natives spoke other tongues. The derivation is probably from chia, a mucilaginous seed highly esteemed in Mexico.

CHICHIMECATL or CHICHIMECS, 88, 89, 91, 101. A rude hunting tribe, speaking Nahuatl, who settled, in early times, in the valley of Mexico. The name was said to be derived from chichi, a dog, on account of their devotion to hunting (Cod. Ramirez). Others say it was that of their first chieftain.

CHICOMOZTOC, 88, 89. "At the seven caves," the name of the mythical locality from which the seven Nahuatl tribes derived their origin. The Codex Ramirez explains the seven caves to mean the seven houses or lineages (totems) of which the nation consisted.

CHILILITLI, 36. Name of a tower of sacred import. It is apparently a compound of chia or chielia, to watch, and tlilli, blackness, obscurity, hence "a night watch-tower." It was probably used for the study of the sky at night.

CHIMALPOPOCA, 43. "The smoking shield," from chimalli, shield, and popoca. The name of several distinguished warriors and rulers in ancient Mexico.

CHOLULA or CHOLOLLAN, 105. Name of a celebrated ancient state and city. From choloa, with the probable meaning, "place of refuge," "place of the fugitives."

CIHUAPAN, 41. Name of a warrior, otherwise unknown. From cihuatl, woman, pan, among, with.

COATZITEUCTLI, 89. A name compound of coatzin, reverential form of coatl, serpent, and teuctli, lord.

COLHUA, A people of Nahuatl affinity, who dwelt in ancient times in the valley of Mexico. See Colhuacan.

COLHUACAN, 88, 89, 91. A town in the valley of Mexico. In spite of the arguments to the contrary, I believe the Colhua were of Nahuatl lineage, and that the name is derived from colli, ancestor; colhuacan, the residence of the ancestors; with this signification, it was applied to many localities. It must be distinguished from Acolhuacan. Its ikonomatic symbol was a hill bent over at the top, from coloa, to bend.

COLZAZTLI, 39. Probably for Coltzatztli, one who cries out or calls to the ancestors (colli, tzatzia). A chief whom I have not found elsewhere mentioned.

CONAHUATZIN, 41. A warrior not elsewhere mentioned. By derivation it means "noble son of the lord of the water" (conetl, ahua, tzin).

CUETZPALTZIN, 89. A proper name, from cuetzpalli, the 4th day of the month.

CUEXTLA, 33. A province of ancient Mexico. See Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana. Lib. II, caps. 53, 56.

CULTEPEC, 42. A village five leagues from Tezcuco, at the foot of the mountains. Deriv., colli, ancestor, tepetl, mountain or town, with post-pos. c; "at the town of the ancestors."

HUETLALPAN or HUETLAPALLAN, 89. The original seat of the mythical Toltecs. The name is a compound of hue, old, and Tlapallan, q. v.

HUEXOTZINCO, 50, 83, 91, 99, 113. An independent State of ancient Anahuac, south of Tlascala and west of Cholula. The name means "at the little willow woods," being a diminutive from huexatla, place of willows.

HUITLALOTZIN, 89. From huitlallotl, a species of bird, with the reverential termination. Name of a warrior.

HUITZILAPOCHTLI, 16. Tribal god of the Mexicans of Tenochtitlan. The name is usually derived from huitzitzilin, humming bird, and opochtli, left (Cod. Ramirez, p. 22), but more correctly from huitztli, the south, iloa, to turn, opochtli, the left hand, "the left hand turned toward the south," as this god directed the wanderings of the Mexicans southward. The humming bird was used as the "ikonomatic" symbol of the name.

HUITZILIHUITL, 89. "Humming-bird feather." Name of an ancient ruler of Mexico, and of other warriors.

HUITZNAHUACATL, 91. A ruler of Huexotlan (Clavigero); a member of the Huitznahua, residents of the quarters so called in Tezcuco and Tenochtitlan (Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chichimeca, cap. 38).

IXTLILXOCHITL, 35, 46, 89. A ruler of Acolhuacan, father of Nezahualcoyotl. Comp. ixtli, face, tlilxochitl, the vanilla (literally, the black flower).

IZTACCOYOTL, 89, 93. "The white wolf." Name of a warrior otherwise unknown.

MEXICANS, 67, 83, 85, 87, 123, 125. See

MEXICO, 83, 123. Name of the town and state otherwise called Tenochtitlan. Mexitl was one of the names of the national god Huitzilopochtli, and Mexico means "the place of Mexitl," indicating that the city was originally called from a fane of the god.

MICTLAN, 95, 117, 119. The Mexican Hades, literally, "the place of the dead."

MONTEZUMA, 14, 41, 113. The name of the ruler of Mexico on the arrival of Cortes. The proper form is Moteuhzomatzin or Motecuhzomatzin, and the meaning, "he who is angry in a noble manner." ("senor sanudo," Cod. Ramirez, p. 72; "qui se fache en seigneur," Simeon, Dict. de la Langue Nahuatl, s. v.).

MOQUIHUIX, 33. The fourth ruler of Tlatilolco. He assumed the power in 1441, according to some writers (Bustamente, Tezcoco, en los Ultimas Tiempos de sus Antiguos Reyes, p. 269). The name probably means "He who comes forth a freeman." See Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, caps. 36, 51.

NACXITL TOPILTZIN, 105, 107. Nacxitl, "the four footed" (nahui, ixitl), was the name of one of the gods of the merchants (Sahagun, Hist, de Nueva Espana, Lib. I, c. 19). In the song it is applied to Quetzalcoatl, who was also regarded as a guardian of merchants.

NAHUATL, (9, etc.). A term applied to the language otherwise known as Aztec or Mexican. As an adjective it means "well-sounding," or, pleasant to the ear. From this, the term Nahua is used collectively for all tribes who spoke the Nahuatl tongue. Nahuatl also means clever, skillful, and the derivation is probably from the root na, to know.

NECAXECMITL, 46. Name of uncertain meaning of a person otherwise unknown.

NEZAHUALCOYOTL, 35, 67, 119. Chief of the Acolhuas, and ruler in Tezcuco from 1427 to 1472, or thereabouts. He was a distinguished patron of the arts and a celebrated poet. See p. 35, et seq.

NEZAHUALPILLI, or NEZAHUALPIZINTLI, 14, 125. Ruler of Acolhuacan, son of Nezahualcoyotl. His accession is dated in 1470 or 1472.

NONOHUALCO, 105, 125. Name of one of the quarters of the ancient city of Mexico; also of a mountain west of the valley of Mexico. The derivation is probably from onoc, to lie down; onohua, to sleep; onohuayan, a settled spot, an inhabited place. The co is a postposition.

NOPAL or NOPALTZIN, 46. Ruler of Acolhuacan, A. D. 1260-1263, according to some chronologies. The name is from nopalli, the cactus or opuntia.

NOPILTZIN, 67, 91. "My son," or "my lord," a term of deference applied to superiors, from pilli, which means son and also lord, like the old English child. Cf. Topiltzin.

OTOMIS, 16, 49, 58, 64, 71, 95. A nation which inhabited a portion of the valley of Mexico and region adjacent, entirely dissimilar in language and appearance from the Nahuas. The etymologies suggested are unsatisfactory.

POPOCATEPETL, 46. "The smoking mountain," the name of a famous volcano rising from the valley of Mexico.

POYAUHTECATL, 105. A volcano near Orizaba (Sahagun. Hist. de Nueva Espana, Lib. I, cap. 21). Derived from poyaua, to color, to brighten.

QUANTZINTECOMATZIN, 41. A warrior not otherwise known. The name is a double reverential, from quani, eater, and tecomatl, vase, "The noble eater from the royal dish."

QUAUHQUECHOLLAN, 95. A village and plain near the southern base of Popocatepetl. It means "the place of the quechol woods," or the trees among which quechol birds are found. See Motolinia, Historia de los Indios, Trat. III, cap. 18.

QUAUHXILOTL, 89. Name of a large tree, and applied to a warrior, ruler of Iztapallocan, whom Ixtlilxochitl, King of Tezcuco, placed at the head of his troops in his war with Tezozomoc. See Clavigero, Storia Antica di Messico, Tom. I, p. 185.

QUETZALCOATL, 32, 143, 144. See note on p. 143.

QUETZALMAMATZIN, 91. Name of a warrior, "the noble one of the beautiful hands" (quetzalli, mama, pl. of maitl, and rev. term, tzin). Perhaps the same as Quetzalmemalitzin, ruler of Teotihuacan, mentioned by Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, cap. 35.

QUIAUHTZIN, 93. Name of a warrior, "The noble rain" (quiauitl, tziri).

TENOCHTITLAN, 85. The current name for the City of Mexico; literally, "at the stone-nopal," from tetl, stone, nochtli, nopal, and postpos., tlan. The term refers to an ancient tradition.

TEPANECAS or TECPANECAS, 35. A powerful nation of Nahuatl lineage, who dwelt in the valley of Mexico. They were destroyed in 1425 by the Acolhuas and Mexicans, and later the state of Tlacopan was formed from their remnants. Comp. probably from tecpan, a royal residence, with the gentile termination.

TEPEYACAC, TEPEYACAN, 93. From tepetl, mountain, yacatl, nose, point, and postpos, c. 1. A small mountain on which the celebrated church of the Virgin of Guadalupe now stands. 2. A large town and state subject to ancient Mexico, now Tepeaca in the province of Puebla.

TETLAPAN QUETZANITZIN, 68, 69. A ruler of Tlatilolco, contemporary of the conquest. See Note to Song VI.

TETZCOCO, now TEZCUCO, 14, 35, 36, 77. Capital city of Acolhuacan, and residence of Nezahualcoyotl. It has been called "the Athens of Anahuac." The derivation of the name is from a plant called tetzculli (Cod. Ramirez).

TEZOZOMOC, TEZOZOMOCTLI, 35, 39, 67, 88, 89. A ruler of the Tepanecas, celebrated for his warlike skill and severity. His death is placed in the year 1427. The name, like Montezuma, is derived from zoma, to be angry, in this case from the reduplicated frequentative form, zozoma.

TIZATLAN, 103. "The place of white varnish" (tizatl), the name of one of the four quarters of the city of Tlascala.

TLACOMIHUATZIN, 93. "The noble cousin of the lynx" (tlacomiztli, lynx, huan, postpos., denoting affinity, tzin, reverential). The name of a warrior.

TLACOPAN, now TACUBA, 135. A small state west of Mexico and subject to it, built up on the ruins of the ancient Tepanecas. Comp. from tlacotli, a slave.

TLAHUICAN, 118. A Nahuatl province south of the valley of Mexico, so called from the cinnabar, tlahuitl, there obtained (Buschmann; but the Cod. Ramirez gives the meaning "toward the earth," from tlalli and huic). [*Transcriber's note: TLAHUICAN not found in text. See Tlahuica in Vocabulary.]

TLAILOTLACAN, 140. One of the seven divisions of the city of Tezcuco (Ixtlilxochitl, Hist. Chichimeca, cap. 38). [*Transcriber's note: TLAILOTLACAN not found in text.]

TLAILOTLAQUI, 84. Literally, "workers in refuse," or "scavengers." Said by M. Aubin to have been a tribe who settled in Tezcuco in the reign of Quinantzin. The term is apparently one of contempt. [*Transcriber's note: TLAILOTLAQUI not found on page 84 in text. See Tlailotlaqui in Vocabulary.]

TLALMANALCO, 42. A village near the foot of the volcano Popocatepetl. Derived from tlalmanalli, level ground, with postpos. co.

TLALNAHUACATL, 89. "Dweller on the land;" name of a warrior.

TLALOC, 45. God of rain and the waters; a famous divinity among the ancient Mexicans. The word means "stretched on the earth," and the idol of the god represented a man extended on his back holding a vase.

TLAPALLAN, 105. A mythical land from which the Toltecs were fabled to have come and to which Quetzalcoatl returned. The derivation is from tlapalli, color, especially red.

TLATETOLCO, TLATILULCO, 33, 83, 85. A suburb of the ancient city of Mexico, founded in 1338; from tlatelli, a mound, ololoa, to make round, the sense being "an island." See Motolinia, Historia de los Indios, Trat. III, cap. 7.

TLAXCALLAN, now TLASCALA, 89, 93, 103. "The place of bread," from tlaxcalli, bread. Site of a warlike tribe of Nahuatl descent, east of the valley of Mexico.

TLATZIN, 46. Chief of a town of the Chichimecs, situated on Lake Chalco. He flourished toward the close of the 14th century. From tlatli, a falcon.

TOCHIN, 89. From tochtli, rabbit; name of the brother of the Tezcucan ruler Quinantzin, and of many other personages.

TOLLAN, or TULAN, 46, 105, 107. The ancient mythical capital of the Toltecs. The common derivation from tolin, a rush, is erroneous. The name is a syncopated form of tonatlan, "the place of the sun."

TOLTEC, properly TOLTECATL, 46, 111. An inhabitant of Tollan. The Toltecs were a mythical people, whose civilization was supposed to have preceded that of the Aztecs.

TOPILTZIN, 46, 105. "Our son" or "Our lord" (see Nopiltzin). The term was especially applied to Quetzalcoatl, q. v. See Orozco y Berra, Hist. Antig. de Mexico, Tom. III, p. 54.

TOTOQUILHUATLI, 41. From totoquilia, to act as agent or lieutenant. Ruler of Tlacopan. The verse of the song in which this name occurs is given in the original Nahuatl by Ixtlilxochitl, who says it was very popular throughout New Spain. See his Historia Chichimeca, cap. 32.

XICALANCO, 107. A locality on the borders of the province Tabasco. The people spoke Nahuatl. Deriv. xicalli, gourd or jar, and postpos. co.

XICOMATZINTLAMATA, 43. Name of a warrior not otherwise known. The compound seems to mean "skillful with angry hand" (xicoa, maitl, tlamati).

XICONTECATL, 103. Name of several distinguished Tlascalan warriors, lords of Tizatlan. See Clavigero, Hist. Antica di Messico, Tom. III, pp. 38 and 40, One was a favorite of Nezahualcoyotl. See Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, cap. 40.

XIUHTEUCTLI, 15. The god of fire, literally, "the lord of the year," or "of the foliage."

XIUHTZAL, 46. A queen of ancient Tollan, said by Clavigero to have ruled from A. D. 979 to 984. Other writers give the name more correctly Xiuhtlaltzin, "Lady of the Green Fields," and place her death in 987. (Orozco y Berra, Hist. Antig. de Mexico, Tom. III, p. 45.)

XOLOTL, 46. An early if not the first king of the Chichimecs. His death occurred in 1232.

YOHUALLATONOC, 89. "Shining at night." Name of a warrior.

YOPICO, 22. A division of the ancient city of Mexico, containing a temple of this name. The word means "the place of the tearing out of hearts" (yolltol, pi, co), from the form of sacrifice there carried out.

YOYONTZIN, 35, 40, 66, 67. A name of Nezahualcoyotl. See p. 35.



FOOTNOTES.

[Footnote 1: Diego Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana, Tom. I, p. 233; and compare Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 31.]

[Footnote 2: Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. VIII, cap. 26.]

[Footnote 3: Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. III, cap. 8.]

[Footnote 4: Cuicoyan, from cuica, song, and the place-ending yan, which is added to the impersonal form of the verb, in this instance, cuicoa. Mr. Bancroft entirely misapprehends Tezozomoc's words about these establishments, and gives an erroneous rendering of the term. See his Native Races of the Pacific Coast, Vol. II, p. 290, and Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 18.]

[Footnote 5: Juan de Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. VI, cap. 43.]

[Footnote 6: Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. XVII, cap. 3. Didacus Valades, who was in Mexico about 1550, writes of the natives: "Habent instrumenta musica permulta in quibus semulatione quadam se exercent." Rhetorica Christiana, Pars. IV, cap. 24.]

[Footnote 7: Descriptions are given by Edward Muehlenpfordt, Die Republik Mexico, Bd. I, pp. 250-52 (Hannover, 1844).]

[Footnote 8: Molina translates piqui, "crear o plasmar Dios alguna cosa de nuevo." Vocabulario de la Lengua Mexicana, s.v.]

[Footnote 9: Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. X, cap. 8.]

[Footnote 10: Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, p. 97.]

[Footnote 11: Clavigero, Storia antica di Messico, Lib. VII, p. 175.]

[Footnote 12: Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. X, cap. 34.]

[Footnote 13: Duran, Hist. de la Indias de Nueva Espana, Tom. I, p. 233.]

[Footnote 14: Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 64.]

[Footnote 15: Ixtlilxochitl, Historia Chichimeca, cap. 47.]

[Footnote 16: Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, p. 90.]

[Footnote 17: Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 53.]

[Footnote 18: See Sahagun, Historia de Neuva Espana, Lib. IV, chap. 17, and Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 64.]

[Footnote 19: Cuitlaxoteyotl, from cuitatl, mierda; tecuilhuicuicatl, from tecuilhuaztli, sello, tecuilonti, el que lo haze a otro, pecando contra natura. Molina, Vocabulario.]

[Footnote 20: William A. Hammond, The Disease of the Scythians (morbus feminarum) and Certain Analogous Conditions, in the American Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry, 1882.]

[Footnote 21: Cronica Mexicana, cap. 2.]

[Footnote 22: On this subject the reader may consult Parades, Compendio del Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 5, 6, and Sandoval, Arte de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 60, 61. Tapia Zenteno whose Arte Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana was published in 1753, rejects altogether the saltillo, and says its invention is of no use except to make students work harder! (pp. 3, 4.) The vowels with saltillo, he maintains, are simply to be pronounced with a slight aspiration. Nevertheless, the late writers continue to employ and describe the saltillo, as Chimalpopoca, Epitome a Modo Facil de aprender el Idioma Nahuatl, p. 6. (Mexico, 1869.)]

[Footnote 23: Arte Novissima de la Lengua Mexicana, pp. 3, 4.]

[Footnote 24: Duran, Historia de Nueva Espana, Tom. I, p. 230.]

[Footnote 25: The singer who began the song was called cuicaito, "the speaker of the song."]

[Footnote 26: The most satisfactory description of these concerts is that given by Geronimo de Mendieta, Historia Eclesiastica Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 31. I have taken some particulars from Boturini and Sahagun.]

[Footnote 27: Literally, "the broken drum," from tlapana, to break, as they say tlapanhuimetzli, half moon. It is described by Tezozomoc as "un atambor bajo." Cronica Mexicana, cap. 53.]

[Footnote 28: From yollotl, heart, and pi, to tear out. The instrument is mentioned by Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 48. On the Yopico, and its ceremonies, see Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. II, cap. 1, and Appendix.]

[Footnote 29: Simeon, however, thinks the name arose from the growing and swelling of the sound of the instrument (notes to Jourdanet's translation of Sahagun, p. 28). Mr. H.H. Bancroft gives the astonishing translation of teponaztli, "wing of stone vapor!" (Native Races of the Pacific States, Vol. II, p. 293.) Brasseur traced the word to a Maya-Quiche root, tep. In both Nahuatl and Maya this syllable is the radicle of various words meaning to increase, enlarge, to grow strong or great, etc.]

[Footnote 30: Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva Espana, Lib. II, cap. 27.]

[Footnote 31: See The Gueegueence, a Comedy ballet in the Nahuatl Spanish dialect of Nicaragua, Introd., p. 29. (Philadelphia, 1883.)]

[Footnote 32: Theodor Baker, Ueber die Musik der Nord-Amerikanischen Wilden., pp. 51-53. (Leipzig, 1882.)]

[Footnote 33: Omitl, bone, chicahuac, strong. A specimen made of the bone of a fossil elephant is possessed by Senor A. Chavero, of Mexico. See Tezozomoc, Cronica Mexicana, cap. 55, and the note of Orozco y Berra to that passage in the Mexican edition. Also Sahagun, Hist. de Nueva Espana, Lib. VIII, cap. 20, who likewise describes most of the instruments referred to in this section.]

[Footnote 34: H.T. Cresson, On Aztec Music, in the Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 1883.]

[Footnote 35: Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. II, Appendice.]

[Footnote 36: Duran, Historia de las Indias de Nueva Espana, Tom. I, p. 233.]

[Footnote 37: Boturini, Idea de una Nueva Historia General, Appendice, p. 95.]

[Footnote 38: Echevarria, Historia del Origen de las Gentes de Nueva Espana, Discurso Preliminar.]

[Footnote 39: Clavigero, Storia Antica di Messico, Lib. VII, p. 175.]

[Footnote 40: "Ihre Sprachen sind ueberreich an doppelsinnigen Ausdruecken die sie absichtlich anwenden um ihre Gedanken zu verbergen. Geistliche haben mir versichert, dass sie obgleich der Aztekischen Sprache vollstaendig maechtig, oft den wahren Sinn einer Beichte nicht zu verstehen vermochten, weil die Beichtende sich in raethselhafter und metaphorreicher Weise auszudruecken pflegten." Carlos von Gagern, Charakteristik der Indianischen Bevoelkerung Mexico's, p. 17 (in the Mit. der Geog. Gesell., Wien. 1837).]

[Footnote 41: Carochi's translations are not quite literal. The following notes will explain the compounds:—

1. Tlauitl, red ochre, quecholli, a bird so called, aztatl, a heron, ehualtia, reverential of ehua, to rise up; hence, "It (or he) shone like a noble red-winged heron rising in flight."

2. Ayauitl, mist; cocamalotl, rainbow; tonameyotl, shining, brightness; ti, connective; mani, substantive verb. "The brightness of the rain bow is there." There is no conjunction "and"; Father Carochi seems to have carelessly taken ayauh, which is the form of ayauitl in composition, for the conjunction auh, and. Each of the lines given is a detached fragment, without connection with the others.

3. xiuitl, something blue or green; coyolli, bells; tzitzilicaliztli, tinkling. "The golden drum's turquoise-bell-tinkling."

4. xiuhtic, blue or green; tlapalli, red; cuiloa, to paint or write; amoxtli, book; manca, imperf. of mani. "There was a book painted in red and green." 5. chalchiuhuitl, the jade; cozcatl, a jewel; mecatl, a string; totoma, frequentative of toma, to unfold, unwind. "I unwind my song like a string of precious jewels."]

[Footnote 42: See above, page 10]

[Footnote 43: On the Ikonomatic Method of Phonetic Writing, with special reference to American Archeology. By D. G. Brinton, in Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, for October, 1886.]

[Footnote 44: This fact is mentioned by Lord Kingsborough in his great work on Mexico, Vol. VI, p. 533.]

[Footnote 45: It is described in the Anales del Museo Nacional, Tom. III, p. 262.]

[Footnote 46: Echevarria's words are "los pongo en su idioma." Hist. del Origen de las Gentes que poblaron la Nueva Espana, Discurso Preliminar, in Kingsborough's Mexico, Vol. VIII.]

[Footnote 47: See his Tezcuco en los Ultimas Tiempos de sus Antiguos Reyes. Parte IV (Mexico, 1826).]

[Footnote 48: See the description of this fragment of Boturini by Senor Alfredo Chavero in the Anales del Museo Nacional, Tom. III, p. 242.]

[Footnote 49: M. Aubin, Notice sur une Collection d'Antiquites Mexicaines, pp. 8, 9. (Paris, 1851.)]

[Footnote 50: Printed very incorrectly in Lord Kingsborough's edition of Ixtlilxochitl's Relaciones Historicas (Rel. X, Kingsborough, Antiquities of Mexico, Vol. IX, p. 454).]

[Footnote 51: See Sahagun, Historia de Nueva Espana, Lib. II, Appendix.]

[Footnote 52: Bustamente puts the number of the songs of Nezahualcoyotl at eighty, of which he could find only one extant, and this, as I understand his words, in Spanish only. See his Tezcuco en los Tiempos de sus Antiguous Reyes, p. 253 (Mexico, 1826). When Alexander von Humboldt visited Mexico he sought in vain for any fragment of the songs of the royal bard. Vues lies Cordilleres, etc., Tom. II, p. 391.]

[Footnote 53: Tardes Americanas, pp. 90-94. (Mexico, 1778.)]

[Footnote 54: Torquemada, Monarquia Indiana, Lib. II, cap. 45. The word huehuetitlan, seems to be a misprint for ahuehuetitlan, from ahuehuetl, with the ligature ti, and the postposition tlan, literally "among the cypresses."]

[Footnote 55: Op. cit. Tom. I, p. 795.]

[Footnote 56: Grammatica del Idioma Mexicano, p. 180. (Mexico, 1880.)

THE END