[Sidenote: Subjects after the verb.]

This use of several subjects with a singular verb is especially frequent when the subjects are after the verb; as,—

There is a right and a wrong in them.—M ARNOLD.

There is a moving tone of voice, an impassioned countenance, an agitated gesture.—BURKE

There was a steel headpiece, a cuirass, a gorget, and greaves, with a pair of gauntlets and a sword hanging beneath.—HAWTHORNE.

Then comes the "Why, sir!" and the "What then, sir?" and the "No, sir!"—MACAULAY.

For wide is heard the thundering fray, The rout, the ruin, the dismay. —SCOTT.

(c) Joined by as well as (in this case the verb agrees with the first of the two, no matter if the second is plural); thus,—

Asia, as well as Europe, was dazzled.—MACAULAY.

The oldest, as well as the newest, wine Begins to stir itself. —LONGFELLOW.

Her back, as well as sides, was like to crack.—BUTLER.

The Epic, as well as the Drama, is divided into tragedy and Comedy.—FIELDING

(d) When each of two or more singular subjects is preceded by every, each, no, many a, and such like adjectives.

Every fop, every boor, every valet, is a man of wit.—MACAULAY.

Every sound, every echo, was listened to for five hours.—DE QUINCEY

Every dome and hollow has the figure of Christ.—RUSKIN.

Each particular hue and tint stands by itself.—NEWMAN.

Every law and usage was a man's expedient.—EMERSON.

Here is no ruin, no discontinuity, no spent ball.—Id.

Every week, nay, almost every day, was set down in their calendar for some appropriate celebration.—PRESCOTT.

[Sidenote: Plural verb.]

441. The plural form of the verb is used—

(1) When the subject is plural in form and in meaning; as,—

These bits of wood were covered on every square.—SWIFT.

Far, far away thy children leave the land.—GOLDSMITH.

The Arabian poets were the historians and moralists.—GIBBON.

(2) When the subject is a collective noun in which the individuals of the collection are thought of; as,—

A multitude go mad about it.—EMERSON.

A great number of people were collected at a vendue.—FRANKLIN.

All our household are at rest.—COLERIDGE.

A party of workmen were removing the horses.—LEW WALLACE

The fraternity were inclined to claim for him the honors of canonization.—SCOTT.

The travelers, of whom there were a number.—B. TAYLOR.

(3) When the subject consists of several singulars connected by and, making up a plural subject, for example,—

Only Vice and Misery are abroad.—CARLYLE

But its authorship, its date, and its history are alike a mystery to us.—FROUDE.

His clothes, shirt, and skin were all of the same color—SWIFT.

Aristotle and Longinus are better understood by him than Littleton or Coke.—ADDISON.

[Sidenote: Conjunction omitted.]

The conjunction may be omitted, as in Sec. 440 (5, b), but the verb is plural, as with a subject of plural form.

A shady grove, a green pasture, a stream of fresh water, are sufficient to attract a colony.—GIBBON.

The Dauphin, the Duke of Berri, Philip of Anjou, were men of insignificant characters.—MACAULAY

(4) When a singular is joined with a plural by a disjunctive word, the verb agrees with the one nearest it; as,—

One or two of these perhaps survive.—THOREAU.

One or two persons in the crowd were insolent.—FROUDE.

One or two of the ladies were going to leave.—ADDISON

One or two of these old Cromwellian soldiers were still alive in the village.—THACKERAY

One or two of whom were more entertaining.—DE QUINCEY.

But notice the construction of this,—

A ray or two wanders into the darkness.—RUSKIN.

AGREEMENT OF VERB AND SUBJECT IN PERSON.

[Sidenote: General usage.]

442. If there is only one person in the subject, the ending of the verb indicates the person of its subject; that is, in those few cases where there are forms for different persons: as,—

Never once didst thou revel in the vision.—DE QUINCEY.

Romanism wisely provides for the childish in men.—LOWELL.

It hath been said my Lord would never take the oath.—THACKERAY.

[Sidenote: Second or third and first person in the subject.]

443. If the subject is made up of the first person joined with the second or third by and, the verb takes the construction of the first person, the subject being really equivalent to we; as,—

I flatter myself you and I shall meet again.—SMOLLETT.

You and I are farmers; we never talk politics.—D WEBSTER.

Ah, brother! only I and thou Are left of all that circle now. —WHITTIER.

You and I are tolerably modest people.—THACKERAY.

Cocke and I have felt it in our bones—Gammer Gurton's Needle

[Sidenote: With adversative or disjunctive connectives.]

444. When the subjects, of different persons, are connected by adversative or disjunctive conjunctions, the verb usually agrees with the pronoun nearest to it; for example,—

Neither you nor I should be a bit the better or wiser.—RUSKIN.

If she or you are resolved to be miserable.—GOLDSMITH.

Nothing which Mr. Pattison or I have said.—M. ARNOLD.

Not Altamont, but thou, hadst been my lord.—ROWE.

Not I, but thou, his blood dost shed.—BYRON.

This construction is at the best a little awkward. It is avoided either by using a verb which has no forms for person (as, "He or I can go," "She or you may be sure," etc.), or by rearranging the sentence so as to throw each subject before its proper person form (as, "You would not be wiser, nor should I;" or, "I have never said so, nor has she").

[Sidenote: Exceptional examples.]

445. The following illustrate exceptional usage, which it is proper to mention; but the student is cautioned to follow the regular usage rather than the unusual and irregular.

Exercise.

Change each of the following sentences to accord with standard usage, as illustrated above (Secs. 440-444):—

1. And sharp Adversity will teach at last Man,—and, as we would hope,—perhaps the devil, That neither of their intellects are vast. —BYRON.

2. Neither of them, in my opinion, give so accurate an idea of the man as a statuette in bronze.—TROLLOPE.

3. How each of these professions are crowded.—ADDISON.

4. Neither of their counselors were to be present.—Id.

5. Either of them are equally good to the person to whom they are significant.—EMERSON.

6. Neither the red nor the white are strong and glaring.—BURKE.

7. A lampoon or a satire do not carry in them robbery or murder.—ADDISON.

8. Neither of the sisters were very much deceived.—THACKERAY.

9. Nor wood, nor tree, nor bush are there, Her course to intercept.—SCOTT.

10. Both death and I am found eternal.—MILTON.

11. In ascending the Mississippi the party was often obliged to wade through morasses; at last they came upon the district of Little Prairie.—G. BANCROFT.

12. In a word, the whole nation seems to be running out of their wits.—SMOLLETT.

SEQUENCE OF TENSES (VERBS AND VERBALS).

[Sidenote: Lack of logical sequence in verbs.]

446. If one or more verbs depend on some leading verb, each should be in the tense that will convey the meaning intended by the writer.

In this sentence from Defoe, "I expected every wave would have swallowed us up," the verb expected looks forward to something in the future, while would have swallowed represents something completed in past time: hence the meaning intended was, "I expected every wave would swallow" etc.

[Sidenote: Also in verbals.]

In the following sentence, the infinitive also fails to express the exact thought:—

I had hoped never to have seen the statues again.—MACAULAY.

The trouble is the same as in the previous sentence; to have seen should be changed to to see, for exact connection. Of course, if the purpose were to represent a prior fact or completed action, the perfect infinitive would be the very thing.

It should be remarked, however, that such sentences as those just quoted are in keeping with the older idea of the unity of the sentence. The present rule is recent.

Exercise.

Explain whether the verbs and infinitives in the following sentences convey the right meaning; if not, change them to a better form:—

1. I gave one quarter to Ann, meaning, on my return, to have divided with her whatever might remain.—DE QUINCEY

2. I can't sketch "The Five Drapers," ... but can look and be thankful to have seen such a masterpiece.—THACKERAY.

3. He would have done more wisely to have left them to find their own apology than to have given reasons which seemed paradoxes.—R.W. CHURCH.

4. The propositions of William are stated to have contained a proposition for a compromise.—PALGRAVE

5. But I found I wanted a stock of words, which I thought I should have acquired before that time.—FRANKLIN

6. I could even have suffered them to have broken Everet Ducking's head.—IRVING.



INDIRECT DISCOURSE.

[Sidenote: Definitions.]

447. Direct discourse—that is, a direct quotation or a direct question—means the identical words the writer or speaker used; as,—

"I hope you have not killed him?" said Amyas.—KINGSLEY.

Indirect discourse means reported speech,—the thoughts of a writer or speaker put in the words of the one reporting them.

[Sidenote: Two samples of indirect discourse.]

448. Indirect discourse may be of two kinds:—

(1) Following the thoughts and also the exact words as far as consistent with the rules of logical sequence of verbs.

(2) Merely a concise representation of the original words, not attempting to follow the entire quotation.

The following examples of both are from De Quincey:—

[Sidenote: Indirect.]

1. Reyes remarked that it was not in his power to oblige the clerk as to that, but that he could oblige him by cutting his throat.

[Sidenote: Direct.]

His exact words were, "I cannot oblige you ..., but I can oblige you by cutting your throat."

[Sidenote: Indirect.]

Her prudence whispered eternally, that safety there was none for her until she had laid the Atlantic between herself and St. Sebastian's.

[Sidenote: Direct.]

She thought to herself, "Safety there is none for me until I have laid," etc.

[Sidenote: Summary of the expressions.]

2. Then he laid bare the unparalleled ingratitude of such a step. Oh, the unseen treasure that had been spent upon that girl! Oh, the untold sums of money that he had sunk in that unhappy speculation!

[Sidenote: Direct synopsis.]

The substance of his lamentation was, "Oh, unseen treasure has been spent upon that girl! Untold sums of money have I sunk," etc.



449. From these illustrations will be readily seen the grammatical changes made in transferring from direct to indirect discourse. Remember the following facts:—

(1) Usually the main, introductory verb is in the past tense.

(2) The indirect quotation is usually introduced by that, and the indirect question by whether or if, or regular interrogatives.

(3) Verbs in the present-tense form are changed to the past-tense form. This includes the auxiliaries be, have, will, etc. The past tense is sometimes changed to the past perfect.

(4) The pronouns of the first and second persons are all changed to the third person. Sometimes it is clearer to introduce the antecedent of the pronoun instead.

Other examples of indirect discourse have been given in Part I., under interrogative pronouns, interrogative adverbs, and the subjunctive mood of verbs.

Exercise.

Rewrite the following extract from Irving's "Sketch Book," and change it to a direct quotation:—

He assured the company that it was a fact, handed down from his ancestor the historian, that the Catskill Mountains had always been haunted by strange beings; that it was affirmed that the great Hendrick Hudson, the first discoverer of the river and country, kept a kind of vigil there every twenty years, with his crew of the Half-moon, being permitted in this way to revisit the scenes of his enterprise, and keep a guardian eye upon the river and the great city called by his name; that his father had once seen them in their old Dutch dresses playing at ninepins in a hollow of the mountain; and that he himself had heard, one summer afternoon, the sound of their balls, like distant peals of thunder.



VERBALS.

PARTICIPLES.

[Sidenote: Careless use of the participial phrase.]

450. The following sentences illustrate a misuse of the participial phrase:—

Pleased with the "Pilgrim's Progress," my first collection was of John Bunyan's works.—B. FRANKLIN.

My farm consisted of about twenty acres of excellent land, having given a hundred pounds for my predecessor's goodwill.—GOLDSMITH.

Upon asking how he had been taught the art of a cognoscente so suddenly, he assured me that nothing was more easy.—Id.

Having thus run through the causes of the sublime, my first observation will be found nearly true.—BURKE

He therefore remained silent till he had repeated a paternoster, being the course which his confessor had enjoined.—SCOTT

Compare with these the following:—

[Sidenote: A correct example.]

Going yesterday to dine with an old acquaintance, I had the misfortune to find his whole family very much dejected.—ADDISON.

[Sidenote: Notice this.]

The trouble is, in the sentences first quoted, that the main subject of the sentence is not the same word that would be the subject of the participle, if this were expanded into a verb.

[Sidenote: Correction.]

Consequently one of two courses must be taken,—either change the participle to a verb with its appropriate subject, leaving the principal statement as it is; or change the principal proposition so it shall make logical connection with the participial phrase.

For example, the first sentence would be, either "As I was pleased, ... my first collection was," etc., or "Pleased with the 'Pilgrim's Progress,' I made my first collection John Bunyan's works."

Exercise.—Rewrite the other four sentences so as to correct the careless use of the participial phrase.



INFINITIVES.

[Sidenote: Adverb between to and the infinitive.]

451. There is a construction which is becoming more and more common among good writers,—the placing an adverb between to of the infinitive and the infinitive itself. The practice is condemned by many grammarians, while defended or excused by others. Standard writers often use it, and often, purposely or not, avoid it.

The following two examples show the adverb before the infinitive:—

[Sidenote: The more common usage.]

He handled it with such nicety of address as sufficiently to show that he fully understood the business.—SCOTT.

It is a solemn, universal assertion, deeply to be kept in mind by all sects.—RUSKIN.

This is the more common arrangement; yet frequently the desire seems to be to get the adverb snugly against the infinitive, to modify it as closely and clearly as possible.

Exercise.

In the following citations, see if the adverbs can be placed before or after the infinitive and still modify it as clearly as they now do:—

1. There are, then, many things to be carefully considered, if a strike is to succeed.—LAUGHLIN.

2. That the mind may not have to go backwards and forwards in order to rightly connect them.—HERBERT SPENCER.

3. It may be easier to bear along all the qualifications of an idea ... than to first imperfectly conceive such idea.—id.

4. In works of art, this kind of grandeur, which consists in multitude, is to be very cautiously admitted.—BURKE.

5. That virtue which requires to be ever guarded is scarcely worth the sentinel.—GOLDSMITH.

6. Burke said that such "little arts and devices" were not to be wholly condemned.—The Nation, No. 1533.

7. I wish the reader to clearly understand.—RUSKIN.

8. Transactions which seem to be most widely separated from one another.—DR. BLAIR.

9. Would earnestly advise them for their good to order this paper to be punctually served up.—ADDISON.

10. A little sketch of his, in which a cannon ball is supposed to have just carried off the head of an aide-de-camp.—TROLLOPE.

11. The ladies seem to have been expressly created to form helps meet for such gentlemen.—MACAULAY.

12. Sufficient to disgust a people whose manners were beginning to be strongly tinctured with austerity.—Id.

13. The spirits, therefore, of those opposed to them seemed to be considerably damped by their continued success.—SCOTT.



ADVERBS.

[Sidenote: Position of only, even, etc.]

A very careful writer will so place the modifiers of a verb that the reader will not mistake the meaning.

The rigid rule in such a case would be, to put the modifier in such a position that the reader not only can understand the meaning intended, but cannot misunderstand the thought. Now, when such adverbs as only, even, etc., are used, they are usually placed in a strictly correct position, if they modify single words; but they are often removed from the exact position, if they modify phrases or clauses: for example, from Irving, "The site is only to be traced by fragments of bricks, china, and earthenware." Here only modifies the phrase by fragments of bricks, etc., but it is placed before the infinitive. This misplacement of the adverb can be detected only by analysis of the sentence.

Exercise.

Tell what the adverb modifies in each quotation, and see if it is placed in the proper position:—

1. Only the name of one obscure epigrammatist has been embalmed for us in the verses of his rival.—PALGRAVE.

2. Do you remember pea shooters? I think we only had them on going home for holidays.—THACKERAY.

3. Irving could only live very modestly. He could only afford to keep one old horse.—Id.

4. The arrangement of this machinery could only be accounted for by supposing the motive power to have been steam.—WENDELL PHILLIPS.

5. Such disputes can only be settled by arms.—Id.

6. I have only noted one or two topics which I thought most likely to interest an American reader.—N.P. WILLIS.

7. The silence of the first night at the farmhouse,—stillness broken only by two whippoorwills.—HIGGINSON.

8. My master, to avoid a crowd, would suffer only thirty people at a time to see me.—SWIFT.

9. In relating these and the following laws, I would only be understood to mean the original institutions.—Id.

10. The perfect loveliness of a woman's countenance can only consist in that majestic peace which is founded in the memory of happy and useful years.—RUSKIN.

11. In one of those celestial days it seems a poverty that we can only spend it once.—EMERSON.

12. My lord was only anxious as long as his wife's anxious face or behavior seemed to upbraid him.—THACKERAY.

13. He shouted in those clear, piercing tones that could be even heard among the roaring of the cannon.—COOPER.

14. His suspicions were not even excited by the ominous face of Gerard.—MOTLEY.

15. During the whole course of his administration, he scarcely befriended a single man of genius.—MACAULAY.

16. I never remember to have felt an event more deeply than his death.—SYDNEY SMITH.

17. His last journey to Cannes, whence he was never destined to return.—MRS. GROTE.



USE OF DOUBLE NEGATIVES.

[Sidenote: The old usage.]

453. In Old and Middle English, two negatives strengthened a negative idea; for example,—

He nevere yet no vileineye ne sayde, In al his lyf unto no maner wight.—CHAUCER.

No sonne, were he never so old of yeares, might not marry. —ASCHAM.

The first of these is equivalent to "He didn't never say no villainy in all his life to no manner of man,"—four negatives.

This idiom was common in the older stages of the language, and is still kept in vulgar English; as,—

I tell you she ain' been nowhar ef she don' know we all. —PAGE, in Ole Virginia.

There weren't no pies to equal hers.—MRS. STOWE.

[Sidenote: Exceptional use.]

There are sometimes found two negatives in modern English with a negative effect, when one of the negatives is a connective. This, however, is not common.

I never did see him again, nor never shall.—DE QUINCEY.

However, I did not act so hastily, neither.—DEFOE.

The prosperity of no empire, nor the grandeur of no king, can so agreeably affect, etc.—BURKE.

[Sidenote: Regular law of negative in modern English.]

But, under the influence of Latin syntax, the usual way of regarding the question now is, that two negatives are equivalent to an affirmative, denying each other.

Therefore, if two negatives are found together, it is a sign of ignorance or carelessness, or else a purpose to make an affirmative effect. In the latter case, one of the negatives is often a prefix; as infrequent, uncommon.

Exercise.

Tell whether the two or more negatives are properly used in each of the following sentences, and why:—

1. The red men were not so infrequent visitors of the English settlements.—HAWTHORNE.

2. "Huldy was so up to everything about the house, that the doctor didn't miss nothin' in a temporal way."—MRS. STOWE.

3. Her younger sister was a wide-awake girl, who hadn't been to school for nothing.—HOLMES.

4. You will find no battle which does not exhibit the most cautious circumspection.—BAYNE.

5. Not only could man not acquire such information, but ought not to labor after it.—GROTE.

6. There is no thoughtful man in America who would not consider a war with England the greatest of calamities.—LOWELL.

7. In the execution of this task, there is no man who would not find it an arduous effort.—HAMILTON.

8. "A weapon," said the King, "well worthy to confer honor, nor has it been laid on an undeserving shoulder."—SCOTT.



CONJUNCTIONS.

[Sidenote: And who, and which.]

454. The sentences given in Secs. 419 and 420 on the connecting of pronouns with different expressions may again be referred to here, as the use of the conjunction, as well as of the pronoun, should be scrutinized.

[Sidenote: Choice and proper position of correlatives.]

455. The most frequent mistakes in using conjunctions are in handling correlatives, especially both ... and, neither ... nor, either ... or, not only ... but, not merely ... but (also).

The following examples illustrate the correct use of correlatives as to both choice of words and position:—

Whether at war or at peace, there we were, a standing menace to all earthly paradises of that kind.—LOWELL.

These idols of wood can neither hear nor feel.—PRESCOTT.

Both the common soldiery and their leaders and commanders lowered on each other as if their union had not been more essential than ever, not only to the success of their common cause, but to their own safety.—SCOTT.

[Sidenote: Things to be watched.]

In these examples it will be noticed that nor, not or is the proper correlative of neither; and that all correlatives in a sentence ought to have corresponding positions: that is, if the last precedes a verb, the first ought to be placed before a verb; if the second precedes a phrase, the first should also. This is necessary to make the sentence clear and symmetrical.

[Sidenote: Correction.]

In the sentence, "I am neither in spirits to enjoy it, or to reply to it," both of the above requirements are violated. The word neither in such a case had better be changed to not ... either,—"I am not in spirits either to enjoy it, or to reply to it."

Besides neither ... or, even neither ... nor is often changed to not—either ... or with advantage, as the negation is sometimes too far from the verb to which it belongs.

A noun may be preceded by one of the correlatives, and an equivalent pronoun by the other. The sentence, "This loose and inaccurate manner of speaking has misled us both in the theory of taste and of morals," may be changed to "This loose ... misled us both in the theory of taste and in that of morals."

Exercise.

Correct the following sentences:—

1. An ordinary man would neither have incurred the danger of succoring Essex, nor the disgrace of assailing him.—MACAULAY.

2. Those ogres will stab about and kill not only strangers, but they will outrage, murder, and chop up their own kin.—THACKERAY.

3. In the course of his reading (which was neither pursued with that seriousness or that devout mind which such a study requires) the youth found himself, etc.—Id.

4. I could neither bear walking nor riding in a carriage over its pebbled streets.—FRANKLIN.

5. Some exceptions, that can neither be dissembled nor eluded, render this mode of reasoning as indiscreet as it is superfluous.—GIBBON.

6. They will, too, not merely interest children, but grown-up persons.—Westminster Review.

7. I had even the satisfaction to see her lavish some kind looks upon my unfortunate son, which the other could neither extort by his fortune nor assiduity.—GOLDSMITH.

8. This was done probably to show that he was neither ashamed of his name or family.—ADDISON.

[Sidenote: Try and for try to.]

456. Occasionally there is found the expression try and instead of the better authorized try to; as,—

We will try and avoid personalities altogether.—THACKERAY.

Did any of you ever try and read "Blackmore's Poems"?—Id.

Try and avoid the pronoun.—BAIN.

We will try and get a clearer notion of them.—RUSKIN.

[Sidenote: But what.]

457. Instead of the subordinate conjunction that, but, or but that, or the negative relative but, we sometimes find the bulky and needless but what. Now, it is possible to use but what when what is a relative pronoun, as, "He never had any money but what he absolutely needed;" but in the following sentences what usurps the place of a conjunction.

Exercise.

In the following sentences, substitute that, but, or but that for the words but what:—

1. The doctor used to say 'twas her young heart, and I don't know but what he was right.—S.O. JEWETT.

2. At the first stroke of the pickax it is ten to one but what you are taken up for a trespass.—BULWER.

3. There are few persons of distinction but what can hold conversation in both languages.—SWIFT.

4. Who knows but what there might be English among those sun-browned half-naked masses of panting wretches?—KINGSLEY.

5. No little wound of the kind ever came to him but what he disclosed it at once.—TROLLOPE.

6. They are not so distant from the camp of Saladin but what they might be in a moment surprised.—SCOTT.



PREPOSITIONS.

458. As to the placing of a preposition after its object in certain cases, see Sec. 305.

[Sidenote: Between and among.]

459. In the primary meaning of between and among there is a sharp distinction, as already seen in Sec. 313; but in Modern English the difference is not so marked.

Between is used most often with two things only, but still it is frequently used in speaking of several objects, some relation or connection between two at a time being implied.

Among is used in the same way as amid (though not with exactly the same meaning), several objects being spoken of in the aggregate, no separation or division by twos being implied.

Examples of the distinctive use of the two words:—

[Sidenote: Two things.]

The contentions that arise between the parson and the squire.—ADDISON.

We reckoned the improvements of the art of war among the triumphs of science.—EMERSON.

Examples of the looser use of between:—

[Sidenote: A number of things.]

Natural objects affect us by the laws of that connection which Providence has established between certain motions of bodies.—BURKE.

Hence the differences between men in natural endowment are insignificant in comparison with their common wealth.—EMERSON.

They maintain a good correspondence between those wealthy societies of men that are divided from one another by seas and oceans.—ADDISON.

Looking up at its deep-pointed porches and the dark places between their pillars where there were statues once.—RUSKIN

What have I, a soldier of the Cross, to do with recollections of war betwixt Christian nations?—SCOTT.

[Sidenote: Two groups or one and a group.]

Also between may express relation or connection in speaking of two groups of objects, or one object and a group; as,—

A council of war is going on beside the watch fire, between the three adventurers and the faithful Yeo.—KINGSLEY.

The great distinction between teachers sacred or literary,—between poets like Herbert and poets like Pope,—between philosophers like Spinoza, Kant, and Coleridge, and philosophers like Locke, Paley, Mackintosh, and Stewart, etc. —EMERSON.

460. Certain words are followed by particular prepositions.

Some of these words show by their composition what preposition should follow. Such are absolve, involve, different.

Some of them have, by custom, come to take prepositions not in keeping with the original meaning of the words. Such are derogatory, averse.

Many words take one preposition to express one meaning, and another to convey a different meaning; as, correspond, confer.

And yet others may take several prepositions indifferently to express the same meaning.

[Sidenote: List I.: Words with particular prepositions.]

461. LIST I.

Absolve from. Conversant with. Abhorrent to. Dependent on (upon). Accord with. Different from. Acquit of. Dissent from. Affinity between. Derogatory to. Averse to. Deprive of. Bestow on (upon). Independent of. Conform to. Involve in. Comply with.

"Different to" is frequently heard in spoken English in England, and sometimes creeps into standard books, but it is not good usage.

[Sidenote: List II.: Words taking different prepositions for different meanings.]

462. LIST II.

Agree with (a person). Differ from (note below). Agree to (a proposal). Differ with (note below). Change for (a thing). Disappointed in (a thing Change with (a person). obtained). Change to (become). Disappointed of (a thing not Confer with (talk with). obtained). Confer on (upon) (give to). Reconcile to (note below). Confide in (trust in). Reconcile with (note below). Confide to (intrust to). A taste of (food). Correspond with (write to). A taste for (art, etc.). Correspond to (a thing).

"Correspond with" is sometimes used of things, as meaning to be in keeping with.

"Differ from" is used in speaking of unlikeness between things or persons; "differ from" and "differ with" are both used in speaking of persons disagreeing as to opinions.

"Reconcile to" is used with the meaning of resigned to, as, "The exile became reconciled to his fate;" also of persons, in the sense of making friends with, as, "The king is reconciled to his minister." "Reconcile with" is used with the meaning of make to agree with, as, "The statement must be reconciled with his previous conduct."

[Sidenote: List III.: Words taking anyone of several prepositions for the same meaning.]

463. LIST III.

Die by, die for, die from, die of, die with. Expect of, expect from. Part from, part with.

Illustrations of "die of," "die from," etc.:—

[Sidenote: "Die of."]

The author died of a fit of apoplexy.—BOSWELL.

People do not die of trifling little colds.—AUSTEN

Fifteen officers died of fever in a day.—MACAULAY.

It would take me long to die of hunger.—G. ELIOT.

She died of hard work, privation, and ill treatment.—BURNETT.

[Sidenote: "Die from."]

She saw her husband at last literally die from hunger.—BULWER.

He died at last without disease, simply from old age. —Athenaeum.

No one died from want at Longfeld.—Chambers' Journal.

[Sidenote: "Die with."]

She would have been ready to die with shame.—G. ELIOT.

I am positively dying with hunger.—SCOTT.

I thought the two Miss Flamboroughs would have died with laughing.—GOLDSMITH.

I wish that the happiest here may not die with envy.—POPE.

[Sidenote: "Die for." (in behalf of).]

Take thought and die for Caesar.—SHAKESPEARE.

One of them said he would die for her.—GOLDSMITH.

It is a man of quality who dies for her.—ADDISON.

[Sidenote: "Die for." (because of).]

Who, as Cervantes informs us, died for love of the fair Marcella.—FIELDING.

Some officers had died for want of a morsel of bread.—MACAULAY.

[Sidenote: "Die by." (material cause, instrument).]

If I meet with any of 'em, they shall die by this hand. —THACKERAY.

He must purge himself to the satisfaction of a vigilant tribunal or die by fire.—MACAULAY.

He died by suicide before he completed his eighteenth year.—SHAW.

464. Illustrations of "expect of," "expect from:"—

[Sidenote: "Expect of."]

What do I expect of Dublin?—Punch.

That is more than I expected of you.—SCOTT.

Of Doctor P. nothing better was to be expected.—POE.

Not knowing what might be expected of men in general.—G. ELIOT.

[Sidenote: "Expect from."]

She will expect more attention from you, as my friend.—WALPOLE.



There was a certain grace and decorum hardly to be expected from a man.—MACAULAY.

I have long expected something remarkable from you.—G. ELIOT.

465. "Part with" is used with both persons and things, but "part from" is less often found in speaking of things.

Illustrations of "part with," "part from:"—

[Sidenote: "Part with."]

He was fond of everybody that he was used to, and hated to part with them.—AUSTEN.

Cleveland was sorry to part with him.—BULWER.

I can part with my children for their good.—DICKENS.

I part with all that grew so near my heart.—WALLER.

[Sidenote: "Part from."]

To part from you would be misery.—MARRYAT.

I have just seen her, just parted from her.—BULWER.

Burke parted from him with deep emotion.—MACAULAY.

His precious bag, which he would by no means part from.—G. ELIOT.

[Sidenote: Kind in you, kind of you.]

466. With words implying behavior or disposition, either of or in is used indifferently, as shown in the following quotations:—

[Sidenote: Of.]

It was a little bad of you.—TROLLOPE.

How cruel of me!—COLLINS.

He did not think it handsome of you.—BULWER.

But this is idle of you.—TENNYSON.

[Sidenote: In.]

Very natural in Mr. Hampden.—CARLYLE.

It will be anything but shrewd in you.—DICKENS.

That is very unreasonable in a person so young.—BEACONSFIELD.

I am wasting your whole morning—too bad in me.—BULWER.

Miscellaneous Examples for Correction.

1. Can you imagine Indians or a semi-civilized people engaged on a work like the canal connecting the Mediterranean and the Red seas?

2. In the friction between an employer and workman, it is commonly said that his profits are high.

3. None of them are in any wise willing to give his life for the life of his chief.

4. That which can be done with perfect convenience and without loss, is not always the thing that most needs to be done, or which we are most imperatively required to do.

5. Art is neither to be achieved by effort of thinking, nor explained by accuracy of speaking.

6. To such as thee the fathers owe their fame.

7. We tread upon the ancient granite that first divided the waters into a northern and southern ocean.

8. Thou tread'st, with seraphims, the vast abyss.

9. Eustace had slipped off his long cloak, thrown it over Amyas's head, and ran up the alley.

10. This narrative, tedious perhaps, but which the story renders necessary, may serve to explain the state of intelligence betwixt the lovers.

11. To the shame and eternal infamy of whomsoever shall turn back from the plow on which he hath laid his hand!

12. The noise of vast cataracts, raging storms, thunder, or artillery, awake a great and awful sensation in the mind.

13. The materials and ornaments ought neither to be white, nor green, nor yellow, nor blue, nor of a pale red.

14. This does not prove that an idea of use and beauty are the same thing, or that they are any way dependent on each other.

15. And were I anything but what I am, I would wish me only he.

16. But every man may know, and most of us do know, what is a just and unjust act.

17. You have seen Cassio and she together.

18. We shall shortly see which is the fittest object of scorn, you or me.

19. Richard glared round him with an eye that seemed to seek an enemy, and from which the angry nobles shrunk appalled.

20. It comes to whomsoever will put off what is foreign and proud.

21. The difference between the just and unjust procedure does not lie in the number of men hired, but in the price paid to them.

22. The effect of proportion and fitness, so far at least as they proceed from a mere consideration of the work itself, produce approbation, the acquiescence of the understanding.

23. When the glass or liquor are transparent, the light is sometimes softened in the passage.

24. For there nor yew nor cypress spread their gloom.

25. Every one of these letters are in my name.

26. Neither of them are remarkable for precision.

27. Squares, triangles, and other angular figures, are neither beautiful to the sight nor feeling.

28. There is not one in a thousand of these human souls that cares to think where this estate is, or how beautiful it is, or what kind of life they are to lead in it.

29. Dryden and Rowe's manner are quite out of fashion.

30. We were only permitted to stop for refreshment once.

31. The sight of the manner in which the meals were served were enough to turn our stomach.

32. The moody and savage state of mind of the sullen and ambitious man are admirably drawn.

33. Surely none of our readers are so unfortunate as not to know some man or woman who carry this atmosphere of peace and good-will about with them. (Sec. 411.)

34. Friday, whom he thinks would be better than a dog, and almost as good as a pony.

35. That night every man of the boat's crew, save Amyas, were down with raging fever.

36. These kind of books fill up the long tapestry of history with little bits of detail which give human interest to it.

37. I never remember the heather so rich and abundant.

38. These are scattered along the coast for several hundred miles, in conditions of life that seem forbidding enough, but which are accepted without complaint by the inhabitants themselves.

39. Between each was an interval where lay a musket.

40. He had four children, and it was confidently expected that they would receive a fortune of at least $200,000 between them.

FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 1: More for convenience than for absolute accuracy, the stages of our language have been roughly divided into three:—

(1) Old English (with Anglo-Saxon) down to the twelfth century.

(2) Middle English, from about the twelfth century to the sixteenth century.

(3) Modern English, from about 1500 to the present time.]



INDEX.

THE NUMBERS REFER TO PAGES.

A, origin of, 119. syntax of, 310. uses of, 124.

Absolute, nominative, 47.

Abstract nouns, 20. with article, 25, 124.

Active voice, 133.

Address, nominative of, 47.

Adjective clauses, 260.

Adjective pronouns, demonstrative, 90. distinguished from adjectives, 89. distributive, 91. numeral, 92.

Adjectives, adverbs used as, 116. as complements, 239. comparison of, 107. definition of, 98. demonstrative, 102. from nouns, used as nouns, 27. function of, 97. how to parse, 115, 116. in predicate, 239. not compared, 109. of quality, 99. of quantity, 101. ordinal, 103. plural of, 106. pronominal, 104. syntax of, 303.

Adverbial clauses, 262.

Adverbial objective, 48, 242.

Adverbs, between to and infinitive, 323. classes of, 185, 187. definition of, 184. distinguished from adjectives, 190. how to parse, 191. position of, in sentence, 325. same form as adjectives, 190. syntax of, 325. used as adjectives, 116. used as nouns, 27. what they modify, 183.

Adversative conjunction, 194.

After, uses of, 114, 195, 207.

Against, uses of, 207.

Agreement, kinds of, 275. of adjective with noun, 303. of personal pronoun with antecedent, 287. of relative pronoun with antecedent, 291. of verb with subject, 148, 316.

All, syntax of, 302.

Alms, 42.

Alternative conjunctions, 194, 328.

Among, between, 207, 331.

An. See A.

Anacoluthon with which, 295.

Analysis, definition of, 231. of complex sentences, 264. of compound sentences, 271. of simple sentences, 252.

And who, and which, 296.

Antecedent, agreement of pronoun and. See Agreement. definition of, 74. of it, 67. of personal pronouns, 74, 287. of which, 79.

Any, as adjective, 101. as pronoun, 90. syntax of, 300.

Apostrophe in possessive, 51.

Apposition, words in, 47, 49, 67, 240.

Are, derivation of, 150.

Arrangement in syntax, 275.

Articles, definite, 120. definition of, 120. how to parse, 127. indefinite, 124. syntax of, 309.

As, after same, 294. uses of, 84, 225.

As if, as though, 198.

At, uses of, 208.

Auxiliary verbs, 148.

Bad, comparison of, 110.

Be, conjugation of, 149. uses of, 150.

Better, best, 110, 111.

Between. See Among.

Brethren, 39.

Bridegroom, 37.

But, uses of, 84, 224. with nominative of pronoun, 283.

But what, 330.

By, uses of, 210.

Can, could, 161.

Case, definition of, 46.

Case, double possessive, of nouns, 54. of pronouns, 64. forms, number of, in Old and Modern English, 46. nominative, of nouns, 47. of pronouns, 62, 279. objective, of nouns, 48. of pronouns, 66, 279. possessive, of nouns, 49, 278. of pronouns, 63. syntax of, 278.

Cause, clauses of, 262. conjunctions of, 194, 195.

Cherub, plurals of, 45.

Children, 39.

Clause, adjective, 260. adverb, 262. definition of, 257. kinds of, 257. noun, 258.

Cleave, forms of, 158.

Clomb, 157.

Cloths, clothes, 43.

Collective nouns, 18. syntax of, and verb, 312, 315.

Colloquial English, 12.

Common nouns, 18. derived from material, 24. derived from proper, 23.

Comparative and superlative, double, 113, 307. syntax of, 307.

Comparison, defective, 111. definition of, 108. degrees of, 108. irregular, 110. of adjectives, 107. of adverbs, 189. syntax of, 305.

Complement of predicate, 239.

Complementary infinitive, 248.

Complex sentence, analysis of, 264. definition of, 257.

Compound nouns, plural of, 43. possessive of, 53.

Compound predicate and subject, 244.

Compound sentence, 268. analysis of, 271.

Concessive clause, in analysis, 263. with subjunctive, 143.

Concord. See Agreement.

Conditional clause, in analysis, 263. with subjunctive, 138.

Conditional conjunctions, 196.

Conditional sentences, 139.

Conjugation, definition of, 149. of be, 149. of other verbs, 151.

Conjunctions, and other parts of speech, same words, 195, 207. cooerdinate, 194. correlative, 194. definition of, 193. how to parse, 199. subordinate, 195. syntax of, 328.

Conjunctive adverbs, 188.

Conjunctive pronoun. See Relative pronoun.

Contracted sentences, analysis of, 255.

Cooerdinate clauses, 269.

Cooerdinate conjunctions. See Conjunctions.

Cooerdinating vs. restrictive use of relative pronouns, 289.

Copulative conjunction, 194.

Could. See Can.

Dative case, in Old English, replaced by objective, 66.

Declarative sentence, 231.

Declension of interrogative pronouns, 73.

Declension, of nouns, 51. of personal pronouns, 60. of relative pronouns, 80.

Defective verbs, 160.

Definite article. See Articles.

Definite tenses, 148, 152.

Degree, adverbs of, 185.

Degrees. See Comparison.

Demonstrative adjectives, 102. syntax of, 303.

Demonstrative pronouns, 90.

Dependent clause. See Subordinate clause.

Descriptive adjectives, 99.

Descriptive use of nouns, 26.

Dice, dies, 43.

Die by, for, from, of, with, 333.

Direct discourse, 320.

Direct object, vs. indirect, 48, 242. retained with passive verb, 242.

Distributive adjectives, 102. syntax of, 287, 315.

Distributive pronouns, 91. syntax of, 288, 300.

Double comparative. See Comparative.

Double possessive. See Case.

Drake, duck, 35.

Drank, drunk, 158.

Each, adjective, 102. pronoun, 90, 92. syntax of, 287.

Each other, one another, 92, 299.

Eat (et), 158.

Eaves, 42.

Either, as adjective, 102. syntax of, 287. as conjunction, 194. syntax of, 328. as pronoun, 90, 92. syntax of, 300.

Elder, older, 110, 112.

Elements of the sentence, 234, 257.

Ellipsis, a source of error in pronouns, 280. in complex sentence, 255.

'Em, origin of, 62.

Empress, 34.

-En, added to plural, 39. feminine suffix, 32. plural suffix, original, 38.

English, literary, spoken, vulgar, 12. periods of, 33.

Enlargement of predicate, 241. of subject, object, complement, 240.

-Es original of possessive ending, 51. plural suffix, 40.

-Ess, feminine suffix, 33.

Every, adjective, 102. syntax of, 287.

Expect of, expect from, 334.

Expected to have gone, etc., 319.

Factitive object, 48, 235.

Farther, further, 110, 112, 189.

Feminine, 30.

Few, a few, 126.

First, 103, 112.

First two, two first, etc., 308.

Fish, fishes, 43.

For, redundant, with infinitive, used as a noun, 212, 238. uses of, 211.

Foreign plurals, 45.

Former, the, adjective, 102. pronoun, 91.

From, uses of, 212.

Further. See Farther.

Future tense, 147, 152.

Future perfect, 148, 152.

Gander, goose, 36.

Gender, "common gender," 31. definition of, 30. distinguished from sex, 30. in English, as compared with other languages, 29. modes of marking, in nouns, 32. of personal pronouns, 60. of relative pronouns, 80.

Genii, geniuses, 43.

Gerund, distinguished from participle and verbal noun, 177. forms of, 176. in syntax, possessive case with, 285.

Girl, 35.

Got, 159.

Government, definition of, kinds of, 275.

Grammar, basis of, 12. definition of, 12. divisions of, 13. opinions on, 9. province of, 10.

H, an before, 120.

Had better, had rather, 175.

Hanged, hung, 159.

He, she, it, 61.

His for its, 61.

Husband, 36.

I, personal pronoun, 60.

Imperative mood, 144. of first person, 145.

Imperative sentence, 231.

Imperfect participle, 173.

Indefinite adjective, 101.

Indefinite article. See Articles.

Indefinite pronoun, 93.

Indefinite use of you, your, 67.

Independent clause, 257.

Independent elements, 245.

Indexes, indices, 43.

Indicative mood, uses of, 136.

Indirect discourse, 320.

Indirect object. See Direct object.

Indirect questions. See Questions.

Infinitive, active, with passive meaning, 176. not a mood, 153. syntax of, 319, 323. uses of, 248.

-Ing words, summary of, 178.

Interjections, 227.

Interrogative adjectives, 105.

Interrogative adverbs, 188.

Interrogative pronouns, 72. declension of, 73. in indirect questions, 85. syntax of, 283.

Interrogative sentence, 231, 233.

Intransitive verbs, 131. made transitive, 131.

Irregularities in syntax, 276.

Irregularly compared adjectives, 110. adverbs, 189.

It, uses of, 67.

"It was me," etc., 63, 281.

Its, history of, 61.

Kind, these kind, etc., 303.

Kine, double plural, 39.

King, queen, 36.

Lady, lord, 36.

Last, latest, 110, 113.

Latter, the, adjective, 102, 113. pronoun, 91.

Lay, lie, 170.

Less, lesser, 110.

Lie. See Lay.

Like, syntax of, 227. uses of, 226.

Literary English, 12.

Little, a little, 126.

Logic vs. form, in syntax, 276.

Logical subject and predicate, 245.

Lord. See Lady.

-Ly, words in, 190.

Madam, 36.

Manner, adverbs of, 185, 188. conjunctions of, 195.

Many, comparison of, 110, 112.

Many a, 126.

Mapping out sentences, 256, 265.

Mare, 36.

Master, mistress, 34.

May, might, 160.

Means, construction of, 41.

Mighty as adverb, 187.

Mine, of mine, 64.

Modifier, adverb, position of, 325.

Modifiers. See Enlargement.

Mood, definition of, 135. imperative, 144. indicative, 136, 137. subjunctive, 137-144.

-Most, in superlatives, 113, 114, 189.

Much, comparison of, 110, 112, 189.

Must, 161.

Near, nearer, nigh, etc., 110, 112.

Negative, double, 326.

Neither, adjective, 102. syntax of, 287. conjunction, 194. syntax of, 328. pronoun, 90, 92. syntax of, 300.

Neuter nouns, definition of, 30. or gender nouns, according to use, 30. two kinds of, 32.

News, 41.

No in analysis, 246.

Nominative. See Case.

None, syntax of, 301.

Nor, 194, 328.

Not a, etc. 126.

Noun clause, 258.

Nouns, 17. abstract, 20. become half abstract, 25, 124. become proper, 25. formation of, 21. case of, 46. collective, 19. common, 18. definition of, 17. descriptive, 26. gender of, 29. how to parse, 56. kinds of, 17 material, 19. become class nouns, 24, 125. neuter, used as gender nouns, 30. number in, 38. once singular, now plural, 42. other words used as, 27. plural, how formed, 38-41. of abstract, 41 of compound, etc. 43. of foreign, 45. of letters and figures, 46. of material, 41. of proper, 41. same as singular, 39. two forms of, 42 with titles, 44. proper, 18. become common, 23. syntax of, 278. use of possessive form of, 278, 285. with definite article, 121. with different meaning in plural, 42. with indefinite article, 124.

Nouns, with no singular, 42. with one plural, two meanings, 43. with plural form, singular meaning, 41. with singular or plural construction, plural form, 41.

Now as conjunction, 195, 196.

Number, definition of, etc., in nouns. See Nouns. in adjectives, 106. in pronouns, personal, 60. in verbs, 148.

Numeral adjectives, definite, 101. distributive, 102. indefinite, 101.

Numeral pronouns, 92.

Object, adverbial, 48. definition of, 48. direct and indirect, 48. in analysis, 235. of preposition. See Preposition. modifiers of, 240. retained with passive verb, 242.

Objective case, adverbial, dative, 48, 242. in spoken English, 281. instead of nominative, 279. nominative instead of, 282. of nouns, 48. of pronouns, 66. syntax of, 279.

Of, uses of, 213.

Older. See Elder.

Omission of relative pronoun, 87, 293.

On, upon, uses of, 216.

One, definite numeral adjective, 101. indefinite pronoun, 94. possessive of, 93

One another. See Each other.

One (the), the other, as adjective, 103. as pronoun, 91.

Only, as conjunction, 194. position of, as adverb, 325

Order, a part of syntax, 275. inverted, in analysis, 233, 237.

Ordinal adjectives, treatment of, 103.

Other with comparatives, 306.

Ought, 161.

Our, ours, 64.

Ourself, 69.

Oxen, 38.

Pains, 41.

Parsing, models for, 56, 117. of adjectives, 115, 116. of adverbs, 191. of articles, 127. of conjunctions, 199. of nouns, 56. of prepositions, 219. of pronouns, 95. of relatives, 80. of verb phrases, 180. of verbals, 181. of verbs, 179. some idioms not parsed, 56. what it is, 56.

Part from, part with, 335.

Participial adjective, 100.

Participial phrase, 247.

Participle, definition of, 172. distinguished from other -ing words, 177. forms of, 174. kinds of, 173. syntax of, 322. uses of, 150, 172.

Parts of speech, article included in, 119. words used as various, 27, 28.

Passive voice, 134.

Peas, pease, 43.

Pence, pennies, 43.

Person, agreement of verb and subject in, 317. of nouns, 59. of pronouns, 59. of verbs, 148.

Personal pronoun, absolute use of, 63. agreement of, with antecedent, 287. as predicate nominative, 281. case of, 62. compound, or reflexive, 69. uses of, 70. definition of, 59. double possessive of, 64. 'em and them, 62. history of, 61. objective of, for nominative in spoken English, 63, 281. syntax of, 281. table of, 60. triple possessive of, 64. uses of it, 67.

Personification, of abstract nouns, 25. of other nouns, 37.

Phrase, definition of, 236. kinds of, 236. infinitive, 248. participial, 247. prepositional, 247.

Place, adverbs of, 185, 188. conjunctions of, 195. prepositions of, 206.

Plural, of adjectives, 106. syntax of, 303. of nouns. See Nouns. of pronouns, 60, 61.

Politics, singular or plural, 41.

Positive degree. See Comparison.

Possessive, appositional, of nouns, 49. as antecedent of relative, 285. double, of nouns, 54. double, of pronouns. See Personal pronoun. objective and subjective, 50. of compound nouns, 53. of indefinite pronoun, 303. omission of s in singular, 52. origin of 's, 51. syntax of, 278. with modified noun omitted, 53. with two objects, 278.

Predicate, complement of, 235. complete, 245. definition of, 232. logical vs. simple, 245. modifiers of, 241.

Prefixes, gender shown by, 32.

Prepositions, certain, with certain words, 332. classification of, 206. definition of, 203. followed by possessive case, 54, 64. by nominative case, 283. how to parse, 219. objects of, 203. position of, 202. relations expressed by certain, 208. same words as other parts of speech, 187, 195, 207. syntax of, 331. uses of, 129, 132, 205. various, with same meaning, 333.

Present tense used as future, 147.

Pretty as adverb, 186.

Pronominal adjectives, interrogative, 105. relative, 104. what, exclamatory, 105.

Pronouns, 58. adjective, 89. all, singular and plural, 302. any, usually plural, 300. each other, one another, 299. either, neither, with verbs, 300. none, usually plural, 301. somebody else's, 303. definition of, 58. how to parse, 95. indefinite, 93. interrogative, 72. who as objective, 283. personal, 59. after than, as, 280. antecedents of, 287. nominative and objective, forms of, 279. nominative form of, after but, 284. objective form of, for predicate nominative, 281. objective form of, in exclamations, 282. possessive form of, as antecedent of relative, 285. possessive form of, with gerund, 286. relative, 74. agreement of, with antecedent, 291. anacoluthon with which, 295. and who, and which, 296. as, that, who, and which after same, 295. how to parse, 80. omission of, 87, 293. restrictive and unrestrictive, 289. two relatives, same antecedent, 297. syntax of, 279. usefulness of, 58.

Proper nouns. See Nouns.

Purpose, clauses of, 263. conjunctions of, 195.

Quality, adjectives of, 99.

Quantity, adjectives of, 101.

Questions, direct and indirect, adverbs in, 188. pronominal adjectives in, 105. pronouns in, 85. indirect, subjunctive in, 142.

Quotations. See Direct discourse.

Rank, adjectives of same and different, 115.

Rather, 189.

Reflexive pronouns, history of, 69. how formed, 69.

Reflexive use of personal pronoun, 68.

Relative pronoun, 74. but and as, 84. distinguished from interrogative, in indirect questions, 85. function of, 74. indefinite or compound, 83. omission of, 87, 293. restrictive use of, 289. syntax of, 289. use of, 74.

Result, clauses of, 263. conjunctions of, 196.

Retained object, 242.

Riches, 42.

S, plural suffix, 40.

'S, possessive ending, 51.

Same as, that, who, which, 294.

Sat, sate, 159.

Seeing, conjunction, 195, 196.

Self in reflexive pronoun, 69.

Sentences, analysis of complex, 26 of compound, 271. of elliptical, 255. of simple, 252. complex in form, simple in effect, 259.

Sentences, definition of, 231. kinds of, 231.

Sequence of tenses, 319.

Set, sit, 170.

Sex and gender, 29.

Shall, should, will, would, 162.

Shear, forms of, 159.

Shot, shots, 43.

Simple sentence. See Sentences.

Singular number, 38.

Sir, 36.

Somebody else's, etc., 303.

Sort, these sort, 303.

Spelling becoming phonetic in verbs, 169.

Spinster, 33.

Split infinitive, 323.

Spoken English, 12.

-Ster, feminine suffix, use of, in Middle English, 32. in Modern English, 33.

Subject, complete, 245. definition of, 233. grammatical vs. logical, 67, 245, 258. modifiers of, 240. things used as, 237, 258.

Subjunctive mood, definition of, 137. gradual disuse of, 144. uses of, in literary English, 138. in spoken English, 144.

Subordinate clause, 257. adjective, 260. adverb, 262. definition of, 257. how to distinguish, 270. kinds of, 257. noun, 258. other names for, 257.

Such as adverb, 186.

Such a, 126.

Suffix -en. See -En. -s, -es, 38.

Suffixes, foreign, 33.

Superlative degree, double, 307. in meaning, not in form, 107. not suggesting comparison, 109. of adjectives, 108. of adverbs, 189. syntax of, 306. with two objects, 306.

Syntax, basis of, 277. definition of, 275. in English not same as in classical languages, 275.

Tense, definition of, 147.

Tenses, definite, meaning of, 148. in Modern English, made up of auxiliaries, 147. number of, in Old English, 147. sequence of, 319. table of, 152.

Than me, than whom, 280.

That, omission of, when subject, 88. when object, 87. relative, restrictive, and cooerdinating, 289, 290. that ... and which, 297. uses of, 222.

That, this, as adjectives, 106. as adverbs, 186. history of plural of, 106.

The, as article, 120. as adverb, 123, 186. history of, 119. syntax of, 309.

Their, they, 61.

Then, "the then king," etc., 116.

There introductory, 191.

These kind, syntax of. See Kind.

These, this, those. See That, history of.

Thou, thy, thee, uses of, 61.

Time, adverbs of, 185, 188. conjunctions of, 195. prepositions of, 207.

To, before infinitive, 175. in exclamations, 175. omitted with certain verbs, 175. uses of, as preposition, 217.

T'other, the tother, 119.

-Trix, feminine suffix, 33.

Try and, try to, 330.

Two first, first two, etc., 308.

Under, adjective, 114.

Upon, uses of. See On.

Upper, 114.

Utter, uttermost, 111, 114.

Verb phrases, 128. parsing of, 180.

Verbal noun, 20. distinguished from other -ing words, 21, 173.

Verbals, cleft infinitive, 323. gerund, 176. how to parse, 181. infinitive, 174, 248. kinds of, 172. participle, 172. carelessly used, 322. uses of, in analysis, 247. syntax of, 322.

Verbs, agreement of, with subject in number, 312-316. in person, 317. auxiliary, 148. conjugation of, 149. defective, 160. definition of, 129. how to parse, 179. in indirect discourse, 320. intransitive, made transitive, 131. mood of, 135. of incomplete predication, 150, 236. passive form, active meaning, 151. person and number of, 148. retained object with passive, 242. strong, definition of, 154. remarks on certain, 157. table of, 155. syntax of, 312. tense of, 147. sequence of, 319. transitive and intransitive, 130. voice of, 133. weak, definition of, 154. spelling of, 169. table of irregular, 167.

Vixen, 33.

Vocative nominative, 47. in analysis, 245.

Voice, active, 133. passive, 134.

Vowel change, past tense of verbs formed by, 154. plural formed by, 39.

Vulgar English, 12.

Weak verbs, regular, irregular, 167. spelling of, becoming phonetic, 169.

Went, 159.

What, uses of, 223. but what, 330. what a, 105. 126.

Whereby, whereto, etc., 85.

Whether, conjunction, 194. interrogative pronoun, 72.

Which, antecedent of, 79. as adjective, 104, 105. as relative pronoun, 75. in indirect questions, 85. indefinite relative, 83. interrogative pronoun in direct questions, 72. syntax of, 295-299. whose, possessive of, 78.

Who, as relative, 75. in direct questions, 72. in indirect questions, 85. indefinite relative, 83. objective, in spoken English, 73. referring to animals, 77. syntax of, 296, 299.

Widower, 37.

Wife, 36.

Will, would. See Shall.

Witch, wizard, 36.

With, uses of, 218.

Woman, 32.

Words in -ing, 178. in -ly, 190.

Worse, worser, 111.

Y, plural of nouns ending in. 40.

Yes in analysis, 246.

Yon, yonder, 103.

You, singular and plural, 61.

Yours, of yours, 64.

Yourself, yourselves, 70.

THE END