I shall communicate this letter to Mr. Napier; and it is but fair to mention, that, from the circumstances already stated, I am solely responsible for the too long delay which has taken place in answering your letter to him, as well as that to myself.

HUGH MURRAY.

On the Niger and the Nile.

London, 7th April, 1820.

In the 25th number of the Quarterly Review, (article Park's Travels,) the hypothesis there laid down as almost indisputable, is 515 the non-continuity of the two Niles of Africa, or (according to the European phraseology of the day) of the Niger and the Nile.

This hypothesis founded on the opinion of Major Rennel, carries with it no evidence whatever, but the speculative theory of that learned geographer. The identity or connection of the two Niles, and the consequent water communication between[312] Cairo and Timbuctoo receives (supposing the Quarterly Review to be correct), as our intelligence respecting Africa increases, additional confirmation: and even the Quarterly Reviewer, who denominated the opinion recorded by me, the gossipping stories of Negroes, (vide Quarterly Review, No. 25, p. 140.) now favours this opinion!

The Quarterly Reviewer appreciates Burckhardt's information on this subject, and depreciates mine, although both are derived from the same sources of[313] intelligence, and confirm one another: the reviewer says, Mr. Burckhardt has revived a question of older date; viz. "that the Niger of Sudan and the Nile of Egypt are one and the same river: this general testimony to a physical fact can be shaken only by direct proof to the contrary."

[Footnote 312: Vide Jackson's enlarged Account of Marocco, p. 310.]

[Footnote 313: i. e. Intelligence from natives of Africa.]

This is all very well: I do not object to the Quarterly Reviewer giving up an opinion which he finds no longer tenable; but when I see in the same review (No. 44, p. 481.) the following words,—"we 516 give no credit whatever to the report received by Mr. Jackson, of a person (several Negroes[314], it should be) having performed a voyage by water from Timbuctoo to Cairo," I cannot but observe with astonishment, that the Reviewer believes Burckhardt's report, that they are the same river, when, at the same time he does not believe mine.

[Footnote 314: Vide Jackson's enlarged Account of Marocco, p. 312.]

Is there not an inconsistency here, somewhat incompatible with the impartiality which ought to regulate the works of criticism? I will not for a moment suppose it to have proceeded from a spirit of animosity, which I feel myself unconscious of deserving. But the reviewer further says, the objection to the identity of the Niger and the Nile, is grounded on the incongruity of their periodical inundations, or on the rise and fall of the former river not corresponding with that of the latter. I do not comprehend whence the Quarterly Reviewer has derived this information; I have always understood the direct contrary, which I have declared in the enlarged editions of my account of Marocco, page 304, which has been confirmed by a most intelligent African traveller, Ali Bey, (for which see his travels, page 220.)

I may be allowed to observe, that although the Quarterly Reviewer has changed his opinion on this matter, I have invariably maintained mine, founded as it is on the concurrent testimony of the best informed and most intelligent native African travellers, 517 and I still assert, on the same foundation, the identity of the two Niles, and their continuity of waters.

I have further to remark what will most probably ere long prove correct; viz. that the Bahar Abiad[315], that is to say, the river that passes through the country of Negroes, between Senaar and Donga, is an erroneous appellation, originating in the general ignorance among European travellers of the African Arabic, and that the proper name of this river is Bahar Abeed, which is another term for the river called the Nile-el-Abeed, which passes south of Timbuctoo towards the east (called by Europeans the Niger).

It therefore appears to me, and I really think it must appear to every unbiassed investigator of African geography, that every iota of African discovery, made successively, by Hornemann[316], Burckhardt, and others, tends to confirm my water communication between Timbuctoo and Cairo, and the theorists and speculators in African geography, who have heaped hypothesis upon hypothesis, error upon error, who have raised splendid fabrics upon pillars of ice, will ere long close their book, and be compelled, by the force of truth and experience, to admit the fact stated about twelve years ago by me in my account of Marocco, &c. viz. that the Nile 518 of Sudan and the Nile of Egypt are identified by a continuity of waters, and that a water communication is provided by these two great rivers from Timbuctoo to Cairo; and moreover, that the general African opinion, that the Neel-el-Abeed (Niger) discharges itself into the (Bahar el Maleh) Salt Sea, signifies neither more nor less than that it discharges itself at the Delta in Egypt, into the Mediterranean Sea!

JAMES GREY JACKSON.

[Footnote 315: Bahar Abiad signifies White River; Bahar Abeed signifies River of Negroes.]

[Footnote 316: Vide my letter in Monthly Magazine on this subject for March, 1817, p. 124.]



APPENDIX

BEING HISTORICAL FRAGMENTS IN ELUCIDATION OF THE FOREGOING PAGES.

First Expedition on Record to Timbuctoo.—Timbuctoo and Guago captured by Muley Homed, (son of Muley Abdelmelk, commonly called Muley Melk[317], or Muley Moluck,) in the 16th Century, (about the Year 1580.)

[Footnote 317: See the Spectator, No. 349.]

Muley Abdelmelk, commonly called Muley Moluck, in 1577, A.C. fought the celebrated battle with Don Sebastian, King of Portugal, near Alkassar, which is at a short distance from L'Araich, wherein Don Sebastian was killed; and Abdelmelk being, before the battle, extremely ill, his son Muley Hamed went to his litter, to communicate to the Emperor his father, that the Moors had gained the victory, when he found his father dead and cold. Muley Hamed concealed this event till the battle was over; and was then proclaimed Emperor, and reigned twenty-six years: he cultivated the arts and sciences, mathematics and astronomy, which last was of essential service to him in crossing the Sahara to Timbuctoo and Guago; during which perilous journey the compass is so indispensable, that there is no certainty of travelling without it. He lost some thousands in this expedition; but if gold could recompense the waste of human life, he was rewarded for his journey of abstinence and privation across the Sahara, for he brought from Guago seventy-five quintals, and from Timbuctoo sixty quintals, of gold-dust, making together one hundred and thirty-five quintals, or 16,065 lb. English avoir-du-poids weight of gold.

A Library of Arabic Manuscripts taken by the Spaniards,—Contests among Christians reprimanded.

Muley Sidan, son of Muley Hamed, disputed the throne of Marocco, A.C. 1611, with three brothers, one of whom was supported by the Spaniards, whose succour was purchased by his delivering into their hands the port of L'Araich, soon after which they gained a naval victory over the forces of Sidan, which was very disastrous to the Africans; for the Spaniards, besides other plunder, got possession of 3000 Arabic books, on theology, philosophy, and medicine. Sidan, however, notwithstanding this disaster, maintained his right to the crown. He was of a liberal and charitable mind. He protected and granted to the Christians various privileges; but he ordered that Christians of all sects, and denominations should live in peace one with another.

One day, some (Userah) Christian slaves of Provence, in France, who were Catholics, had a controversial dispute with others from Rochelle, who were Calvinists. This dispute ended in a violent contest, accompanied with blows on either side; this scene excited the curiosity of the Muselmen, who were surprised to see Christians thus fight among themselves on points of their own law! The report of this battle was carried to Sidan, who ordered all these slaves to be brought before him. He condemned some to a bastinado, which was inflicted in his presence. He then addressed them thus:—"I command you all, on pain of death, not to dispute in future on the various dogmas of your law: every one has the presumption to think himself right; and as I allow every individual in my dominions to follow the religion that he chooses for himself; slaves ought to have among themselves the same toleration".

Muley El Arsheed, (a second Expedition to Timbuctoo and Sudan.)

This Sultan preceded the renowned Muley Ismael, on the throne of Marocco: he united to great ability the most ferocious disposition, and was continually inebriated.—He crossed the Sahara to Timbuctoo, with a numerous army, about the year of Christ 1670; proceeding to Suse, he laid siege to the Sanctuary of Seedi Aly ben Aidar, near Ilirgh: Seedi Aly, making his escape in disguise, fled to Sudan, whither he was followed by Muley El Arsheed, who, on his arrival on the confines of Sudan, between Timbuctoo and Jinnie, was met by a numerous host of Negroes, commanded by a black sultan: the Emperor demanded Aly ben Aidar; but the sultan of Bambarra replied, that, as he had claimed his protection, it would be an infringement on the laws of hospitality to deliver him up, adding, that he desired to know if the views of El Arsheed were hostile or not; to which the latter replied, after endeavouring in vain to procure the person of Aly, that he was not come hostilely, but was about to return, which he forthwith did: and the Bambareen sultan, having received from Aly two beautiful renegade virgins, was so much flattered with the present, that he promised him any thing that he should ask; whereupon, he requested permission to go to Timbuctoo, and to settle there with his numerous followers; which being granted, he proceeded thither, and having established a Moorish garrison, resided there several, months, and afterwards returned to Barbary, bringing with him many thousand Bambareen negroes: but, on his reaching Suse, he heard of the death of Muley El Arsheed, and having then no farther occasion for these negroes, he dismissed them. They went to various parts of the country, serving the inhabitants in order to procure daily subsistence; but the arch-politician Muley Ismael, who had then recently been proclaimed as his successor, ordered them to be collected together, and incorporated in his negro army, which was, however, before this, very numerous, consisting for the most part of blacks, brought away from Sudan by Muley El Arsheed the preceding year. The Sultan Ismael also seized this opportunity of establishing his authority at Timbuctoo, and he met with little or no opposition in putting that place under contribution. Having sent fresh troops to occupy the Moorish garrison there, the inhabitants were glad to make a contribution, in exchange for the protection and power which it afforded them; for previous to this, they had been subject to continual depredations, from the Arabs of the adjacent country, to whom they had been compelled to pay tribute, as a security for their caravans, which were constantly passing the country of these Arabs, who are of the race of Brabeesh. In the year 1727, A.C. when Ismael died, it is reported that he possessed an immense quantity of gold, of the purity of which, his gold coins, to be seen at this day at Timbuctoo, bear testimony; it is also said, that the massive bolts of his palaces were of pure gold, as well as the utensils of his kitchens. After his decease, however, the tribute was discontinued, and the Moorish garrison at Timbuctoo, intermarrying with the natives, and dispersing themselves in the neighbouring country, has given to Timbuctoo that tincture of Muselman manners, which they are known to possess; their descendants forming, at this period, a considerable portion of the population of Timbuctoo.

Third Expedition to Timbuctoo and Sudan.

Muley Ismael died of an abscess in 1727, and was succeeded by his youngest son Muley Hamed Dehebby, a most avaricious prince, whose treasure, collected in his government during the life of his father, amounted to ten millions; to which was now added his father's treasury, amounting to fifty millions, besides jewels and diamonds to a much larger amount.

Dehebby[318], sanguinary and cruel when sober, was mild, affable, and humane when intoxicated: unlike Muselmen, he believed not in predestination, but had always several surgeons and doctors in his suite, and consulted them with the most unlimited confidence when ill. He decorated the palace of Marocco: in one of the apartments of the seraglio, of which he had had painted, in a superior style, the twelve signs of the zodiac; for which his ignorant and bigoted subjects accused him of having conspired against the Deity, in imitating, by gross and ill-formed images, the works of the Almighty. This prince was an intolerable drunkard; so that the Marabets and chiefs of the empire called Abdelmelk to the throne, whom they enabled to take possession of Mequinas. This prince, anticipating the revenge of Dehebby, proposed to deprive him of his eye-sight; but the Marabets and chiefs opposed this resolution and replied to him in the following words:—"It is not for his crimes that we have deposed thy brother, but for his continual intoxication, which prevented him from watching over the government and his officers: he has therefore only been guilty of weakness, which is not a punishable crime." Abdelmelk dared not push his point, but was contented to send his brother to the (Bled Shereef), country of princes, i.e. Tafilelt. Before Dehebby was dethroned, he marched with a numerous army across Sahara, to Timbuctoo, of which he took possession, and brought home immense quantities of gold.

[Footnote 318: His proper name was Muley Hamed ben Ismael, the name Dehebby is figurative of his riches in gold.]

1730.—Muley Hamed Dehebby dying, should have been succeeded by his son Muley Bouffer; but money and intrigue gave power to Abdallah, a son of Muley Ismael, who was proclaimed in spite of the efforts of his nephew, whom he attacked at Terodant, the capital of Suse. Bouffer was taken, together with a Marabet, his confidential friend and counsellor. Abdallah ordered them both to be brought before him.—"Thou art young," said he to his nephew; "thou hadst imprudently undertaken more than thou couldst accomplish; and in consideration of thy youth and inexperience, I pardon thee, but I will be revenged of thy counsellor." Then turning himself to the Marabet, "Thou, art a rebel," said he. "Didst thou imagine that thy sacred character, which thou hast abused against thy (Seed) Lord or King would prevent him from punishing thee? Let us see if thy sanctity will turn the edge of my sword."—In uttering these words, he struck off the saint's head.



I N D E X.

* * * * *

A.

ABDELMELK, the prince, moral reflection on his expensive apparel, 79. Is sent to Tafilelt, 80. Abolition of Slavery depends on the Africans themselves, not on our naval force or operations, 270. Abstinence experienced in the Sahara, 353. Means used to support it. Effects of, 354. Abbuselah Woled, Arabs of, 138. Abdrahaman ben Nassar, bashaw of Abda, interview with, 136. Abdsalam, prince, departs for Tafilelt, through Draha and Bled el jereed, 149. Abeed, 481. Seedi Bukaree, emperor's body guard, 481. Aboukir, battle of, its consequence to muselmen, 101. Acephali, 198. Africa, plan for the discovery of, 201. African Association, Institution, &c. recommended to unite their energies and operations to cultivate a commercial intercourse with Africa, 228. The same recommended an a large scale, 249. African Company, a plan for, 251. African Association, disastrous expeditions of, 258. An union of the African interests beneficial, 271. African duplicity exemplified, 293. African Association might find the son of Ali Bey an acquisition in promoting their views, 304. African names, how pronounced, 491. Agadeer, or Santa Cruz, port of, opened to Dutch commerce, 55. Apprehensions at Mogodor from the establishment of Santa Cruz, 56. Conveniently situated for the markets of Sudan. Denominated the gate of Sudan, 56. Port of, farmed by Muley Ismael, 57. Author's arrival at, to open the port to European commerce. Wretched state of its inhabitants. Honourable reception of the author there, 59. Disgraceful custom abolished by the author, 60. Propensity to commerce among the people of Suse. Sanctuary at the entrance of the town. Privilege of riding in and out of the town established by the author, for Christians of all denominations, 61. Commercial road made by the author down the mountain to facilitate the shipment of merchandise, 62. The spirit of the natives in working at it. Happy influence of commerce and industry on the people. Portuguese tower in the neighbourhood, 63. Description of the town, 64. Strength of, and convenient situation for a depot, 65. Mitferes, depositaries for water, 65. Attempt of the Danes to establish a colony in its vicinage, at Agadeer Arba. Battery at, 66. Safe road for shipping. Inhabitants friendly to the English, 67. Port of, shut by the Emperor, and the garrison and merchants ordered to go to Marocco, and from thence to quit the country or establish at Mogodor, 79. Negociation for the port of, from the emperor, 246. Agricultural property, division of, 330. Agriculture, 339. Aisawie, or charmers of serpents described, 430. Ait Attar, or Attarites, an independent kabyl or clan, 311. Akka, 7. Depot for camels, 248. Akkaba, kaffilas, or caravans to Timbuctoo, where eligible to be established, 263. Akkaba, what, 345. Akkad, its signification, 411. Alk Sudan, what, 345. Altitude of the Atlas mountains, 93, 94. Ali Bey, an account of; 297. Suspicions entertained respecting him. His magnificent mode of living. Excites the suspicion of the governor of Marocco, 300. He is prevented from visiting the Atlas mountains, 301. He is favoured by the emperor, 302. Stratagem practised to ascertain what religion he followed. Ordered to embark at Laraich. Is separated from his wife. Her conduct. He predicts an eclipse, 303. Passes for a learned man. Suspected to be an agent of Bonaparte. His son resides at Fas, patronised by the Marabet Muley Dris or Idris, 304. Algiers, attack of, recommended to the Emperor of Marocco, 283. Almonds, plantations of, 74. Ambassador, British, the author's interview with. Great honor shown to him on his entry into Tangier, 127. Amber, manufactured imitation of, at Fas, 126. 216. Amaranites, or Ait Amaran, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Amak, the poet, his sumptuous style of living, 353. Amorites, of the, 475. ———, or Ait Amor, 122. Descendants of the ancient Amorites, 124. Anecdotes of, 193. Amusements of Europeans at Marocco, 89. Anachronism of the author misapplied, 442. Angola, natives of, how converted to Christianity, 442. Anti-commercial system, 211. Antiperistasis of the Africans, how promoted, 230. Antimony mines, 331. Anecdote of an Emperor, 307. Anecdotes, fragments, and notes, 276. Antithesis, a favourite figure with the Arabs, 349. Apparel of the emperor, plain and simple, 79. Arabs, cookery of, 64. Riches of, in what they consist, 247. Dance and music, 140. Abstinence of, 141. Beauty of their women, 142. Patriarchal life of, 143. 196. Arab royalty personified, 195. Customs of, 244. Of Sahara, hostile to those who do not understand their language, 262. The manners of, resemble those of the patriarchal ages, 276. The study of their language and customs the best comment on the Old Testament, 276. Their territory and origin, 328. Decay of science and arts among, 352. ———, sheiks of, hold themselves accountable for the property, baggage, &c. of travellers, 233. Arabic document distributed by Mr. Bowdich in Africa, to the natives, unintelligible, 492. ———, language, on the, 471. The language of Palestine resembles that of West Barbary, 473. —————, general utility of, a practical knowledge of in Africa, 258. On the language, 357. Arabian music, 318. Arabic grammar, errors in Richardson's, 351. Pure Arabic, where spoken, 351. Arabian modes of writing, 350, Errors committed by professors of, who have not a practical knowledge of the language, 39. —————, universality of the, 473. ———, translations of documents in, furnished to government by the author, 407. ———, manuscripts, 3000 taken by the Spaniards, 520. ———, interpreter, the author officiates as, with the prince Muley Teib, 192. Architecture described, 90. Gothic prevails, 271. Argan tree, and oil of, 510. ———, trees, oil of the, productive of leprosy if not properly prepared, 91. Ashantee, intercourse through, with Timbuctoo objectionable, and why, 249. Atlas, foot of, a productive country, 74. Table land in, and produce of, 75. Narrow defile or pass, 76. Calculated altitude of, 93. Attarites, or Ait Attar, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Audiences of the emperor, introductory, of business, of leave or departure, 89. Author's intelligence respecting the interior of Africa, considered valuable, 99. ———, travels in disguise, 136. Azamore, 110.

B.

Bab Sudan, 456. Badge of distinction worn by the lepers, 91. Bahar Segrer, the Mediterranean designated by that term, 489. ———, Sudan, corroborative testimony of its situation, 450, 451, 465. —————, situation of, 436. ———, Kulla, explanation of the term, 444. Ditto of Bahar Sudan, 448. ———, El Kabeer, or Bahar Addolum, Atlantic Ocean designated by that name, 489. ———, El Abeed, not Bahar El Abiad, 517. Ba Scafeena, of Park, synonymous with the sea of Sudan, 450, 465. —————, of Park, synonymous with the sea of Sudan, properly called Bahar S'feena, 506. Bank, in West Barbary, recommended, 237. Banks, Sir Joseph's letter to Mr. Dickson, respecting the death of Mungo Park, a passage in it confirmed only in Mr. Jackson's translation of the Shereef Ibrahim's account of that traveller's death, brought by Mr. Bowdich from Ashantee, but not in Mr. Saleme's translation, 425. The author's translation, 409. Barbary, conquered by the Romans, by the Vandals, by the Greeks, by the Arabs, 458. Partial conquest of by the Portuguese and Spaniards, 458. ————, travelling in, 293. Bashaw of Abda, interview with, 136. Bedouins, emigration of. Camel's milk, their food, 203. Domestic looms of. Manufactures of. Custom of, 204. Mode of living. Extempore poetry of, 205. Manners of, 206. Beef, mode of preserving for food in the desert, 349. Berebbers, their contest with the emperor, 308. Their territory and language, 327. Names of their clans or tribes, 124. Specimen of their language, 367. Bernou, etymology of, 449. Bism illak, and El Ham'd u lillah, signification of, 231. Bonaparte, his system respecting Africa, 229. Bouska, exhibition of that monstrous serpent, 451. Brimstone mines, 331. British public, address to, 253. Buffe, Dr. his medical success at Marocco, 396. He is recommended to his majesty George the Third, and his majesty is requested, by the emperor, to return him to Gibraltar, to reside there as the emperor's physician, 397. Buhellessa, the pretender, described, 287. He is an adept in the occult sciences, 288. He marches with 22,000 men to attack Delemy's castle, 289. He is vanquished and beheaded, 290. His army dispersed, his head and feet sent to the Prince Muley Abdsalam, at Santa Cruz, 290. The prince rewards the man who killed the usurper: the author visits the field of battle, which resembled the plains of Waterloo, 291. Buregreg river, 113. Burkhardt, anticipation respecting, 449. Butellise, or night-blindness, described, 332. ————, or nyctalopia, an ophthalmia that affects our seamen in the Mediterranean, 433. Butter, melted, food in the desert, 6.

C.

Camel, the ship of the desert, 247. Caffer, or Khaffer, signification of, 345. Cairo, derivation of the name, 326. Canary language resembles the shelluh of Atlas, 381. Caravans accumulate as they proceed to the confines of Sahara, 4. Cape of Good Hope, how to preserve, and to improve its produce, 339, 340. Cape de Verd, compared to Ceuta, 229. Ceuta, preparation for the siege of, by the emperor Muley Yezzid, 403. Christians, harmony among, necessary to precede the conversion of Africa, 131. Christian religion, how to propagate it in Africa, 224. ————, impediments to its propagation, 225. ————, the influence of its principles in Africa, 227. Civilisation of Africa, the necessary result of commerce, and the only plan by which an expectation of the conversion of the natives to Christianity can possibly be indulged, 263. —————, of Africa, through commerce, the only effectual means of abolishing the slave trade, 270. Civil war prevalent in West and in South Barbary, 279. Characteristic trait of Muhamedans, 308. Christians, ordered by the emperor, on pain of death, to live peaceably with one another, 520. Christ acknowledged by muselmen, 240. Circumcision, when performed among Muhamedans, 345. Cobas described, 272. Colonial produce, consequences of the cultivation of, in Senegal by the French, 228. Commercial intercourse with Africa favourable to the propagation of Christianity, 227. —————, Recommended on a large scale, 249. 251. 259. Commercial adventurer in Africa more likely to succeed than a scientific one, 259. Commerce, the key of Africa, 428. Communication with Africa to be effected by the medium of commerce, 493. Connubial customs, 313. Copper mines, 331. Corn, abundant at Dar el Beida and at Fedalla, 110. Abundance of, in West Barbary, 208. 340. Couriers, confidence reposed in them, 405. Coffee of Timbuctoo, 279. Consuls of the European powers, their residence, 130. Congo, Africans of, how converted to the Christian faith, 442. Continental markets of Europe, contemplation how they will be supplied with colonial produce, 229. Cuscusoe, or more properly Kuskasoe, an excellent food, mode of preparing it, 97. Customs, Muhamedan, 230. Cuba, slave-trade and produce of, increased, 270. Customs of the shelluhs of Idaultit, and laws of, remarkable, 313. Customs, ceremonies at funerals, 465.

D.

Dances of the Arabs described, music of, 140. 344. Dates abundant at Tafilelt, 80. Dar el Beida, a corn country, 110. Dead, bodies of the, never interred in towns or in the mosques, 272. Ceremony of interment, 273. Deism, 325. Deef Allah, what, 341. Decay of science and the arts among the Arabs, 352. Delel, i.e. auctioneer of slaves at Marocco, 95. Deleim, woled Arabs, 138. Decked vessels in the interior of Africa, 449. Delemy, sheik of the Deleim Arabs, 138. Invites the author and his companion, Signor Andrea de Christo, to pass the night at a douar of the Woled Abbusebah Arabs, 139. Garden of, described, 147. Renown of, 148. A main pillar to the throne of Marocco, 148. Receives an exhortation from the prince Abdsalam to give battle to the usurper Buhellessa, 288. Dextrous in the management of a horse, 289. Desert, rate of travelling through, 470. Dews of the night, how they secure themselves against, when sleeping, 154. Deef Allah, custom of uttering, 233. Dimenet, in the Atlas, attacked by the emperor, 305. Difference between the oriental and occidental Arabic alphabets, 351. Djinawa, definition of the name, 507. Distances from port to port, along the coast, calculated, 132. Discovery of Africa, plan for, 200. Disgrace of inhospitality, 240. Doctors, itinerant, their apparatus, 242. Douars, or villages of tents, described, 328. Draha, province of, 2. Hire of camels from Tafilelt to, 2. Dates, the names of the different species, 3. Plantations of, 3. Inhabitants of nearly black, 2. Character of them, 2. 7. Drahim, what, 3. Driss Zerone Muley, renowned sanctuary of, 118. Author's hospitable reception there, and admission to the adytum, 119. Duplicity of the Africans exemplified, 293. 314.

E.

East India trade, our, how likely to be affected by French colonisation, in Senegal, 229. Ebekoaits, or Ait Ebeko, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Effah el, exhibition of that venomous serpent, 453. Elephants, 8. Elegant females, 142. Emperor admits an ambassador without prostration, and why, 282. ————, Yezzid is wounded, and dies, 285. His body exhumated, 286. Compared to his majesty George the Fourth, 287. Emperor, anecdote of one, 307. His contest with the Berebbers, 308. Letter from him to his bashaw of Suse respecting English seamen wrecked on the western coast of Africa, 364. Titles of H.I.M., 382. Style of addressing him, 382. Emperor's letters, 384, 387, 392, 394, 395, 398, 402, 403, 405. ——, plan of reconciling catholics with protestants, 520. ——, table, simplicity of the furniture of, 96. ——, audience of business of the, 98. Audience of leave in the garden of the Nile, 98. Embassy, British, to Marocco, result of, 128. Encroachments of the French anticipated on our colonial arkets, 230. Encyclopedia Britannica, misapplication of an anachronism, 442. The editor of has adopted the author's opinion respecting the course of the Niger, 447. Epistolary correspondence, 382. Epistolary diction used by Muhamedans, 404. Equity, case of, 312. Esshume, See Shume. Euphorbium plant, 74. European merchants at Mogador in danger of being decollated by order of the emperor, on a charge of high-treason, 284.

F.

Fas, bankrupts, how treated at, 16. Is the metropolis of the north, 87. Talb Cadus, 87. ——, gold thread manufactured at, of a superior quality, 126. Manufactures, various of, 126. ——, houses of the merchants of, described, and gardens at, 275. Library at, 324. Fakeers, or muselmen-saints excite hostility between Christians and Muhamedans, 267. Fedalla, corn country, 110. Fig-trees, very large, 82. Food, 316. Food of the desert, 349. ——, of the Arabs similar to that used in the days of Abraham, 243. Fourban, Comte de, anecdote of, 112, 113. Fragments, notes, and anecdotes, 276. French army, landing of, in Egypt, 100. Fruits of all kinds abundant at Salee and Rabat, 114, 125. Fruga, town of, 76, 78.

G.

Game, plentiful. Not sold in the public market. Custom on shooting it, 338. Strangled, what game so called, 338. Garrison of Tangier salutes the ambassador, 127. Garb el, what, so called, 2. Garden, imperial, the merchants encamped at Marocco in, 88. Names and produce of, 81. Geography of Africa, on the, 474. George IV. compared to the Emperor Muley Yezzid, 287. ——, a patron to science and the arts, 429. Genoa, its indirect commerce with Timbuctoo, 254. Girwan ait, or Girwanites, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Gold dust, gold bars, wrought gold, 67. ——, and bars, consignment of, to Fas from Timbuctoo, 347. Gold thread, superior manufactory of, at Fas, 215. ——, of a superior quality, manufactured at Fas, 126. Government, offer to it, to discover the remedy for nyctalopia, 335. Great Britain, its indirect commerce with Timbuctoo, 255. Grored el, or sandy desert of Mogodor, 83. Gum Sudan, 67. Gum Barbary, 67. Gum Euphorbium, 74. Gum sandrac. Gum ammoniac, 67. ——, called in England, Turkey gum Arabic, 345. Gun-barrels, manufacture of, 331. Gutta serena, probable remedy for the cure of, 335, 336. Galvanism, beneficial in, 336.

H.

Hawking, and hunting the boar, sports followed by princes, 338. Hassua el, described, 242. Heirie, Jackson's account of, confirmed by Colonel Fitzclarence, 489. Hel shual, and Hel elkilleb, what, 198. Hel ferdie, what, 200. Hemeralopia, or night-blindness described, 332. Henna, an herb with which the Arabian, Moorish, Shelluh, Berebber, and Jewish women dye their feet, hands, and hair, and why, 512. Hire of camels from Akka to Santa Cruz, 346. Hogan's embassy to the emperor of Marocco, from queen Elizabeth, 489. Honey of Haha, 153. Hospitality of the Arabs, cultivators of west and south Barbary, 131. 239. —————, laws of, 340. Disinterested hospitality shown to the author, 342. Inviolability of the laws of, among the Bedouin Arabs, 343. Howara, an Arab clan, take possession of Assouan in Egypt, 74. ———-, Arabs, hunting the boar with. They took the city of Assouan in Egypt, about four centuries ago, 245. Houses at Marocco and elsewhere described, 274. Housa, travelling there safe, 37. Great traffic on the Nile of Sudan. Niles, how denominated, 39. Description of the country adjacent to, 40. Situation and size of the palace of, and description of the city of, 41. Government of; administration of justice at, 42. Landed property, 43. Revenues of; army, 44. Trade, 45. Climate, zoology, diseases, religion, 48. Persons; dress, 49. Buildings; manners, 50. Gold, 51. Limits of the Empire of; pottery; Timbuctoo tributary to it, 53. Small-pox, inoculation for, 54. Hutton, Catherine, her observations on an intercourse with Africa, 264. Hulacu, the Tartar, conqueror of the east. His letter to the sultan of Aleppo, 399. Hypotheses, various, respecting the Niger, 447.

I.

Jackson's report corroborated, 467. Idautenan, independence of, 147. Superior grapes of, 147. The country described, 147. Idiaugomoron, 151. Idaultit, customs of, 313. Jedrie, the African name for the small-pox in horses, mules, asses, and oxen, 337. Jelabia, garment so called, described, 200. Jerf el suffer, the yellow cliff, 109. Jew, great present made by one for the privilege of wearing the European costume, 297. Jews, a distinct race from the Africans, rendered so from their particular laws and customs, &c. 230. ———, funeral cry of, 464. Funeral ceremonies of, 235. ———, massacre of, at Algiers, 283. How estimated in the empire of Marocco, 328. Jinnie, manufacture of gold filligrane at, 126. Impediments to our knowledge of Africa. What they are, 266. Inactivity, or want of vigilance severely reprehensible in the officers of the Marocco government, 203. Incorrect orthography of African names, 468. Indigo plant, 74. Interest of money, 237. Intercourse, commercial, with Africa, recommended to be adopted on a grand national scale, 249. 263. Interest of the Arabs of Sahara; how it would be united with a colony on the coast, 248. Information from Africans respecting Africa, not contemptible, 434. Insolvency laws, 343. 397. Intoxication, various modes of, 329. Invoice from Timbuctoo to Santa Cruz, 345. Ditto from ditto to Fas, 347. Invasion of the country by Christians, a tradition of, 225. Invocation for the author's welfare made by the Fakeers of the sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone, 119. —————, for the welfare of the British embassy. Journey, in disguise, at a critical period, 135. Journies, viz. from Mogodor to Rabat; to Mequinas; to the sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone; and to the ruins of Pharaoh; through the country of Amorites to L'Araich and Tangier, 105. Irrigation, wheel for, 13. Iron mines, 331. Isa Seedy ben, fascinators of serpents, 455. Isawie (fascinators of serpents) their performance, 453. Justice, moral, 306.

K.

Kaaba, Muhamed's mausoleum, so called, 273. Kadder Khan, king of Turkostan, a great support to science, 352. Kaffer, the application of this term, 510. ———, (or Caffre) its signification, 267. 345. Kassar Kabeer el, a beautiful country, 124. Kereb, what, 5. Key of Africa is commerce, 428. Keyma, its definition, 307. Khalif Delemys, noble conduct to the prince Abdsalsm, 288. Kibla, i. e. the tomb of Muhamed, 9. Kiffen, signification of, 273. King George IV. compared to the late emperor of Marocco, Muley Yezzid, 287. A patron to science and the arts, 429. Kitiwa ait, or Kituvites, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Koba, or coba, 88. Koran, called the beloved book. Etymology of the word, 318. Incorrectly called the Alcoran, l'Alcoran, or il Alcorano, 351. Written in good language, 353.

L.

L'aad of the Arabs described, 289. Language, etiquette of, at the court of Marocco, 315. Languages of Africa, 355. L'Araich, forest of. Ferry of, 125. Laws of insolvency, 343. Lead mines, 331. Lead-ore mines, 331. Leather superior manufactory of, at Mequinas and Marocco, 217. Articles used in the manufacture of leather, 218. Leghorn, its indirect commerce with Timbuctoo, 255. Leper's town or village near Marocco, 90. Mendicant lepers, 91. Library at Fas, 324. Lions, country abounding in. Mode of destroying them. Preservation against, 115. Liquorice root, abundant in Suse, 74. Locusts, their incredible devastation described, 221. Mode of collecting them, 222. Used as food; method of preparing them; much esteemed as food, 222. Remarkable instance of these insects having devoured every blade of grass south of the river Elkos, but not north of that river, 223. Love, Arabian definition of, 363. Loyalty of the sheiks of Suse, 288. Of Muhamedans, 326. Ludaia are not Ludama, 507. Lybia palus and sea of Sudan synonymous, 448.

M.

Majesty, His, George IV. patron of science and the arts, 429. Compared to the late emperor Yezzid, 287. Mandinga language compared with the Arabic, 373. Manufactures of Fas; superior manufacture of gold-thread there, 214. Marabets, what, 511. Marabet, punishment of one, 524. Market called Soke Elkhummes, 94. Marocco, emperor's march to, 73. Country abundant in corn of a superior quality, 78. Reception at salutations of the Moors, 78. Gate called Beb el Lushoir; its situation, 78. Garden of the Nile, an imperial garden, 79. Tafilelt rose flourishes at Marocco; its powerful perfume; otto of roses, 79. Roses; various flowers abundant; Persian wheel in general use throughout the country, 82. Divisions of the empire of, 86. The summer residence of the emperor, 86. The metropolis of the south, 87. Town or village of lepers at, 90. Policy of concealing the appearance of wealth at, 95, Furniture of houses at, 95. Customs at, 95. All trades carried on at, 98. ————, etiquete of the court of, 310, Emperor dispenses with, 311. Marseilles, its commerce indirectly with Timbuctoo, 254. Massacre of the Jews at Algiers, 283. Matamores, what, 14. 195. Matra, J.M., his excellency the British ambassador, treated by the emperor like a prince, 128. ————, his intelligence respecting vaccine pus, 337. Mauritannick writing, what, 351. Mazagan, 109. Country of, and inhabitants described, 109. Mekka caravan, i. 4. Mendicant lepers, their exclamation, 91. Mensoria el, 110. Mequinas, city of the court-town; travelling, mode of; 88. Imperial palace at, 117. Beauty of the ladies of, 118. ————, superior leather and shoes made at, 98. Merchandize, consignment of, from Timbuctoo to Fas, 348. —————, the various, the produce of Sudan, 256. Messa, visit to the port of, 145. Gold and silver mines of, 146. Minister's house at Marocco, a noble one, 90. ————, suggestions recommended to their attention, 230. Mitfere, or cistern, magnificent, at Mazagan, 109. Mitferes, what, 90. Expediency of, 210. ————, described, magazines for grain, 339. Custom observed when opened, 339. Mogodor, duties at, doubled, 74. Merchants of, present themselves to the emperor, 87. ————, duties at, reduced to the old standard through the influence of Muley Abd el Melk ben Dris, 128. ————, merchants in danger of being beheaded, 284. Monopodia of the ancients compared to a Moorish table, 281. Months, or moons, Muhamedan, their names, 371. Money, interest of, 237. Moors, 1. ————-, their language and residence, 327. Moorish grace at meals, 96. —————customs, 281. Morbeya, river of, divides the northern from the southern division of the empire, 86. 'Msharrah Rummellah, plains of, 124. Described, 195. 'Mtasseb, what, 126. Muden, what, 111. Muhamedan princes, treaties with, 283. ———————loyalty, 326. ———————, their claims to hospitality, 341. ———————customs, 349. Mules, not used in the desert, 5. Muley Abdsalam's domain in the oasis of Ammon, 280. ————Yezzid, the emperor, compared to his Majesty, George IV., 287. ————-Abdrahaman, anecdote of, 322. ————-Ismael, anecdote of, 323. ————-Ismael, emperor of Marocco, his letter to captain Kirke at Tangier, ambassador from Charles II,, dated A.D. 1682. 384. ————-Ismael, his letter to sir Cloudesly Shovel at Salee, 387. Sir Cloudesly's answer, 389. ————-Ismael, emperor of Marocco, his letter to queen Anne, 392. ————-Yezzid, emperor of Marocco, his letter to the Dutch consul, 402. ————-Ismael's, emperor, gold coins at Timbuctoo, 522. ————-Hamed, son of Muley Moluck, an account of his expedition to Timbuctoo, &c. 519. ————-Sidan, loses 3000 Arabic books, 520. Muley El Arsheed, his expedition to Timbuctoo, 521. Muley Hamed Dehebby, commonly called Deiby, his expedition to Timbuctoo, 523. Mungo Park at Timbuctoo, 319. Murder, punishment for, 343. Mushoir, or place of audience, 89. Music, and Arab dance, 141.

N.

Nasari, the application of the term, 510. Nassar, Abdrahaman Ben, the bashaw of Abda, interview with, 136. Nations, the respective costumes of, enjoined, 296. Negro languages, thirty-three different ones spoken, 370. Negroes, opinion respecting, 466. Mental degradation of, imputable, in some measure, to the cruel treatment of them in the West India islands, 466. Neel, a name applied to two rivers in Africa only, 507. Nile, at Kabra, its width, 471. ——, the correct orthography in English is Neel, 79. Niger, contemplated result of the discovery of its course and termination, 99. Opinion concerning its course, 103. Nile el Kabeer, Nile Assudan, synonymous with Niger, 201. ——, or Nile of Sudan, discharges itself in a lake, 449. ———, and the Nile, 515. Theory respecting, 515. The author's opinion of this river never varied, 516. ———, or Neel el Abeed, discharges itself into the Mediterranean sea at the Delta, in Egypt, 518. Nile, this word is improperly spelled, 507. Niles, anticipation of the confirmation of their junction, 434. Nile Abid, or Neel el Abeed, error respecting its situation, 435. Niles, junction of, where supposed to take place, 444. Not doubted in Africa, but supported by the general testimony of the natives, 445. Nile, the word applied only to two rivers in Africa, 447. Nishki, manner of writing, 350. Synonymous with the Kufie. North African, or Sudan Company, plan for one, 251. Nyctalopia, or night-blindness, 332. —————, description of, and remedy, 432. Offer to discover the remedy, 432. —————, an ophthalmia, that affects our seamen in the Mediterranean, 433. Offer to discover the remedy for to government, 433.

O.

Oasis, western, 280. Oil of olives, 67. Oil organic, 91. Olive plantations of Ras el Wed, 77. Ophthalmia, disorders at Marocco prevail among the Jews, 92. Opinions of the Africans respecting Jews, Christians, and themselves, 315. Oranges of Rabat, superior in quality, and low in price, 114. Oranges, 75. Orange-trees, very large, 82. Ostrich's feathers, 67. Ostriches presented by the Emperor Muley Ismael to Queen Anne, 593.

P.

Palace, imperial, at Tafileet, magnificent, 80. Palaces described, 274. Architecture of, 274. Partridges, mode of hunting among the Arabs, 107. Park, Mungo, at Timbuctoo, 319. ——, his arrival at Timbuctoo confirmed, 470. ——, the author's translation of the Shereef Ibrahim's account of that traveller's death, 409. Mr. Abraham Saleme's translation of the same document, 413. Persian, or Arabian wheel described, mode of irrigation, 147. Pharaoh, ruins of, 80. 121. Philanthropists dig wells for public accommodation, 150. Physicians fly at the approach of the plague, 165. Piracy, if the slave-trade were made piracy it would not abolish the traffic, 270. Plague, fragments respecting, 156. Progress of, 157. Decrease, 161. The plague political, 164. Emperor's minister attacked by it, writes to the British consul for advice, 165. ——, supposed origin of, 166. The author an eye-witness of it, and visited the infected, 167. Progress of, 167. Remarkable instance of a village in the neighbourhood of Mogador being free from the epidemy thirty-four days after it appeared at Mogador, although the communication was open between the two places, 168. Haha, destruction in, by the plague, 169. Peculiarities of, 169. Destruction of the plague in Suse, 169. General depopulation caused by it, 170. Consequences of, on the survivors, 171. Gradations in society overturned by the plague, 171. Emigrations from Sahara consequent to the plague, 172. Symptoms, various of, 173. Olive oil, external application of, infallible, supposed origin of, 174. Superstitious opinion respecting the plague, 175. Author's precaution against, 177. Fear, its effect in communicating the infection, 178. Remedies used, 178. How caught, 179. Plague cases of, 180. Plague, avoided, by adhering to the principle of avoiding personal contact and inhalation, 189. Olive oil, infallible remedy for, 189. ———, 419. Remedy for, 423. Plough, primitive, used by the Arabs, 511. Pomegranates, 75. Policy of the court of Marocco, 211, 212, 280. ———, adopted by the emperor to secure the allegiance of the Berebbers, 306. ———, of West Barbary, 320. Poculum amicitiae, goblet compared to, 232. Political economy of the emperor, in not going to war with Algiers, 283. ————, deception, 309, 314. Portugal, sovereign of, his zeal in converting the Africans to the Christian doctrine, 443. Portuguese penetrated far into West Barbary, 324. Portfolio, monthly miscellany, observations on, 464. Precision, unfavourable to truth, according to Mungo Park's annotator, 446. Present to the emperor, etiquette of delivering it, presentation to, 89. ———, received from the emperor, 98. Prince, Muley Teib, conduct of, to Dr. Bell. Satisfied with the doctor's medicines, 197. Property, agricultural division of, 330. Prognosticated prosperity from the prayers of benediction of the marabats or fakeers of the sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone. Prostration practised at the court of Marocco, 281. Protection among the Arabs a sacred duty when claimed, 343. Punishment for murder, 343. Pyramidical basis on which is founded the intelligence in Jackson's Account of Marocco, &c., 451.

Q.

Quarterly journal, of literature, science, and the arts, error of, 435, 438. Queen Elizabeth, embassy to the emperor of Marocco, 494.

R.

Rabat, arrival at, 110. Town described. Aqueduct. Mausoleum of the Sultan Muhamed at, described. Battery of, bomb-proof. Bastions. Roman spring at. Old Roman town of Sheila at, described. Old Roman coins, 111. Mosques, tower of Hassan, similar to one at Timbuctoo, &c. described, 112. Rabat and Salee, abundant countries, 113. Religions, of all kinds, tolerated at Timbuctoo. Repast, or dinner, sent by the prince Muley Teib, 192. Retaliation for murder, an incumbent duty on tha individuals of a family, 295. Revenge of the Shelluhs, described, 152. ————, of the Shelluhs for murder rigidly pursued, 291. Richardson, incorrect in calling the Arabic guttural letter, grain, ghain, 492. Richardson's Arabic grammar, some errors in, 351. Riches of the Arabs, in what it consists, 247. Rivers, in sandy districts, change their courses, 440. Robbery, singular mode of, 116. Rontgen, African traveller, death of, 425.

S.

Santa Cruz, the port of, delivered to the Dutch, 403. ————, See Agadeer. ———-, or Agadeer, the key to Sudan, 268. ———-, invoice from Timbuctoo to, 345. ———- opened to Dutch commerce by the author, 436. Sanctuary of Muley Dris Zerone, 80. Saffy, its road for shipping described, 108. Situation and description of, 108. Sahara, north part described, no water, 4. South part described, 7. Water carried in goat-skins, 5. Sheiks of, independent, ————, Arabs of, prefer sleeping in the open air, 155. Salee, dungeon of, for Christian captives, 114. ———, and Rabat, the adjacent country productive, 113. Salutations, peculiar character of their, 235. Saneet Urtemma, a dangerous country, 110. Sand baths, 279. Science and the arts, decay of, among the Arabs, 352. Sebu, river, situation of, 438.

Sejin Messa, etymology of the name, vulgarly called Segilmessa, 145. Senegambia, 70. Serpents, charmers of, described, 430. ————, domestic, of Marocco, 213. Servants of the emperor, policy of, 280.

Shegar, signification of, and misinterpretation, 441. Sheh, the Arabic name for worm-seed, 5. ———, the plant designated, 510. Shella, an old Roman town, 112. Shelluh, revenge of, described, 152. ———, repast, described. Patriarchal cakes of, 153. Customs of, 154. 313. ———, language, specimen of, 366. Shelluhs, revenge and retaliation, 291. ———, their territory described, 327. Sheshawa, plains of, 82. Mountains of, strata of oyster-shells at the top of, 82. River of, 82. Shume el, the hot wind of Sahara so denominated, 5. Shoemaker, an honourable trade, 98. Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, his letter to the emperor of Marocco. Sigen Messa, face of that country, 81. Silver mines of Elala, 218. ———, mine, 331. Siwah, language of, similar to the Shelluh, 370. Slavery, state of, in Africa, 219. Cannot be abolished but by commerce, 269. Slaves, mode of selling them, 95. Slave trade, not to be abolished by any naval force however formidable, 269. South Africa, policy of constructing mitferes there, 339. How that colony might be improved in the value of its produce, 340. —————, colony of, policy and expediency of building mitferes there, 339. How to improve that colony, 340. Storks, abundance of, at Azamore, 110. Style used in addressing the emperor, 383. Subterraneous hordes, propensity to, 238. Sudan, gum of, 67. ———, trade with, 277. ———, company, plan for one, 251. ———, command of the commerce of, how to be obtained, 67. ———, produce of, 67. Sugar, figurative of friendship, 234. Sulphur mines, 331. Sultan Muhamed's letter to the European consuls, 394. To the governor of Mogodor, 405. ————, Soliman's letter to his majesty George III., 395. Superstitious tradition, 460. Suse, province of, inaccessible to an invading army from the north, 76. Synonymous words in sound, 362.

T.

Tabia walls, what, 2. Mode of building them. Tafilelt, 1. A rendezvous for caravans; kassars of; hire of camels from Fas to; a country of princes, 2. Market at, 2. Palace, imperial, magnificent at, 80. Dates abundant at, 80. Magnificent plantations and extensive forests of, 81. Faith and honour of the natives proverbial; robberies unknown there, 81. Talleyrand, his favourite African scheme, 229. Talh-tree defined, 510. Tangier garrison, salute to the British ambassador on his entry there, 127. Tas, what it is, 231. Tatta, a depot for camels, 248. Tendaraman, venomous spider described, 429. Tensift, river of, 108. Tildie, repast, Arab, at; Portuguese tower at, 63. Cookery of the Arabs at, 64. Timbuctoo, situation of, and charge of travelling to, 7. City of; river close to it, 8. Population of; extent of; caravanseras of; slaves at, 10. Houses; government, 11. Revenue of, 12. Moors pay no duty at, but negroes do, 14. Subject to Housa, 14. Army of; subsidies; administration of justice at; punishments, 15. Good police of, 16. Insolvent debtors at; slaves entitled to freedom at; property, succession to and distribution of; rational treatment of slaves at; wills not written, 18. Laws of inheritance; marriage; rape; adultery, 19. Trade and articles sold at, 20. Manufactures, 23. Measures, 23. Husbandry, 24. Sowing season; provisions, 25. Animals; birds, 26. Fish; prices of various articles, 27. Costume, 28. Diversions, 31. Time, measurement of; Religion, 32. Diseases, 33. Manners and customs, 34. Neighbouring nations, 35. ————, opportunity of opening a trade with, why declined, 145. ————, how likely to be made tributary to Great Britain, 249. Circuitous commerce of, explained, 256. Direct and eligible route to, through Sahara from the shores of the Atlantic Ocean, 257. ————, value of merchandize at, 260. Immense profit actually made in, 261. Immense quantities of gold to be procured from Sudan, 261. Goods entering the city at the gate of the desert pay no duty, 263. Timbuctoo coffee, 279. Invoice from, 345. 347. Letter from, 346. 348.

Timbuctoo, Mungo Park at, 319. —————, warehouses of, contain the manufactures, of India and Europe, 427. Communication with, plan for opening, 428. —————, intelligence respecting, whence derived, 436. —————, cotton manufacture, made in the city of, interwoven with silk, of a chequered pattern, deposited in the British Museum, 437. Situation of, in respect to the Neel el abeed, 439. Under the sovereignty of a negro prince, 441. Fish at, resembling salmon, 469. ————, first expedition to and conquest of, 519. ————, second expedition to, 521. ————, third expedition to, 523. Titles of emperor, 382. Togreda, ceremony of, how performed, 231. Tomie, or Sebah Biure, port of; the author visits it by the prince's request, 138. Arab dance and festivity in the neighbourhood of, 141. Music of, 140. Trade with Sudan, 277. Travellers, solitary or scientific, little expectations from, 258. Travelling in Barbary, 293. Treaties with Muhamedan princes, 283. Troglodyte, 319.

U.

Uffran, a depot for camels, 248. Uly and Ualy, material difference between these two terms, 350. Unity among Christians a necessary prelude to the conversion of Africa. The several sects of Christians should unite, instead of being divided, as an expedient measure necessary to precede the conversion of Africa, 129. Union of waters between Timbuctoo and Cairo, 447.

V.

Vaccination, intelligence transmitted from West Barbary instrumental in the propagation of, 337. 23,134 lives saved by vaccination, 338. Vasco de Gama's observations on intercourse with Africa, 258. Vincent, Lord St. his message to the Emperor of Marocco, 459. Vines, the grapes of which are of an extraordinary size, 74.

W.

Water communication between Timbuctoo and Cairo, 443. This opinion is confirmed by Mr. Hornmann, 444. ———, communication between Cairo and Timbuctoo, the opinion respecting, receives additional confirmation, 517. ———, melons at Salee and Rabat peculiarly sweet, 114. ———, carried through the Sahara in goat's skins. Wah el, what, 6. Wahs of Sahara, how supplied with fish, 257. Western oasis, 280. Wangara, jewel from, 103. Wassenah, or Massenah, conjecture why not known at Ashantee, 491. Wed el fees, river of, 82. Whedinoon, a depot for camels. Wheat, superior at Marocco, 95. ———, a superior kind or quality, 125. Wild myrtle grows in the Sahara, 6. Wine Company recommended, 212. Woled Aisah, encampment of Arabs. Produce of that country, 109. Wool, exportation of, granted by the emperor. Woladia el, an eligible place for a naval depot, 108. Woolja, not Woolga, 109. Woled Abbusebah, a whole clan of Arabs, banished from the plains near Marocco, and plundered, killed or dispersed, 318. Woolo, king of Timbuctoo, 484. Wormseed, 74. Wrecked ships, 277. How treated, 278. Wrecked sailors, 279. Wyk, Sir Pieter, Swedish consul, his courier sent to the author, 127.

Y.

Yezzid Muley, gives the port of Santa Cruz to the Dutch, 436. —————, emperor of Marocco, compared to his majesty George the Fourth, 287. His letter to the Dutch consul, 402. His letter to the governor of Mogador, giving to the Dutch the port of Santa Cruz, 402.

Z.

Zealand, New, customs of, compared to those of the Jews, 236. Zeal of Mohamedans not sufficient to convert the negro nations of Africa, 442. Zeef, what it is, 231. Zemurh ait's, or Zemurhites, a kabyl of Berebbers, 115. Zion ait's, or Zianites, a tribe, or kabyl of Berebbers, 124. Ziltanait, or Ziltanites, a tribe of Berebbers, 124. Zimurh shelluh, Berebbers of, their character, 284.



THE END.

Printed by A. and K. Spottiswoode, Printers-Street, London.



Works by the same Author.

An account of the EMPIRE OF MAROCCO and the DISTRICTS OF SUSE AND TAFILELT, compiled from Miscellaneous Observations made during a long residence in, and various Journies through, these Countries.

TO WHICH IS ADDED,

An Account of SHIPWRECKS ON THE WESTERN COAST OF AFRICA, and an Account of Timbuctoo, the great Emporium of Central Africa; illustrated with ACCURATE MAPS and a variety of highly finished PLATES. Third edition. Considerably enlarged with new and interesting matter.

Sold by Cadell and Davies, London; and by W. Blackwood, Edinburgh.

* * * * *

Preparing for the press.

A GRAMMAR of the ARABIC LANGUAGE.

No accurate Grammar of the Arabic Language has ever yet issued from the British Press!—It is extraordinary that the many professors of that bold and figurative language of the East, have never yet favoured the public with such a desirable work.—An attempt will now be made, by the above author, to supply in England this deficiency in Oriental Literature.

THE END