 |
[Sidenote: Lib. 2. Chap. 3.]
The Defect that is observ'd in the Systile as well as in the Pycnostile is, that the Entrance of the Fabricks which are placed in that distance are very narrow: So that Vitruvius remarks that the Ladies as they walk to the Temple hand in hand, were forced when they came thither to quit one another, because they could not go two a Breast between the Pillars. See the Figure BB. Tab. II.
The Third is called Diastyle; viz. where the Pillars are further distant, the space of the Intercolumniation being three Diameters, and the Inconvenience is, that the space is so great, that the Architraves which lie upon the two Pillars are in danger of breaking; because the Ancients made them of one Stone. See Figure CC. Tab. II.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 8.]
The Fourth is called Areostyle; viz. where the Pillars are set very thin, there is no certain Proportion, but the distance of one Pillar from another, is much greater than that of Diastyle; and for this reason it can have no Architrave but of Wood. See the Figure DD. Tab. II.
The Fifth is called Eustyle; viz. where the Pillars are distant from one another by a more convenient Proportion than in any of the other kind. The distance consists of two Diameters of the Pillars, and one Fourth part of the Diameter: It has also this in particular, That the Intercolumniation in the middle is larger than the rest, having three Diameters of the Pillars; for this reason it surpasseth all others in Beauty, Solidity, and Convenience. See Tab. III.
Although the Essentials of these five Kinds, consist in the Proportion that is between the Diameter of the Pillar, and its Intercolumniation, they are also different by the Proportion which is between the Diameter of the Pillar and its height for the Genders or sorts, in which the Pillars are close one to another, ought to have the lesser Pillars; and in that kind, where the Pillars are in a greater distance one from another, they ought to be greater.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Cap. 7.]
But it's true, notwithstanding that these Proportions are not always observ'd, and that very often, to the Ionick and Corinthian Pillars, which are the smallest of all, Intercolumniations are given, which are proper to those of the Thuscan Order, where the Pillars are the greatest.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 2.]
But the Ordinary Practice is, to give to the Pillars of the Areostyle kind, the Magnitude of the 8th part of their height.
As to the Diastyle and Eustyle, the height is divided into Eight parts and an half, to give one to the breadth.
In the Systyle Kind, the Height is divided into Nine parts and an half, and one is given to the thickness.
In the Picnostyle, the thickness of the Pillar is the 10th part of the height, the reason of these different Proportions is founded upon this, that these Pillars do seem to lose of their thickness according as they are in Proportion great or long; and it's likewise for this Reason, that it is thought convenient to have the Pillars in the Corners thicker by a 50th part. See Tab. II. and Tab. III.
ART. III.
Of the Five Orders of Architecture.
The Five Orders of Architecture are, the Thuscan, the Dorick, the Ionick, the Corinthian, and the Compound.
These Orders were Invented to satisfie the Design that might be had of making Fabricks more or less Massy, and more or less adorn'd, for the Distinction of these Orders consists in two things, that as the Thuscan and Dorick Order are more massy and less adorn'd, so the Corinthian and Compound are Slenderer and Richer, the Ionick holds the Middle, as well in its Proportions, as its Ornaments, being less massy and more adorn'd than the Thuscan and the Dorick, and more massy and less adorn'd than the Compound and the Corinthian.
[Sidenote: _Lib. 4. Chap. 1. Praef. 4.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 7._]
Though Vitruvius hath only divided Architecture into Three Orders; viz. The Dorick, the Ionick and the Corinthian; he doth not for all that forget to give the Proportions of the Thuscan, and speak of the Compound.
ART. IV.
Of Things that are Common to several Orders.
Before we treat of the Differences of these Five Orders, it would be proper to speak of those Things that are common to several Orders; as are the Steps, Pedestals, the Diminution of Pillars, their Channelling, Piedements, Cornices, and Acroteres.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The Steps which are before the Temple, ought always to be of an unequal Number, to the end, that having put the right Foot in mounting the first Step, it may likewise be upon the last.
They ought not to be more than 6 Inches 10 Lines high, nor less than 6 Inches.
[Sidenote: Lib. 9. Chap. 2.]
Their breadth ought to be proportion'd to their height, and this Proportion ought to be of 3 to 4; so that if the Steps be 6 parts high, which is 3 times 2, they must be 8 broad, which is 4 times 2; following the Proportion of a Triangular Rectangle invented by Pythagoras.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The Landing-places ought not to be narrower than 16 Inches and an half, nor broader than 22 Inches, and all the Steps that are round about a Fabrick should be all of the same breadth.
The Pedestals which support many Pillars of the same Rank, will be much handsomer if one make them jet out before every Pillar like a Joynt-Stool; for otherwise, if the Bases were all of one size, they would resemble a Channel.
If Leaning-places, or Elbow-places are to be betwixt the Pedestals, it's necessary that they be as high as the Pedestals, and that the Cornices of the Pedestals, and of the Leaning or Elbow-places be equal, and have a true Proportion one to another.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 1.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 2.]
All the Pillars ought to go diminishing towards the top, to augment their Strength, and render them more Beautiful, imitating the Bodies of Trees, which are greater at the Bottom than at the Top. But this Diminution must be lesser in the great Pillars which have their highest part further from the Sight, and which by Consequence makes them at the top seem lesser, according to the ordinary Effect of Perspective; which always diminisheth Objects according to the measure that they are distant from the Eye.
The Rule of this different Diminution is, that a Pillar that is 15 Foot high, ought to have in the upper part 5 parts of 6 in the which the Diameter of the Base of the Pillar is divided; that which is from 15 to 20 Foot, ought to have 5 and an half of the 6 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 20 to 30, ought to have 6 of the 7 parts of the Diameter; that which is from 30 to 40, must have 6 and an half of 7 and an half of the Diameter; that which is from 40 to 50, must have 7 of 8 of the Diameter. These Diminutions do not belong to the Thuscan Order, whose Pillars are much more diminished; as we shall show hereafter.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
Besides this Diminution which is made towards the top of the Pillar, there is another below, which makes the Pillar about the middle swell like a Belly; the measure of this swelling is taken from the magnitude which makes up the Distance between the Channels.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 2.]
There is another sort of Diminution of Pillars, which is made of one Pillar in respect of another; It is of 2 sorts, viz. when a second rank is placed upon the first, for then the second Pillar must be lesser a fourth part than those below, or when Portico's are made that have Pillars in the Corners, for those in the middle must be less than those in the Corners, a 50th part.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
The Channellings are so called, because they are as it were Demi-Channels, which descend from the top of the Pillar to the bottom; they represented the Plaites of the Garments of Women, which the Pillars resembled.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 3.]
There are three sorts of Channellings, the two first are particular and proper to the Dorick Order; the third is common to the Ionick, Corinthian and Compound: The two first are more plain and simple, and fewer in number than the others.
The most Simple is that which is not hollowed at all, and which hath only Pans and flat Fronts or Faces.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The other is a little hollowed; to make this hollowness, a Square must be made, whose Side must be equal to the Pan, in which the Channelling is to be made, and having put one foot of the Compass in the middle of the Square, make a crooked Line from one Angle of the Channelling to the other, both these Channellings are made up to the number of Twenty.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 4.]
The other Orders have 24, and sometimes 32, when it is design'd to make the Pillars seem greater than they are; for the Eye judgeth that all things are greater when they have more and different Marks, which lead as it were the Sight to more Objects at once.
These Channellings are deeper than those of the Dorick Order, and the depth ought to be just so much, that a Carpenter's Rule being put into the Cavity, touch with its Angle the bottom, and with its sides the two Corners of the Channelling. Vitruvius hath not taught us what the Proportions of the Channelling should be, in respect of the Fillet which makes up the space between the Channellings, nor what the breadth of the Fillet should be, which he hath establish'd for the rule of the swelling Belly of the Pillar.
The Piedement is composed of a Tympan and Cornices; to have the true height of the Tympan, we must divide the breadth which is between the two ends of the Cymatium of the Larmier, or Drip which supports the Piedement, into 9 parts, and give one to the Tympan.
The thickness of the Cornice being added to this 9th part, makes up the height of the whole Piedement or Fronton.
The Tympan ought to be Perpendicular upon the Gorge of the Pillar, the things that are common to all Cornices are, that the Cornice of the Piedement must be equal to that below, excepting the last great Cymatium, which ought not to be upon the Cornice below the Piedement, but it ought to go over the Cornices which are sloping upon the Piedement or Fronton.
This great Cymatium ought to have of height an 8th part more than the Crown, or Drip, or Larmier.
In places where there are no Piedements, in the great Cymatiums of the Cornices, must be cut the Heads of Lions, at such a distance, that there must be one directly upon every Pillar, and that the other answer directly upon the great Dalles, that cover the House. These Heads of Lions are pierced through to convey the Water which falls from the Roof upon the Cornice: The Heads of the Lions which are not directly upon the Pillars, ought not to be pierced, to the end the Water may flow with the greater impetuosity through those which are directly upon the Pillars, and that it may not fall between the Pillars upon those who are to go into the Portico's.
The Greeks in their great Buildings never put any Dentels under the Modillons, because the Rafters could not be under the Forces, or Sheers, and it is a great fault that That, which according to the true Rules of Building ought to be placed above, should be placed under in the Representation.
For this Reason, the Ancients never approved of Modillons in the Piedements, nor of Dentels, but only simple Cornices; for neither the Forces, Sheers, nor the Rafters can be represented in the Piedements, out of which they cannot jet but only directly out of the Eaves of the House upon which they lie sloping.
The Acroteres are three Pedestals, which are upon the Corners and Middle of the Piedement to support Statues; those of the Corner ought to be as high as the Middle of the Tympan; but the Acrotere in the middle ought to be higher by an 8th part than the other.
All the Members or Parts which shall be placed upon the Capitals of Pillars, viz. Architraves, Frises, Cornices, Tympans, and Acroteres, should encline forward the 12th part of their height.
There is likewise another General Rule; which is, that all the parts that jet out, should have their Projecture equal to their Height.
ART. V.
Of the Thuscan Order.
It hath been said that all Buildings have three Parts, which may be different according to the divers Order, viz. The Pillars, the Piedements, and the Chambranles, or Door-Cases; and that the Pillars had three Parts, which are the Pedestal, the Shaft, and its Ornaments, viz. The Architrave, the Frise and the Cornice.
Neither the Proportion of the Pedestals, nor of the Gates and Chambranles of the Thuscan Order are to be found in Vitruvius.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 7.]
The Proportion of the Pillar is this, that its thickness below is the 7th part of its height, it's Diminution is the 4th part of the Diameter of the Pillar, its Base has half of the Diameter of the Pillar for its height, the Plinthus being round, makes one half of the Base; the other half is for the Thorus, and for the Conge or Apophygis, Vid. Conge explained.
The height of the Capital is half the Diameter of the Pillar, the breadth of the Abacus is equal to the whole Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, the height of the Capital is divided into three Parts; one of them is allowed the Plinthus, which serves instead of an Abacus; the Echine hath another; and a third Part is for the Gorge of the Capital comprehending the Astragal, the Conge, or Apophygis, which are immediately under the Echine.
Upon the Pillars must be laid the Sabliers, or Wooden Architrave, joyned together by Tenons, in the form of a Swallows Tail.
These Sabliers ought to be distant one from another about an Inch; for if they should touch one another, the Timber would heat and corrupt.
Upon these Sabliers which serve for an Architrave, must be built a little Wall, which will serve instead of a Frise.
The Cornice which is laid upon this little Wall or Frise, has Mutal's which jet out.
All the Crowning should have the 4th part of the height of the Pillar. The little Walls that are built between the ends of the Beams which rest upon the Pillars, must be garnished and covered with Boards, which must be nailed upon the ends of the Beams.
The Piedement, which may be either of Stone or Wood, and which must support the Faistag or Top, the Forces, and the Pans, has a particular Proportion; for it must be much raised to give it a sufficient sloping for the running of the Water. See Tab. V.
ART. VI.
Of the Dorick Order.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
The Dorick Pillar has had in divers times, and in different Buildings, different Proportions; for at first it had only for its height 6 times its Diameter; this Proportion imitating that of Humane Bodies, in which the length of the Foot is the 6th part of all the Body, afterwards they allowed 7 times its Diameter.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 9.]
But this Proportion that the Pillars of the Temples had at the Beginning, was afterwards changed in that of the Theaters, where they were higher by half a Diameter; for they made them 15 Modules high, for in the Dorick Order the Semi-Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom is the Module, which in other Orders is a whole Diameter.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
The Dorick Pillar is composed as well as the rest of a Shaft, Base and Capital, though Vitruvius makes no mention of the Base; and it's easie to conclude, that in the Ancient Buildings this Order had none; for it is said, That when they would make the Ionick Order more Beautiful than the Dorick, they added a Base to it; and there is yet to be seen in Ancient Buildings of this Order, Pillars without a Base; but when a Base is added to it, it must be Attick Base, whose Proportion is as follows.
The whole Base ought to have a Module for its height; that is to say, half the Diameter of the Pillar; this Module being divided into three parts; one is for the Plinthus; the other two parts are divided into four, of which one is allowed for the upper Torus, the three which remain, are divided into two: The half below is for the lower Torus, the other is for the Scotiae, comprising the two little Squares or Filets. The breadth of the Basis in General is a 4th of the Diameter of the Pillar at the bottom, added on every side; but this jetting is excessive, and without any Example, and Vitruvius himself makes it lesser in the Ionick Base.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 3.]
The height of the Capital as well as the Base is one Module, the breadth is two Modules and an half, the height of the Capital being divided into three parts, one must be allowed for the Plinthus or Abacus, with its Cymatium; the other is for the Echine, with its Anulets; the third appertains to the Gorge of the Capital.
The Architrave which comprehends its Platte-Band with the Gouttes or Pendant Drops, which are under the Triglyphs, is as well as the Capital of one only Module; the Gouttes or Drops with their little Tringle, ought to have the 6th part of a Module, the breadth under the Architrave ought to be equal to that above the Pillar.
Upon the Architrave in the Friese ought to be the Triglyphs and the Metops. The Triglyphs have a Module and a half for their height, and a Module for their breadth; the Metops are as high as broad; One Triglyph must be placed directly upon every Pillar, and the Intercolumniation ought to have three; towards the Corners must be placed the Demi-Metops.
The breadth of the Triglyph being divided into six parts, five of them must be left in the middle, and the two halfs which remain on the right and the left, must be for Demi-Graveurs; The part in the middle, and the two last of the five, must be for the three Feet, and the two which are betwixt the three Feet, must be for the Graveurs or Channels, which must be hollowed, following the Corner of the Mason's Rule. The Capital of the Triglyph ought to have the 6th. part of a Module.
Upon the Capital of the Triglyph is placed the great Cornice, its Jetting or Projecture, is half a Module and the 6th. part of a Module, its height is half a Module, comprising the Dorick Cymatium, which is under it.
On the Plat Fonds of the Cornice, must be hollowed little strait ways, which must answer perpendicularly to the sides of the Triglyphs, and the middle of the Metops.
Streight upon the Triglyphs must be cut 9 Goutes or Drops, which must be so distributed, that there may be six length-wise, and three broad-wise; in the Spaces which are betwixt the Metops, because they are greater than those between the Triglyphs: nothing must be cut unless it be Foudres. Moreover towards the border of the Crown must be Carved a Scotia.
Some advance perpendicularly above the Triglyphs, the Ends of the Forces or Principals to frame the Mutils which support the Cornices; so that as the Disposition of Beams hath caused the Invention of Triglyphs, so the jetting of the Forces hath caused the Disposition of the Mutils, which support the Cornices. See Tab. VI.
ART. VII.
Of the Ionick Order.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
The Proportion of the Pillars of the Ionick Order in the beginning had Eight Modules or Diameters for their height, but the Ancients quickly added half a Diameter, when to make this Pillar more Beautiful than the Dorick, not only for its height, but also for its Ornaments, they added a Base to it, which was not used in the Dorick Order.
The Pillars must be set upon their Bases two ways; for sometimes they were perpendicularly set, and sometimes not, viz. The outward rows of Pillars; when there were more Ranks than one; for that part of the Pillar which is towards the Wall of the Fabrick must necessarily be perpendicular, and the outward part must have all the Diminution, and must lean towards the Wall.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The Pillars that are within the porch, and are betwixt the Wall and the outward Pillar must stand perpendicularly.
The breadth of the Ionick Base is the Diameter of the Pillar, to which is added a 4th. and an 8th. part; its height is half the Diameter; its height being divided into three parts, one is allowed for the Plinthus, the rest being divided into seven parts, three are allowed to the Torus above, after equally dividing the four which remain, the two above are for the upper Scotia, with its Astragal: The two below are for the lower Scotia, which will appear greater than the upper, because it extends to the edge of the Plinthus, the Astragals must have the 8th. part of the Scotia, whose Jetting or Projecture must be the 8th. part of the whole Base joyned to the 6th. part of the Diameter of the Pillar. See Tab. VII.
As to the Capital, the Abacus must have in its Square the Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, adding to it an 18th. part; half of the Abacus ought to be the height of the Capital, comprizing the Round of the Volute or Scroll, but there must be substracted from the corner of the Abacus a 12th. part and an half of the height of the Capital, and after the whole thickness of the Capital must be divided into nine parts and an half, and one and an half must be left for the thickness of the Abacus, that the Volutes or Scrolls may be made of the eight which remain; then having left under the Abacus four parts and an half of these eight, a Line must be drawn in the place which cuts the two a-cross and the Points of the Section shall be Eyes, which shall have eight parts for their Diameter; in half the space of the Eye shall be placed the Centers through which shall be drawn with a Compass the Spiral-Line of the Volute, beginning the height under the Abacus, and going into the four Quarters of the Division, diminishing till we come directly to the first Quarter, and giving to every Quarter a particular Center.
Then the thickness of the whole Capital must be so divided that of nine parts which it contains, the Volute has the breadth of three under the Astragal, on the top of the Pillar, which must be directly upon the Eye of the Volute, that which remains above the Astragal, must be allowed for the Abacus, Channel, and the Echine or Egge, whose jetting beyond the Square of the Abacus must be of the same bigness of the Echine or Egge.
The Channel must be hollowed the 12th. part of its breadth.
The Girdle or Cincture, or the lateral part of the Capital, ought to advance out of the Tailhoir Abacus, as much as it is from the Center of the Eye to the height of the Echine.
The thickness of the Axis of the Volutes, which is the thickness of the Volute, seen sideway, and which makes up the extreme parts of that which is called commonly Balisters, ought not to exceed the magnitude of the Eye. See Tab. VIII.
These Proportions of the Ionick Capital, are only for Pillars of 15 Foot, those that are greater require other, and generally the greater Proportions are required for the Pillars that are greater; and for this reason we have said, that the higher the Pillars are, the less Diminution they must have; so when the Pillars are above 15 Foot, we must add a 9th. part to the Diameter of the Pillar for to give the breadth to the Abacus; to which is never added more than an 18th. part to Pillars of 15 Foot.
The Architraves shall be laid upon the Pillars with Jettings equal to the Pedestals, in case they be not all of one size, but in form of Joint-Stools, to the end Symmetry may be observ'd.
The height ought to be different, according to the proportion of the height of the Pillar; for if the Pillar be from 12 to 15 Foot, we must allow the Architrave the height of half a Diameter of the bottom of the Pillar, if it be from 15 to 20, we must divide the height of the Pillar into 15 parts, to the end we may allow one to the Architrave; so if it be from 20 to 25, the height must be divided into 12 parts and an half, that the Architrave may have one; and so proportionably.
The Architrave ought to have at the bottom which lies upon the Capital, the same breadth that the top of the Pillar hath under the Capital.
The Jetting of the Cymatium of the Architrave ought to answer the bottom of the Pillar, the height of the Cymatium ought to be the 7th. part of the whole Architrave.
The rest being divided into 12 parts; three must be allowed to the first Face, four to the second, and five to that above, upon which is the Cymatium.
The Frise ought not to be so high as the Architrave by a 4th. part, unless something be carved there, for then that the Carving may be more graceful, the Frise ought to be bigger than the Architrave by a 4th. part.
Upon the Frise must be made a Cymatium of height the 7th. part of the Frise, with a Jetting equal to its height.
The Dentil which is upon the Cymatium, shall have the height of the Face of the middle of the Architrave, with a Jetting or Projecture equal to its height; the cutting of the Dentils ought to be so made, that the breadth of every Dentil may be the half of its height, and the Cavity of the cut which is between every Dentil may have two parts of three, which maketh the breadth of the Dentil.
The Cymatium which is upon the Dentil, must have the 3d. part of the height of the Dentil.
The Crown with its little Cymatium must have the same height with the Face of the middle of the Architrave.
The great Cymatium ought to have the height of an 8th. part more than the Crown or Drip.
The Jetting or Projecture of the whole Cornice comprehending the Dentil ought to be equal to the space that there is from the Frise, just to the top of the great Cymatium, and generally speaking all the Jettings or Projectures shall have the better grace when they are equal to the height of the Jetting Members. See Table VII.
ART. VIII.
Of the Corinthian Order.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 2.]
The Pillars of the Corinthian Order have no other Proportions than the Ionick, except in the Capital, whose height make them appear slenderer and higher. The other parts or Members, as the Architrave, Frise, and Cornice, borrow their Proportions from the Dorick and Ionick Order, having nothing particular, for the Corinthian Modillons are imitated by the Mutils of the Dorick Order, and the Dentils are the same with the Ionick; this being so, we have nothing to do but to give the Proportions of the Capital, which are these; The Capital comprizing the Abacus, hath for its height, the breadth of the bottom of the Pillar.
To have the true breadth of the Abacus, we must have a care that its Diagonal be double the height of the Capital, the bending that the sides of the Abacus have inward, is a 9th. part of a side, the bottom of the Capital is equal to the Neck of the Pillar. The thickness of the Abacus is a 7th. part of the whole Capital.
Two of these seven parts must be taken for the height of every Leaf, of which there are two Ranks, each of which has four Leaves.
The Stalks or little Branches are likewise composed of other Leaves, and which grow between the Leaves of the Rank above, ought to have two of these seven parts comprising the Volutes.
These Volutes begin within the Stalks, of which, those that are the greatest extend to the Extreme parts of the Angles of the Abacus; the other are below the Roses.
These Roses which are in the middle of every Face of the Abacus, ought to be as great as the Abacus is thick.
The Ornaments of the Corinthian Order, viz. The Architrave, the Frise, and the Cornice, do not in the least differ from those of the Ionick Order. See Tab. IX.
ART. IX.
Of the Compound Order.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 1.]
Vitruvius hath not spoke of the Compound Order, as of an Order distinct from the Corinthian, the Ionick and the Dorick; He only tells us, that sometimes upon the Corinthian Pillar was placed a Capital composed of several parts, which were taken from the Corinthian, the Ionick and Dorick Orders.
But a Consequence may be drawn from thence, that the Order at present called the Compound, might have been in use in the time of Vitruvius, although they then did not make a distinct Order of it; Since that, our Compound Order is not essentially different from the Corinthian, but by its Capital; and so one may say, that this sole difference of the Capital ought to make it a distinct Order from the Corinthian, since according to Vitruvius, the Corinthian Capital alone, made the Corinthian Order.
The parts that our Compound Order borrow from the Corinthian Order, are the Abacus, and the two Ranks of the Leaves of Branch-Ursin, which it has retained, although the Corinthian have quitted them for the Leaves of the Olive.
The other part that it takes from the Ionick, are the Volutes; which it forms in some manner according to the Model of the Volutes of the Corinthian Order, in bending them even as the Abacus; for they are direct upon the Ionick Capital, as well as the Abacus.
The Echine, or Quarter Round, which it has under the Abacus, it borrows rather from the Dorick Order, than from the Ionick; because this Echine is immediately under the Abacus, as it is in the Dorick Order, which is not in the Ionick, which between the Echine and the Abacus, places the Channel which makes the Volute; it may notwithstanding be said, that it imitates the Echine of the Ionick Order, in that it is cut with Oves or Eggs, which is rarely found in the Dorick Capital, but are always in the Ionick.
AN
ABRIDGMENT
OF THE
TEN BOOKS
OF
ARCHITECTURE.
PART II.
Containing the Architecture peculiar to the Ancients.
CHAP. I.
Of Publick Buildings.
ARTICLE I.
Of Fortresses.
[Sidenote: Lib. 1. Cap. 3.]
Buildings are either Publick, or Private; Those that are Publick, appertain either to Security, or Religion, or Publick Convenience. The Fortifications of Cities are for Security, the Temples for Religion, the Market-places, Town-Houses, Theatres, Academies are for the Publick Convenience.
The Disposition and Figures of the Ramparts were so ordered, that the Towers advanced out of the Walls to the end, that when the Enemy approached them, the Besieged which were in the Towers, might fall upon their Flank, both on the Right and the Left.
They took likewise great Care to make the Approaches to the Walls difficult, ordering their Ways so, that they came not directly, but to the Left of the Gate. For by this means, the Besiegers were constrained to present to them that were upon the Walls the Right side, which was not covered with a Buckler.
The Figure of a strong place ought neither to be Square, nor composed of Angles that advance too far. But the Ancients made them with many Sinuosities or Corners, for Angles that are too far advanc'd, are more advantageous for the Besiegers, than the Besieged.
The thickness of the Wall was so ordered, that two Armed Men might walk by one another upon the Wall without justling.
They made their Walls strong and durable, with sindged Beams of Olive, which bound them and kept them up.
Although there be nothing that makes the Ramparts so strong as Earth, they had not for all that the Custom of making Terrasses, unless it were in some place where some Eminency was so near the Wall, that the Besiegers might easily enter.
To make the Terrasses strong, and to hinder the Earth from pushing down the two Walls that supported it, they made Buttresses or Counter-forts which went from one Wall to another, to the end, that the Earth being divided into many parts, might not have that weight to push the Walls.
Their Towers were round, for those that are square are easily ruin'd by their War-like Engines, and their Battering easily broke down the Corners.
Directly against the Tower, the Wall was cut off within the breadth of the Tower, and the Walls so interrupted were only joyned with Joyces, which were not nailed down; to the end, that if the Enemy made themselves Masters of some part of the Wall, the Besieged might take up this Bridge made of Joists, and hinder their further advance.
ART. II.
Of Temples.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 4.]
The second Sort of Publick Fabricks, which are those that belong to Religion are the Temples, which among the Ancients were of two Sorts; some were after the Greek, and some after the Tuscan Fashion.
The Temples after the Tuscan Fashion were Square, the Greeks made them sometimes Round, sometimes Square; in the Square Temples of the Greeks, there are three Things to be considered, viz. The Parts that compose it, the Proportion of the Temple, and its Aspect.
The Parts of the Square Temples, were for the most part Five; for they had almost every one of them a Porch before the Temple called Pronaos, and another Porch behind the Temple, called Posticum, or Opisthedomos, the middle of the Temple, called Cella, or Sacos; the Portico's or Isles, and the Gate.
The Porch was a place covered at the Entrance at the greatest part of Temples, being as broad as the whole Temple. There were three sorts of them. Some were surrounded with Pillars on three Sides; Others had only Pillars in the Front, the Sides of the Porch being made up by the continuation of the Side-Walls of the Temple; Others were made up at the Sides, partly by Pillars, and partly by the Continuation of the Side-Walls of the Temple.
The Posticum of the Temple was equal to the Porch, having likewise a Gate, but all Temples had not Posticums, though almost every Temple had its Pronaos, or Porch.
The Middle of the Temple, called Cella, was a place inclosed with four Walls, having no Light but at the Gate, unless it were uncovered, as we shall shew hereafter.
The Portico's which make the Isles, were ranks of Pillars, sometimes single, sometimes double, which stood along the Sides of the Temple on the out-side: some Temples wanted this part.
The Gates of the Temples were different according to the difference of the Order of the Architecture, according to which the Temple was built: there was the Dorick, the Ionick, and the Attick.
The height of the Dorick Gate was taken by dividing into 3 parts and an half, the space which is from below to the bottom of the Plat-fond of the Portico, which Platfond was called Lacunar: they allow'd 2 to the height of the Gate under the Lintel: this height was divided into 12 parts; 5 and an half were taken for the breadth of the Gate below, for above it was straiter by a 3d. part. A 4th. part, and even an 8th. part of the Chambranle or Door-Case, according to the height of the Gate, which was to be less straitened above, the higher it was. The breadth of the Chambranle or Door-Case, was the 12th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate.
The Chambranle or Door-Case grew straiter and straiter towards the top, viz. the 4th. part of its breadth: it was only edged with a Cymatium, with an Astragal.
Upon the Cymatium above the Chambranle or Door-Case, was a Frise called Hyperthyron, which had the same breadth with the Chambranle or Door-Case. Upon this Frise was placed a Dorick Cymatium, with a Lesbian Astragal; both of them jetting out very little.
Upon the Moulures the Flat-Crown was placed, with its little Cymatium, which jetted out the whole breadth above of the Chambranle or Door-Case, with its Mould.
The height of the Ionick Gates was taken as those of the Dorick; but to have the right breadth, they divided the height into 2 parts and an half: To allow them one and an half below, it was straitned at the top, as the Dorick Gate was; the breadth of the Chambranle was the 14th. part of the height of the Opening of the Gate; this breadth of the Chambranle, or Door-Case, being divided into 6, one was allowed for the Cymatium, the rest being divided into 12, 3 were allowed to the 1st. Face comprising its Astragal, 4 to the 2d. and 5 to the 3d.
The Frise which is called Hyperthyron, was made with the same Proportions that are in the Dorick Order. The Consoles or Shouldering-Pieces, descended directly to the bottom of the Chambranle or Door-Case, without comprizing the Foliage or Leaf-work that they had at the bottom: The breadth above was the 3d. part of that of the Chambranle or Door-Case, and at the bottom they grew straiter by a 4th. part.
The Attick were like the Dorick, but their Chambranles or Door-Cases had only a Plat-band under the Cymatium, and this Plat-band or Face, had only the breadth of 2 parts in 7, into which was divided all the rest of the Chambranle or Door-Case with its Mouldings.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The Proportion of the Temples was so ordered, that they were twice as long as broad, but it is not to be understood precisely, but only of Temples that were without Pillars, whose length was divided into 8, and 4 were allowed for the breadth.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 4.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 3.]
The Temples which had Pillars round about, could not have this double Proportion; for as much as the length had only the double of the intercolumniations, and by consequence a Pillar less than the double of the Pillars before and behind.
The Aspect of the Temples signifies two things in Vitruvius, viz. The Disposition of the parts of the Temple, in respect of one another, and the Disposition in respect of the Heavens.
As to what regards the Disposition of the Temple in respect of the Heavens, the Ancients always observed to turn them toward the Sun-rising, if the place were not ill-disposed for it, and that some great Street obliged them to turn it otherwise.
As to what belongs to the Disposition of the parts, viz. of the Porch, Porticum, Isles or Oiles within the Temple and the Gates, it was different in the Temples which were without Pillars, and in those which had Pillars.
[Sidenote: Lib. 4. Chap. 4.]
The Temples without Pillars, were those that were not 20 Foot broad, the length of these Temples being divided into 8, 4 were allowed for the breadth, 5 for the length of the Temple within, and 3 for the Porch.
[Sidenote: Lib. 3. Chap. 1.]
The Temples which had Pillars were of 8 sorts; The 1st. and the most Simple, was that which was called Ad Antes, because in this sort of Temples, there were only 2 Pillars in the Face or Front before, betwixt 2 Antes. There was 3 sorts of these Temples.
The First and the most Simple, had 2 Pillars before the Face of the Temple, at whose Corners there were 2 Antes, and the 2 Pillars supported a Piedement or Fronton.
The Second Sort had likewise but 2 Pillars, but they were between 2 Antes upon the same Line with the Antes; and these Antes with the 2 Pillars, made up the Face of the Porch of the Temple.
The Third Sort was, when betwixt 2 Pillars which were at the Face before, which made up the Porch, there were likewise 2 others within the Porch; these Pillars within, were not so thick as those without, although they were of an equal height; but to the end they might seem as thick as those without, they made more Channellings, for the most part 28 or 32, supposing those without had 24; this was done to get more room within the Porch. These Temples had also this particular to themselves, that the Front of the Porch was closed with Partitions of Marble or Joyner's-Work, which ran from the Ante of one of the Corners to its neighbouring Pillar, and from this Ante to the other Pillar, and from this Pillar to the other Ante.
The second Sort of Temples, with Pillars, was called Prostyle; which differ'd not from the first, but in this, that besides the 2 Pillars of the Temple, Ad Antes, there were two others directly on the Angular Antes.
The Third Sort was called Amphiprostyle; because it had Pillars as well behind as before.
The Fourth Sort was the Periptere, which in the Front, as well as behind, had 6 Pillars, and 12 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the distance which was between the Pillars and the Walls, was equal to that which was between the Pillars.
The Fifth, the Pseud-diptere, viz. False Diptere, it had 8 Pillars in the Front, and as many behind, and 15 on every side, counting those of the Corners: the Pillars were distant from the Wall, the space of 2 Intercolumniations, and the thickness of a Pillar.
The Sixth Sort was the Diptere, which had 8 Pillars before and behind, and 2 rows round about.
The Seventh Sort was called Hypethre, because the inner part of the Temple was uncovered, it had 10 Pillars before and behind; and as to the rest, it was like the Diptere, but in this particular to it self, that all about it had two Orders of Pillars, at a little distance from the Wall, to make Portico's, as in the Peristyles.
The Eighth was called Pseudo-Periptere, or False Periptere; for the Disposition of the Pillars was equal to that of the Pillars of the Periptere: This Temple having 6 Pillars in the Front, and behind, and 11 in the Isles or Wings; but the Disposition of the Walls of the Temple was different in this, that they extended even to the Pillars, which made no Portico, for they were joyned to the Walls, except those of the Porch which were insulated, or stood alone like Islands.
The Round Temples were of 2 sorts; The first were called Monopteres, because they had no Walls, having only an Isle or Wing; viz. Pillars which supported a Coupe. Their Proportion was, that dividing the whole Temple into three, one part was allowed for the Steps upon which the Pillars were placed, which had their height equal to the distance that there was from one Pillar, to that which was Diametrically opposite to it.
The Second Sort which was called Periptere, had Pillars upon their Basis round about the Temple, the space that was between the Basis and the Wall was the 5th. part of the whole Temple, and the Diameter of the Temple within, was equal to the height of the Pillar.
The Temples after the Tuscan fashion were square, having 5 parts in length and 4 in breadth; the Porch which was as great as the rest of the Temple, had 4 Pillars in the Front; the Sides were closed half by the Continuation of the Walls of the Temple, half by 2 Angular Pillars; and there were likewise 2 Pillars in the middle of the Porch: The Temple had 2 Chappels within on each Side.
We find that the Ancients had 14 Sorts of Temples, viz. 1. The Temple without Pillars. 2. The Temple ad antes Simply. 3. The Temple ad Antes, with 2 Pillars upon the same Line with the Antes. 4. The Temple ad antes, with Pillars of an unequal Magnitude. 5. The Prostyle. 6. The Amphiprostyle. 7. The Periptere. 8. The Pseudo-diptere. 9. The Diptere. 10. The Hypethre. 11. The Pseudo-Periptere. 12. The Monoptere. 13. The Round Periptere. 14. The Tuscan. See the Tab. 2, 3, 4.
ART. III.
Of Publick Places, Basilica's, Theatres, Gates, Baths and Academies.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 1.]
The Third Sort of Publick Fabricks are those which are Built for the Convenience and Use of all People; and there are Six Sorts of them, viz. Market-Places, Basilica's, Theatres, Gates, Baths and Academies.
The Market-Places among the Greeks were surrounded with Pillars close one against another. Among the Romans, the Pillars which environed the Market-Places, had larger Intercolumniations, for they made Peristyles, under which were Shops.
The Proportion of the Market-Places was so ordered, that having divided the length into three parts, they allowed two for the breadth; the Basilica's had never less breadth than the third part of their length, nor more than the half.
The Pillars were as high as the Isles or Wings were broad, and these Isles or Wings had a third part of the great Vault in the middle.
There was likewise a Second rank of Pillars upon the Wings, which made high Galleries, and these Second rank of Pillars were placed upon a Pedestal in the form of a Partition, high enough to hinder those that were in the high Galleries from being seen by those that were below.
At the End of every Basilica, there was a high and great Hall called Chalcidiques, which were joyned one to another by high Galleries: they served the Spectators while Justice was distributed.
The Theaters were composed of three parts, viz. The Steps or Degrees, which were instead of Seats for the Spectators: they were disposed in a Semi-circle, and they closed a void space in the middle and at the bottom of the whole Theater, which was called the Orchestra.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 6.]
The Orchestra was made in the Graecian Theatre, to Dance the Ballets. The Senators were placed in that of the Romans, because the Ballets were Danced upon the Scene.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 6.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 6.]
Above and quite round the Steps or Degrees was a Portico of Pillars, the Steps being separated by divers Palliers or Landing and Resting places which went round, and by streight passages which went ascending from one Palliere or Landing place to another; so that the ways which led from the second Palliere to the third, parted betwixt those of the first, and ended betwixt those of the third. The Steps or Degrees were 14 or 15 Inches high, and from 28 to 30 broad.
Under the Degrees, above every Palliere, there were in the great Theaters 13 Chambers, in which were Vessels of Brass, set to several Tunes, or Tones; which by their Echo augmented the Voice of the Players. The Scene or Stage, was composed of the Pulpit, the Proscenium and the Parascenium. The Pulpit was the place where the Actors played: it was raised not above five Foot at the most above the Orchestra, or Pit.
The Proscenium was the Front of the Stage, which was adorned with Pillars of several sorts one above another. These Orders were so proportioned, that the second was a fourth part lesser than the first. The third diminishing according to the same Proportion.
The Front had three Gates, that in the middle which was the greatest was called the Royal Gate, the two others were called the Gates of Strangers.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5.]
These three Gates were closed with Machines, made in a Triangle, and composed of three Fronts or Faces well Painted, to represent Buildings in Perspective; they served for the changing of the Scenes, when these Machines were turned. And the Paintings represented three sorts of Buildings, which made three sorts of Scenes, viz. The Tragick by Magnificent Pallaces, the Comick by Private Houses, the Satyrical (i. e. the Pastoral) by Fields and Groves.
The Parascenium or Postscenium was the hinder part of the Theater, and the place whither the Actors retired and dressed themselves, and had their Rehearsals, and where the Machines were kept. Near the Theaters, were Publick Walks, in length a Stadium, which is about 90 Perches. There were Trees planted, and round about it were double Porticos, which were every one as broad as the Pillars on the out-side were high; for those within were higher by a fifth part, than those without, and they were likewise of a different Order; for those without were of the Dorick Order, and those within of the Ionick or Corinthian.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 13.]
The Ancients built their Ports in two manners; at those which were Natural, they only made Portico's round about with Magazines and Towers at the Ends, for to shut the Port with a Chain.
Those which were Artificial, were built three several ways: The first was to make Partitions of Wood only, without emptying the Water which was within the Partitions, and they cast into the Partitions, Stone and Mortar made with Pozzolana, thrown in hand over head; for they were certain that this Mortar wou'd grow dry in the bottom of the Water. The second Way was by making Partitions with ordinary Clay, or fat Earth at the bottom of the Sea, after the Water had been emptied out by Pumps. The third Way was to build a Mole upon the Sea-Coast, and to cast it in when the Mason's Work was sufficiently dry, which only required two Months time. That they might the better throw these Moles into the Sea, they built them half upon the Sea-Coast, and half upon an heap of Sand which they made close to the Sea-Coast; to the end, that this Sand which was stopped by nothing but by the Walls, built only to support it during the time that the Mole was a drying, might let it fall when the Sea came to carry away the Sand after that the Walls were beaten down.
[Sidenote: Lib. 5. Chap. 10.]
The Bathes of the Ancients consisted of many Chambers; some for Men, and some for Women.
Some of the Chambers had a moderate Heat, to warm their Bodies insensibly, and prepare them for a stronger Heat to make them Sweat.
The Chamber they were to Sweat in, was called Laconicum, and was round, and Vaulted like the ends of an Oven, pierced at the top with a round Opening, which was opened and shut with a Buckler of Brass, which hung at a Chain, by which means they augmented or diminished the Heat according to the Proportion that they pull'd up, or let down the Buckler.
One and the same Furnace heated both the Air and the Water, according to the Disposition of the places which were nearer or further from the Furnace, whose heat was communicated to the Chambers from under the Flooring, which was made full of little holes.
The Water was likewise diversly tempered by the different situation of three great Vessels of Brass, whose Water went from one into another, and there were Pipes that conveyed these three sorts of Water into the Bath.
The Academies of the Ancients, which they called Palaestra, was a place where the Youth learned Letters and their Exercises. They were composed of three parts, viz. Of a Peristyle, a Xyste, and a Stadium; the Peristyle was a Court surrounded with Portico's, which were of two sorts; three of them were Simple, and one Double.
The Simple stood in a row against three Bodies of Lodgings, composed of many great Halls, where the Philosophers had their Disputes and Conferences.
The Bodies of the Lodgings, which was the length of the double Portico, and one part of the Bodies of Lodgings which turned in, were distributed into several parts, for the Studies and Exercises of Youth; for there they had their Classes, their Baths, their Stoves, and their Tenis-Court.
The Xyste was a place planted with Trees, and surrounded with Portico's on every side: These Portico's were of two sorts.
There was one double which was set against the Bodies of the Lodgings, to which the double Portico of the Peristyle was joyned.
The Simple Portico's had two Wings, under these Simple Portico's there were hollow Ways, where they performed their Exercises; the rest of the Portico was raised to the right and the left, for those that had a mind to Walk while the rest performed their Exercises, in the hollow ways.
The Place which was compassed with these three Portico's, was planted with Trees, which made Allies, where the Wrestlers exercised in Winter, when it was fair Weather.
The Stadium was on the Side of the Peristyle and the Xyste. It was an Alley of 90 Perches; on each Side it had many Steps or Degrees, which made a sort of a long Theater bending in at both ends; these Steps or Degrees were made for the convenience of seeing them that Run.
CHAP. II.
Of Private Buildings.
ARTICLE I.
Of the Courts of Houses.
[Sidenote: Lib. 6. Chap. 3.]
The Houses of the Ancients had five sorts of Courts, of which the greatest part were covered round about by the Jettings which supported the Water-Channel or Gutter, in which all the Water that fell from the Roof met together.
These Courts made with Jettings, were of four sorts; The first was called the Tuscan, this Court was surrounded with a Jetting en auvent, which was laid upon four Beams, supported by other standing Beams placed in the Corners.
The second Sort was called Corinthian; it had likewise Beams, but they were further from the Walls than in the Tuscan Court, and they were laid upon Pillars.
The third Sort was called Tetrastyle, because the Beams were supported with four Pillars which were in the place of the standing Beams that were made use of in the Tuscan Court.
The fourth Sort was called the Vaulted; because the Jetting that it had round about, was supported by Vaults.
The fifth Sort of Court that had no Jetting, and which was called the Uncovered, had the Water-Gutter directly upon the Wall, and was only covered with the Entablature.
ART. II.
Of the Vestibulum or Entry.
The Houses of the Ancients had Great and Magnificent Entries, they were sometimes 15 Perches long and 9 broad, and they were supported upon two ranks of Pillars, which made a Wing on each Side, the Proportion of their breadth and length was taken three Ways. The first was, when having divided the length into 5, 3 were allowed for the breadth. The second was, when having divided it into 3, 2 were allowed for the breadth. The third was, when having made an Equilateral Square, the Diagonal of this Square was taken for the length, and the Side for the breadth.
The height was equal to the length, taken from the Pavement below, to the bottom of the Plat-Fonds or Flat-Roof, which was hollowed on the other side the Beams, the seventh part of the whole height.
The Proportion that the Alley which was in the middle between the Pillars, had with the Wings, was different according to the Magnitude of the Vestibule or Entry, for the greater they were or the lesser, the Wings had a proportionable breadth with the Alley in the middle; So that if the Vestibule or Entry was 100 Foot long, the Wings had only for their breadth the 50th. part of the length; and when it was but 30 Foot long, they had only the 3d. part.
ART. III.
Of Halls.
The Ancients had three Sorts of Halls; Viz. The Corinthian, the AEgyptian, and the Cyzican.
The Corinthian had Pillars round about against the Wall, and these Pillars supported the Floor made in form of a Vault. Surbaissee.
The AEgyptian Halls had their Pillars distant from the Wall in the manner of the Peristyle, and they supported only an Architrave without a Frise and without a Cornice; upon this Architrave there was another row of Pillars, between which were the Windows. The Floor which reached from the Pillars to the Wall, served for a Terrasse without.
[Sidenote: Lib. 6. Chap. 6.]
The Cyzican Halls had this in particular, that they were turned to the North, and had a Prospect of the Gardens; they were principally made use of by the Greeks; the Proportion of these Halls was as follows, Their length was double their breadth, and as to their height, this Rule was observed to have the height of all Sorts of Apartments that are not so broad as long, they added their length to their breadth, and took half of the sum for their height. The Apartments which were no longer than broad, had in height their breadth, and half their breadth.
ART. IV.
Of the Distribution of the Apartments among the Ancients.
[Sidenote: Lib. 6. Chap. 10.]
[Sidenote: Lib. 6. Chap. 3, 4.]
The Romans and the Greeks ordered and distributed differently their Apartments; for the Romans had their Courts and Entries magnificent: but the Greeks had only a narrow Entrance, through which they passed into a Peristyle; this Entry had of one Side a Porter's Lodge, on the other Side the Stables.
The Apartments of these two Nations differed in this, the Apartments of the Women were separate from the Apartments of the Men among the Greeks; insomuch that they Dined apart. They had likewise particular Rooms reserved for Strangers apart, where they only gave them Lodging, and never treated them above one Day.
CHAP. III.
Of things that equally appertain to Publick and Private Buildings.
ARTICLE I.
Of Aqueducts.
[Sidenote: Lib. 8. Chap. 6.]
In Order to the bringing of Waters to Towns and Cities, the Level must be exactly taken; to the end, it may be known whether the Waters can be brought thither or no. The Ancients to this end made use of an Instrument called Corobates, which was directed by a Lead, and by Water, when the Wind hindered them from making use of the Lead.
They brought their Water three several ways; viz. by Aqueducts, by Pipes of Lead, and Pipes baked in a Potter's Furnace. They allowed for the Channels or Sewers of the Aqueducts, for every 100 Foot, half a Foot of Declination or Sloping; and if any Hills were in their way, they dug through them, making Vents to give Air at convenient Distances.
The Pipes of Lead were at least 9 Foot long; they made them of bended Sheets or Plates, and of different thicknesses, according to the Proportion of the greatness of the Pipes; these Pipes had likewise their necessary Declination or Sloping, and if any Valley was in the way, they made it equal to the Level with a Wall; they likewise made many Vents, to give the Water Air, and to know where to mend the Pipes.
The Pipes of Potter's-Work, were two Inches thick; they were joyned together with Mortar mixed with Oil, and when they had Conde or Joynt to make, they made use of a red Free Stone which they pierced through, to receive the two Ends of the Pipes.
ART. II.
Of Wells and Cisterns.
It being remarkt oftentimes that the Water which is under the Earth hath many bad Qualities, and exhales vapours, which often stifles those which work in the Wells, after that they are dug, & the Water begins to gather together. The Ancients had this Precaution, to let a Lamp gently down into it, and if it extinguished it, they took it for an Infallible sign that the Water was bad.
The Cisterns were made to receive Rain Water in great Conservatories under Ground, whose Walls on all Sides, and at the bottom were built with Mortar of strong Lime, and Sand, and Pebbles, all well beaten together. They made several Conservatories, and the Water passed from one to another, to the end it might leave all the Dirt in the first and second; They likewise put Salt in their Cistern-Water to make it more subtile.
ART. III.
Of Machines for carrying and lifting up great Stones and Burthens.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 6.]
Ctesiphon and his Son Metagenes, Architects of the Temple of Ephesus, invented Machines to carry great Stones, out of which Pillars and Architraves were to be made. That which was made to draw the Pillars, was but a sort of a Frame as long as the Pillars, in the end of which were fastned Pins of Iron, which entred into the ends of the Frame, and served instead of an Axle-tree, the Pillar it self serving for a Wheel: And this had the desired Effect, because of the disposition of the place through which these Stones were to be drawn, which was a flat and level Country.
The other Machine for drawing of Architraves, was the same Frame which had two Wheels at each end, which supported the Architrave; which served instead of an Axle-tree.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 2.]
For the raising of great Weights, they had three sorts of Machines. The first was composed of three pieces of Wood, which were joyned together at top by a Pin which went through them all; so that there were two of these pieces which were on one side, a little distance one from the other, and the third was opposite to them; The two which were together on the one side, had a Hand-Mill which drew a Rope, which passed within a Truckle with three Pullies, of which that part which had the two Pullies was fastned to the top of the Machine, and that which had but one, was fastned to the Weight to be drawn up.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 2.]
The second Machine was stronger than the first, because the Moulin had more Pullies, and instead of a Moulin or Hand-Mill, it had a great Wheel, whose Axle-tree drew a Rope which passed through these Pullies, and upon the Wheel there was another Rope twisted, which was drawn by a Wind-glass; sometimes the great Wheel was hollow, so that Men could walk within it, and so turn it.
The third had but one long and strong piece of Wood, which was kept up and stayed by Shrowds, as the Mast of a Ship is. By the help of these Shrowds, they bended and turned this piece of Wood where they pleased, drawing the Shrowds fast on the one side, and loosening them on the other. The Moufl's Crane as well those which were fastned to this piece of Wood, as those which were fastned to the VVeight which was to be drawn up, had each of them three ranks of Pullies, which had three in every rank, that three Ropes might go through them, which were not drawn by Hand-Mills, nor by VVheels, but by Men who pulled several at one time at the same Rope: And that this might be done with the more ease, the three Ropes or Cables after having passed the last Pullies of that part of the Moufle which was at the top of the Machine; they descended down below, each upon one Pully, which vvas but the height of the Men: this Machine quickly povverfully lifted up the greatest VVeights.
ART. IV.
Of Machines for Elevating of Waters.
These Machines were of four sorts.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10.]
The first was the Tympan, of which there were two sorts; The first elevated a great deal of Water, but not very high, for it only mounted to the Axle-tree of the Tympan, which was a great Wheel made of Planks which made two bottoms divided into eight from the Center to the Circumference, each Separation, having an opening half a Foot wide near the Circumference to draw the Water, which being elevated upon the Axle-tree, ran through the Cavities which were hollowed in each Separation.
The Second Machine, was a Wheel which elevated the Water as high as its Circumference, by the help of several Boxes which were fastned round about, and which poured out the Water into a Reeve as the Wheel, having mounted, began to descend.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 2.]
The Third Machine was a Chain with Buckets, as the one mounted, the other descended, being drawn by the Axle-tree.
The Fourth Machine was the Vice or Skrew, which is attributed to Archimedes, though Vitruvius makes no mention of the Inventor. This Vice was made of a piece of VVood, long sixteen times its Diameter: about this piece of Wood was put Obliquely a Hoop of Willow VVood besmeared with Pitch, and it was Conducted by turning from one end of the piece of the Wood to the other: Upon this Hoop others were put so that they were like the Vaulting of a Stair-Case whose ascent goes turning. This being done, this Vice was fastned and strengthned with Planks, which were pitched within, and covered with Iron Rings and Plates without: At the two ends of the piece of Wood, were Pins, which entring into the Suckets, made the Machine capable of Motion. This Vice or Skrew was placed according to the bent or sloping of the Triangle Rectangle of Pythagoras. This Machine elevated easily a great quantity of Water, but it could not carry it high.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 2.]
The Fifth Machine, was the Pump of Ctesibius; it was composed of two Bodies of Pumps, in which the Suckets having drawn the VVater when they were pulled up, they both pressed it violently into a Pipe which was fastned at the bottom of the Body of the Pump when they went down. For the VVater by the Impulsion of the Sucket, was forced to enter into these Pipes, because it could not go out by the Openings by which it entred, because of the Suckets which stopped them, these two Pipes were joyned together in a Tambour, which had likewise its Suckets, which hindred the VVater from descending into the Bodies of the Pumps, after it had been pressed into the Tambour, or Vase, which had another Pipe, through which the VVater was forced as high as they pleased, by Impulsion of the Suckets.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 10.]
All these Machines were either moved by Strength of Men, or by VVater-Mills, according to the convenience of the place.
ART. V.
Of Water-Mills for Grinding of Corn.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 10.]
Water-Mills were moved by the help of a great VVheel which had many VVings, which were forced by the Current. The Axle-tree of this great VVheel, traversed another VVheel which had Cogs, which made the Lanterne or Trundle-head go, which was placed Horizontally, which was traversed by a Beam of Iron, which entred through above, into an Iron in form of a VVedge, which helped to fasten the Beam in the Mill-stone, above which was the Mill-Hopper, in form of a Funnel.
ART. VI.
Of other Hydraulick Machines.
There were many other Machines which moved by the help of the VVater, as Hour-Glasses, Organs, Machines for Measuring the VVays, and knowing the swiftness or slowness of Sailing.
The Hour-Glasses marked the Hours by the help of VVater, which passing slowly, a little hole made at the bottom of a Vessel, and falling into another, in elevating it self insensibly in the Vessel which it filled, raised a piece of Cork, which hanging at one of the ends of a Chain wrapped about an Axle-tree, and which had at the other end a little Bag full of Sand, and a little lighter than the Cork: for this Chain turning, the Axle-tree likewise turned a Pin or Hand, which marked the Hours upon a Dial.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 12.]
The Organs played by help of two Suckets, which were pulled up or let down in the Bodies of the Pump. The Suckets pushed the Air with violence into a Funnel reversed in a Copper Coffer half full of VVater, and pressed the Water, and constrained it to ascend round about within the Coffer, which made that its weight in making it re-enter into the Funnel, pushed the Air into the Pipes, and made them Play, producing the same Effects that the Bellows did.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 14.]
They measured the way that the Ships make by the help of a little Mill, which was fastned to the Ship, and which turned by the resistance that its VVings found in the VVater when the Ship went forward and the Axle-tree of this Mill had a little Rong or Tooth, which every round pushed forwards one of the Teeth of the great VVheel, which turned another, and that another which turned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of turnings, that the Mill made, by which means it was easie to take an account of the Perches, and Leagues that the Ship sailed.
They made use of the same Machine on the Land, fixing to the Nave of the VVheel of a Coach, a Tooth which made many VVheels be turned as in the above-mentioned Machine, at the last of which, was fastned a Pin or Handle, which marked the number of Perches and Leagues. This Machine had likewise a sort of a Counting VVheel, which at every Mile that the Coach went, let a Pibble fall into a Vessel of Brass, to give notice that they had gone a Mile.
ART. VII.
Of Machines of War.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 15.]
The Machines of VVar of the Ancients were of three Sorts, for they were made either to Lance, Arrows, such as were the Scorpions or Javelins, such as were the Catapulta's, or Stones, such as were Ballista's or fiery Darts, such as were the Pyroboli, or they were made to beat down the VValls, such as were the battering Rams, and the Terebra, or to come covered to the VValls, and so safely Mount the Ramparts, such as were the Tortoises or Testudo's, and the Towers of VVood.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 18.]
The Scorpions were a sort of great Crossbows, which were made use of to defend the VValls, and which likewise the Assailants made use of in the wooden Towers, to annoy those that defended the VValls.
The Catapulta, lanced Javelins or Javelots, from 12 to 15 Foot in length, they were made of two Trees, set one against another, like the Masts of a Ship, which were bended in drawing them with a Hand-Mill. These Trees being on a suddain unbent, furiously struck together, and forced violently the Javelin. They were bent the one after the other by the same Cord, which was made of Guts, to the end, that the Master who managed the Engine, might be assured, that the two Trees or Beams were equally bent. He knew it by sounding the Cord when both the Beams were bent, and when the End above was drawn even to the Capital of the Machine, where they were stayed by a Pin of Iron, which was driven out by a quick stroke of a Hammer when they unbent it. There was a Cylinder which traversed an excentrical piece, by the help of which they heightned, or let down the End of one of the Beams below, according as the Master of the Machine judged it necessary, for the augmenting or diminishing their bent, which was known by the sound of the Cord, which was alike in both, when they were equally bent. See Table XI.
The Ballista's were bended and strung as the Catapulta's, but instead of Javelins, they cast great Stones.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 22.]
The Pyroboli were Machines, which lanced or cast Darts, to vvhich vvas fixed combustible Matter, vvhich vvas kindled vvhen they darted it against Machines of VVar or Shipping.
The Ram vvas to beat dovvn Walls and make breaches. It vvas a great Beam headed with Iron; it vvas hung by the middle, and pushed by the Soldiery vvith great violence against the Walls.
The Terebra vvas something like the Ram, being a strong Beam pointed vvith Iron, but it vvas sharp pointed, and it made vvay for the Ram, splitting the Stones.
[Sidenote: Lib. 10. Chap. 20.]
The Testudo or Tortoise, vvere great large and low Towers of Wood, which were rowled upon six or eight Wheels, they were covered with raw Hides to defend them from fire. Their use was to cover them that approached the Walls to undermine them, or beat them with the battering Ram.
The Towers of Wood were made to raise the Assailants as high as the Walls, to chace the Besieged away with Arrows and Scorpions, and to lay Bridges from the Towers to the Wall; they were sometimes Thirty Fathoms high, having Twenty Stages. They were covered, as the Tortoises with raw Hides; they had each of them a Hundred Men, which were employed as well to move them, as to annoy the Besieged.
FINIS.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The Figures inserted here are those only which are chiefly necessary to the understanding of Vitruvius, that is to say, those which serve for the comprehending the Rules that Architecture gives for Buildings, now in use. The Figures of other things, of which Vitruvius treats, are omitted, it being enough to give One only, to serve as an Example of each kind, viz. one for all Temples, one for all Theatres, and one for all Machines.
THE EXPLICATION Of the FIRST TABLE.
This Table contains the seven several sorts of Masonry; A is the first, which was called Reticulatum, because it was like the Mashes of Nets; BB is the second, it's called Insertum, that is to say, bound Masonry, because the Stones are one bound within another, every one being bound with four, two below, and two above: CC is the third sort, which was particular to the Greeks; it may be called double binding, for it's not only of Stones of the same course, but of two courses III. D is the fourth, called Isodomum, because the Beds or Lays are equal in height. E is the fifth, called Pseudisodomum, because they are of an equal heighth. FF, GG, H is the sixth, called Emplecton, because it was filled up any way in the middle. FF are the Stones which make the Courses. K is the seventh, which may be called Compound, because its Courses are of hewn Stone, and the middle filled up with Rubbish; and these Courses are fasten'd together with Cramp-irons.
This Table refers to pag. 47.
THE EXPLICATION Of the SECOND TABLE.
This Table contains the five sorts of Edifices: AA is the Pycnostyle; that is to say, where the Pillars are very close, the Intercolumniation being but of one Diameter, and a half of the Column: BB is the Systyle, viz. where the Pillars have two Diameters of Intercolumniation: CC is the Diastyle, viz. where the Pillars are at that distance, that they have for the Intercolumniation three Diameters: DD is the Areostyle, where the Pillars are far asunder. There is no certain Proportion; we have given in this Figure four Diameters of Intercolumniation, it may have more: The fifth sort called Eustyle, is in the third Table.
This Table refers to pag. 80.
THE EXPLICATION Of the THIRD TABLE.
This Table contains the Plan and Elevation of the fifth sort of Edifices, called Eustyle, viz. where the Pillars are distant one from another by more convenient Proportion: Its Intercolumniations have all two Diameters and a quarter, except the Intercolumniations in the middle of the Face before and behind, which have three Diameters.
This plan shews the different parts of the ancient Temples: AA, AA, are the Isles or Wings which are Portico's, having a rang of Pillars on the one side, and the Wall of the Temple on the other. B is the part called the Pronaos or Porch. C is the part called Posticum, viz. the hinder part of the Temple. D is that Part called Cella, or the Nave or Body of the Temple.
This Table relates to p. 81, & 117.
THE EXPLICATION Of the FOURTH TABLE.
This Table contains the Plan and perspective Elevation of a Temple, called Hexastyle and Pseudodyptere, viz. Which has six Columns in the Faces, before and behind, and which has simple Portico's, but which are as large as the two Portico's of the Temples which have them double. This Plan and this Elevation may serve for other Temples, which as to what concerns the essential parts explained in the precedent Table, are like to this here, as are the Periptere, the Diptere, and the Hypethre, which only differ in the number of Columns, or such-like circumstances.
THE EXPLICATION Of the FIFTH TABLE.
This contains the Proportions of the Tuscan Order. AA is the Base of the Column, which has for its height the first Semidiameter of the Column: It's divided into two equal parts; that below is for the Plinth, marked I; that above, marked K, is for the Thorus, and for the Conge or Apophygis. BB is the Capital, which height is equal to its Base: It's divided into three; the first marked L, is for the Gorge, with the Conge and the Astragal; the second, marked M, is for the Echinus or quarter-round; the third, marked N, is for the Plinthus or Abacus, called by the French Tallor. C is one of the Faces of the Sabliers which serve instead of an Architrave. EE is the under part of the Sabliers, which answers to the Diameter on the top of the Column, marked D. F is a Tenon shaped like a Swallows Tayl, which joyns the two Sabliers together. G is the little Wall which serves for a Frize. H is the Cornice.
This Table relates to pag. 93.
THE EXPLICATION Of the SIXTH TABLE.
This contains the Proportion of the Dorick Order; AB is the top of the Shaft of the Column; this top shews the Plan of the two sorts of Channelling or Fluting, which are particular to the Dorick Order. The one half has Channelling or Fluting that is not hollowed, and make only Flat Faces or Pans. B is the other half, which has Channelings a little hollowed, viz. one quarter of the Circle: They are formed by the help of a Square C, whose sides are equal to every one of the Pans. D E F is the Capital divided into three equal parts. D is for the Gorge; E is for the Echinus, and for the Anulets or Rings; F is for the Abacus; G is the Architrave; H is the Triglyph; I is the Metop; K is the Demi-metop; L is the Cornice; M are the six pendant Drops which are under the Triglyph; N, O are the Pendant Drops which are in the Platfond of the Cornice.
This relates to pag. 96.
THE EXPLICATION Of the SEVENTH TABLE.
This contains the Proportions of the Jonick Order and the Attick Base: A is the Plinth of the Attick Base, which is the third part of the whole Base, of which the upper part is the fourth part of what remains after the Plinth is taken; the inferiour part is half of what remains, and the other half is the Scotia. C D is the Plinth of the Jonick Base, which is the third part of the height of the whole Base. E is the Thorus which contains three parts of seven, into which is divided what remains, the other four being for the two Scotia's, and the two Astragals, which are betwixt the Thorns and the Plinth. F is the Capital, whose Proportion is explained in the eighth Table. G, H, I, K is the Architrave, which has four parts, viz. the Face marked G; the second marked H; the third marked I, and the Cymatium or Simaise, marked K; L is the Frise. M, N, O, P, Q is the Cornice. M is the first Cymatium; N is the Dentil; O is the second Cymatium; P is the Crown with its little Cymatium or Simaise.
This Table relates to pag. 101.
The EXPLICATION Of the EIGHTH TABLE.
This contains the Proportions of the Ionick Capital, of which only half is seen here: A B is the half of the breadth of the Abacus, which is regulated according to the breadth of the bottom of the Column, of which one half is marked B 18; for the bottom of the Column being divided into 18, 19 are allowed to the Abacus: A C is the Retreat which must be made of the Corner A, of the Abacus inwardly, to draw the Line C D, which must regulate the Eye of the Volute over which it must cross as it passes. To make this Retreat we must take one part and a half of twelve, into which is divided the height or thickness, E F, of the whole Capital, which height is equal to half the breadth of the Abacus. This height, marked C D, is divided into nine parts and a half, of which one and a half is given to the Abacus, and four and a half from the Abacus to the middle of the Eye, which is traversed by the line G H; the Figures 1, 2, 3, 4, mark the four Centers of the first four quarters of the Volute; the four second quarters, and the four third (for the Volutte has twelve) are taken in the Diagonal 1, 3, and 2, 4. H, I, is the Astragal at the top of the Pillar which answers the Eye of the Volute. K K is the Egg or Echinus; L is the Axis of the Volutes; M M is the ceinture of the lateral part of the Volutes. This relates to pag. 103.
THE EXPLICATION Of the NINTH TABLE.
This contains the Proportions of the Corinthian Capital, which makes all the distinction betwixt Jonick and the Corinthian Order, all other Members, according to Vitruvius, being the same. A is the Corinthian Capital, which has for its height only the Diameter of the bottom of the Column; B is the Capital of the Pantheon, which is higher by a seventh part, viz. the thickness of the Abacus; C D is the height of the Capital divided into seven, of which the Abacus has one, the Voluta's and Foliages and Stalks two, the Foliage in the Range above two, and that in the Range below two. To have the breadth of the Abacus, we must give to its Diagonal E F the double of its height C D. To have the greatness and just Proportion of its bending H, we must divide the breadth of the Abacus E G into nine parts, and give it one.
At the bottom of this Table is represented the Herb Branbursine, which grows round about the Basket, which is covered with a Tile, from which Vitruvius says the Sculptor Callimachus took the first Model of the Corinthian Capital.
This Table relates to p. 108.
THE EXPLICATION OF THE TENTH TABLE.
This contains the Plan and Elevation of the Theatre of the Romans. AA is the Portico which went round the Theatre below. BB are the Entries through which they parted from the Portico's into the Orchestra C. KDEDK the Pulpitum or Stage; MM the landing-place which separated the Degrees above from those below: LM the Stairs which are between the degrees. NN the Portico above in the Theatre. PP the Passage under the degrees. TT the Stairs by which they mount to the Portico's above. KIHIK the Scene. H the royal Gate. II the Gates of Strangers. KK the Gates in returning. OOO the Machines used in changing the Scenes. GG the part of the Theatre behind.
This Table relates to p. 125.
THE EXPLICATION Of the ELEVENTH TABLE.
This contains the Explication of the Catapulta, which was a Machine of War used by the Ancients to dart Javelins of an extraordinary bigness. A are the two Beams one against the other, and joyn'd, which after having been drawn, pushed the Javelin with great force when they were unbent. There is one of these Beams, which is represented as being joyned to the Capital of the Machine by an Iron Pin, the other ready to be joyned when the Master of the Machine sounds the Cord with his right Hand, shall have it heightned or let down, the end marked C, as much as is necessary, to give it an equal Bent to the other. This is done by the help of an excentrical piece, which is traversed by a Cylinder, which the Master turns with a Laver, which he holds in his left Hand. D, E E is the Capital of the Catapulta. EE are the holes through which the Rope passeth to draw the Beams. F is the end of one of the Beams represented in great. G is one of the Pins which travers'd a round Eye, by the help of which the Beam is joyned to the Capital. H is the Cylinder which traverses the excentrical piece I. This Plate relates to pag. 155.
Explication of the Hardest Terms in Architecture.
A
Abacus, from [Greek: abax]; which signifies a square Trencher: In French it's called Talloir; it's that quadrangular Piece commonly accompanied with a Cymatium, and serves instead of a Drip or Corona to the Capital. It supports the nether Face of the Architrave and whole Trabeation. In the Corinthian and the Compound Orders, its Corners are called the Horns, the intermediate Sweep and Curvature; the Arch, which has commonly a Rose carved in the middle.
Acroteria or Acroter's from [Greek: akron], Summa pars; they may be properly called Pinnacles, for Pins and Battlements were made sometimes more towring; but when they stood in Ranges with Rails and Balisters: Upon flat Building they still retained their Name, with this only difference, that such as were placed between the Angular Points, were stiled the Median, or middle Acroteria.
Annulets, are little square Parts turned round in the Corinthian Capital, under the Quarter-Round, called Echinus.
Ante, is a square Pillaster, which the Ancients placed at the corners of the Walls of the Temples.
Amphiprostyle from [Greek: amphi], Circa, and [Greek: stylos]; Columna was a sort of a Temple which had four Columns in the Front of the Temple, and four in the Face behind.
Architrave, from a Mungril Compound of two Languages, [Greek: arche] Principalis, and Trabs; it's the first Member of that which we call Entablature; in Chimnies the Architrave is the mantle; over the Jambs of the Doors and Lintels of Windows, it's called the Hyperthron, from the Greek [Greek: hyper], super and [Greek: thyra], Janua or Ostium.
Astragal, from the Greek word [Greek: astragalos] which signifies the Vertebrae, or little Joints in the Neck or Heel; hence the French call it Talon, or the Heel itself: It's a Member of Architecture joyned to Bases, Cornices, Architraves, &c. it's round like a Ring, and therefore it's called by the Italians Tondino.
Attiq; signifies after the manner of the City of Athens. In Vitruvius it's the Name of the Basis which the Moderns have given to the Dorick Pillar. We call Attiq; in our Buildings, a little Order placed upon another much greater; for instead of Pillars, this little Order has commonly nothing but Pillasters of a particular Fashion and Order, which we call Attiq;
Apophyges, vide Conge.
B
Basilica, from the Greek word [Greek: Basileus] Rex or King among the Ancients. It was a great Hall which had two Ranges of Pillars, and had two Isles or Wings, upon which were Galleries: These Halls, which at first were made for the Palaces of Kings, were afterwards turned into Courts of Justice, and after that into Churches; which Form has always been observed.
Ballustre is the lateral part of the Jonick Capital. Our Workmen have given it that name, because it somewhat resembles a Balluster.
C
Chanel, in the Ionick Capital, is that part which is under the Abacus, and lies upon Echinus or Egg, and which has its Contours or Turnings on every side to make the Voluta's.
Cariatides are Statues of Women, which serve instead of Pillars.
Cincture is that part which makes the middle of the Ballustre of the Ionick Voluta.
Conge in French, in Latin Apophyges, from the Greek word [Greek: apophyge] because that part of the Pillar taking as it were a rise, seems to emerge and fly from the Basis like the Proceltus of a Bone in a mans Leg, In short, it's no more than the Rings or Ferils heretofore used at the Extremities of wooden Pillars, to preserve them from splitting, afterwards imitated in Stone-work.
Corona is properly that part of the Cornice which the French call Larmer or Drip, because it defends the rest of the Work from Wind and Weather: It is often taken by Vitruvius for all the Cornice.
Corona, called the Plat or flat Crown, is a particular Member in the Dorick Gate; it's made by so extraordinary enlargement of the Face of the Corona or Drip, that it has six times more Breadth than Projecture. This sort of Corona is no where found among the Ancients, but only in the Writings of Vitruvius.
Cymatium, from [Greek: kymaton], which signifies a rouling Wave; is a Member of Architecture, of which the one half is Convex and the other Concave, the one being hollow above, and the other below. There are two sorts of them, the one called the Gola or Throats, or the Doucine, whose advanced part is Concave; and the other is called by the French the Talon or Heel, whose advanced part is hollow below, as the first is above.
D
Die is the middle of the Pedestals, viz. that which is between their Basis and their Cornice. It's so called, because it's for the most part of a Cubit form, as Die's are that are used in play.
Dentils, or Teeth, is a Member of the Jonick Cornice, which is square, and cut out at convenient distances, which gives it the form of a Set or Gang of Teeth.
Diastyle, from [Greek: dia] and [Greek: stylos]: Columna is a sort of Edifice where the Pillars are distanced one from another the breadth of 3 Diameters of the Pillar.
Diptere, from [Greek: dis] and [Greek: pteron]: Ala signifies that which has a double Isle or Wing; the Ancients called so the Temples, which were surrounded with two Ranges of Pillars, for there two Ranges made two Portico's, which they called Wings, we Isles, from the French word Ailes, which signifies Wings, because as Wings are on the sides of Birds, so these of Edifices.
E
Echinus, from [Greek: apo tou echinou] a Hedg-hog; it is a Member of Architecture, which we call a Quarter-round; it has its name from the roughness of its Carving, resembling the prickly Rhind of the Chesnut, and not unlike the Hedg-hog; it's commonly next to the Abacus, and carved with Ovals and Darts, sometimes called Eggs and Anchors, because these pretended Chesnuts are cut in an Oval form.
Entablature signifies properly the Flooring or Lofting with Boards; it comes from the Latin word Tabulatum. In Architecture it's that part which is composed of the Architrave, Frise, and Cornice, for in effect this part is the extream part of the Flooring, which is supported by Pillars, or by a Wall if it have no Pillars.
Eye is the middle of the Jonick Volute, which is cut in the form of a little Rose.
Eurythmie, from [Greek: eu] bene, and [Greek: arithmos] numera: it signifies Proportion; it's taken in its general signification in Architecture; for in its particular signification it signifies the true measure that is observed in Dancing after Musick.
Eustyle, from [Greek: eu] bene, and [Greek: stylos] a Pillar; its the Order where Pillars are rightly placed, the Intercolumniations being two Diameters and a quarter.
F
Face is a Member of Architecture, which has a great Breadth and a small Projecture; it's in Architraves.
Filet is a little square streight Member.
Fresco, and to paint in Fresco or Freth, is an Italian Phrase, and it signifies the Painting which is made upon the Plaistering before it be dry.
Frise is that part which is between the Architrave and the Cornice.
G
Gnomonick is the Art of making Sun-dials; it's derived from the Greek [Greek: gnomon], which signifies that which shews a thing, as the Cock or Pin of the Dyal shews what a clock it is. |
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