"That, therefor, the Commander-in-chief be and he is hereby instructed to remonstrate to the proper officer within the enemy's lines, on the said unjustifiable treatment of our Marine prisoners, and demand, in the most express terms, to know the reasons of this unnecessary severity towards them; and that the Commander-in-chief transmit such answer as may be received thereon to Congress, that decided measures for due retaliation may be adopted, if a redress of these evils be not immediately given.

"That the Commander-in-chief be and he is hereby also instructed to direct to supply the said prisoners with such provisions and light clothing for their present more comfortable subsistence as may be in his power to obtain, and in such manner as he may judge most advantageous for the United States."

Accordingly Washington wrote to the officer then commanding at New York, Commodore Affleck, as follows:

Headquarters, August 21 1781

Sir:

The almost daily complaints of the severities exercised towards the American marine prisoners in New York have induced the Hon. the Congress of the United States to direct me to remonstrate to the commanding officer of his British Majesty's ships of war in the harbor upon the subject; and to report to them his answer. The principal complaint now is, the inadequacy of the room in the Prison-ships to the number of prisoners, confined on board of them, which causes the death of many, and is the occasion of most intolerable inconvenience and distresses to those who survive. This line of conduct is the more aggravating, as the want of a greater number of Prison-ships, or of sufficient room on shore, can hardly be pleaded in excuse.

As a bare denial of what has been asserted by so many individuals who have unfortunately experienced the miseries I have mentioned, will not be satisfactory, I have to propose that our Commissary-general of prisoners, or any other officer, who shall be agreed upon, shall have liberty to visit the ships, inspect the situation of the prisoners, and make a report, from an exact survey of the situation in which they may be found, whether, in his opinion, there has been any just cause of complaint.

I shall be glad to be favored with an answer as soon as convenient.

I have the honor to be yr most obdt srvt George Washington

AFFLECK'S REPLY

New York 30 August 1781

Sir:

I intend not either to deny or to assert, for it will neither facilitate business, nor alleviate distress. The subject of your letter seems to turn on two points, namely the inconvenience and distresses which the American prisoners suffer from the inadequacy of room in the Prison-ships, which occasions the death of many of them, as you are told; and that a Commissary-general of prisoners from you should have liberty to visit the ships, inspect the situation of the prisoners, and make a report from an actual survey. I take leave to assure you that I feel for the distresses of mankind as much as any man; and since my commission to the naval command of the department, one of my principal endeavors has been to regulate the Prison and hospital ships.

The Government having made no other provision for naval prisoners than shipping, it is impossible that the greater inconvenience which people confined on board ships experience beyond those confined on shore can be avoided, and a sudden accumulation of people often aggravates the evil.

But I assure you that every attention is shown that is possible, and that the Prison-ships are under the very same Regulations here that have been constantly observed towards the prisoners of all nations in Europe. Tables of diet are publicly affixed; officers visit every week, redress and report grievances, and the numbers are thinned as they can provide shipping, and no attention has been wanting.

The latter point cannot be admitted to its full extent; but if you think fit to send an officer of character to the lines for that purpose, he will be conducted to me, and he shall be accompanied by an officer, and become a witness to the manner in which we treat the prisoners, and I shall expect to have my officer visit the prisoners detained in your jails and dungeons in like manner, as well as in the mines, where I am informed many an unhappy victim languishes out his days. I must remark, had Congress ever been inclined, they might have contributed to relieve the distress of those whom we are under the necessity of holding as prisoners, by sending in all in their possession towards the payment of the large debt they owe us on that head, which might have been an inducement towards liberating many now in captivity. I have the honor to be, Sir, with due respect, etc,

Edmund Affleck

Much correspondence passed between the English and American Commissaries of Prisoners, as well as between Washington and the commanding officer at New York on the subject of the naval prisoners, but little good seems to have been effected thereby until late in the war, when negotiations for peace had almost progressed to a finish. We have seen that, in the summer of 1782, the hard conditions on board the prison ships were in some measure mitigated, and that the sick were sent to Blackwell's Island, where they had a chance for life. We might go on presenting much more of the correspondence on both sides, and detail all the squabbles about the number of prisoners exchanged; their treatment while in prison; and other subjects of dispute, but the conclusion of the whole matter was eloquently written in the sands of the Wallabout, where the corpses of thousands of victims to British cruelty lay for so many years. We will therefore give only a few further extracts from the correspondence and reports on the subject, as so much of it was tedious and barren of any good result.

In December of the year 1781 Washington, on whom the duty devolved of writing so many of the letters, and receiving so many insulting replies, wrote to the President of Congress as follows:

"I have taken the liberty of enclosing the copies of two letters from the Commissary-general of Prisoners setting forth the debt which is due from us on account of naval prisoners; the number remaining in captivity, their miserable situation, and the little probability there is of procuring their release for the want of proper subjects in our hands.

"Before we proceed into an inquiry into the measures that ought to be adopted to enable us to pay our debt, and to affect the exchange of those who still remain in captivity, a matter which it may take some time to determine, humanity and policy point out the necessity of administering to the pressing wants of a number of the most valuable subjects of the republic.

"Had they been taken in the Continental service, I should have thought myself authorized in conjunction with the Minister of War to apply a remedy, but as the greater part of them were not thus taken, as appears by Mr. Skinner's representation, I must await the decision of Congress upon the subject.

"Had a system, some time ago planned by Congress and recommended to the several States, been adopted and carried fully into execution, I mean that of obliging all Captains of private vessels to deliver over their prisoners to the Continental Commissioners upon certain conditions, I am persuaded that the numbers taken and brought into the many ports of the United States would have amounted to a sufficiency to have exchanged those taken from us; but instead of that, it is to be feared, that few in proportion were secured, and that the few who are sent in, are so partially applied, that it creates great disgust in those remaining. The consequence of which is, that conceiving themselves neglected, and seeing no prospect of relief, many of them entered into the enemy's service, to the very great loss of our trading interest. Congress will, therefore, I hope, see the necessity of renewing their former, or making some similar recommendation to the States.

"In addition to the motives above mentioned, for wishing that the whole business of prisoners of war might be brought under one general regulation, there is another of no small consideration, which is, that it would probably put a stop to those mutual complaints of ill treatment which are frequently urged on each part. For it is a fact that, for above two years, we have had no occasion to complain of the treatment of the Continental land prisoners in New York, neither have we been charged with any improper conduct towards those in our hands. I consider the sufferings of the seamen, for some time past, as arising in great measure from the want of that general regulation which has been spoken of, and without which there will constantly be a great number remaining in the hands of the enemy. * * *"

Again in February of the year 1782 Washington wrote to Congress from Philadelphia as follows:

Feb. 18, 1782.

* * * "Mr. Sproat's proposition of the exchange of British soldiers for American seamen, if acceded to, will immediately give the enemy a very considerable re-enforcement, and will be a constant draft hereafter upon the prisoners of war in our hands. It ought also to be considered that few or none of the Continental naval prisoners in New York or elsewhere belong to the Continental service. I, however, feel for the situation of these unfortunate people, and wish to see them relieved by any mode, which will not materially affect the public good. In some former letters upon this subject I have mentioned a plan, by which I am certain they might be liberated nearly as fast as they are captured. It is by obliging the Captains of all armed vessels, both public and private, to throw their prisoners into common stock, under the direction of the Commissary-general of prisoners. By this means they would be taken care of, and regularly applied to the exchange of those in the hands of the enemy. Now the greater part are dissipated, and the few that remain are applied partially. * * *"

James Rivington edited a paper in New York during the Revolution, and, in 1782, the American prisoners on board the Jersey addressed a letter to him for publication, which is given below.

"On Board the Prison-ship Jersey, June 11, 1782.

"Sir:

Enclosed are five letters, which if you will give a place in your newspaper will greatly oblige a number of poor prisoners who seem to be deserted by our own countrymen, who has it in their power, and will not exchange us. In behalf of the whole we beg leave to subscribe ourselves, Sir, yr much obliged srvts,

"John Cooper "John Sheffield "William Chad "Richard Eccleston "John Baas"

ENCLOSURES OF THE FOREGOING LETTER

David Sproat, Commissary of Prisoners, to the prisoners on board the Jersey, New York.

"June 11 1782

"This will be handed you by Captain Daniel Aborn, and Dr, Joseph Bowen, who, agreeable to your petition to his Excellency, Rear-Admiral Digby, have been permitted to go out, and are now returned from General Washington's Head-quarters, where they delivered your petition to him, representing your disagreeable situation at this extreme hot season of the year, and in your names solicited his Excellency to grant your speedy relief, by exchanging you for a part of the British soldiers in his hands, the only possible means in his power to effect it. Mr. Aborn and the Doctor waits on you with his answer, which I am sorry to say is a flat denial.

"Enclosed I send you copies of three letters which have passed between Mr. Skinner and me, on the occasion, which will convince you that everything has been done on the part of Admiral Digby, to bring about a fair and general exchange of prisoners on both sides. I am

"your most hble Srvt, "David Sproat "Comm. Gen. for Naval Prisoners."

ENCLOSURES SENT BY D. SPROAT

David Sproat to Abraham Skinner, American Commissary of Prisoners.

New York lst June 1782

"Sir:

"When I last saw you at Elizabeth Town I mentioned the bad consequences which, in all probability, would take place in the hot weather if an exchange of prisoners was not agreed to by the commissioners on the part of General Washington. His Excellency Rear-Admiral Digby has ordered me to inform you, that the very great increase of prisoners and heat of the weather now baffles all our care and attention to keep them healthy. Five ships have been taken up for their reception, to prevent being crowded, and a great number permitted to go on parole.

"In Winter, and during the cold weather, they lived comfortably, being fully supplied with warm cloathing, blankets, etc, purchased with the money which I collected from the charitable people of this city; but now the weather requires a fresh supply—something light and suitable for the season—for which you will be pleased to make the necessary provision, as it is impossible for them to be healthy in the rags they now wear, without a single shift of cloathing to keep themselves clean. Humanity, sympathy, my duty and orders obliges me to trouble you again on this disagreeable subject, to request you will lose no time in laying their situation before his Excellency General Washington, who, I hope, will listen to the cries of a distressed people, and grant them, (as well as the British prisoners in his hands) relief, by consenting to a general and immediate exchange.

"I am, sir, etc, "David Sproat."

It is scarcely necessary to point out to the intelligent reader the inconsistencies in this letter. The comfortable prisoners, abundantly supplied with blankets and clothing in the winter by the charity of the citizens of New York, were so inconsiderate as to go on starving and freezing to death throughout that season. Not only so, but their abundant supply of clothing was reduced to tattered rags in a surprisingly short time, and they were unable to be healthy, "without a single shift of clothing to keep themselves clean."

We have already seen to what straits they were in reality reduced, in spite of the private charity of the citizens of New York. We do not doubt that the few blankets and other new clothing, if any such were ever sent on board the Jersey, were the gifts of private charity, and not the donation of the British Government.

No one, we believe, can blame General Washington for his unwillingness to add to the British forces arrayed against his country by exchanging the captured troops in the hands of the Americans for the crews of American privateers, who were not in the Continental service. As we have already seen, the blame does not rest with that great commander, whose compassion never blinded his judgment, but with the captains and owners of American privateers themselves, and often with the towns of New England, who were unwilling to burden themselves with prisoners taken on the ocean.

The next letter we will quote is the answer of Commissary Skinner to David Sproat:

"New York June 9th. 1782

"Sir:

From the present situation of the American naval prisoners on board your prison-ships, I am induced to propose to you the exchange of as many as I can give you British naval prisoners for, leaving the balance already due you to be paid when in our power. I could wish this to be represented to his Excellency, Rear Admiral Digby, and that the proposal could be acceded to, as it would relieve many of these distrest men and be consistent with the humane purposes of our office.

"I will admit that we are unable at present to give you seaman for seaman, and thereby relieve the prison-ships of their dreadful burthen, but it ought to be remembered there is a large balance of British soldiers due to the United States, since February last, and that as we have it in our power we may be disposed to place the British soldiers who are now in our possession in as disagreeable a situation as those men are on board the prison ships.

"I am yr obdt hble srvt "Abraham Skinner"

COMMISSARY SPROAT'S REPLY

"New York June 9th 1782

"Sir:

"I have received your letter of this date and laid it before his Excellency Rear Admiral Digby, Commander in charge, etc, who has directed me to give for answer that the balance of prisoners, owing to the British having proceeded, from lenity and humanity, on the part of himself and those who commanded before his arrival, is surprized you have not been induced to offer to exchange them first; and until this is done can't consent to your proposal of a partial exchange, leaving the remainder as well as the British prisoners in your hands, to linger in confinement. Conscious of the American prisoners under my direction, being in every respect taken as good care of as their situation and ours will admit. You must not believe that Admiral Digby will depart from the justice of this measure because you have it in your power to make the British prisoners with you more miserable than there is any necessity for. I am, Sir,

"yr hble servt "David Sproat."

The prisoners on board the Jersey published in the Royal Gazette the following

ADDRESS TO THEIR COUNTRYMEN

"Prison Ship Jersey, June 11th 1782

"Friends and Fellow Citizens of America:

"You may bid a final adieu to all your friends and relatives who are now on board the Jersey prison ships at New York, unless you rouse the government to comply with the just and honorable proposals, which has already been done on the part of Britons, but alas! it is with pain we inform you, that our petition to his Excellency General Washington, offering our services to the country during the present campaign, if he would send soldiers in exchange for us, is frankly denied.

"What is to be done? Are we to lie here and share the fate of our unhappy brothers who are dying daily? No, unless you relieve us immediately, we shall be under the necessity of leaving our country, in preservation of our lives.

"Signed in behalf of prisoners

"John Cooper "John Sheffield "William Chad "Richard Eccleston "George Wanton "John Baas.

"To Mr James Rivington, Printer N. Y."

This address was reproduced in Hugh Gaines's New York Gazette, June 17, 1782.

Whether the John Cooper who signed his name to this address is the Mr. Cooper mentioned by Dring as the orator of the Jersey we do not know, but it is not improbable. Nine Coopers are included in the list, given in the appendix to this volume, of prisoners on the Jersey, but no John Cooper is among them. The list is exceedingly imperfect. Of the other signers of the address only two, George Wanton and John Sheffield, can be found within its pages. It is very certain that it is incomplete, and it probably does not contain more than half the names of the prisoners who suffered on board that dreadful place. David Sproat won the hatred and contempt of all the American prisoners who had anything to do with him. One of his most dastardly acts was the paper which he drew up in June, 1782, and submitted to a number of American sea captains for their signature, which he obtained from them by threats of taking away their parole in case of their refusal, and sending them back to a captivity worse than death. This paper, which they signed without reading was to the following effect:

LETTER PURPORTING TO BE FROM A COMMITTEE OF CAPTAINS, NAVAL PRISONERS OF WAR TO J. RIVINGTON, WITH A REPRESENTATION OF A COMMITTEE ON THE CONDITION OF THE PRISONERS ON BOARD THE JERSEY

New York, June 22, 1782.

Sir:

We beg you will be pleased to give the inclosed Report and Resolve of a number of Masters of American Vessels, a place in your next Newspaper, for the information of the public. In order to undeceive numbers of our countrymen without the British lines, who have not had an opportunity of seeing the state and situation of the prisoners of New York as we have done. We are, Sir,

yr most obdt, hble srvts,

Robert Harris, Captain of the sloop Industry John Chace Charles Collins, Captain of the Sword-fish Philemon Haskell Jonathan Carnes

REPORT

We whose names are hereunto subscribed, late Masters of American vessels, which have been captured by the British cruisers and brought into this port, having obtained the enlargement of our paroles from Admiral Digby, to return to our respective homes, being anxious before our departure to know the true state and situation of the prisoners confined on board the prison ships and hospital ships for that purpose, have requested and appointed six of our number, viz, R. Harris, J. Chace, Ch. Collins, P. Haskell, J. Carnes and Christopher Smith, to go on board the said prison ships for that purpose and the said six officers aforesaid having gone on board five of the vessels, attended by Mr. D. Sproat, Com. Gen. for Naval Prisoners, and Mr. George Rutherford, Surgeon to the hospital ships, do report to us that they have found them in as comfortable a situation as it is possible for prisoners to be on board of ships at this season of the year, and much more so than they had any idea of, and that anything said to the contrary is false and without foundation. That they inspected their beef, pork, flour, bread, oatmeal, pease, butter, liquors, and indeed every species of provisions which is issued on board his British Majesty's ships of war, and found them all good of their kind, which survey being made before the prisoners, they acknowledged the same and declared they had no complaint to make but the want of cloaths and a speedy exchange. We therefore from this report and what we have all seen and known, Do Declare that great commendation is due to his Excellency Rear Admiral Digby, for his humane disposition and indulgence to his prisoners, and also to those he entrusts the care of them to; viz: To the Captain and officers of his Majesty's prison-ship Jersey, for their attention in preserving good order, having the ship kept clean and awnings spread over the whole of her, fore and aft: To Dr Rutherford, and the Gentlemen acting under him * * *, for their constant care and attendance on the sick, whom we found in wholesome, clean sheets, also covered with awnings, fore and aft, every man furnished with a cradle, bed, and sheets, made of good Russia linen, to lay in; the best of fresh provisions, vegetables, wine, rice, barley, etc, which was served out to them. And we further do declare in justice to Mr. Sproat, and the gentlemen acting under him in his department, that they conscientiously do their duty with great humanity and indulgence to the prisoners, and reputation to themselves; And we unanimously do agree that nothing is wanting to preserve the lives and health of those unfortunate prisoners but clean cloaths and a speedy exchange, which testimony we freely give without restriction and covenant each with the other to endeavor to effect their exchange as soon as possible:

For the remembrance of this our engagement we have furnished ourselves with copies of this instrument of writing. Given under our hands in New York the 22 of June, 1782.

Signed:

Robert Harris John Chace Charles Collins Philemon Haskell ]. Carnes Christopher Smith James Gaston John Tanner Daniel Aborn Richard Mumford Robert Clifton John McKeever Dr. J. Bowen.

The publication of this infamously false circular roused much indignation among patriotic Americans, and no one believed it a trustworthy statement. The Independent Chronicle, in its issue for August, 1782, had the following refutation: [Footnote: This letter is said to have been written by Captain Manly, five times a prisoner during the Revolution.]

"Mr Printer:

"Happening to be at Mr. Bracket's tavern last Saturday, and hearing two gentlemen conversing on the surprising alteration in regard to the treatment our prisoners met with in New York, and as I have had the misfortune to be more than once a prisoner in England, and in different prison-ships in New York, and having suffered everything but death, I cannot help giving all attention to anything I hear or read relative to the treatment our brave countrymen met with on board the prison-ships of New York. One of the gentlemen observed that the treatment of our prisoners must certainly be much better, as so many of our commanders had signed a paper that was wrote by Mr. David Sproat, the commissary of naval prisoners in New York. The other gentleman answered and told him he could satisfy him in regard to the matter, having seen and conversed with several of the Captains that signed Mr. Sproat's paper, who told him that, although they had put their names to the paper that Mr. Sproat sent them on Long Island, where they were upon parole, yet it was upon these conditions they did it: in order to have leave to go home to their wives and families, and not be sent on board the prison-ships, as Mr. Sproat had threatened to do if they refused to sign the paper that he sent them. These captains further said, that they did not read the paper nor hear it read. The gentleman then asked them how they could sign their names to a paper they did not read; they said it was because they might go home upon parole. He asked one of them why he did not contradict it since it had appeared in the public papers, and was false: he said he dare not at present, for fear of being recalled and sent on board the prison-ship, and there end his days: but as soon as he was exchanged he would do it. If this gentleman, through fear, dare not contradict such a piece of falsehood, I dare, and if I was again confined on board the prison-ship in New York, dare again take the boat and make my escape, although at the risk of my life.

"Some of the captains went on board the prison-ship with Mr. Sproat, a few moments, but did not go off the deck.

"In justice to myself and country I am obliged to publish the above.

"Captain Rover."

Besides this refutation of Sproat's shameful trick there were many others. The Pennsylvania Packet of Tuesday, Sept. 10, 1782, published an affidavit of John Kitts, a former prisoner on board the Jersey.

"The voluntary affidavit of John Kitts, of the city of Phila., late mate of the sloop Industry, commanded by Robert Harris, taken before the subscriber, chief justice of the commonwealth of Pa., the 16th day of July, 1782.—This deponent saith, that in the month of November last he was walking in Front St. with the said Harris and saw in his hand a paper, which he told the deponent that he had received from a certain Captain Kuhn, who had been lately from New York, where he had been a prisoner, and that this deponent understood and believed it was a permission or pass to go to New York with any vessel, as it was blank and subscribed by Admiral Arbuthnot: that he does not know that the said Robert Harris ever made any improper use of said paper."

AFFIDAVIT OF JOHN COCHRAN, DENYING THE TRUTH OF THE STATEMENTS CONTAINED IN THE REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE OF CAPTAINS

From the Pennsylvania Packet, Phila., Tuesday, Sept. 10, 1782.

"The voluntary Affidavit of John Cochran, of the city of Phila., late mate of the ship, Admiral Youtman, of Phila., taken before the subscriber, the 16 day of July, 1782.

"The said deponent saith, that he was taken prisoner on board the aforesaid ship on the 12 of March last by the ship Garland, belonging to the king of Great Britain, and carried into the city of New York, on the 15 of the same month, when he was immediately put on board the prison-ship Jersey, with the whole crew of the Admiral Youtman, and was close confined there until the first day of this month, when he made his escape; that the people on board the said prison-ship were very sickly insomuch that he is firmly persuaded, out of near 1000 persons, perfectly healthy when put on board the same ship, during the time of his confinement on board, there are not more than but three or four hundred now alive; that when he made his escape there were not three hundred men well on board, but upward of 140 very sick, as he understood and was informed by the physicians: that there were five or six men buried daily under a bank on the shore, without coffins; that all the larboard side of the said ship was made use of as a hospital for the sick, and was so offensive that he was obliged constantly to hold his nose as he passed from the gun-room up the hatchway; that he seen maggots creeping out of a wound of one Sullivan's shoulder, who was the mate of a vessel out of Virginia; and that his wound remained undressed for several days together; that every man was put into the hold a little after sundown every night, and the hatches put over him; and that the tubs which were kept for the use of the sick * * * were placed under the ladder from the hatchway to the hold, and so offensive day and night, that they were almost intolerable, and increased the number of the sick daily. The deponent further saith, that the bilge water was very injurious in the hold, was muddy and dirty, and never was changed or sweetened during the whole time he was there, nor, as he was informed and believes to be true, for many years before; for fear, as it was reported, the provisions might be injured thereby; that the sick in the hospital part of the said ship Jersey, had no sheets of Russia, or any other linen, nor beds nor bedding furnished them; and those who had no beds of their own, of whom there were great numbers, were not even allowed a hammock, but were obliged to lie on the planks; that he was on board the said prison ship when Captain Robert Harris and others, with David Sproat, the commissary of prisoners, came on board her, and that none of them went or attempted to go below decks, in said ship, to see the situation of the prisoners, nor did they ask a single question respecting the matter, to this deponent's knowledge or belief; for that he was present the whole time they were on board, and further the deponent saith not.

"John Cochran"

"Theodore McKean C. J.

It seems singular that Sproat should have resorted to such a contemptible trick, which deceived few if any persons, for the reputation of the Jersey was too notorious for such a refutation to carry weight on either side.

In the meantime the mortality on board continued, and, by a moderate computation, two-thirds of her wretched occupants died and were buried on the shore, their places being taken by fresh victims, from the many privateers that were captured by the British almost daily.



CHAPTER XLV

GENERAL WASHINGTON AND REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY—COMMISSARIES SPROAT AND SKINNER

Washington's best vindication against the charge of undue neglect of American prisoners is found in the correspondence on the subject. We will therefore give his letter to Rear Admiral Digby, after his interview with the committee of three sent from the Jersey to complain of their treatment by the British, and to endeavor to negotiate an exchange.

GENERAL WASHINGTON TO REAR ADMIRAL DIGBY

Head-Quarters, June 5 1782

Sir:

By a parole, granted to two gentlemen, Messrs. Aborn and Bowen, I perceive that your Excellency granted them permission to come to me with a representation of the sufferings of the American prisoners at New York. As I have no agency on Naval matters, this application to me is made on mistaken grounds. But curiosity leading me to enquire into the nature and cause of their sufferings, I am informed that the prime complaint is that of their being crowded, especially at this season, in great numbers on board of foul and infected prison ships, where disease and death are almost inevitable. This circumstance I am persuaded needs only to be mentioned to your Excellency to obtain that redress which is in your power only to afford, and which humanity so strongly prompts.

If the fortune of war, Sir, has thrown a number of these miserable people into your hands, I am certain your Excellency's feelings for fellowmen must induce you to proportion the ships (if they must be confined on board ships), to their accommodation and comfort, and not, by crowding them together in a few, bring on disorders which consign them, by half a dozen a day, to the grave.

The soldiers of his British Majesty, prisoners with us, were they (which might be the case), to be equally crowded together in close and confined prisons, at this season, would be exposed to equal loss and misery. I have the honor to be, Sir

Yr Excellency's most obt Hble srvt George Washington

REAR-ADMIRAL DIGBY'S ANSWER

N. Y. June 8 1782

Sir:

My feelings prompted me to grant Messrs. Aborn and Bowen permission to wait on your Excellency to represent their miserable situation, and if your Excellency's feelings on this occasion are like mine, you will not hesitate one moment in relieving both the British and Americans suffering under confinement.

I have the Honor to be your Excellency's Very obdt Srvt

R. Digby

FROM COMMISSARY SKINNER TO COMMISSARY SPROAT

Camp Highlands, June 24th 1782

Sir:

As I perceive by a New York paper of the 12 inst, the last letters which passed between us on the subject of naval prisoners have been committed to print, I must request the same to be done with this which is intended to contain some animadversions on those publications.

The principles and policy which appear to actuate your superiors in their conduct towards the American seamen who unfortunately fall into their power, are too apparent to admit of a doubt or misapprehension. I am sorry to observe, Sir, that notwithstanding the affectation of candour and fairness on your part, from the universal tenor of behaviour on your side of the lines, it is obvious that the designs of the British is, by misrepresenting the state of facts with regard to exchanges, to excite jealousy in the minds of our unfortunate seamen, that they are neglected by their countrymen, and by attempting to make them believe that all the miseries they are now suffering in consequence of a pestilential sickness arise from want of inclination in General Washington to exchange them when he has it in his power to do it; in hopes of being able by this insinuation and by the unrelenting severity you make use of in confining them in the contaminated holds of prison-ships, to compel them, in order to avoid the dreadful alternative of almost inevitable death, to enter the service of the King of Great Britain.

To show that these observations are just and well grounded, I think it necessary to inform you of some facts which have happened within my immediate notice, and to put you in mind of others which you cannot deny. I was myself present at the time when Captain Aborn and Dr. Bowen * * * waited on his Excellency General Washington, and know perfectly well the answer his Excellency gave to that application: he informed them in the first place that he was not directly or indirectly invested with any power of inference respecting the exchange of naval prisoners; that this business was formerly under the direction of the Board of Admiralty, that upon the annihilation of that Board Congress had committed it to the Financier (who has in charge all our naval prisoners) and he to the Secretary at war. That (the General) was notwithstanding disposed to do everything in his power for their assistance and relief: that as exchanging seamen for soldiers was contrary to the original agreement for the exchange of prisoners,—which specified that officers should be exchanged for officers, soldiers for soldiers, citizens for citizens, and seamen for seamen; as it was contrary to the custom and practice of other nations, and as it would be, in his opinion, contrary to the soundest policy, by giving the enemy a great and permanent strength for which we could receive no compensation, or at best but a partial and temporary one, he did not think it would be admissible: but as it appeared to him, from a variety of well authenticated information, the present misery and mortality which prevailed among the naval prisoners were almost entirely, if not altogether produced by the mode of their confinement, being closely crowded together in infected prison-ships, where the very air is pregnant with disease, and the ships themselves (never having been cleaned in the course of many years), a mere mass of putrefaction, he would therefor, from motives of humanity, write to Rear-Admiral Digby, in whose power it was to remedy this great evil, by confining them on shore, or having a sufficient number of prison-ships provided for that purpose, for, he observed, it was as preposterously cruel to confine 800 men, at this sultry season, on board the Jersey prison-ship, as it would be to shut up the whole army of Lord Cornwallis to perish in the New Goal of Philadelphia, but if more commodious and healthy accommodations were not afforded we had the means of retaliation in our hands, which he should not hesitate, in that case, to make use of, by confining the land prisoners with as much severity as our seamen were held.—The Gentlemen of the Committee appeared to be sensible of the force of these reasons, however repugnant they might be to the feelings and wishes of the men who had destruction and death staring them in the face.

His Excellency was further pleased to suffer me to go to New York to examine into the grounds of the suffering of the prisoners, and to devise, if possible, some way or another, for their liberation or relief. With this permission I went into your lines: and in consequence of the authority I had been previously invested with, from the Secretary at War, I made the proposition contained in my letter of the ninth instant. Although I could not claim this as a matter of right I flattered myself it would have been granted from the principles of humanity, as well as other motives. There had been a balance of 495 land prisoners due to us ever since the month of February last, when a settlement was made; besides which, to the best of my belief, 400 have been sent in, (this is the true state of the fact, though it differs widely from the account of 250 men, which is falsely stated in the note annexed to my letter in the New York paper:) notwithstanding this balance, I was then about sending into your lines a number of land prisoners, as an equivalent for ours, who were then confined in the Sugar House, without which (though the debt was acknowledged, I could not make interest to have them liberated), this business has since been actually negotiated, and we glory in having our conduct, such as will bear the strictest scrutiny, and be found consonant to the dictates of reason, liberality, and justice. But, Sir, since you would not agree to the proposals I made, since I was refused being permitted to visit the prison-ships: (for which I conclude no other reason can be produced than your being ashamed or afraid of having those graves of our seamen seen by one who dared to represent the horrors of them to his countrymen,) Since the commissioners from your side, at their late meeting, would not enter into an adjustment of the accounts for supplying your naval and land prisoners, on which there are large sums due us; and since your superiors will neither make provision for the support of your prisoners in our hands, nor accommodation for the mere existence of ours, who are now languishing in your prison-ships, it becomes my duty, Sir, to state these pointed facts to you, that the imputations may recoil where they are deserved, and to report to those, under whose authority I have the honor to act, that such measures as they deem proper may be adopted.

And now, Sir, I will conclude this long letter with observing that not having a sufficient number of British seamen in our possession we are not able to release urs by exchange:—this is our misfortune, but it is not a crime, and ought not to operate as a mortal punishment against the unfortunate—we ask no favour, we claim nothing but common justice and humanity, while we assert to the whole world, as a notorious fact, that the unprecedented inhumanity in the mode of confining our naval prisoners, to the amount of 800 in one old hulk, which has been made use of as a prison-ship for more than three years, without ever having been once purified, has been the real and sole cause of the deaths of hundreds of brave Americans, who would not have perished in that untimely and barbarous manner, had they, (when prisoners,) been suffered to breathe a purer air, and to enjoy more liberal and convenient accommodations agreeably to the practice of civilized nations when at war, (and) the example which has always been set you by the Americans. You may say, and I shall admit, that if they were placed on islands, and more liberty given them, that some might desert; but is not this the case with your prisoners in our hands? And could we not avoid this also, if we were to adopt the same rigid and inhuman mode of confinement you do?

I beg, Sir, you will be pleased to consider this as addressed to you officially, as the principal executive officer in the department of naval prisoners, and not personally, and that you will attribute any uncommon warmth of style that I may have been led into to my feeling and animation on a subject with which I find myself so much interested, both from the principles of humanity and the duties of office. I am, Sir,

yr most obdt Srvt Abraham Skinner

Letters full of recriminations continued to pass between the commissaries on both sides. In Sproat's reply to the letter we have just quoted, he enclosed a copy of the paper which he had induced the thirteen sea captains and other officers to sign, obtained as we have seen, in such a dastardly manner.

In the meantime the naval prisoners continued to die in great numbers on board the prison and hospital-ships. We have already described the cleansing of the Jersey, on which occasion the prisoners were sent on board of other vessels and exposed to cold and damp in addition to their other sufferings. And while negotiations for peace were pending some relaxation in severity appears to have taken place.



CHAPTER XLVI

SOME OF THE PRISONERS ON BOARD THE JERSEY

We have seen that the crew of the Chance was exchanged in the fall of 1782. A few of the men who composed this crew were ill at the time that the exchange was affected, and had been sent to Blackwell's Island. Among these unfortunate sufferers was the sailing-master of the Chance, whose name was Sylvester Rhodes.

This gentleman was born at Warwick, R. I., November 21, 1745. He married Mary Aborn, youngest sister of Captain Daniel Aborn, and entered the service of his country, in the early part of the war, sometimes on land, and sometimes as a seaman. He was with Commodore Whipple on his first cruise, and as prize-master carried into Boston the first prize captured by that officer. He also served in a Rhode Island regiment.

When the crew of the Jersey was exchanged and he was not among the number, his brother-in-law, Captain Aborn, endeavored to obtain his release, but, as he had been an officer in the army as well as on the privateer, the British refused to release him as a seaman. His father, however, through the influence of some prominent Tories with whom he was connected, finally secured his parole, and Captain Aborn went to New York to bring him home. But it was too late. He had become greatly enfeebled by disease, and died on board the cartel, while on her passage through the Sound, on the 3rd of November, 1782, leaving a widow and five children. Mary Aborn Rhodes lived to be 98, dying in 1852, one of the last survivors of the stirring times of the Revolution.

WILLIAM DROWNE

One of the most adventurous of American seamen was William Drowne, who was taken prisoner more than once. He was born in Providence, R. I., in April 1755. After many adventures he sailed on the 18th of May, 1780, in the General Washington, owned by Mr. John Brown of Providence. In a Journal kept by Mr. Drowne on board of this ship, he writes:

"The cruise is for two months and a half, though should New York fetch us up again, the time may be protracted, but it is not in the bargain to pay that potent city a visit this bout. It may easily be imagined what a sensible mortification it must be to dispense with the delicious sweets of a Prison-ship. But though the Washington is deemed a prime sailor, and is well armed, I will not be too sanguine in the prospect of escape, as 'the race is not always to the swift, nor the battle to the strong.' But, as I said before, it is not in the articles to go there this time, especially as it is said the prisoners are very much crowded there already, and it would be a piece of unfeeling inhumanity to be adding to their unavoidable inconvenience by our presence. Nor could we, in such a case, by any means expect that Madam Fortune would deign to smile so propitiously as she did before, in the promotion of an exchange so much sooner than our most sanguine expectations flattered us with, as 'tis said to be with no small difficulty that a parole can be obtained, much more an exchange."

This cruise resulted in the capture by the Washington of several vessels, among them the Robust, Lord Sandwich, Barrington, and the Spitfire, a British privateer.

In May, 1781, Mr. Drowne sailed on board the Belisarius, commanded by Captain James Munro, which vessel was captured on the 26th of July and brought into the port of New York. Browne and the other officers were sent to the Jersey, where close confinement and all the horrors of the place soon impaired his vigorous constitution. Although he was, through the influence of his friends, allowed to visit Newport on parole in November, 1781, he was returned to the prison ship, and was not released until some time in 1783. His brother, who was a physician, nursed him faithfully, but he died on the 9th of August, 1786. Letters written on board the Jersey have a melancholy interest to the student of history, and this one, written by William Drowne to a Mrs. Johnston, of New York, is taken from the appendix to the "Recollections of Captain Dring."

Jersey Prison Ship Sep. 25 1781

Madam:

Your letter to Captain Joshua Sawyer of the 23d Inst, came on board this moment, which I being requested to answer, take the freedom to do, and with sensible regret, as it announces the dissolution of the good man. It was an event very unexpected. Tis true he had been for some days very ill, but a turn in his favor cancel'd all further apprehension of his being dangerous, and but yesterday he was able without assistance to go upon deck; said he felt much better, and without any further Complaints, at the usual time turned into his Hammock, and as was supposed went to sleep. Judge of our Surprise and Astonishment this morning at being informed of his being found a lifeless Corpse.

Could anything nourishing or comfortable have been procured for him during his illness, 'tis possible He might now have been a well man. But Heaven thought proper to take him to itself, and we must not repine.

A Coffin would have been procured in case it could be done seasonably, but his situation render'd a speedy Interment unavoidable. Agreeably to which 10 or 12 Gentlemen of his acquaintance presented a petition to the Commanding Officer on board, requesting the favor that they might be permitted, under the Inspection of a file of Soldiers, to pay the last sad duties to a Gentleman of merit; which he humanely granted, and in the Afternoon his remains were taken on shore, and committed to their native dust in as decent a manner as our situation would admit. Myself, in room of a better, officiated in the sacred office of a Chaplain and read prayers over the Corpse previous to its final close in its gloomy mansion. I have given you these particulars, Madam, as I was sensible it must give you great satisfaction to hear he had some friends on board. Your benevolent and good intentions to him shall, (if Heaven permits my return) be safely delivered to his afflicted wife, to give her the sensible Consolation that her late much esteemed and affectionate Husband was not destitute of a Friend, who had wish'd to do him all the good offices in his power, had not the hand of fate prevented.

If you wish to know anything relative to myself—if you will give Yourself the trouble to call on Mrs. James Selhrig, she will inform You, or Jos. Aplin, Esqre.

You will please to excuse the Liberty I have taken being an entire stranger. I have no Views in it but those of giving, as I said before, satisfaction to one who took a friendly part towards a Gentleman decease'd, whom I very much esteemed. Your goodness will not look with a critical eye over the numerous Imperfections of this Epistle.

I am, Madam, with every sentiment of respect

yr most Obdt Servt

Wm. Drowne

The next letter we will give was written by Dr. Solomon Drowne to his sister Sally. This gentleman was making every effort to obtain his brother's release from captivity.

Providence, Oct. 17 1781

Dear Sally:

We have not forgot you;—but if we think strongly on other objects the memory of you returns, more grateful than the airs which fan the Summer, or all the golden products of ye Autumn. The Cartel is still detained, for what reason is not fully known. Perhaps they meditate an attack upon some unguarded, unsuspecting quarter, and already in idea glut their eyes, with the smoke of burning Towns and Villages, and are soothed by the sounds of deep distress. Forbid it Guardian of America!—and rather let the reason be their fear that we should know the state of their shattered Navy and declining affairs—However, Bill is yet a Prisoner, and still must feel, if not for himself, yet what a mind like his will ever feel for others. In a letter I received from him about three weeks since he mentioned that having a letter to Mr. George Deblois, he sent it, accompanied with one he wrote requesting his influence towards effecting his return the next Flag,—that Mr. Deblois being indisposed, his cousin Captain William Deblois, taken by Monro last year, came on board to see him, with a present from Mr. Deblois of some Tea, Sugar, Wine, Rum, etc, and the offer of any other Civilities that lay in the power of either:—This was beneficence and true Urbanity,—that he was not destitute of Cash, that best friend in Adversity, except some other best friends,—that as long as he had health, he should, he had like to have said, be happy. In a word he bears up with his wonted fortitude and good spirits, as we say, nor discovers the least repining at his fate. But you and I who sleep on beds of down and inhale the untainted, cherishing air, surrounded by most endeared connexions, know that his cannot be the most delectable of situations: therefor with impatience we look for his happy return to the Circle of his Friends.

Yr aff Bro.

Solomon Drowne

DR. S. DROWNE TO MRS. MARCY DROWNE

Newport Nov. 14 1781

Respected Mother,

I found Billy much better than I expected, the account we received of his situation having been considerably exaggerated: However we ought to be thankful we were not deceived by a too favorable account, and so left him to the care of strangers, when he might most need the soothing aid of close relatives. He is very weak yet, and as a second relapse might endanger his reduced, tottering system, think it advisable not to set off for home with him till the wind is favorable. He is impatient, for the moment of its shifting, as he is anxious to see you all.

The boat is just going, Adieu, yr aff son

Solomon Drowne

We have already quoted from the Recollections of Jeremiah Johnson who lived on the banks of Wallabout Bay during the Revolution. He further says: "The prisoners confined in the Jersey had secretly obtained a crow-bar which was kept concealed in the berth of some confidential officer among the prisoners. The bar was used to break off the port gratings. This was done, in windy nights, when good swimmers were ready to leave the ship for the land. In this way a number escaped.

"Captain Doughty, a friend of the writer, had charge of the bar when he was a prisoner on board of the Jersey, and effected his escape by its means. When he left the ship he gave the bar to a confidant to be used for the relief of others. Very few who left the ship were retaken. They knew where to find friends to conceal them, and to help them beyond pursuit.

"A singularly daring and successful escape was effected from the Jersey about 4 o'clock one afternoon in the beginning of Dec. 1780. The best boat of the ship had returned from New York between 3 & 4 o'clock, and was left fast at the gangway, with the oars on board. The afternoon was stormy, the wind blew from the north-east, and the tide ran flood. A watchword was given, and a number of prisoners placed themselves carelessly between the ship's waist and the sentinel. At this juncture four Eastern Captains got on board the boat, which was cast off by their friends. The boat passed close under the bows of the ship, and was a considerable distance from her before the sentinel in the fo'castle gave the alarm, and fired at her. The second boat was manned for a chase; she pursued in vain; one man from her bow fired several shots at the boat, and a few guns were fired at her from the Bushwick shore; but all to no effect,—and the boat passed Hell-gate in the evening, and arrived safe in Connecticut next morning.

"A spring of the writer was a favorite watering-place for the British shipping. The water-boat of the Jersey watered from this spring daily when it could be done; four prisoners were generally brought on shore to fill the casks, attended by a guard. The prisoners were frequently permitted to come to the (Johnstons') house to get milk and food; and often brought letters privately from the prisoners. From these the sufferings on board were revealed.

"Supplies of vegetables were frequently collected by Mr. Remsen (the benevolent owner of the mill,) for the prisoners; and small sums of money were sent on board by the writer's father to his friends by means of these watering parties."

AN ESCAPE FROM THE JERSEY

"I was one of 850 souls confined in the Jersey in the summer of 1781, and witnessed several daring attempts to escape. They generally ended tragically. They were always undertaken in the night, after wrenching or filing the bar off the port-holes. Having been on board several weeks, and goaded to death in various ways, four of us concluded to run the hazard. We set to work and got the bars off, and waited impatiently for a dark night. We lay in front of Mr. Remsen's door, inside of the pier head and not more that 20 yards distant. There were several guard sloops, one on our bow, and the other off our quarter a short distance from us. The dark night came, the first two were lowered quietly into the water; and the third made some rumbling. I was the fourth that descended, but had not struck off from the vessel before the guards were alarmed, and fired upon us. The alarm became general, and I was immediately hauled on board (by the other prisoners).

"They manned their boats, and with their lights and implements of death were quick in pursuit of the unfortunates, cursing and swearing, and bellowing and firing. It was awful to witness this deed of blood. It lasted about an hour,—all on board trembling for our shipmates. These desperadoes returned to their different vessels rejoicing that they had killed three damned rebels.

"About three years after this I saw a gentleman in John St., near Nassau, who accosted me thus: 'Manley, how do you do?' I could not recollect him. 'Is it possible you don't know me? Recollect the Old Jersey?' And he opened his vest and bared his breast. I immediately said to him—'You are James McClain.' 'I am,' said he. We both stepped into Mariner's public house, at the corner, and he related his marvellous escape to me.

"'They pursued me:—I frequently dived to avoid them, and when I came up they fired on me. I caught my breath, and immediately dived again, and held my breath till I crawled along the mud. They no doubt thought they killed me. I however, with much exertion, though weak and wounded, made out to reach the shore, and got into a barn, not far from the ship, a little north of Mr. Remsen's house. The farmer, the next morning, came into his barn,—saw me lying on the floor, and ran out in a fright. I begged him to come to me, and he did, I gave an account of myself, where I was from, how I was pursued, with several others. He saw my wounds, took pity on me; sent for his wife, and bound up my wounds, and kept me in the barn until night-fall,—took me into his house, nursed me secretly, and then furnished me with clothing, etc., and when I was restored, he took me with him, into his market-boat to this city, and went with me to the west part of the city, provided me with a passage over to Bergen, and I landed somewhere in Communipaw. Some friends helped me across Newark Bay, and then I worked my way, until I reached Baltimore, to the great joy of all my friends." [Footnote: "Recollections of Captain Manley".]

Just what proportion of captives died on board of the Jersey it is now impossible to determine. No doubt there were many escapes of which it is impossible to obtain the particulars. The winter of 1779-80 was excessively cold, and the Wallabout Bay was frozen over. One night a number of prisoners took advantage of this to make their escape by lowering themselves from a port hole on to the ice. It is recorded that the cold was so excessive that one man was frozen to death, that the British pursued the party and brought a few of them back, but that a number succeeded in making their escape to New Jersey. Who these men were we have been unable to discover. Tradition also states that while Wallabout Bay was thus frozen over the Long Island market women skated across it, with supplies of vegetables in large hampers attached to their backs, and that some of them came near enough to throw some of their supplies to the half-famished prisoners on board the Jersey.

It would appear that these poor sufferers had warm friends in the farmers who lived on the shores of the Wallabout. Of these Mr. A. Remsen, who owned a mill at the mouth of a creek which empties into the Bay, was one of the most benevolent, and it was his daughter who is said to have kept a list of the number of bodies that were interred in the sand in the neighborhood of the mill and house. In 1780 Mr Remsen hid an escaped prisoner, Major H. Wyckoff, for several days in one of his upper rooms, while at the same time the young lieutenant of the guard of the Jersey was quartered in the house. Remsen also lent Captain Wyckoff as much money as he needed, and finally, one dark night, safely conveyed him in a sleigh to Cow Neck. From thence he crossed to Poughkeepsie.

Although little mention is made by those prisoners who have left accounts of their experiences while on board the Jersey, of any aid received by them from the American government the following passage from a Connecticut paper would seem to indicate that such aid was tendered them at least for a time. It is possible that Congress sent some provisions to the prison-ships for her imprisoned soldiers, or marines, but made no provision for the crews of privateers.

"New London. September 1st. 1779. D. Stanton testifies that he was taken June 5th, and put in the Jersey prison ship. An allowance from Congress was sent on board. About three or four weeks past we were removed on board the Good Hope, where we found many sick. There is now a hospital ship provided, to which they are removed and good attention paid."

The next extract that we will quote probably refers to the escape of prisoners on the ice referred to above.

"New London. Conn. Feb. 16th. 1780. Fifteen prisoners arrived here who three weeks ago escaped from the prison-ship in the East River. A number of others escaped about the same time from the same ship, some of whom being frost-bitten and unable to endure the cold, were taken up and carried back, one frozen to death before he reached the shore."

"Rivington's Gazette, Dec. 19th 1780. George Batterman, who had been a prisoner on board the prison ship at New York, deposes that he had had eight ounces of condemned bread per day; and eight ounces of meat. He was afterwards put on board the Jersey, where were, as was supposed, 1,100 prisoners; recruiting officers came on board and finding that the American officers persuaded the men not to enlist, removed them, as he was told, to the Provost. The prisoners were tempted to enlist to free themselves from confinement, hopeless of exchange. * * * The prisoners had a pint of water per day:—the sick were not sent to the hospitals until they were so weak and ill that they often expired before they got out of the Jersey. The commanding officer said his orders were that if the ship took fire we should all be turned below, and left to perish in the flames. By accident the ship took fire in the steward's room, when the Hessian guards were ordered to drive the prisoners below, and fire among them if they resisted or got in the water."

Talbot in his Memoirs stated that: "When the weather became cool and dry in the fall and the nights frosty the number of deaths on board the Jersey was reduced to an average of ten per day! which was small compared with the mortality for three months before. The human bones and skulls yet bleaching on the shore of Long Island, and exposed by the falling down of the high bank, on which the prisoners were buried, is a shocking sight." (Talbot, page 106.)

In May, 1808, one William Burke of New York testified that "He was a prisoner in the Jersey 14 months, has known many American prisoners put to death by the bayonet. It was the custom for but one prisoner at a time to go on deck. One night while many prisoners were assembled at the grate, at the hatchway to obtain fresh air, and waiting their turn to go on deck, a sentinel thrust his bayonet down among them, and 25 next morning were found to be dead. This was the case several mornings, when sometimes six, and sometimes eight or ten were found dead by wounds thus received."

A Connecticut paper, some time in May, 1781, stated that. "Eleven hundred French and American prisoners died in New York last winter."

A paper published in Philadelphia, on the 20th of February, 1782, says: "Many of our unfortunate prisoners on board the prison ships in the East River have perished during the late extreme weather, for want of fuel and other necessaries."

"New London. May 3rd. 1782. One thousand of our seamen remain in prison ships in New York, a great part in close confinement for six months past, and in a most deplorable condition. Five hundred have died during the past five or six months, three hundred are sick; many seeing no prospect of release are entering the British service to elude the contagion with which the prison ships are fraught."

Joel Barlow in his Columbiad says that Mr. Elias Boudinot told him that in the Jersey 1,100 prisoners died in eighteen months, almost the whole of them from the barbarous treatment of being stifled in a crowded hold with infected air; and poisoned with unwholesome food, and Mr Barlow adds that the cruelties exercised by the British armies on American prisoners during the first years of the war were unexampled among civilized nations.



CONCLUSION

Such of the prisoners as escaped after months of suffering with health sufficient for future usefulness in the field often re-enlisted, burning for revenge.

Mr. Scharf, in his "History of Western Maryland," speaks of Colonel William Kunkel, who had served in Prussia, and emigrated to America about the year 1732. He first settled in Lancaster, Pa., but afterwards moved to Western Maryland. He had six sons in the Revolution. One of these sons entered the American army at the age of eighteen. Taken prisoner he was sent on board the Jersey, where his sufferings were terrible. On his return home after his exchange he vowed to his father that he would return to the army and fight until the last redcoat was driven out of the country. He did return, and from that time, says Mr Scharf, his family never heard from him again.

Mr. Crimmins in his "Irish-American Historical Miscellany," says: "An especially affecting incident is told regarding one prisoner who died on the Jersey. Two young men, brothers, belonging to a rifle corps were made prisoners, and sent on board the ship. The elder took the fever, and in a few days became delirious. One night as his end was fast approaching, he became calm and sensible, and lamenting his hard fate, and the absence of his mother, begged for a little water. His brother with tears, entreated the guard to give him some, but in vain. The sick youth was soon in his last struggles, when his brother offered the guard a guinea for an inch of candle, only that he might see him die. Even this was denied."

The young rifleman died in the dark.

"Now," said his brother, drying his tears, "if it please God that I ever regain my liberty, I'll be a most bitter enemy!"

He was exchanged, rejoined the army, and when the war ended he is said to have had eight large and one hundred and twenty-seven small notches on his rifle stock. The inference is that he made a notch every time he killed or wounded a British soldier, a large notch for an officer, and a small one for a private.

Mr. Lecky, the English historian, thus speaks of American prisoners: "The American prisoners who had been confined in New York after the battle of Long Island were so emaciated and broken down by scandalous neglect or ill usage that Washington refused to receive them in exchange for an equal number of healthy British and Hessian troops. * * * It is but justice to the Americans to add that their conduct during the war appears to have been almost uniformly humane. No charges of neglect of prisoners, like those which were brought, apparently with too good reason, against the English, were substantiated against them. The conduct of Washington was marked by a careful and steady humanity, and Franklin, also, appears to have done much to mitigate the war."

Our task is now concluded. We have concerned ourselves with the prisoners themselves, not much with the history of the negotiations carried on to effect exchange, but have left this part of the subject to some abler hand. Only a very small part of the story has been told in this volume, and there is much room for future investigations. It is highly probable that if a systematic search is made many unpublished accounts may be discovered, and a great deal of light shed upon the horrors of the British prisons. If we have awakened interest in the sad fate of so many of our brave countrymen, and aroused some readers to a feeling of compassion for their misfortunes, and admiration for their heroism, our task has not been in vain.



APPENDIX A

LIST OF 8000 MEN WHO WERE PRISONERS ON BOARD THE OLD JERSEY

PRINTED BY PERMISSION OF THE SOCIETY OF OLD BROOKLYNITES

This list of names was copied from the papers of the British War Department. There is nothing to indicate what became of any of these prisoners, whether they died, escaped, or were exchanged. The list seems to have been carelessly kept, and is full of obvious mistakes in spelling the names. Yet it shall be given just as it is, except that the names are arranged differently, for easier reference. This list of prisoners is the only one that could be found in the British War Department. What became of the lists of prisoners on the many other prison ships, and prisons, used by the English in America, we do not know.

Garret Aarons John Aarons (2) Alexander Abbett John Abbett James Abben John Abbott Daniel Abbott Abel Abel George Abel Jacob Aberry Jabez Abett Philip Abing Thomas Abington Christopher Abois William Aboms Daniel Abrams Don Meegl (Miguel) Abusure Gansio Acito Abel Adams Amos Adams Benjamin Adams David Adams Isaac Adams John Adams (4) Lawrence Adams Moses Adams Nathaniel Adams Pisco Adams Richard Adams Stephen Adams Thomas Adams Warren Adams Amos Addams Thomas Addett Benjamin Addison David Addon John Adlott Robert Admistad Noah Administer Wm Adamson (2) John Adobon James Adovie Sebastian de Aedora Jean Aenbie Michael Aessinis Frances Affille Joseph Antonio Aguirra Thomas Aguynoble John Aires Robert Aitken Thomas Aiz Manuel Ajote Jacob Akins Joseph Aker (2) Richard Akerson Charles Albert Piere Albert Robert Albion Joachin Alconan Joseph de Alcorta Juan Ignacid Alcorta Pedro Aldaronda Humphrey Alden Fred Aldkin George Aldridge Jacob Alehipike Jean Aleslure Archibald Alexander John Alexander (2) Lehle Alexander William Alexander Thomas Alger Christopher Aliet Joseph Aliev George Alignott Joseph Allah Gideon Allan Hugh Allan Francis Allegree Baeknel Allen Bancke Allen Benjamin Allen Bucknell Allen Ebeneser Allen George Allen Gideon Allen Isaac Allen John Allen (5) Josiah Allen Murgo Allen Richard Allen (2) Samuel Allen (7) Squire Allen Thomas Allen (3) William Allen (4) Jean Allin Caleb Allis Bradby Allison Bradey Allison James Allison Frances Alment Arrohan Almon Aceth Almond William Alpin Jacob Alsfrugh Jacob Alsough Jacob Alstright Jacob Alsworth Thomas Alvarey Miguel Alveras Don Ambrose Alverd Joseph Alvey James Alwhite George Alwood James Alwood Charles Amey Anthony Amingo Manuel Amizarma Nathaniel Anabel Austin Anaga Jean Ancette Charles Anderson Joseph Anderson Robert Anderson William Anderson (3) George Andre Benjamin Andrews Charles Andrews Dollar Andrews Ebeneser Andrews Francis Andrews Frederick Andrews Jerediah Andrews John Andrews (4) Jonathan Andrews Pascal Andrews Philany Andrews Thomas Andrews William Andrews Guillion Andrie Pashal Andrie Dominique Angola Andre D. C. Annapolen Joseph Anrandes John Anson William Anster David Anthony Davis Anthony Samuel Anthony Pierre Antien Jacques Antiqua Jean Anton Francis Antonf John Antonio Daniel Appell Daniel Apple Thomas Appleby Samuel Appleton Joseph Aquirse —— Arbay Abraham Archer James Archer John Archer Stephen Archer Thomas Arcos Richard Ariel Asencid Arismane Ezekiel Arme Jean Armised James Armitage Elijah Armsby Christian Armstrong William Armstrong Samuel Arnibald Amos Arnold Ash Arnold Samuel Arnold Charles Arnolds Samuel Arnolds Thomas Arnold Andres Arral Manuel de Artol Don Pedro Asevasuo Hosea Asevalado James Ash Henry Ash John Ashbey John Ashburn Peter Ashburn John Ashby Warren Ashby John Ashley Andrew Askill Francis Aspuro John Athan George Atkins John Atkins Silas Atkins John Atkinson Robert Atkinson William Atkinson James Atlin Duke Attera Jean Pierre Atton John Atwood Henry Auchinlaup Joseph Audit Anthony Aiguillia Igarz Baboo Augusion Peter Augusta Thomas Augustine Laurie Aujit George Austin Job Avery Benjamin Avmey Francis Ayres Don Pedro Azoala

B

Franklin Babcock William Babcock James Babel Jeremiah Babell Jean Babier Abel Baboard Vascilla Babtreause Francis Bachelier Jonathan Bachelor Antonio Backalong Francis Backay Benjamin Bacon Esau Bacon Judah Bacon Stephen Badante Laurence Badeno William Badick Jonathan Baddock John Baggar Barnett Bagges Adam Bagley Joseph Bahamony John Bailey (2) William Bailey Moses Baird Joseph Baisolus William Baison William Batho Christopher Baker Ebenezer Baker John Baker (2) Joseph Baker Judah Baker Lemuel Baker Nathaniel Baker Pamberton Baker Pemberton Baker Pembleton Baker Thomas Baker (3) David Baldwin James Baldwin John Baldwin Nathaniel Baldwin Ralph Baldwin Thomas Ball Benjamin Ballard John Ballast Joseph Balumatigua Ralf Bamford Jacob Bamper Peter Banaby James Bandel Augustine Bandine Pierre Bandine John Banister (2) Matthew Bank James Banker John Banks Matthew Banks Jean Rio Bapbsta Jean Baptista Gale Baptist Jean Baptist John Barber Gilbert Barber John Barden William Barenoft Walter Bargeman Joseph Bargeron Charles Bargo Mabas Bark Benjamin Barker Edward Barker Jacom Barker John Barker Peter Barker Thomas Barker Benjamin Barkly Joseph Barkump John Barley James Barman Ethiem Barnell Charles Barnes Henry Barnes Wooding Barnes John Barnett Henry Barney Mons Barney Samuel Barney William Barnhouse James Barracks Pierre Barratt Abner Barre Dennis Barrett Enoch Barrett Francis Barrett Samuel Barrett William Barrett Robert Barrol Bernard Barron Enoch Barrott Francis Barsidge William Bartlet Joseph Bartley Charles Barthalemerd Charles Bartholemew Joseph Bartholomew —— Bartholomew Benjamin Bartholoyd Petrus Bartlemie Michael Bartol Thomas Barton John Basker William Bason Donnor Bass Juvery Bastin Michael Bastin Louis Baston Asa Batcheler Benjamin Bate Benjamin Bates Henry Bates James Bates William Batt John Battersley John Battesker Adah Batterman Adam Batterman George Batterman (2) Joseph Batterman —— Baumos Thomas Bausto Benjamin Bavedon George Baxter Malachi Baxter Richard Bayan Joseph Bayde Thomas Bayess John Bayley Joseph Baynes Jean Baxula John Bazee Daniel Beal Samuel Beal Joseph Beane James Beankey James Bearbank Jesse Bearbank Morgan Beard Moses Beard Daniel Beatty Benjamin Beasel Joseph Beaufort Perri Beaumont Andrew Beck Thomas Beck William Beckett Jonathan Beckwith Francis Bedell Frederick Bedford Joseph Bedford Thomas Bedford Benjamin Beebe Elias Beebe Joshua Beebe Benjamin Beeford James Beekman Walter Beekwith Lewis Begand Joseph Begley Joseph Belcher John Belding Pierre Belgard Aaron Bell Charles Bell Robert Bell Uriah Bell Alexander Bellard Joseph Belter Julian Belugh Jean Bengier Joseph Benloyde John Benn George Bennett John Bennett Joseph Bennett Peter Bennett Pierre Bennett Anthony Benson Stizer Benson David Benton John Benton Peter Bentler Nathaniel Bentley (2) Peter Bentley William Bentley Joshua M Berason Joseoh Berean Julian Berger Lewis Bernall Francis Bernardus Francis Bercoute Jean Juquacid Berra Abner Berry Alexander Berry Benjamin Berry Daniel Berry Dennis Berry Edward Berry John Berry Peter Berry (2) Philip Berry Simon Berry William Berry (3) Philip Berrycruise William Berryman Jean Bertine Martin Bertrand John Bertram Andrew Besin Jean Beshire John Beszick James Bett Samuel Bevan Jean Bevin Benjamin Beverley Robert Bibbistone John Bice Andrew Bick John Bickety Charles Bierd David Bierd Joshua Bievey Benjamin Bigelow Oliver Bigelow Thomas Biggs Jean Bilarie Charles Bill (2) Garden Bill John Bill (2) Pierre Bill John Billard James Biller Samuel Billing Benjamin Billings Bradford Billings Ezekiel Billings Robert Billings David Billows Frarey Binnen Cirretto Biola Pierre Biran Alexander Birch Nathaniel Birch Joseph Bird Weldon Bird Thomas Birket Samuel Birmingham Ezekiel Bishop Israel Bishop John Bishop (2) John Bissell Jack Bissick Osee Bissole Pierre Bitgayse Peter Bitton Daniel Black James Black (3) John Black Joseph Black Robert N Black Samuel Black (2) Timothy Black William Black John Blackburn Alexander Blackhunt William Blackpond V C Blaine John Blair Charles Blake Increase Blake James Blake Samuel Blake Valentine Blake David Blanch Robert Blanch Joseph Blancher William Blanchet John Blanney Gideon Blambo Jesse Blacque Joseph Blateley Lubal Blaynald Asa Blayner Edward Blevin Benjamin Blimbey William Blimbey Joseph Blinde William Bliss Samuel Blissread Juan Blodgett Seth Blodgett John Blond Lewis Blone Louis Blong Peter Bloome (2) Samuel Bloomfield Jomes Blossom James Blowen John Bloxand William Bluard George Blumbarg George Blunt (4) William Blythe Matthew Boar John Bobier John Bobgier Joseph Bobham Jonathan Bocross Lewis Bodin Peter Bodwayne John Boelourne Christopher Boen Purdon Boen Roper Bogat James Boggart Ralph Bogle Nicholas Boiad Pierre Boilon William Boine Jacques Bollier William Bolt William Bolts Bartholomew Bonavist Henry Bone Anthony Bonea Jeremiah Boneafoy James Boney Thomas Bong Barnabus Bonus James Bools William Books John Booth Joseph Borda Charles Borden John Borman James Borrall Joseph Bortushes Daniel Borus (2) Joseph Bosey Pierre Bosiere Jacques Bosse Ebenezer Boswell Gustavus Boswell Lewis Bothal Charles Bottis James Bottom Walter Bottom Augustin Boudery Augustus Boudery Anthony Bouea Theophilus Boulding Pierre Bounet Lewis Bourge John Boursbo Lawrence Bourshe Jean Boutilla Lewis Bouton Edward Boven Elijah Bowden Arden Bowen Elijah Bowen Ezekiel Bowen Paldon Bowen Thomas Bowen (3) William Bowen Willis Bowen James Bowers Thomas Bowers Fulbur Bowes James Bowles Daniel Bowman Benjamin Bowman Elijah Bowman (2) John Bowman Michael Bowner John Bowrie P I Bowree Jean Bowseas John Boyau Thomas Boyd John Boyde David Boyeau Francis Boyer Joseph Boyne Thomas Bradbridge Samuel Bradbury William Braden James Brader Samuel Bradfield William Bradford Abijah Bradley Alijah Bradley Daniel Bradley James Bradley Abraham Bradley John Brady James Bradyon Ebenezer Bragg (2) William Bragley Nathaniel Braily Zacheus Brainard Joseph Bramer Zachary Bramer William Bramber James Branart Aholibah Branch William Brand Ralf Brandford Charles Branel William Bransdale David Branson Peter Braswan Peter Brays (2) Burden Brayton Peter Brayton John Bredford James Brehard Elijah Bremward Pierre Brene George Brent Pierre Bretton John Brewer Samuel Brewer Joseph Brewett James Brewster (2) Seabury Brewster John Brice Thomas Bridges Glond Briges Cabot Briggs Alexander Bright Henry Brim Peter Brinkley Ephraim Brion Louis Brire Thomas Brisk Simon Bristo Jalaher C Briton Peter Britton Thomas Britton Ephraim Broad (3) Ossia Broadley Joseph Broaker Joshua Brocton Philip Broderick William Broderick (2) Joseph Broge William Brooker Charles Brooks (2) Henry Brooks Paul Brooks Samuel Brooks (2) Thomas Brooks Benjamin Brown Christopher Brown David Brown (2) Francis Brown Gustavus Brown (3) Hugh Brown (2) Jacob Brown James Brown (3) Jonathan Brown John Brown (12) Joseph Brown (3) Michael Brown Nathaniel Brown Patrick Brown Peter Brown Samuel Brown (3) William Brown (5) W. Brown William Boogs Brown Willis Brown Essick Brownhill Wanton Brownhill Charles Brownwell Gardner Brownwell Pierre Brows James Bruding Lewis Brun Daniel Bruton Edward Bryan John Bryan Matthew Bryan Nathaniel Bryan William Bryan Benjamin Bryand Ephraim Bryand James Bryant William Bryant Nicholas Bryard Francis Bryean Richard Bryen Berr Bryon Thomas Bryon Simon Buas Thomas Buchan Francis Buchanan Elias Buck Elisha Buck John Buck Joseph Bucklein Philip Buckler Cornelius Buckley Daniel Buckley (2) Francis Buckley Jacob Buckley John Buckley (3) Daniel Bucklin (2) Samuel Buckwith David Buckworth Benjamin Bud Nicholas Budd Jonathan Buddington Oliver Buddington Waller Buddington William Budgid John Budica Joshua Buffins Lawrence Buffoot John Bugger Silas Bugg John Buldings Jonathan Bulgedo Benjamin Bullock Thomas Bullock Benjamin Bumbley Lewis Bunce Norman Bunce Thomas Bunch Antonio Bund Obadiah Bunke Jonathan Bunker Timothy Bunker William Bunker Richard Bunson (2) Murdock Buntine Frederick Bunwell Thomas Burch Michael Burd Jeremiah Burden Joseph Burden William Burden Jason Burdis Daniel Burdit Bleck Burdock Robert Burdock Vincent Burdock Henry Burgess Theophilus Burgess Barnard Burgh Prosper Burgo Jean Burham James Burke Thomas Burke William Burke Michael Burkman William Burn Frederick Burnett James Burney James Burnham Daniel Burnhill Archibald Burns Edward Burns (2) Henry Burns John Burns Thomas Burns Stephen Burr Pierre Burra Francis Burrage John Burrell Lewis Burrell Isaac Burrester Jonathan Burries Nathaniel Burris John Burroughs Edward Burrow James Burton John Burton Jessee Byanslow Bartholomew Byi John Bylight

C

Abel Cable Louis Cadat Louis Pierre Cadate Michael Cadate John Caddington Nathan Caddock Jean Cado John Cahoon Jonathan Cahoone Thomas Caile David Cain (2) Thomas Cain Samuel Caird Joseph Caivins Pierre Cajole Thomas Calbourne James Calder Caplin Calfiere Nathaniel Calhoun Charles Call Barnaby Callagham Daniel Callaghan William Callehan James Callingham Andrew Caiman Francis Calon Parpi Calve Nicholas Calwell Joseph Cambridge Edward Cameron Simon Came Oseas Camp Alexander Campbell Frederick Campbell James Campbell Jesse Campbell John Campbell (2) Joseph Campbell Philip Campbell (2) Robert Campbell Thomas Campbell (2) James Canady Joseph Canana Satarus Candie Jacob Canes Richard Caney Jacob Canmer William Cannady William Canner Charles Cannon Francis Cannon John Cannon Joseph Cannon Samuel Cannon Jean Canute Francis Cape Timothy Cape Daniel Capnell William Caransame Robert Carbury Juan Fernin Cardends Joseph Carea Isaac Carelton Joseph Carender Ezekiel Carew Daniel Carey John Carey (4) Joshua Carey Richard Carey William Cargall Joseph Cariviot Edward Garland Antonio Carles William Carles Jean Carlton Thomas Carlton John Carlisle Justan Carlsrun Benjamin Carman Benjamin Carmell William Carmenell Edward Carmody Anthony Carney Hugh Carney David Carns Jean Carolin Pierre Carowan John Carpenter Miles Carpenter Richards Carpenter Edward Carr Isaac Carr John Carr (2) Philip Carr William Carr Robert Carrall —— Carret Thomas Carrington Jean Carrllo James Carroll John Carroll Michael Carroll Perance Carroll William Carrollton John Carrow Peter Carroway Avil Carson Batterson Carson Israel Carson James Carson Robert Carson (2) Samuel Carson William Carson Levi Carter Thomas Carter William Carter (2) John Carvell Joseph Casan Joseph Casanova John Case Thomas Case Thomas Casewell Edward Casey John Casey William Casey Stephen Cash Jacob Cashier Jean Cashwell Gosper Cassian Samuel Casson John Casp Anthony Casper Michael Cassey John Castel Joseph Castile Thomas Castle (2) John Caswell (3) Baptist Cavalier Francis Cavalier George Cavalier James Cavalier Thomas Cavalier Joseph Augustus Cavell Gasnito Cavensa Thomas Caveral Pierre Cawan John Cawrier John Cawrse Edward Cayman Anthony Cayner Oliver Cayaran John Cerbantin —— Chabbott Perrie Chalier Samuel Chalkeley Hurbin Challigne John Challoner William Challoner Pierre Chalore Benjamin Chamberlain Bird Chamberlain Charles Chamberland Nancy Chambers Dore Champion Lines Champion Thomas Champion Clerk Champlin Isaac Champlin James Chapin Joseph Chapley Joseph Chaplin Josiah Chaplin Lodowick Chaplin Daniel Chapman James Chapman Jeremiah Chapman John Chapman (2) Lion Chapman Samuel Chapman Charles Chappel Frederick Chappell John Chappell John Charbein Ichabod Chard William Charfill James Charles John Charles Jean Charoner Aaron Chase Augustus Chase (2) Earl Chase (2) George Chase (2) Lonie Chase Samuel Chase Jean Chatfield Jovis Chaurine John Cheavelin Christopher Chenaur Louis Chenet Andrew Cheesebrook David Cheesebrook James Cheesebrook Pierre Cheesebrook Samuel Cheesebrook Britton Cheeseman James Cheevers Christopher Chenaur Benjamin Chencey Louis Chenet John Cherry William Cherry John Chese Hiram Chester Benjamin Chevalier John Chevalier Jean Gea Chevalier Julian Chevalier Edward Cheveland Lasar Chien Silas Childs Cadet Chiller Thomas Chilling Abel Chimney David Chinks Leshers Chipley William Christan Henry Christian John Christian (2) James Christie Benjamin Chittington Bartholomew Chivers Benjamin Chopman Matthew Chubb David Chueehook Benjamin Church (2) Israel Church Thomas Church John Churchill Pierre Clabe Edward Clamron Benjamin Clannan Edward Clanwell Supply Clap (2) Supply Twing Clap Edward Claring Charles Clark Church Clark James Clark (2) John Clark Jubal Clark William Clark (2) Emanuel Clarke Daniel Clarke Jacob Clarke James Clarke Joshua Clarke Lewis Clarke Nicholas Clarke Noel Clarke Stephen Clarke Theodore Clarke Timothy Clarke William Clarke (2) Samuel Clarkson Samuel Claypole Edward Clayton William Clayton David Cleaveland Michel Clemence Clement Clements Alexander Clerk Gambaton Clerk Isaac Clerk Jacob Clerk Jonathan Clerk John Clerk (3) Lardner Clerk Nathaniel Clerk Peleg Clerk Thomas Clerk (3) Tully Clerk William Clerk Thomas Clever Jean Clineseau David Clinton Philip Clire John Cloud John Coarsin Christian Cobb Christopher Cobb Francis Cobb John Cobb Jonathan Cobb Nathaniel Cobb Richard Cobb Thomas Cobb Christopher Cobbs Raymond Cobbs Timothy Cobley Moses Cobnan Eliphas Coburn James Cochran John Cochran (2) Richard Cochran John Cocker John Cocklin Equatius Code Lewis Codean Christopher Codman James Codner Abel Coffin Edward Coffin Elias Coffin Elisha Coffin (2) Obadiah Coffin (2) Richard Coffin Simon Coffin (2) Zechariah Coffin William Cogeshall John Coggeshall Robert Coghill John Cohlen David Coisten Guilliam Cokill James Colbert Abial Cole Benjamin Cole (2) John Cole (2) Joshua Cole Rilhard Cole Thomas Cole (2) Waller Cole David Coleman James Coleman Nicholas Coleman Stephen Coleman James Colford Miles Colhoon Lewis Colinett Alexander Colley Basquito Colley Septor en Collie Candal Collier John Collings Joseph Collingwood Doan Collins James Collins (2) John Collins (3) Joseph Collins Powell Collins William Collins Daniel Collohan Thomas Collough Joseph Colloy Elisha Colman John Colney Frederick Colson James Colting Julian Columb Julian Colver David Colvich Nathaniel Colwell Nathaniel Combick Joseph Combs Matthew Combs Joseph Comby Gilbert Comick Patrick Condon Stafford Condon Philip Cong Strantly Congdon Muller Congle John Connell John Connelly George Conner James Conner John Conner (2) Robert Conner Patrick Connelly Samuel Connelly John Connor William Connor George Conrad Frederick Contaney William Convass John Conway Thomas Conway Robert Conwell Amos Cook Anthony Cook Benjamin Cook Eashak Cook Esbric Cook Ezekiel Cook (2) Frederick Cook George Cook James Cook (3) John Cook (4) Joseph Cook Richard Cook Samuel Cooke Stephen Cooke Abraham Cooper Ezekiel Cooper Matthew Cooper (2) Mot Cooper Nathaniel Cooper (3) Richard Cooper Warren Cooper William Cooper Aaron Cooping Joseph Copeland Andrew Cord Joseph Cornean Peter Cornelius John Cornell Matthew Cornell James Corner Benjamin Corning Robert Cornwell William Cornwell Bernard Corrigan John Corrigan John Corroll Battson Corson Pomeus Corson Lewis Cortland Robert Corwell Joseph de Costa Antonio Costo Noel Cotis Anghel Cotter David Cotteral David Cottrill James Couch John Couch Thomas Coudon John Coughin Pierre Coulanson Nathaniel Connan Francis Connie Perrie Coupra Jean de Course Leonard Courtney Louis Couset Joseph Cousins Frances Cousnant Jean Couster John Coutt Vizenteausean Covazensa John Coventry John Coverley Peter Covet Zechariah Coward James Cowbran James Cowen John Cowins Edward Cownovan Enoch Cox Jacob Cox John Cox Joseph Cox (2) Portsmouth Cox William Cox Thurmal Coxen Asesen Craft Joseph Craft Matthias Craft (2) James Craig Thomas Craig Henry Crandall Oliver Crane Philip Crane Samuel Crane William Cranston Abel Crape (2) Thomas Craton (2) Joshua Cratterbrook Alias Crawford Benjamin Crawford John Crawford (4) Richard Crawford Samuel Crawford William Crawford Basil Crawley Cornelius Crawley Isaac Crayton (2) James Crayton Amos Creasey Richard Creech Thomas Creepman William Cresean William Cresley Henry Cressouson Michael Crider John Crim Others Cringea William Crispin (2) George Cristin Benjamin Crocker James Crocker John Crocker Joshua Crocker (2) John Croix Oliver Cromell Oliver Cromwell (4) Richmond Cromwell Robert Cromwell Hugh Crookt John Croppen Bunsby Crorker Peter Crosbury Daniel Crosby (3) William Crosley Joseph Cross Thomas Crough Christian Crowdy Matthew Crow Bissell Crowell Seth Crowell William Crowell George Crown Michael Crowyar William Crozier Janeise Cubalod Benjamin Cuffey Philip Cuish Thomas Culbarth Daniel Culbert William Cullen (2) David Cullett Willis Culpper Levi Culver Samuel Culvin Josea Comnano Cornelius Cumstock Isaac Cuningham James Cunican Barnabas Cunningham Cornelius Cunningham John Cunningham Jacob Currel Anthony Curry Augustine Curry Robert Curry Daniel Curtis Frederick Curtis Joseph Curtis Henry Curtis Joseph Cushing Robert Cushing Eimnan Cushing

D

Guilliam Dabuican Jean Dabuican John Daccarmell Isaac Dade (2) Jean Dadica Silas Daggott John Dagure Benjamin Dail James Daily (2) Patrick Daily Robert Daily Samuel Daily (2) William Daily James Dalcahide Jeremiah Dalley Reuben Damon Thomas Danby Christopher Daniel John Daniel (3) Samuel Daniss Benjamin Dannison William Dannison William Dannivan Benjamin Darby William Darby W Darcey Thomas Darley Henry Darling (2) Richard Darling William Darling Charles Darrough Robert Dart Samuel Daun Basteen Davan James Daveick Lot Davenport Christopher Davids John Davidson Samuel Davidson Pierre Davie Benjamin Davies (2) Christopher Davies Edward Davies Eliga Davies Elijah Davies Felton Davies John Davies (9) Henry Davies Lewis Davies Richard Davies (2) Samuel Davies (3) Thomas Davies (3) William Davies (3) Benjamin Davies (2) Charles Davis Christopher Davis Curtis Davis Henry Davis Isaac Davis James Davis John Davis (2) Lewis Davis Samuel Davis Thomas Davis William Davis Thomas Dawn Henry Dawne Samuel Dawson John Day Joseph Day Michael Day Thomas Day (2) William Day Joseph Days William Dayton Demond Deaboney Jonathan Deakons Isaac Deal John Deal Elias Deale (2) Daniel Dealing Benjamin Deamond Benjamin Dean Levi Dean Lewis Dean Orlando Dean Philip Dean Archibald Deane George Deane Joseph Deane Thomas Deane Michael Debong James Debland Peter Deboy Benorey Deck Joseph de Costa Jean de Course Francis Dedd —— Defourgue Jean Degle Pierre Degoniere Pierre Guiseppe Degue William Degue Louis Degune Pratus Dehango Jacob Dehart Jasper Deinay Domingo Delace Zabulon Delano Gare Delare Gaspin Delary Anthony Delas Amos Delavan Pierre Delavas Joseph Delcosta Francis Delgada Henry Delone Anthony Delore James Demay David Demeny Israel Deming Josiah Demmay Element Demen Jean Demolot Richard Dempsey Avery Denauf Daniel Denica Beebe Denison Deverick Dennis James Dennis John Dennis (3) Jonas Dennis Joseph Dennis (2) Moses Dennis Paine Dennis Lemuel Dennison John Denoc David Denroron John Denronons Lewis Depue Manuel Deralia John Derboise Daniel Deroro Daniel Derry William Derry Louis Deshea John Desiter Jacob Dessino Jeane Devaratte Isaac Devay Gabriel Devay James Devereux Robert Devereux James Deverick John Devericks Honor Devey Joseph Deville Frances Devise Daniel Devoe Thomas Devoy Aaron Dexter Benjamin Dexter Simon Dexter Elerouant Diabery Jonah Diah David Diber Archibald Dick Benjamin Dickenson Benjamin Dickinson Edward Dickinson Ichabod Dickinson John Dickinson Edward Dickerson Joseph Diers Thomas Diggenson Rone Digon Joseph Dillons John Dillow Benjamin Dimon Charles Dimon James Dimon Robert Dingee Elisha Dingo John Dingo Pierre Disaablan Mitchael Dissell John Diver Victoire Divie Christian Dixon Christopher Dixon Daniel Dixon James Dixon (2) John Dixon Nicholas Dixon Robert Dixon (2) William Dixon Etamin Dluice John Doan Joseph Dobbs John Dobiee Henry Docherty Hugh Docherty William Dodd (2) James Dodge George Doget Matthew Doggett Samuel Doggett (2) Timothy Doggle John Doherty (2) Thomas Doherty Josiah Dohn Samuel Dohn Robert Doin Frances Doisu John Dolbear Elisha Dolbuy John Dole Elisha Doleby Nathaniel Dolloway Pierre Dominica Jean Domrean Barton Donald Anthony Donalds Daniel Donaldson Mc Donalm Solomon Donan John Dongan Peter C Dongue Anthony Dongues Benjamin Donham Devereux Donies George Donkin Francis Dora John McDora Dora Nathaniel Dorcey Patrick Dorgan (3) Timothy Dorgan Joseph Dority Paul Paulding Dorson Joseph Doscemer Jay Doudney Francis Douglas Robert Douglass William Douglass Iseno Douting Thomas Douval James Dowdey William Dowden Hezekiah Dowen (2) John Dower Henry Dowling Francis Downenroux Henry Dowling John Downey John Downing Peter Downing John Dowray James Doxbury Peter Doyle Murray Drabb Thomas Drake Jean Draullard James Drawberry Samuel Drawere James Drayton William Dredge Abadiah Drew John Drew (2) Thomas Drewry John Driver Simeon Drown William Drown Jean Dubison Tames Dublands Thomas Dubois Henry Dubtoe Michael Duchaee Archibald Ducker Jean Duckie Martin Ducloy Abner Dudley Doulram Duffey Ezekiel Duffey Thomas Duffield Michael Duffin Thomas Duffy Jacques Duforte Franes Dugree Chemuel Duke John Duke William Duke Isaac Dukerson Michael Duless Terrence Dumraven James Dunbar George Duncan John Duncan James Duncan William Duncan Thomas Dung John Dunhire John Dunison James Dunkin Pierre Dunkwater Thomas Dunlope John Dunlope Thomas Dunlope Archibald Dunlopp Allan Dunlot John Dunmerhay Arthur Dunn Joseph Dunn Peter Dunn Sylvester Dunnam John Dunning Peter Dunning Thomas Dunnon Edene Dunreas Allen Dunslope William Dunton Stephen Dunwell Ehenne Dupee Thomas Duphane Francis Duplessis France Dupue Charles Duran Henry Duran Lewis Duran Glase Durand Jacques Durant Sylvester Durham Israel Durphey Jonathan J Durvana Robert Duscasson Anthony Duskin Andrew Duss William Dussell Raoul Dutchell James Duverick Timothy Dwier William Dwine John Dwyer Timothy Dwyer (2) William Dwyman Alexander Dyer Fitch Dyer Hat Dyer Hubert Dyer Jonathan Dyer Nathan Dyer Patrick Dyer Robert Dyer Roger Dyer Samuel Dyer

E

David Each Simon Eachforsh David Eadoe Benjamin Earle Isaac Earle Lewis Earle Pardon Earle (2) Michael Eason Amos Easterbrook Charles Easterbrook John Eaves Joseph Ebben John Ebbinstone Avico Ecbeveste Joseph Echangueid Francis Echauegud Amorois Echave Lorendo Echerauid Francis Echesevria Ignatius Echesevria Manuel de Echeverale Fermin Echeuarria Joseph Nicola Echoa Thoman Ecley — Edbron Thomas Eddison William Ede Butler Edelin Jessie Edgar John Edgar Thomas Edgar William Edgar (2) James Edgarton Philip Edgarton Doum Edmondo Henry Edmund John Edmund Alexander Edwards Charles Edwards Daniel Edwards Edward Edwards Henry Edwards James Edwards John Edwards Michael Edwards Rollo Edwards Thomas Edwards William Edwards (2) James Eggleston Samuel Eggleston James Egrant James Ekkleston Jonathan Elbridge Nathan Elder Luther Elderkin Daniel Elderton Aldub Eldred Daniel Eldridge (2) Ezra Eldridge James Eldridge Thomas Eldridge William Eldridge William Eleves Richard Elgin John Eli Benjamin Elias Benjamin Elith James Elkins Nicholas Ellery Cornelius Elliott Daniel Elliott John Elliott Joseph Elliott Nathaniel Elliott Jonathan Ellis John Ellison (2) Theodore Ellsworth Stephen Elns Nathaniel Elridge Isaac Elwell John Elwell Samuel Elwell (3) James Emanuel (2) George Emery Jean Emilgon John Engrum John Eoon Samuel Epworth John Erexson Ignaus Ergua Martin Eronte James Esk Walford Eskridge Antony Esward Anthony Eticore Joseph Eton Francis Eugalind Joseph Eugalind Nicholas Euston Alias Evans Pierre Evans Francis Eveane Lewis Eveane Lewis Even Peni Evena Pierre Evena Even Evens William Evens Jeremiah Everett Ebenezer Everall Robert Everley George Everson John Everson Benjamin Eves David Evins John Evins Peter Ewen Thomas Ewell William Ewell Peter Ewen Thomas Ewen James Ewing Thomas Ewing Juan Vicente Expassa Christian Eyes