In each of the planetary systems we get an illustration of the same perfect mechanism, which is indicative of all systems whether large or small; each system being characterised by the same beauty of order and harmony of motion which are equally characteristic of atomic systems.

Our own solar system, composed as it is of many parts, of thousands of meteors and comets, of numbers of satellites and planets, all revolving around one common centre, also forms a complete and perfect mechanism in itself. For millions and millions of years this perfect mechanism has been harmoniously working together in all its parts, as it moves in all its unity through the realms of infinite space. Yet through all the unknown ages of the past, such a phenomenon as disorder in the working of any part of the system is inconceivable and unknown. Out in stellar space there are, however, innumerable systems, similar to our own solar system, each distinct and perfect in itself; each being made up of similar parts, as meteors, comets, satellites, planets, and central sun. These systems are, however, united together into one vast aggregation of worlds, having one common controlling centre of their own, and by their unity form a constellation, a larger and grander mechanism. Throughout the whole constellation there is the same order, and harmonious working of part with part, that characterise the solar system. Then these constellations increasing in their aggregations form a still larger complexity of systems, called a Galaxy; and galaxy being added to galaxy, constellation to constellation, there is formed by such union, an ocean of suns and stars like our own Milky Way, the ultimate whole being characterised by the same mechanical order and harmonious working that characterise the solar system. It may even be, that there are numbers of these oceans of suns and stars existing in infinite space, all bound together by one common bond, the universal electro-magnetic Aether, and forming one vast ultimate whole, a Universe; with all its oceans of suns moving around one central Orb or mass of Orbs called the Throne of GOD.

Thus the whole Universe is a mechanism, complete and perfect in every detail, and forming a system, so great, so grand, so sublime, so magnificent that it puts all mechanisms of human origin to shame and scorn. Now, if a mechanism of human invention evidences the existence of intelligence and mind, and proves itself to be the production of a living, sentient, conscious, and intelligent being, how much more, incomparably more, does the Universe with its infinite complexity evidence a Maker also; and that Maker must be as infinitely greater in wisdom, knowledge, perception and judgment as the Universe is infinitely greater in mechanical perfection than any mechanism of human origin.

The Universe is God's teaching in symbol and in type. It is His great picture-book, where in living form He has portrayed Himself, and all that belongs to Him—His nature, character, wisdom; His greatness, glory, and His power. The Universe is a temple, where He sits enshrined in the things His own hands have made, and where those who have eyes to see, and hearts to learn and understand, may adore and worship Him.

Thus is it true that "the heavens declare the glory of God," i. e. the character of God, His infinite wisdom, His infinite knowledge, His profound judgment, and His eternal righteousness; while the firmament showeth His handiwork. "Day unto day uttereth speech, and night unto night showeth (His) knowledge."

"The Lord by wisdom hath founded the earth, by understanding hath He established the heavens."

"He hath made the earth by His power. He hath established the world by His wisdom, and hath stretched out the heavens by His discretion."

"Thou, Lord, in the beginning hast laid the foundations of the earth, and the heavens are the work of Thy hands; they shall perish, but Thou remainest; and they all shall wax old, as doth a garment; and as a vesture shalt Thou fold them up, and they shall be changed; but Thou art the same, and Thy years shall not fail."

To prove the validity of these statements from a scientific and philosophic standpoint, and to show the harmony that exists between the natural and the Divine revelation as given in the Word of God, will form the subject of a future work.



APPENDIX A

According to Sir Oliver Lodge the fact that electricity possesses mass or inertia has now passed out of the hypothetical stage into the realm of fact and experiment. In his Romanes Lecture recently published, he states, page 4: "My first thesis is that an electric charge possesses the most fundamental and characteristic property of matter, viz. mass or inertia; so that if any one were to speak of a milligramme or an ounce or a ton of electricity, though he would certainly be speaking inconveniently, he might not necessarily be speaking erroneously."

Now in view of the identity that exists between Aether and electricity, as proved by Hertz' experiments, the only logical conclusion that can be arrived at is, that Aether must also possess mass and inertia. So that the most recent experiments in relation to electricity confirm the theory of the Aether presented in this work, viz. that it also possesses mass and inertia, otherwise we should have a massless medium being composed of electrons which possess mass, and that would be a violation of all experience, and therefore an unphilosophical statement.



APPENDIX B

The hypothesis of electricity being the fundamental basis of all matter made in the last chapter on the "Unity of the Universe," receives confirmation from Sir Oliver Lodge in his Modern Views of Matter, where he writes, page 13: "The fundamental ingredient of which, in this view, the whole of matter is made up, is nothing more or less than electricity, in the form of an aggregate of an equal number of positive and negative electric charges. This, when established, will be a unification of matter such as has through all the ages been sought; it goes further than had been hoped, for the substratum is not an unknown and hypothetical protile, but the familiar electric charge."



APPENDIX C

The hypothesis that all elements have definite quantities of electricity in them, or a definite number of electrons, as suggested on page 335, receives added weight by the testimony of Sir Oliver Lodge in the work already referred to. Writing on the subject, he says: "It is a fascinating guess that the electrons constitute the fundamental substratum of which all matter is composed. That a grouping of say 700 electrons, 350 positive and 350 negative, interleaved or interlocked in a state of violent motion so as to produce a stable configuration under the influence of their centrifugal inertia and their electric forces, constitutes an atom of hydrogen. That sixteen times as many, in another stable grouping, constitute an atom of oxygen. That some 16,000 of them go to form an atom of sodium; about 100,000 an atom of barium; and 160,000 an atom of radium."

From these extracts, taken from Modern Views of Matter, the author claims that the theory of the Aether presented to the reader in Aether and Gravitation receives added confirmation and support.

* * * * *



ERRATA

The author regrets that Professor J. J. Thomson's name has been incorrectly spelled in several places.



INDEX

Aberration of light, 69, 149, 218

Absorption, 104-6

Acceleration, 239

Actinic rays, 141

Action at a distance, 96, 174, 176 and re-action, 20, 251

Adams' discovery of Neptune, 25

Aether is matter, 54-8 is atomic, 59-67 is gravitative, 64-9 density of, 69, 71, 136, 243 elasticity of, 74-7 inertia of, 76, 330 its motions, 80 compressibility of, 291, 315 waves, 79-80

Aetherial basis of matter, 326

Affinity, chemical, 43

Aldebaran, 312

Aluminium, 79

Ampere, 192

Ampere's theory of magnetism, 193

Andromeda, 314

Annual magnetic variation, 208

Annular nebulae, 320

Aphelion of earth, 36

Arago, M., 321

Arcturus, 312

Areas, Kepler's law of, 36

Asten, Von, 234, 296

Asteroids, 31

Atmosphere, 68, 73, 102, 225

Atom, vortex, 45, 46, 61 what it is, 43 electron, 63 Boscovitch, 61 hard, 61 size of, 43

Attraction, electrical, 2, 286 of gravitation, 13, 24, 31 magnetic, 195

Balance, Torsion, 187

Bernoulli, 221, 341

Beta Persei, 308

Biela's comet, 296-7

Binary compound, 143 stars, 25, 309

Biot, 138

Boscovitch atoms, 44, 138

Boyle and Marriotte's law, 76, 103

Bradley's discovery of aberration, 149

Bredichin on comets' tails, 302

Brilliancy of stars, 307, 309

British Association Report, 57, 59

Calcium, 79

Canis major, 307 minor, 307

Capella, 312

Carbon, 48

Carboniferous period, 115

Carnot on heat, 116-18

Cassini, 307

Cause and effect, 14 of gravitation, 1, 282-9

Cavendish experiment, 24

Centauri, 79

Centre of gravity, 325

Centrifugal force, 9, 13, 15, 30, 236-8

Centripetal force, 9, 12, 282

Cetus, 307

Chalk, 6

Challis, Prof., 74, 96, 100, 107, 151, 155, 214, 227, 311

Chemistry, 47, 336

Coal, 86, 88

Clairaut, 297

Clusters of stars, 314

Cohesion, 48

Colour, 138

Colours of stars, 308 seven primary, 139

Comets, 291 attracted by planets, 298 condensation of, 292

Comets and meteors, 297 short period, 293-4 long period, 293-4 tails of, 298-9 orbits of, 293 nucleus of, 298-9 coma, 298-9

Compressibility of aether, 291, 315

Condensation of gases, 47

Conservation of matter, 42 of energy, 84 of motion, 92

Constellations, 307

Corollary, 15

Corona Borealis, 309

Corpuscles, 42, 64, 136

Corpuscular theory of light, 122

Correlation of forces, 83

Coulomb Torsion balance, 185, 187

Crookes, Sir William, 42, 136, 326, 341

Current, electric, 163 magnetic, 192

Currents, 90

Curry, Prof., 284

Cycle of operations, 114, 116

Cygnus, 307

Dalton's atomic theory, 42

Davy, 99, 107

Day and night, 4

D'Arrest's comet, 296

Deimos, 38

Democritus, 44

Density of matter, 51 of aether, 69 electric, 170 of earth, 242 of sun, 27 of planets, 242

Descartes, 221-2, 341

Dewar, Prof., 47

Diameter of earth, 29 polar, 29 equatorial, 29 of sun, 280 of planets, 29

Dielectric, 168, 175

Diffusion, 49

Dip, magnetic, 199

Distances of stars, 280

Diurnal variations, magnetic, 209

Dog star (Sirius), 306

Donati's comet, 298

Double stars, 308

Draco, 307

Dynamical equivalent of heat, 114 value of light, 150

Dynamics, laws of thermo-, 114-18

Dynamo, 87, 90

Ear, 120

Earth, mass of, 235, 242 a magnet, 196-8 size of, 29 rotation of, 219 orbit of, 276 periodic time of, 251 gravity of, 29 shape of, 29 distance from sun, 242, 251 velocity in orbit, 251

Eccentricity of orbits, 268, 276

Eclipse, 145, 148

Ecliptic, plane of, 277-9

Elasticity, 46 of matter, 51 of aether, 74

Electric current, 154 potential, 170 induction, 175 radiation, 182 density, 170 energy, 179 field, 166, 179 lines of force, 173

Electricity, 64, 162 two kinds of, 175 positive, 175 negative, 175 laws of, 184 theories of, 162

Electrons, 136, 163

Electro-static, 158, 164 kinetic, 158, 164 kinetic energy, 217 magnetism, 192-5 magnets, 199 magnetic theory of light, 229 chemical equivalents, 189, 333

Elements of matter, 47

Ellipse, 34 Kepler's discovery of, 34

Elliptical nebulae, 320

Emission theory of light, 122

Encke's comet, 293, 296 resisting medium, 228

Energy, 83, 84 what it is, 83 conservation of, 84 transformation of, 86 potential, 87 kinetic, 89, 164 radiant, 109 electrical, 179 and motion, 91

Engine, Carnot's heat, 116

Envelopes of comets, 298

Epicureans, 44

Equal areas, 36 times, 36

Equator, N. and S. Poles, 29 magnetic, 202 terrestrial, 29

Equipotential surfaces, 171

Equivalents, electro-chemical, 189, 333

Euler, 123

Exchanges, theory of, 105

Experience, 4

Experiments of Rumford, 98 of Michelson and Morley, 67, 227 of Lebedew, 302 of Nichols and Hull, 153 of Hertz, 165 of Faraday, 65, 285 of M. Faye, 302 of Joule, 114

Falling stone, 21, 29

Faraday, 45, 175, 220 on matter, 56 on Lines of Force, 168, 200, 203-5 on magnetic space, 208 on gravitation, 287 on electricity, 332 on induction, 176

Faye, M., 111, 302, 319

Faye's comet, 293, 296

Field, electric, 179 magnetic, 199

Fizeau, 149, 224

Fluids, 48

Food, 89

Forbes, 121

Force, 16, 19, 90 centrifugal, 9, 13, 236 centripetal, 9, 12, 282 lines of, 200

Forces, direction of the, 26 proportion of the, 26

Foucault, 149

Franklin, 106

Fresnel, 75, 131

Frictionless medium, 17, 131, 136, 224

Fundamental medium, 54

Galaxy, 325, 346

Gaseous nebulae, 313

Gases, condensation of, 47 liquefaction of, 47 kinetic theory of, 49

Glazebrook, Prof., on aether and gravitation, 22

Globular clusters of stars, 314

Gravitation, law of, 61, 65 universal, 24 intensity of, 27 law of proportion, 26 cause of, 1, 282 and binary stars, 25

Gravity, centre of, 325

Great Bear, 307

Grove, 83

Halley's comet, 296-7

Hamilton, Sir W. R., 247

Head of comets, 298

Heat is motion, 98 a mode of motion, 107 radiant, 109 dynamical equivalent of, 116 effects of, 107 nature of, 98 radiation of, 109 transformation of, 87

Heat engine, Carnot's, 116 of sun, 109 and matter, 100 and work, 114 refraction of, 121

Helmholtz, Von, 45, 86

Hercules, 257, 271, 307

Herschel, Sir J., 3, 4, 7, 226, 228, 281, 299, 301, 310, 321 Sir W., 109, 271-2, 313

Hertz, 138, 159, 182

Hicks, Prof., 13

Hodograph of planets, 247

Hot springs, 90

Huggins, 313-14

Huyghens, 54, 123, 125, 128

Hydrogen, 40, 42, 44, 60, 93, 314, 333

Hypotheses, 3, 338

Ice, 42

Identity of heat and light, 119 light and electricity, 156, 160, 165 aether and electricity, 331

Imponderable, 71

Impressed force, 20

Impressible aether, 78

Induction, electric, 174-5 magnetic, 199 Faraday's theory of, 175

Inertia of matter, 52 of aether, 330

Intensity of light, 28, 146 of heat, 28, 113 of electricity, 184 of gravity, 28

Iron, 42 expansion by heat, 101 contraction by cold, 102

Joule, 85, 114

Jupiter, 26, 68 mass of, 235 satellites of, 149, 178 rotation of, 219 orbital velocity of, 251, 265 size of, 235 distance from sun, 242, 251 density of, 242 and comets, 305

Kant, 317

Kelvin, Lord, 43, 71, 77, 80, 95, 216, 227 on aether, 56-7 on vortex atom, 63 on compressible aether, 291, 315 on light, 151

Kepler's laws, 32 first, 33, 256-9 second, 36, 260-2 third, 37, 263-5 on vortex motion, 221-2

Kinetic energy, 89 electro, 217

Kirchhoff, 43

Laplace, 317 nebular hypothesis, 317

Larmor, Dr., 22, 44, 56, 63, 93, 163 on electrons, 284 on aetherial physics, 22, 327-9

Lavoisier, 42

Law of gravitation, 24 of inverse squares, 27

Laws of electricity, 184 of light, 145 of heat, 113 of motion, 9, 15, 233

Lead, 88, 333

Lebedew, 32, 76, 153

Le Verrier, 25 discovery of Neptune, 25

Leyden jar, 157

Liebnitz, 223

Light, 75 a mode of motion, 122 corpuscular theory of, 123 undulatory theory of, 123, 136 electro-magnetic theory of, 156 path of a ray of, 144 intensity of, 145 reflection of, 136 refraction of, 135 aberration of, 149 composition of, 139 velocity of, 148 zodiacal, 277 transverse vibration of, 130

Lines of force, electric, 173 magnetic, 201-3

Liquefaction of gases, 47

Liquid air, 47

Liquids, 48

Little Bear, 307 Dog, 307

Lockyer, 109

Lodge, Dr., 219 on aether density, 69 on aether, 284, 289, 328, 332 on electric inertia, 330 on electricity, 64, 69, 284, 285 on force, 17 on gravitation, 283

Lorentz on light, 154

Lyra, 307

MacLaurin, 2, 10, 17

Magnesium, 79

Magnet, 21

Magnets, bar, 199 moving, 211

Magnetic axis, 202 field, 199 lines of force, 200 shells, 205 equator, 202 induction, 199 variation, 208 molecules of, 193 polarity, 194

Magnetism of earth, 207-12 of planets, 211 cause of solar, 211 Ampere's theory of, 193

Mars, 68, 79 a magnet, 196 rotation of, 219 size of, 236 orbital velocity of, 251 satellites of, 178 orbit of, 33

Mass, 27, 53, 187 of earth, 235, 242 of planets, 235, 242 of sun, 190

Matter, elements of, 40 properties of, 42, 50 and motion, 41, 322 conservation of, 42 divisibility of, 44 four states of, 48 aetherial basis of, 48, 333 physical constitution of, 334

Maxwell, J. C., 43, 73, 85, 151, 211 on physical lines of force, 168, 203-5, 288 on aether, 59, 206 on magnetism, 205 on electro-kinetic energy, 180, 217 on aether, 58

Mayer, 84, 86, 114, 118

McCullagh, 75

Mechanical energy, 87

Medium, Descartes on a, 221 Kepler on a, 222

Mercury, 68, 79 a magnet, 196 rotation of, 219 eccentricity of orbit, 33 mass of, 242 orbital velocity of, 251

Meteorites, 95, 118

Meteors, 31, 85, 118

Michelson and Morley, 7, 67

Milky way, 79, 309, 314

Molecules, 44

Momentum, 20

Moon, 61

Motion of stars, 310 planetary, 253 of sun, 274 of aether, 80 and work, 95 modes of, 92, 122, 163 first law of, 15, 16, 239 second law of, 19, 244 third law of, 20, 251

Multiple stars, 308

Natural philosophy, 4

Nebulae and aether, 313 structure of, 314 spiral, 322 annular, 320 elliptical, 320 planetary, 321 spectrum of, 314 irregular, 319

Nebular hypothesis, 317

Nebulous stars, 311

Neptune, 68 discovery of, 25 mass of, 235 orbital velocity of, 251, 265 distance from sun, 242 a magnet, 196

Newton's coloured rings, 107 Optics,72, 98, 122 letter to Bentley, 2, 96 Rules of Philosophy, 3 Principia, 3, 7, 38 emission theory, 123 law of gravitation, 24 atoms, 44 on aether, 98

Nichols and Hull, 32, 153

Ocean, 81, 90

Operations, cycle of, 114

Optics, Newton's, 2, 122

Orbital motions of planets, 266

Orbit of earth, 33 of Venus, 33

Orbits of satellites, 34 of planets, 33-4, 266 moon, 267 stars, 310 sun, 270

Origin of sun's heat, 95

Orion, 79, 307, 314, 319

Oxygen, 40, 44, 60, 93

Parallelogram of forces, 15

Pendulum, 88

Periodic times, 37

Perpetual motion, 93, 220

Phil. Mag., 58, 67, 71, 73, 74, 80

Phil. Trans., 58, 62, 64, 75

Philosophy, Rules of, 3

Phobos, 38

Physical lines of force, 203-6

Pitch of Sound, 105, 120, 139

Plane of ecliptic, 277-9

Planetoids, 31

Planets, minor, 31 origin of, 240 orbits of, 33, 266 electrified bodies, 177 masses of, 242 relative distances of, 242 orbital velocities of, 251 periodic times of, 251

Platinum, 48

Pleiades, 79

Polarization, 176

Potential energy, 87

Potential, electric, 170 magnetic, 194

Pouillet, M., 109

Poynting, 91

Pressure, aetherial, 181

Preston, Prof., 283

Prevost, theory of exchanges, 105

Primitive impulse, 9, 10, 12, 319

Principia, Newton's, 3, 7, 38-9, 122

Properties of matter, 42

Quantity of sun's heat, 109

Query, 18-19 Optics, 72, 122

Radiant heat, 109 energy, 115

Radiation, 104

Radius Vector, 26

Rankine, 103

Rays, actinic, 141 dark heat, 140 infra-red, 141 ultra-violet, 140 Rontgen, 341 X, 341

Rectilinear propagation of light, 144 of heat, 111

Reflection, 160

Refraction, 160

Relative motion of aether and matter, 224-6

Resistance to motion, 17

Resisting medium, 228

Reversible cycle, 116, 118

Rings, vortex, 45

Rival theories, 8

Rivers, 89-90

Roemer, and velocity of light, 148

Rotation of earth, 219 of planets, 219 of sun, 246

Rotatory motion, 93

Rucker, Prof., 59

Rules of Philosophy, 3 first, 3 second, 4 third, 3, 7

Rumford, 98

Running water, 95

Satellites of Mars, 38, 178 Jupiter, 149, 178 Uranus, 254 Neptune, 254

Saturn, 26-7, 68 mass of, 235, 242 orbital velocity of, 251, 265 rotation of, 219 density of, 242 a magnet, 196 satellites of, 178

Schuster, Prof., 8, 218, 311

Sirius, 306, 308-9

Sodium, 43

Solar system, motion of, 257, 271 spectrum, 79, 139 magnetism, 211

Sound, 75 waves, 104, 120

Space, interstellar, 310, 313

Spectroscope, 47, 79

Spectrum analysis, 50, 139

Spiral nebulae, 322

Stars, fixed, 58 number of, 11, 306 binary, 309 distances of, 280 magnitude of, 306, 309 colour of, 79, 308 motion of, 310-11 nebulous, 320 proper motions of, 312 variable, 307 double, 308 clusters of, 314 orbits of, 310 are magnets, 307

Stokes, Sir G., 69, 152, 218

String, 21

Sun, diameter of, 280 constitution of, 79 a magnet, 164, 198-9 mass of, 190 heat of, 109 motions of, 270 orbital velocity of, 35 rotation of, 246 centre of two forces, 186

Tails of comets, 300, 304 straight, 300 curved, 301 multiple, 300

Tait, Prof., 18, 40-1, 88, 247

Telescope, 79

Temperature, 104-5

Terrestrial magnetism, 207-12 gravity, 29

Theory, atomic, 44 rules for making, 3 undulatory, 123 of exchanges, 105

Thermodynamics, first law of, 87, 114 second law of, 116

Thomson, J. J., Prof., 43, 326, 335

Tidal water-power, 88

Tides, 89, 96

Torsion balance, 185

Trade winds, 96, 249

Transformation of energy, 86 of motion, 93

Transverse vibration of light, 130

Tuning-fork, 104

Tympanum, 120

Tyndall on radiation, 104, 106 on light, 71 on Lines of Force, 174 on aether, 77 on atoms, 106 on aether waves, 112

Ultra-violet rays, 140 red rays, 140

Unity of universe, 322-9

Universal gravitation, 24 aether, 58

Universe, 313, 322, 347

Uranus, 68 mass of, 235 density of, 242 orbital velocity of, 265 a magnet, 196

Ursa Major, 307 Minor, 307

Vapour, 49

Variation, magnetic, 209-11

Velocity of light, 148 of electric waves, 182 of heat waves, 148 of falling bodies, 21 of wave motion, 76

Velocity, angular, 250

Venus, 33, 68, 79 a magnet, 197 mass of, 235 rotation of, 219 orbital velocity of, 251 periodic time of, 251

Vibration, atomic, 75

Vibrations, transverse, 130 longitudinal, 130 of sound, 123

Vibratory motion, 91

Vogel, Prof., 308, 312

Vogt, Prof., 332

Volume of sun, 27

Von Asten, 234, 296

Vortex theory, 92, 337 motion, 221-4 atom, 93, 126, 337 rings, 125, 337

Vortices, molecular, 103

Water waves, 124 currents, power of, 95 composition of, 141 power, 88

Wave front, 128 motion, 124, 160

Wave lengths, 120 envelope, 112

Waves, chemical, 141 sound, 104, 120, 124 light, 126 heat, 141 electric, 159 spherical, 112 electro-magnetic, 165

Weight, 29, 69, 84 variation of, 29 pound, 30

Whewell, 3, 221

Winds, 81, 90 energy of, 90 trade, 225

Work, 96 and energy, 84 from heat, 116

Young, Thomas, 54, 64, 67, 123 on aether, 58 fourth hypothesis, 70 Prof., of America, on electric space, 166

Zinc, 88

Zodiacal light, 277-9

Richard Clay & Sous, Limited, London & Bungay.



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In this work the author, who has resided in various parts of the country for upwards of twelve years, has endeavoured to place before readers an account of things and events as he saw them, and to convey to their minds an idea of how Europeans live there, of their amusements, of their work, and of those things which are matters of daily interest to them, so that the work may serve as a kind of preface to that enthralling volume, the current history of China, as it is daily revealed in the Press, in Magazines, and in learned works.

IZAAK WALTON.

IZAAK WALTON AND HIS FRIENDS. By STAPLETON MARTIN, M.A., Christ's College, Cambridge, Barrister-at-Law. With Portraits and Illustrations. Demy 8vo, 10s. 6d. net.

Mr. Stapleton Martin has written this book with the primary object of bringing out the spiritual side of Walton's character. He traces carefully the inner workings of Walton's mind, and aims at setting forth the man as he was best known to the circle of intimates with whom he shared his confidences.

The better to indicate this aspect, the volume also contains brief biographical sketches of Walton's: poet and ecclesiastic friends, together with a fine collection of portraits and illustrations of places connected with Walton's life. There is also a selection from the poetical works of Walton, Cotton, Donne, Herbert, Wotton, Duport.

LONDON: CHAPMAN & HALL, LTD.



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Transcriber's note:

ART. 41 is missing from the book.

In several instances changed S, W, E into italics to be consistent with the rest of the book.

Page 194: Fixed typographical error for demonstated

Changed Figure captions so that all are of the form "Fig: number."

Left unknown/misspelled word protile in appendix b

Page 148: ... and the Index, The surname of Ole Christensen Romer [with o-slash] is spelled multiple times Roemer and once as Roemer [with o-umlaut] in the index. These have been changed to the English spelling "Roemer."

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