Polygamy is not allowed in Loo-choo as in China, and the king, it appears, is the only person permitted by law to have concubines; they invariably spoke with horror of the Chinese practice, which allows a plurality of wives, and were much gratified on learning that the English customs in this respect were similar to those of Loo-choo. The women are not treated so well as we were led to expect from the mildness of character in the men, and their liberality of thinking in general. The upper classes of women are confined a good deal to their houses, and the lower orders perform much of the hard work of husbandry. We saw them at a distance, in great numbers, carrying loads on their heads. Madera says that the women are not treated with much indulgence, being even restricted from using fans; and that when they are met out of doors by the men, they take no notice of one another, whatever may be the degree of relationship or intimacy subsisting between them. The perseverance with which they kept the women from our sight is curious, and leads us to conjecture that the general practice of the island is to seclude the women at all times. In this respect they differ from the Japanese, who are said to allow wives to every stranger. This degree of seclusion does not prevail in China, as we had opportunities of observing at several places never before visited by Europeans. The Chinese account quoted in the Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, vol. 23, states that the young men and women marry on this island by choice, and not, as in China, by a contract made without any personal knowledge of each other. We took every opportunity of interrogating them on this subject, but as the question was always evaded, we fear that their practice in this respect is not so praiseworthy as that account would make it appear.

Of their literature we could get but few satisfactory accounts; they say that they have few books in their own language, the greater number on the island being Chinese. The young men of rank are sometimes sent to China to be educated. Jeeroo had been there when a boy. None but the upper classes understand the spoken Chinese, and the peasantry are in general ignorant both of the spoken and written Chinese language.

They appear to have no money, and from all we could see or hear, they are even ignorant of its use. Those, however, who have visited China cannot be so ill informed, and yet none of them set any value upon Spanish dollars, or upon any gold coins that we had. Though we were incessantly trying to make out from Madera and the others, what their medium of exchange was, we could never learn any thing distinct upon the subject, nor could they be made to comprehend our questions about money; a difficulty, it may be observed, which we should expect to meet with among people whose only mode of purchase was by barter. The only circumstance which came to our knowledge bearing at all upon this question, was during the time when the garden was under preparation for the reception of the Alceste's stores; it was then remarked that each of the labourers employed had a little piece of paper stuck in his hair, with a single character written on it; this naturally excited our curiosity, but the inquiries we were enabled to make at that early stage of our knowledge of the language, led to nothing conclusive. Afterwards, when our means in this respect were more ample, we could not recall the circumstance to the recollection of the chiefs. As these papers were called by the people wearing them, "hoonatee," and as "hoonee" means ship, Mr. Clifford has conjectured that they may have been written passes to enable them to enter the gate on the ship's business.

We saw no arms of any kind, and the natives always declared that they had none. Their behaviour on seeing a musket fired certainly implied an ignorance of fire-arms. In a cottage at the north end of the island, we saw a spear which had the appearance of a warlike weapon, but we had every reason to believe that this was used for the sole purpose of catching fish, having seen others not very dissimilar actually employed in this way. They looked at our swords and cutlasses, and at the Malay creeses and spears, with equal surprise, being apparently as little acquainted with the one as with the other. The chiefs carried little case knives in the folds of their robes, or in the girdle, and the lower orders had a larger knife, but these were always of some immediate practical utility, and were not worn for defence nor as ornaments. They denied having any knowledge of war either by experience or by tradition.

We never saw any punishment inflicted at Loo-choo: a tap with the fan, or an angry look, was the severest chastisement ever resorted to, as far as we could discover. In giving orders, the chiefs were mild though firm, and the people always obeyed with cheerfulness. There seemed to be great respect and confidence on the one hand, and much consideration and kind feeling on the other. In this particular, more than in any other that fell under our notice, Loo-choo differs from China, for in the latter country we saw none of this generous and friendly understanding between the upper and lower classes.

One day when we were drinking tea and smoking pipes with the chiefs, on the top of the hill, a boy began to exhibit feats of tumbling before us; in a short time all eyes were turned towards him, and his modesty caused him to desist. We offered him buttons and various things, but he would not resume his tumbling: we then asked Jeema to interfere; he did so, and told the youngster to go on; but he kept his seat, and Jeema became angry, or rather pretended to be so, yet the tumbler sat obstinately still. "Well," said Jeema to us, "what is to be done? It was for his own amusement that he began, and probably for his amusement he will do so again." The boy, when left alone, in a short time resumed his tumbling. I mention this to shew Jeema's good sense in not forcing the boy to do that as a task, which he had begun as an amusement, and which he had discernment enough to know would be unpleasant for us to witness in any other way. By this treatment of their children, mutual cordiality and freedom of intercourse are encouraged. It was probably owing to this mode of education that the children became at once familiar with us. One day while I was employed sketching the village and trees near the bridge, a boy stopped near me, and without saying any thing, endeavoured to attract my notice by performing various gambols before me. I took no notice of him for some time, but at last looked up and smiled; upon which the boy cried out in perfectly good English, "How do you do? Very well, I thank you;" and ran off, quite delighted at having displayed his proficiency in English.

The chiefs were generally accompanied by one or two of their sons, who took their places near them, and were always put forward when there was any thing curious to be seen. In this way they were encouraged to make themselves acquainted with every thing, and yet nothing could be more respectful or affectionate than they always were. Great pains were taken to form the manners of the children, and we never observed an instance of rudeness in any one of them, though they were as full of life and spirits as the wildest English school-boys. John the Chinaman afforded them much amusement: he was a great coxcomb, and therefore fair game for the boys; they used to surround him and pretend to pull his long tail; but they never actually pulled it, but merely teazed him a little, and then ran away. These little traits seem worthy of notice, as they belong to a style of education quite different from what we had seen in China and some other eastern countries, where the children are made to look like men in miniature.

During our intercourse with these people, there did not occur one instance of theft. They were all permitted to come on board indiscriminately; to go into the cabins, store-rooms, and wherever they liked, unattended. At the temple the Alceste's stores of every kind were lying about, as well as the carpenter's and armourer's tools; and in the observatory, the instruments, books, and pencils were merely placed under cover; yet there was not a single article taken away, though many hundreds of people were daily admitted, and allowed to examine whatever they pleased. This degree of honesty is a feature which distinguishes the people of Loo-choo from the Chinese, as well as from the inhabitants of the islands in the South Sea and of the Malay Archipelago; among whom even fear, as was ascertained by Captain Cook and other voyagers, is altogether insufficient to prevent theft. At Loo-choo the people are considerably civilised; but they have few wants, and they appear to be perfectly contented. Honesty is perhaps the natural consequence of such a state of society.

We saw no musical instruments of any kind; they were, however, aware of their use. The natives almost all sing, and we heard several very sweet airs, principally plaintive: they had many jovial drinking songs, one of which we wrote down from their singing; it was inscribed on a drinking cup, and is as follows:

"Ty'wack koo, tawshoo, shee kackoofing, "Chaw ung, itchee shaw, shooha neebooroo; "Ting shee, you byee, chee taroo shoo ninnee "Nooboo cadsee meesee carra shaw jeeroo "Shing coodee sackee oochee noo shing."

The Chinese characters on the drinking-cup were thus translated in China, "Tywack hoo[17], inspired by a jar of wine, writes an hundred pages of odes or verses without end. At the market town of Chaw-ung[18] he entered a wine shop to sleep. The Emperor summoned him to appear; in his haste to obey the summons, he forgot to put on his neckcloth, and rushing into the royal presence, exclaimed, 'I am the wine-loving immortal.'"

The Loo-choo dress has been so frequently mentioned, that a brief notice, in recapitulation, will suffice in this place. Their loose robe was generally made of cotton, and of a great variety of colours. The robe of a grown up person was never flowered or printed over with figures, being generally of a uniform colour, though instances occurred of striped cloths being worn by the chiefs. This robe opened in front, but the edges overlapped, and were concealed by the folds, so as to render it difficult to say whether or not the robe was continued all round: the sleeves were about three feet wide: round the middle was bound a belt or girdle about four or five inches wide, always of a different colour from the dress, and in general richly ornamented with wrought silk and gold flowers. The folds of the robe overhang the belt, but not so much as to hide it: the whole of the dress folds easily, and has a graceful and picturesque appearance. The garments worn by the children were often gaudily printed with flowers. In rainy or cold weather, a sort of great coat was worn by the chiefs only, of thick blue cloth, buttoning in front over the robe, and tighter both in body and sleeves than the other. This cloth resembled the coarse cloth used in China; and it looked like woollen manufacture, and may possibly have been originally brought from England. The sandals worn by all ranks were exactly the same; they were formed of straw wrought into a firm mat to fit the sole of the foot, smooth towards the foot, and ragged underneath: a stiff smooth band of straw, about as thick as one's little finger, passes from that part of the sandal immediately under the ancle and over the lower part of the instep, so as to join the sandal at the opposite side; this is connected with the foremost part of the sandal by a short small straw cord which comes between the great toe and the next one. The upper classes wore stockings of white cotton, not unlike our half stockings, except that they button at the outside, and have a place like the finger of a glove for the great toe.



Their hair is of a jet black, and is kept glossy by juice expressed from a leaf. There is no variety in the fashion of dressing it; it is pulled tight up all round, and is formed at top into a compact knot, so as to conceal the crown of the head, which is shaved; through the knot are thrust two metal pins, one of which has a square point and flowered head consisting of six leaves or divisions: the other pin has one end sharp, and the other shaped like a scoop: the length of these pins is from four to six inches. We did not see the Prince's, as he remained covered during all the time of his visit; but the Chief of high rank, who visited the Alceste on the 23d of September, had the flowered end of one pin studded with precious stones. The higher orders wear, on state occasions, what they called a "hatchee-matchee," which is a kind of turban, apparently made by winding a broad band round a cylinder, in such a way, that a small segment of each fold is shewn at every turn, in front above, and behind below; this is effected by giving a slight diagonal direction to each fold. The lower orders occasionally tie a coloured cloth or handkerchief round the head; this they call "sadjee:" next the body they wear a thin cotton dress. The men wear no ornaments through their flesh, nor are they tattooed: we saw, indeed, some fishermen who had fish spears marked on their arms, but this does not prevail generally. An etching of these marks is given by Mr. Clifford in the second part of the Vocabulary.

The cattle on this island, which are of a small black breed, are used exclusively for agricultural purposes. Hogs, goats, and poultry, with rice and a great variety of vegetables, form the food of the inhabitants: milk is never used. We saw no geese, so that those left by Captain Broughton most probably did not thrive. They have no sheep nor asses. Their horses are of a small slight make, and the natives are very fond of riding. We saw no carts or wheeled carriages of any kind, horses being used to carry loads; for this purpose the roads are numerous, and kept in excellent order, being from six to ten feet wide.

Their mode of dressing the ground is neat, and resembles the Chinese, particularly in manuring and irrigating it. This is most attended to where the sugar-cane is cultivated: they have, besides, tobacco, wheat, rice, Indian corn, millet, sweet potatoes, brinjals, and many other vegetables. The fields, which are nicely squared, have convenient walks on the raised banks running round each. Along the sides of the hills, and round the villages, the bamboo and rattan grow to a considerable size. The pine is the most conspicuous tree on the island, growing to a great height and size, which we infer from seeing canoes built with planks several feet wide; the trees, however, near the temple at Napakiang were not above ninety feet high, and from three to four in girt. The banyan-tree of India was seen at several places; the finest one overhung the small temple at Napakiang, which circumstance led to the enquiry whether, as in India, this tree is held sacred, but we could gain no information on this subject.

In a little plot of ground in the temple garden, Mr. Phillips, purser of the Alceste, sowed mustard-seed, peas, and a variety of other seeds, the natives taking his directions for their culture. Our total ignorance of botany prevented our making any observations on this subject while at Loo-choo; but to supply this deficiency, we collected specimens of every plant at the place. These were preserved between sheets of brown paper, and given afterwards to Mr. Abel, the naturalist of the embassy, in order to be arranged; but they were subsequently lost, along with the whole of that gentleman's collection.

Of their manufactures it is difficult to speak with certainty. By their own account the silks which they wear are Chinese, but the cotton cloths are made on this and the neighbouring islands; the printed patterns of these are not without elegance. We saw no weaving looms, but as we were only in a few houses, this is not surprising: the webs are thirty-six feet long, and fourteen inches broad. Tobacco-pipes and fans are made at Loo-choo; as well as the sepulchral vases, of which there is a manufactory at Napakiang, from whence they are exported to Oonting, and other parts of the island. Some of the pouches of the chiefs were made of cloth, which they say comes from China; it is exactly like our broad cloth. We tried in vain to learn what goods they send to China in exchange for silks: perhaps sulphur forms a part, which these islands are said to produce, as well as tin. From the number of vessels constantly sailing out and in, it appears that they must have some trade, but our enquiries on this and many other topics, though sedulously pursued, led to nothing satisfactory, owing probably rather to our ignorance of the language, than to any wish on their part to withhold information; because, on topics which had no reference to the royal family or the women, they in general spoke freely.

We had frequent opportunities of seeing their method of making salt, and an account of it may, perhaps, be interesting. Near the sea, large level fields are rolled or beat so as to have a hard surface. Over this is strewn a sort of sandy black earth, forming a coat about a quarter of an inch thick. Rakes and other implements are used to make it of a uniform thickness, but it is not pressed down. During the heat of the day, men are employed to bring water in tubs from the sea, which is sprinkled over these fields by means of a short scoop. The heat of the sun, in a short time, evaporates the water, and the salt is left in the sand, which is scraped up and put into raised receivers of masonry about six feet by four, and five deep. When the receiver is full of the sand, sea water is poured on the top, and this, in its way down, carries with it the salt left by evaporation. When it runs out below at a small hole, it is a very strong brine; this is reduced to salt by being boiled in vessels about three feet wide and one deep. The cakes resulting from this operation are an inch and a half in thickness.

Of the population of this island we know nothing satisfactory: the natives invariably pleaded ignorance themselves; and as we had no precise data, our estimates were made at random, and as they never agreed with each other, they are not worthy of notice. From the south point of this island, to five or six miles north of Napakiang, an extent of sixteen or eighteen miles, the country is highly cultivated, and is almost entirely covered with villages. All round Port Melville too there are populous villages, but the north, north-east and eastern places are thinly peopled, and not cultivated to any extent. We saw nothing like poverty or distress of any kind: every person that we met seemed contented and happy. We saw no deformed people, nor any who bore indications of disease, except a few who were marked with the small-pox.

The style of living of those with whom we associated is generous and free; their custom of carrying about their dinner in boxes, and making little pic-nic parties, is peculiarly striking, and they appeared fully sensible of the advantage of bringing people together in this way, and expressed much satisfaction at the ready way in which we fell into a custom from which all formality was dismissed. They shewed, moreover, a good deal of discernment, and could adapt themselves to the character of the particular persons they happened to be in company with, in a manner very remarkable; but this was evidently the result not of cunning, but of correct feelings, and of a polite habit of thinking.

Of their manners, little need be added here to what every page of the narrative will show. It ought to be particularly noticed, however, that they are an exceedingly timorous people, and naturally suspicious of foreigners. A stranger visiting Loo-choo ought therefore to keep these features of their character constantly in mind. By imitating Captain Maxwell's wise plan of treating the natives with gentleness and kindness, and shewing every consideration for their peculiarities, he will stand the best chance of gaining their good-will and confidence. But if he should betray any impatience, or be at all harsh in treating with them, he may rest assured that he will lose much time, and in all probability fail at last in his attempts to establish an unreserved and friendly intercourse.

As Loo-choo, however, lies quite out of the track of trading ships, and does not appear to produce any thing of value itself, and as the inhabitants seem indifferent about foreign commodities, and if they wished to possess them are without money to make purchases, it is not probable that this island will be soon revisited.



FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 11: We first discovered the meaning of this word by hearing one of the natives apply it to the castle on the chess board: he used the same term when drawings of towers and castles were shewn to him.]

[Footnote 12: The literal translation of the card is "Loo-choo nation, extender of laws, Great Person (called Ko), Heang, bows his head and worships," (the common visiting expression among the Chinese.) It ought to be remarked, that the Prince's name is placed on one corner of the card, which is the most respectful mode that can be used, according to Chinese usage.]

[Footnote 13: See Broughton's Voyage, Book II. Chap. 2. for a very interesting account of the natives of Typinsan, who appear to resemble the people of the Great Loo-choo Island. In Book II. Chap. 3. Captain Broughton gives an account of his visit to Napachan. He was received by the inhabitants with great kindness; they supplied his wants, but objected to his landing, and sent back to the schooner some of the officers who had been sent on shore to examine the town. We found Captain Broughton's account of the people quite accurate.]

[Footnote 14: At Manilla we found that the Great Loo-choo Island was known only by name. There appeared to be no intercourse between the two places.]

[Footnote 15: LIST OF SUPPLIES RECEIVED AT LOO-CHOO BY H.M. SHIPS.

Alceste. Lyra. Bullocks 19 8 Pigs 23 10 Goats 15 7 Fowls *216 102 *Not including Fish 29 12 extra supplies Eggs 920 455 to the officers. Bags of sweet potatoes *59 27 *Not including Squashes 34 14 ditto. Jars of Samchoo, each containing about fifteen gallons 6 3 Baskets of oranges 9 4 Bundles of gingerbread 8 3 -Onions 16 8 -Radishes 30 12 -Celery 12 5 -Garlick 8 4 -Candles 7 3 -Wood 16 8 Pumpkins 60 30 Baskets of vermicelli 7 3 Boxes of sugar 2 1 Rolls of printed linen 14 7 Bundles of paper 6 3 ]

[Footnote 16: See Lettres Edifiantes et Curieuses, vol. 23.]

[Footnote 17: A man celebrated in the Tung dynasty for his convivial disposition: he is known in China by the name of Jai-pe.]

[Footnote 18: The town of Chang-ngan in China, near the Great Wall.]



APPENDIX:

CONTAINING

CHARTS

OF THE GULF OF PE-CHE-LEE, THE WEST COAST OF COREA, THE GREAT LOO-CHOO ISLAND, NAPAKIANG ROADS, AND PORT MELVILLE: WITH BRIEF EXPLANATORY NOTICES.

TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS

MADE WITH DR. WOLLASTON'S DIP SECTOR: WITH AN ENGRAVING, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THIS INSTRUMENT, AND DIRECTIONS FOR ITS USE.

METEOROLOGICAL JOURNAL,

FROM JULY TO NOVEMBER 1816, WHILE THE SHIPS WERE IN THE YELLOW AND JAPAN SEAS.

ABSTRACT OF THE LYRA'S VOYAGE,

FROM LEAVING ENGLAND TILL HER RETURN; SHEWING THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT PLACES AT WHICH SHE TOUCHED, AND THE TIME TAKEN IN PERFORMING EACH PASSAGE.

GEOLOGICAL MEMORANDUM;

BEING A DESCRIPTION OF THE SPECIMENS OF ROCKS COLLECTED ON THE SHORES OF THE YELLOW SEA, COREA, LOO-CHOO, MACAO, AND THE LADRONE ISLANDS.



CHARTS

OF THE

GULF OF PE-CHE-LEE, THE WEST COAST OF COREA, THE GREAT LOO-CHOO ISLAND, NAPAKIANG ROADS, AND PORT MELVILLE.

WITH BRIEF EXPLANATORY NOTICES.



NOTICE EXPLANATORY OF A CHART

OF

THE SOUTH SIDE OF THE GULF OF PE-CHE-LEE, YELLOW SEA.

[Sidenote: First meridian used in constructing the chart.]

In constructing this chart, I have assumed the longitude of the fort at the mouth of the Pei-ho to be 117 49' east of Greenwich, or 11' west of the place where the squadron lay at anchor. From this the difference of longitude was measured by two chronometers. The latitudes were ascertained by frequent observations of the stars, as well as of the sun.

[Sidenote: Aspect of the south and south-west coasts.]

[Sidenote: Soundings.]

The coast on the south and south-west sides of this Gulf is very low, resembling, in this respect, the shore at the entrance of the Pei-ho, or Pekin river, where it is uniformly low and sandy; occasionally a few houses are to be seen, and also square mounds or buildings like forts, but generally, a low white beach is all that can be discovered. The coast is not visible till within about three leagues distance, and the eye elevated eighty feet from the sea, which is the height of the Lyra's foretop-gallant yard. The depth of water when the land first came in sight, was generally five fathoms; at some places only four fathoms, and at the very bottom of the Gulf, it could not be discerned till in three and a half fathoms. It may be said generally, that at ten miles distance the soundings are from four and a half to six fathoms; at twelve miles, from six to eight fathoms. There is a wonderful uniformity in the depth from the Pei-ho round to the south-east corner of the Gulf; the bottom is mud, sometimes a little gritty, particularly towards the southern parts.

[Sidenote: Colour of the water.]

The colour of the water was mostly of the same dirty yellow or green which was observed off the Pei-ho, but we did not observe any red coloured water, as was frequently noticed at that place; at the bottom of the Gulf, indeed, there were several changes in the colour of the water, accompanied by long lines of foam, indicating, it would seem, the vicinity of a great river.

[Sidenote: Tides on the western side of the Gulf.]

On the west side of the Gulf the ebb tide runs to the south-east by south, and the flood north-west by west; the periods are very regular, being generally about six hours: they vary, however, in rapidity. As we anchored on the flood we were enabled to measure its velocity; as we got deep in the Gulf it decreased: at the Pei-ho it frequently ran two and two and a half knots, but far south it was sometimes hardly perceptible; it is worthy of notice, too, that the perpendicular rise and fall decreased from ten feet off the Pei-ho, to one, or at most two feet, in the bottom of the Gulf.

[Sidenote: Bottom of the Gulf.]

The most southern point of our track was 37 15' north; at this time we could perceive the low coast stretching to the east and west; the distance it is difficult to assign very accurately, but it was probably seven or eight miles, for with a glass we could perceive a number of people on the shore. I took great pains to ascertain the latitude stated above, by the meridian altitudes of several stars; the longitude is 1 39' east of the Pei-ho, or 119 28' east of Greenwich.

[Sidenote: South-eastern side different from the opposite.]

The coast from the south-west corner of the Gulf to the peninsula of Teu-choo-foo, is of a totally different character from that opposite to it, for it is high, and well marked: a range of mountains stretches from south-west to north-east, at the distance of three or four leagues inland; their outline is peaked, and they are intersected by deep ravines without any verdure; the summits are also barren.

[Sidenote: Mount Ellis.]

One of these mountains is very remarkable, having two peaks or paps by which it can be distinguished at the distance of fifty miles, and bears the same aspect when viewed from all parts of the Gulf. It lies in 37 6' north, and 2 11' east of the Pei-ho, or 120 east of Greenwich. It has been called Mount Ellis, in honour of Mr. Ellis, the third commissioner of the Embassy.

[Sidenote: Aspect of the coast.]

[Sidenote: Jane's Isle.]

[Sidenote: Douglas Island.]

Between this range of hills and the shore, there is a lower belt of elevated ground in a state of high cultivation, covered with many towns and villages, and interspersed with scattered trees and several extensive woods; the ground, too, presents a varied surface, so that the whole offers a pleasing contrast with the rugged land behind. There are two small islands on this line of coast; the southern one lies in 37 21' north, and 2 5' east of the Pei-ho; the other is in 37 28' north, and 2 19' east of the Pei-ho.

[Sidenote: Dangerous shoal.]

There is a dangerous shoal about five leagues off the shore, abreast of these islands, upon which the Lyra nearly struck at midnight on the 17th instant. When at anchor just outside the shoal, the south island bore south 20 east, and the other, east 21 south; on the shoal there was two and a half fathoms, hard bottom. It seems to extend in a north and south direction, and is very narrow. It lies in 37 32' north, which I ascertained by altitudes of the pole star, under favourable circumstances. It is 1 58' 30" east of the Pei-ho.

[Sidenote: Soundings and tides.]

The soundings on this side of the Gulf are somewhat deeper than on the other, but not so deep as might have been expected from the bold nature of the land. The ebb tide runs to the north-eastward, and the flood into the Gulf.

[Sidenote: Winds.]

[Sidenote: Melville Point.]

[Sidenote: Teu-choo-foo city.]

The wind was south-east and quite light, from the 11th August to the 17th, when it shifted to north north-east till about eight P.M. when close in shore near the southern of the two islands; it then blew off, with all the appearance of a regular land breeze. On the 19th it blew a gale of wind from the north-east, with a short, high sea; during the gale we lay at anchor off a remarkable point, connected with the main land by a low sandy neck; the ground felt soft to the lead, but it was probably rocky under the mud, as both ships lost a bower anchor by the cables being cut. This point lies in 37 42' north, and 2 35' east of the Pei-ho. We found the city of Teu-choo-foo to lie in 3 4' east of the Pei-ho. The latitude observed in Teu-choo-foo roads was 37 53' north, and the longitude 2 54' east of the Pei-ho. The western Meadow Island bearing north.

[Sidenote: Cheatow Bay.]

The latitude of a small island at the north-east corner of the Bay of Cheatow or Zee-a-tow, was determined by the sun's meridian altitude on shore, to be 37 35' 52" north, and longitude east of the Pei-ho 3 45', or in 121 34' east of Greenwich.

[Sidenote: Oei-hai-oei.]

The latitude of Oei-hai-oei was observed on shore to be 37 30' 40" north, and lies 4 25' east of the Pei-ho.

[Sidenote: Variation of the compass.]

The variation of the compass in the Yellow Sea was found to be 2 16' westerly.

The rise and fall of the tide at the anchorage of the squadron off the Pei-ho was twelve feet. It was high water at full, and change at III. The flood tide runs to the west-south-west, and the ebb generally about east and east-south-east. Its strength and direction are a good deal influenced by the prevalent winds.



NOTICE TO ACCOMPANY THE CHART OF THE WEST COAST OF COREA.

[Sidenote: Inadequate time allowed for so extensive a survey.]

This chart extends from 34 to 38 north latitude, and from 124 to 127 east longitude. The time of our stay on the coast being only nine days, no great accuracy is to be expected, and this chart pretends to be little more than an eye-draught, checked by chronometers and meridian altitudes of the sun and stars. Under circumstances of such haste, much has unavoidably been left untouched, and what is now given is presented with no great confidence.

[Sidenote: General remarks on the methods followed in the survey.]

What follows is extracted from notes made at the time by Mr. Clifford and myself. The longitudes by chronometer have all been carefully recomputed, and the greatest care was taken in ascertaining the various latitudes. The true bearings are in every instance set down, the variation being allowed for at the moment. The variation of the compass recorded in this notice, was determined by two azimuth compasses, and the method recommended by Captain Flinders, of repeating the observations by turning the compass first one way and then the other, was invariably followed.



[Sidenote: The ships leave China.]

[Sidenote: Make the coast of Corea.]

[Sidenote: Sir James Hall's group.]

[Sidenote: Anchorage on the south side of an island.]

His Majesty's ships Alceste and Lyra, after quitting the port of Oei-hai-oei, which is in latitude 37 30' 40" north, and longitude 122 16' east, on the north coast of Shantung Promontory, stood to the northward and eastward till in latitude 38 north, and then ran to the eastward. On the morning of the 1st of September, 1816, we saw the land, bearing about east. By sights with chronometer on the meridian of these islands, we ascertained that the west end of the northern one lies in 124 44-1/2' east. The latitude of the south end of the eastern island was ascertained by meridian altitude of the sun to be 37 44-1/2' north. There is a rocky white islet off the west end of the middle island. We had from twenty to thirty fathoms on rounding the south-west end of the islands, but on the south side of the southern one there is a bight with seven fathoms, black sand in the centre: here we anchored. There is good anchorage all over the bay, which is sheltered from all winds except between west south-west and south-east, being open to the southward. There are two villages here. From the top of the highest peak on this island, which is about seven or eight hundred feet high, we could discern the main land of Corea, high and rugged, stretching north north-west and south south-east, distant from eight to ten leagues. Along the coast abreast of us there were seen many islands. The channel between the middle island of the group and the one we were upon appeared clear and broad; but the northern and middle islands seemed connected by a reef which shews above water at several places.

[Sidenote: Character of the inhabitants.]

The inhabitants were suspicious and unfriendly: we saw some cattle and many fowls, but neither money nor any thing else that we had could induce them to part with either.

[Sidenote: Lose sight of the coast.]

In the evening we weighed and stood to the southward; next morning there was no land in sight. At noon we were in longitude 124 47' 52" east, and latitude 36 44-1/2' north, no land in sight. We hauled in shore to the eastward, and anchored in the night in deep water.

[Sidenote: Group of five islands.]

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

3rd of September.—Weighed at 3.30 and stood in shore; at 7.45 A.M. we were due south of the western of a group of islands. Many sights were taken as we passed to settle the place of this group: it lies between 125 42-1/2' east, and 125 57-1/2' east, and in latitude 36 44' north. After passing this group we stood to the south-east towards a vast cluster of islands: at noon, when we were just entering the cluster, the latitude was observed 36 18' 21" north, and longitude 126 10' east. The south-west extreme of the islands bore south 40 west. There were eight islands near us between south-east and south-west, and a high bluff dark rock south one-quarter east, four miles: and on the main land a very high hill, east 19 north. When we had got well among the islands it fell calm, and we anchored in eight and a half fathoms. It remained calm during the night.

[Sidenote: Run among the islands.]

4th of September.—Weighed on a breeze springing up, and stood in shore. Observed in 36 13' north, longitude 126 30' east; at this time the following bearings were taken.

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

A remarkable peak on the main land, east.

High mountain on the main land, east 38-1/2 north.

White cliff on the east end of the fourth island to the left of the wide entrance into the cluster, north.

Small round island, north 30 west.

Another, north 35 west.

Extremes of a large bluff island from north 38 west, to north 32-1/2 west.

Rock, north 72 west.

Outer island, north 75 west.

Extremes of the outer cluster, from north 77-1/2 west, to west 1 south.

Large island, from west 14 30' south, to west 18 south.

[Sidenote: Basil's Bay.]

[Sidenote: Unsocial disposition of the inhabitants.]

These islands being within from ten to fifteen miles, were laid down by estimated distances, but it was quite impossible to assign places to the immense number of others which stretched away to the south and south-east, as far as the eye could reach. We stood in shore for the purpose of discovering whether there was any place of shelter in the main land, but in general it proved shallow and unsafe. At length we discovered a bay which promised shelter, but on running into it, the depth was found not to exceed three or four fathoms. This bay is open towards the south, and is formed by a curved tongue of land on the north and west. The longitude of the south end of this point is 126 42' 22" east, and latitude 36 7' 38" north. We remained here during the night, and the forenoon of the 5th. The natives came on board, but made great objections to our landing.

[Sidenote: Tides.]

The tide rose and fell fifteen feet and a half; it was low water at 8 P.M., and high water at 2.30 A.M. This was two and a half days before full moon.

The Alceste's boats were sent to sound in the eastern quarter, but they found shoal water every where.

[Sidenote: Proceed to the south-westward.]

5th of September.—At 11 A.M. we got under weigh and stood to the south-west among the islands, carrying seven, eight, nine, ten, to fifteen fathoms, and occasionally deepening to seventeen fathoms. At 4.45 we observed in longitude 126 24-1/2' east, and latitude 35 52' north at this time.

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

Two islands bore north half east, seven miles.

A remarkable small black island, west 32, north four miles.

Another, west 22 north, seven miles.

A range of islands, from east 10 north, to east 16 south.

A long island, from south 25 east, to south 11 east.

The islands off which we anchored on the 2nd instant bearing about north 10 west.

Two islands, from south 16 west, to south 25 west.

[Sidenote: Main land.]

The main land from south south-east to north-east, high and rugged.

We had a sea breeze to-day, and fine weather. Variation 2 10' westerly. We ran on by moonlight till 11 P.M., and then anchored among the islands. Latitude, observed by Polaris 35 26' north. Longitude, at anchor by chronometer next morning 126 23' 22" east. From this spot the main land was seen from east 12 north, to south 20 east.

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

A rock, west 7 south, four miles.

An island, from west 15 north, to west 31 north, 4-1/2'.

Three islands, extending from west 36 south, to west 45 south, 3'.

Two distant ones in the same direction.

Cluster of islands, from west 64 south, to west 84-1/2 south.

Large island, north 12 west, ten or twelve miles.

A cluster of islands, from north 15 east, to north 28 east.

Two distant islands, north 32 east.

Two others, north 42 east.

[Sidenote: Channels between the islands generally deep.]

6th of September.—Weighed and stood to the southward. At noon observed in 35 17' north, longitude 126 28-1/2' east, being then in the centre of a semicircle of islands, extending from north-east to south-east and south-west. During the forenoon the flood tide set strong to the north north-east against us. Most of the channels between the islands were deep, but to-day we tried one which had not more than five and a half fathoms. At 4.30. took sights, when a long bluff island bore east north-east a quarter of a mile. Longitude 126 6' 37" east; latitude 35 6' north. This island is the most westerly of the range of islands which lie between the latitude 35 and 36 north. High and connected land was faintly discernible to the eastward. The soundings were generally from nine to fifteen fathoms, deepening in most cases on approaching the bluff islands.

[Sidenote: Flood tide runs to the northward.]

[Sidenote: Windsor Castle.]

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

7th of September.—We anchored last night about ten o'clock in seventeen fathoms; the flood tide had made; it ran north nearly three miles an hour, till four A.M. when we got under weigh, and drifted fast to the southward with the ebb. At 9.30. got sights, which gave longitude 125 52' 45" east, latitude 34 42' north; at this time a very remarkable hill on an island bore east 8 south; it has the appearance of a turret or large chimney. The other bearings from this spot were—

Western extreme of a large island stretching west north-west, and east south-east; north 27, east 4 or 5'.

Round rock, north 18 east, 8'.

Cluster of islands from north 50 west, to north 74 west.

Round bluff small island, west 9 south.

Large island, west 42 south, 7 or eight leagues.

Two small distant islands, west 53 south, 10' leagues.

Small island, south 11 east.

[Sidenote: Soundings.]

[Sidenote: Variation of the compass.]

Extreme of distant land, south 37 east: besides, as usual, innumerable distant islands. The flood tide made against us between ten and eleven. The soundings this morning have been from twenty-three to nineteen fathoms. The weather extremely hot and the water smooth. The ebb made about four, and there being no wind, it carried us rapidly towards some rocks joining two islands. We anchored in twenty-one fathoms. The variation of the compass 2-1/2 westerly. The bearings at anchor this evening were as follows:

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

Small island, south 3 22' east.

Large island, from south to south 20-1/2 east.

A small island, south 22 east.

Another, south 28-1/2 east.

High bluff island, south 31 east.

Island from south 9 east, to south 18 west.

Sharp peaked rock, south 25 40' west.

Island from south 63 west, to south 65 west.

Distant island, from south 63-1/2 west, to south 66 west, nine or ten leagues.

Distant small island, west 1 10' north, seven or eight leagues.

[Sidenote: Bearings.]

Distant island, from west 6 39' north, to west 9 north, formed of one large flat space and five hummocks, eight or nine leagues.

Island, west 28 50' north.

Large island, from west 31 north, to west 38 19' north.

Round bluff island, off which we observed at noon to-day, west 39 52' north.

Distant small island, west 44 28' north, four or five leagues.

Large island, from west 71 north, to west 81 30' north.

An island, afterwards called Thistle Island, south 79 east, to east 14 52' north, besides numberless islands, in thick clusters, extending as far as the eye could reach, in the north-east and east quarters. In the afternoon a boat went inside Thistle Island, and reported that there was a clear anchorage.

[Sidenote: Sail into Murray's Sound.]

[Sidenote: Latitude observed on shore.]

[Sidenote: Longitude.]

[Sidenote: Tides.]

[Sidenote: Variation of the compass.]

8th of September.—At noon we weighed and sailed round the north end of Thistle Island, carrying seventeen fathoms, till the north end bore south; we then shoaled to ten and eleven, and one cast nine fathoms. On rounding the island we steered south, and anchored in eleven fathoms, soft bottom, about four hundred yards from the middle part of the island. The islands at this place are so situated as to form a capacious and secure anchorage, with passages among the islands in all directions. The latitude observed with an artificial horizon on shore, was 34 22' 39" north; longitude by mean of two chronometers, agreeing nearly, 126 2' 52" east. The tides run at the springs at the rate of three and four knots, the flood to the north north-east; the rise and fall is fifteen feet. Strong eddies are felt among the islands. The variation of the compass is 2 30' westerly.

[Sidenote: Appearance of the Amherst Isles, from the top of a peaked island.]

On the 9th of September Captain Maxwell and a party went to the summit of a high peak, on an island to the south-east of the ships, in latitude 34 20' north, and longitude 126 6' east. From this spot, elevated about seven or eight hundred feet above the sea, the view of the islands was very striking: we endeavoured to number them, but our accounts varied, owing to the difficulty of estimating the number in the distant groups; it will serve, however, to give some idea of this splendid scene, to say that the lowest enumeration gave one hundred and twenty islands.

Many of these islands are large and high, almost all are cultivated, and their forms present an endless diversity.

High land was seen to rise above the distant islands in the east and north-east; this probably was the main land of Corea, for it seemed more extensive and connected than any group of islands we had seen.

[Sidenote: Difficulty of estimating the number of islands on this coast.]

We had now ran along upwards of two hundred miles of this coast, and at every part which we approached, the islands were no less thickly sown than here; so that our attempts to enumerate them all, or even to assign places on the chart to those which we passed the nearest to, became after a time quite hopeless.

[Sidenote: Winds and weather.]

During our stay upon the coast of Corea, between the 1st and 10th of September, the winds were principally from the northward; the weather was moderate and clear; and occasionally calm during the heat of the day.

[Sidenote: Barometer and thermometer.]

The barometer rose and fell gradually between 29. 78. and 29. 98. The thermometer was never above 82, and never, even at night, under 72 For further details respecting the winds and weather, see the Meteorological Journal.



NOTICE TO ACCOMPANY THE GENERAL CHART OF THE GREAT LOO-CHOO ISLAND, AND THE CHARTS OF NAPAKIANG, AND PORT MELVILLE.

[Sidenote: Different names of this island.]

This island is called Loo-choo, and sometimes Doo-choo, by the natives. In our maps it is variously written, but mostly Lekayo: the Chinese know it by the name of Low-kow. The spelling used by Mr. Horsburgh in his directions, Lieou-kieou, or Lieu-chew.

[Sidenote: Geographical limits and general aspect.]

The island lies between 26 4-3/4' and 26 52-1/2', north, and between 127 34' and 128 18' east, being very nearly sixty miles long in a north-east direction, and preserving a tolerably uniform breadth of about ten or twelve miles. The north end is high and bold, with wood on the top of the hills. The north-east coast is also abrupt, but quite barren. The south-east side is low, with very little appearance of cultivation. The south, south-west, and western faces, particularly the two former, are of moderate height, and present a scene of great fertility and high cultivation: it is to this quarter that the mass of population have resorted. The north-west side is generally rugged and bare.

[Sidenote: Deep bay.]

[Sidenote: Barrow's Bay.]

There are two deep indentures, one on each side of the island; that on the west has at least one hundred fathoms depth, and appears to have no coral in it: while the eastern bight is extremely shallow, and is not only skirted by a broad fringe of coral, but has reefs in the centre; and these last are very dangerous, for they give no warning either by breakers or discoloration of the water, or by soundings: and this remark will apply generally to all the reefs round this island, rendering the navigation, particularly at night, very dangerous.

[Sidenote: General caution respecting coral reefs.]

[Sidenote: Sugar Loaf or Eegooshcoond.]

The most remarkable headland is the island called by Captain Broughton the Sugar Loaf, and by the natives Eegooshcoond (tower or castle); it can be seen distinctly at the distance of twenty-five miles when the eye is elevated only fifteen feet. It is a high conical mountain, varying very little in its aspect when viewed from different quarters: as there is no other peak like it on or near this island, it cannot be mistaken. The latitude of the peak is 26 43' north; and I have reason to believe that this is within one mile of the truth. Its longitude is 127 44', or 6' east of the observatory at Napakiang, by two chronometers. The base of the cone and one-third of the way up is covered with houses; and the whole island has the appearance of a garden. When nearly on the meridian of the Sugar Loaf its top seems rounded off.

[Sidenote: Two safe anchoring places.]

[Sidenote: Geographical position of Napakiang.]

There are two places where ships can ride in safety, Napakiang Roads on the south-west, and Port Melville on the north-west side of the island. The first of these is the one in which his majesty's ships Alceste and Lyra lay for upwards of a month. By means of a base of 1319 feet on a coral reef, which dried at half ebb, we were enabled to make the survey which accompanies this notice. The latitude of the observatory was determined to be 26 13' 34" north, the mean of three meridian altitudes of the sun by a sextant of Cary's, and five by a circle of Troughton's, the extreme difference being 20". The longitude is 127 38' east; this was ascertained by measuring the difference of longitude between the observatory and Lintin Island off Canton river in a run of six days; on which occasion two chronometers on board the Lyra gave within one mile the same difference of longitude, viz. 13 50', with that shewn by two others on board his majesty's ship Alceste; the longitude of Lintin being 113 48' east of Greenwich. The longitude, by lunar observations, is 127 37' 28". The plan of Napakiang roads will be found sufficient without many directions for ships wishing to enter it. The principal danger lies in the outer reefs, which do not show when the weather is very fine and there is little swell; on such occasions a boat ought to go a-head at least a quarter of a mile, and the ship should put about instantly upon approaching the reefs, which are every where bold. A ship coming from the westward ought to steer between the north-eastern of the group of high islands to the south-westward, and a low green island with extensive reefs to the northward, in latitude 26 15' north. On passing which she should haul up east by south, giving Reef Island a birth of at least a mile.

[Sidenote: Plan of Napakiang.]

[Sidenote: Directions on approaching Napakiang.]

[Sidenote: Reef Island.]



[Sidenote: Directions for entering Napakiang roads.]



[Sidenote: Capstan Rock.]

[Sidenote: Best anchorage off the mouths of two rivulets.]

[Sidenote: The northern entrance.]

On approaching the main land a conspicuous wooded point will be seen, having rocks on its summit like the ruins of an abbey; this forms the south side of the anchorage, and is considerably more to the westward than the north-east side. The harbour of Napakiang will soon be seen at the south side of the bay; steer directly in for this, giving Abbey Point a birth of half a mile, and when directly between the south end of the outer reefs and Abbey Point haul up east by north. There is a very remarkable rock on the south-east side of the anchorage resembling the head of a capstan. It would be safest to anchor when this bears about south-south-east half a mile at most, in order to avoid a dangerous coral tongue, which lies north a little easterly from it, three-quarters of a mile; but as this anchorage is exposed, the ship may proceed farther in as soon as the exact place of the reef has been ascertained by boats; and if she proposes staying any time, she may warp into Barnpool, taking the precaution of placing a boat on each side of the entrance. There are two rivulets at this place, and probably the best anchorage is off their mouths, the bottom consisting of the mud brought down by the stream. There is a well on the eastern side supplied by a spring, and there are landing places at the entrance of both harbours. There is a safe passage between the reef, on which the base was measured, and the outer ones. The Lyra passed through this three times; and if the object is to go to the northward it ought to be followed, provided the wind will admit of steering north and two points on each side of it. The leading mark for going by this passage is Capstan Fort or Rock, on with a remarkable nose formed by the trees on the highest distant land; these are on when they bear about south by east half east. It would certainly not be advisable for a stranger to enter by this passage, but he may run on coming from the northward along the shore at the distance of two or three miles till Reef Island bears west, and then he should look sharply out for the reefs, keeping outside them till near Abbey Point, then act as before directed. On running down towards Napakiang from the northward a remarkable bluff table land will be seen to the southward of Abbey Point. The west face of Abbey Point ought to be kept just on with the east end of the table land; this will take you further out than is absolutely necessary; but it is safe; and when Reef Island is just on with the northern of the group of distant islands you will be exactly off the north entrance.

[Sidenote: Appearance of land in coming from the northward towards Napakiang.]

[Sidenote: Not to be attempted by a stranger.]

[Sidenote: Dangerous coral reef about four leagues south-west by west from Napakiang.]

On coming from the southward the only danger that lies in the way is a coral reef even with the water's edge; it is of a circular form, and at low water several rocks shew on it. On every occasion that we passed the sea broke high upon it; but from what we saw of other similar reefs, it seems very probable that when the water is smooth it will give no warning: it is about eight miles west, 15 north of the extreme south point of the island, and lies in latitude 26 7' north, and longitude 127 26' east of Greenwich.

[Sidenote: Port Melville.]

[Sidenote: Directions to approach it, and to anchor previous to entering the harbour.]

Port Melville is on the north-west side of the island. A ship wishing to enter it ought to make the Sugar Loaf Peak, and steer between it and the cluster of islands to the northward, directly for the bottom of the bight, which lies between the Sugar Loaf and the north end of the island; here Herbert's Island will be seen close to the shore, run in towards its western end, anchor when it bears east one-third of a mile, and the Sugar Loaf west one-quarter north, barely shut in with a low dark green point of land; here you will have from seventeen to twenty fathoms.

[Sidenote: Boats should be sent to buoy the channel.]

The entrance of the harbour is narrow, and ought not to be attempted without previous examination by the boats of a ship wishing to enter it. With a very little trouble the passage might be buoyed: a large ship will probably find it expedient to warp in and out.

[Sidenote: Eye-draught of Port Melville.]

The eye-draught, with the directions on it, render much further notice here superfluous. The harbour is secure, and sufficiently capacious for a numerous fleet. It extends in a north and south direction for about two miles, varying in breadth and form in a very remarkable manner; at the lower or north end there are two basons of a circular form, and have from nine to fifteen fathoms, soft bottom; these are about one-third of a mile across. At some places the steep rocks which form the banks approach within an hundred yards of one another; here the water is sixteen, eighteen, and twenty fathoms. There are many fine coves, some with shelving shores, and others steep-to. Every part of the harbour is secured from the sea, and many parts from all winds: it is well calculated for the re-equipment of ships, for it is not only secure as an anchorage, but offers conveniences for landing men and stores, and also for heaving down or careening a ship.

[Sidenote: Villages of Cooee and of Oonting.]

There are several large villages on the shores of an extensive bay, communicating with the sea to the north-eastward, at the upper or south end of the line of harbours, and one called Oonting on the west side of the lower harbour; there is another of some extent, on the south side of Herbert's Island, called Cooee.

By permission of Captain Maxwell, I have named this excellent harbour, Port Melville, in honour of Lord Viscount Melville, First Lord of the Admiralty.



From the top of a range of hills which we ascended, rising on the south side of the upper bay of Port Melville, we could see the south-west corner of the great western bay, the whole range of Port Melville, and the coasts adjacent.

[Sidenote: Geographical position of Port Melville.]

The latitude of Herbert's Island, which lies directly off the entrance of Port Melville, is 26 42-2/3' north, by meridian altitude of the sun observed on shore. Its longitude, which is also the longitude of Port Melville, is 127 55' east, or 17' east of Napakiang observatory. The Sugar Loaf bears from the centre of the island, west 4-1/2 north, about ten miles.

[Sidenote: Coast skirted by coral reefs.]

As the whole part of this coast is skirted by dangerous coral reefs, the greatest attention should be paid to the lead, and the ship ought to be put about the instant that the water shoals to eight, seven, or six fathoms. On running in for the west end of Herbert's Island, on the morning of the 11th of October, we passed over a coral ledge having nine fathoms on it. The west point of Herbert's Island bore at this time south 8 40' west, distant four or five miles. Before and after passing this we had from thirty to sixty fathoms; whether it was shoaler than nine fathoms at any place, was not ascertained, but the circumstance is deserving of notice, and ought to teach the necessity of constant vigilance, when near coral reefs.

[Sidenote: Montgomery islands.]

The cluster of islands to the northward of Port Melville lies between 26 54' and 27 4-1/2' north, the north end of the northern one being in longitude 127 57' east, or 19' east of the observatory. It does not appear that there is any good anchorage about them; and there are dangerous reefs off the south and south-western ones.

[Sidenote: Hope Point.]

The north end of the Great Loo-choo lies in 26 52-1/2' north, and this is probably within one, or at most two miles of the truth. We observed in 27 00' 15" north, at which time the northern extreme bore east 59 south, nine miles by estimation, an inference which was checked by the distance run on a direct course afterwards. The longitude is 128 9' east, or 31' east of the observatory.

[Sidenote: Sidmouth Point.]

The coast from the north point runs south-east by east, with some minor deviations, nearly four leagues: great pains were taken to ascertain this precisely, as the former charts not only place it many miles further north, but make the coast at this end lie east and west. The north-east point lies in 26 47' north, and longitude 128 18' east, or 40' east of the observatory. The latitude was determined by the meridian altitude of Sirius and an altitude of Polaris, so near daylight that the horizon was well defined; but as this point, off which there is a small island, was some miles north of the ship at the time of observation, the above latitude may err possibly two miles. It was intended to have examined two islands which lie to the north-eastward of the north point, but a strong current in the night carried us so far to leeward, that we could not effect this object; the situation, therefore, of these two islands, may perhaps not be accurately laid down in the chart.

[Sidenote: Barrow's Bay.]

The deep indenture about the middle of the east side of the island is unsafe to enter during the north-east monsoon: as the wind, however, had westing in it, we sailed up to within three or four miles of the top, carrying from thirty to twenty fathoms water; but when about to haul in for the north side, where there appeared to be a bay, we shoaled suddenly from twenty-four to eight fathoms: the helm was instantly put down, and when head to wind, we had only five fathoms. While in stays the water was observed to wash on a rock not a hundred yards to leeward of us, on which we must infallibly have struck, had we bore up instead of tacking.

[Sidenote: South-east coast dangerous.]

From the north-east to the south-east point, the coast runs south 40 west; the shore to the north-east of this deep bight is bold, and seems clear; that on the south-west side of it presents a formidable barrier of islands and coral reefs, which break to a great distance: in fine weather this part of the coast ought to be approached very cautiously.

[Sidenote: South Point.]

[Sidenote: Reef.]

The southern extreme of this island lies in latitude 26 4' 46" north, determined with great care by the meridian altitude of the sun on shore; and in longitude 127 35' east, or 3' west of the observatory. There is good anchorage from twenty to thirty fathoms, south a little easterly, of this point. Between this point and the group of islands to the westward, there is a dangerous reef, already spoken of; it lies in 26 7' north, and 127 26' east; it bears 26' west, 15 north from the south point of the island, distant eight miles. Immediately round the point on the west side there is a shallow harbour, formed by coral reefs, but the entrance is narrow and intricate.

[Sidenote: South-western group.]

We stood over to the largest of the south-west group, on the east side of which there stands out a conical rock, behind which it was thought that a harbour might lie, but upon examination, it proved only fit for boats; it lies in 26 11' north.

[Sidenote: Reef Island.]

Reef Island lies west by north, about two leagues from Napakiang Roads; on the north side the reefs stretch a great way, but the south is more clear.

Between Napakiang and the Sugar Loaf there is no place for ships to lie in safety; the bay immediately to the north was examined by Mr. Mayne, master of his Majesty's ship Alceste, when two shallow harbours were found.

[Sidenote: Tides.]

The flood runs to the northward and eastward, along shore, and the ebb in an opposite direction. The rise and fall is about nine feet perpendicular. High water at full and change IX.

[Sidenote: Variation of the compass.]

The variation of the compass, determined with great precision by the transit azimuth instrument, was 52' westerly.

The longitude of the Lyra's observatory at Napakiang by the mean of thirty-six lunar observations on both sides of the moon, is 127 37' 28" east; by four chronometers, agreeing nearly, 127 38' 30" east. The latitude is 26 13' 39" north.



[Transcriber's Note: Crescent moons are denoted by [((] or [))]; a circle with a period therein is denoted by [(.)]]

OBSERVATIONS MADE AT NAPAKIANG OBSERVATORY, GREAT LOO-CHOO ISLAND.

Lunars with a Sextant. Lunars with a Sextant. [(.)] West of [((] *[Greek: a] Arietis, East of [))]

25th September, 1816. 4th October, 1816

[(.)] [((] 127. 38'. 15" East. * [))] 127. 31'. 00" East. 35 . 15 37 . 00 36 . 15 43 . 00 34 . 45 52 . 30 33 . 00 54 . 30 36 . 00 38 . 45 30 . 45 52 . 45 28 . 30 50 . 15 32 . 15 50 . 30 31 . 30 127. 33'. 39" Mean 41 . 45 40 . 30 26th October, 1816. 34 . 15 43 . 15 [(.)] [((] 127 . 38 . 30 39 . 45 39 . 45 —————— 41 . 30 Mean by sextant 127 . 43. 20 * East of [))] 44 . 15 44 . 30 Lunars by Circle. 32 . 15 [(.)] West of [((] 33 . 00 31 . 45 4th October, 1816 31 . 15 [(.)] [((] 127. 38'. 45" 27 . 30 127 36'. 16" Mean 32 . 30 ——————- ——————- Mean by sextant 127 . 34 . 58 [(.)] W. [((] Mean 127 . 35 . 37 by circle.

Mean by sextant [(.)] west [))] 127 34'. 58" * East [((] 127 . 43 . 20 ——————— Mean longitude by sextant [(.)] * [))] 127 . 39 . 9 by circle [(.)] * [((] 127 . 35 . 37 ——————— Mean longitude by 36 lunars 127 . 37 . 28 Longitude by chronometers 127 . 38 . 30 east of Greenwich.



LATITUDE OF NAPAKIANG.

By Meridian Altitudes of the Sun and Altitudes taken near Noon.

By meridian altitudes observed. By meridian altitudes deduced in the usual way from sights taken near noon.

1816. 1816. Sextant. 8th Oct. mean of 3 A.M.} 26. 13'. 30" circle. 17th Oct. 26. 13'. 43" and 3 P.M. }

20th Oct. 26 . 13 . 44 20th Oct. A.M.{ 26 . 13 . 46} sext. { 26 . 13 . 44}

Circle. 26th Oct. 26 . 13 . 29 20th Oct. P.M.{ 26 . 13 . 58} { 26 . 13 . 47} sext. { 26 . 13 . 57}

22d mean 2 A.M.& 2 P.M. 26 . 13 . 24} circle. 26th 3 P.M. 26 . 13 . 29}

Latitude by mean of 3 meridian altitudes 26. 13'. 39" sextant and circle. mean of 5 altitudes near noon 26 . 13 . 50 sextant. mean of 3 do. do. 26 . 13 . 28 circle. —————— Mean latitude 26 . 13 . 39 north.

* * * * *

VARIATION OF THE COMPASS AT NAPAKIANG.

The declination of the magnetic meridian was ascertained with considerable precision by means of the transit azimuth instrument: the needle seldom showed the same variation, as it oscillated about ten minutes, but the mean position of the magnetic meridian was 52' 10" west of the true. A coral reef was selected for the place of these observations, in order to avoid the attraction arising from buildings, or from inequalities in the ground.

* * * * *

Variation observed on board by Walker's Azimuth Compass.

29th Sept. 1816, P.M. ship's head W. by S. variation by

1st azimuth 0. 51'. 30" west. 2nd 0 . 53 . 30 3rd 1 . 17 . 30 Amplitude 1 . 15 . 00 30th A.M. 1st azimuth 0 . 55 . 30 2nd 0 . 34 . 15 3d Oct. A.M. ship's head E.N.E. 1st azimuth 0 . 37 . 00 2nd 0 . 48 . 00 —————- Variation by mean of 7 azimuths and 1 amplitude 0 . 52 . 39 west.



TABLE OF OBSERVATIONS

MADE WITH

DR. WOLLASTON'S DIP SECTOR:

WITH AN ENGRAVING, AND A DESCRIPTION OF THE INSTRUMENT, AND DIRECTIONS FOR ITS USE.



EXPLANATION OF THE DIP SECTOR,

AND

REMARKS ON THE OBSERVATIONS MADE WITH IT IN HIS MAJESTY'S SLOOP LYRA.

In our tables for apparent dip of the visible horizon at different heights from the sea, as calculated from the known curvature of the earth, allowance is made for the refraction of the atmosphere, on a supposition of its being constant, but as it is known to vary, the tabular dip will often be erroneous, and, consequently, altitudes taken under different states of the atmosphere, will exhibit different instead of corresponding results.

It is foreign to the present purpose to shew what the causes are which have most effect in raising or depressing the apparent horizon. It may be sufficient to mention, that changes in the relative temperature of the air and the sea must produce changes in the refraction near the surface. Dr. Wollaston has published two papers in the Philosophical Transactions on this subject, in the volumes for 1800 and 1803, and to these I beg to refer the reader for precise information upon this very curious subject.

The object which this sector proposes to attain, is the actual admeasurement of the dip angle; that is, to ascertain how much the visible horizon is depressed below the horizontal plane passing through the eye of the observer. The instrument is so contrived as to measure double the dip angle twice over, so that we obtain four times the required dip, and one quarter of this angle is what must be applied to vertical angles, measured from that part of the horizon which has been observed.

Figure I. is the instrument seen in perspective, and Fig. II. is a plan of it with the telescope removed. In order to explain its use, let A and B (Fig. II.) represent the two reflecting glasses at right angles to the plane of the instrument, and also nearly at right angles to each other. It is clear that when the plane of the instrument is held vertically, an eye situated at E, and looking through the unsilvered part of the glass A at a distant point C, will at the same time see by joint reflection from both glasses, another distant point D at 180 from C; and D will appear to correspond with C, if a suitable motion be given to the index glass B by the tangent screw F.

The instrument may now be supposed to measure the arc CZD. If the points C and D be each three minutes farther from the zenith than 90, the entire angle will then exceed 180 by double that quantity. The relative position of the glasses then corresponds to 180 6', and the six minutes of excess would be shewn on the arc at F if there were no index error. But, by reason of the index error, the real quantity will not be known till a similar observation has been made with the instrument in an opposite direction.

If the instrument be now inverted, so that the unsilvered glass is uppermost, the arc intended to be measured is CND, or the sum of the distances of the points C and D from the Nadir instead of the Zenith, which of course falls short of 180 by as much as the former arc exceeded that quantity.

The difference of the two arcs is consequently twelve minutes, and if the index be now moved till the objects C and D appear to correspond, the amount of this double difference will be shewn by the change of position of the vernier.

Hence it is evidently unnecessary that the index error should be previously known, and even preferable that its amount should be such as to avoid the needless introduction of negative quantities by positions on different sides of zero.

In the preceding description, it is supposed that the eye is looking directly through the unsilvered glass at the horizon, and that it also perceives the opposite horizon after two reflections; but an inspection of the figure will shew that the observer's head would necessarily intercept the rays from the horizon behind him. To obviate this, both the direct and the reflected rays are received in coming from the unsilvered glass, (and after passing through the field-glass of the telescope) on a mirror placed at an angle of 45, which reflects them to the eye. By this ingenious contrivance, the obstruction is removed, and the opposite points of the horizon may be both seen at one moment.

In practice, it is most convenient to direct the telescope to the same part of the horizon in both cases. Thus, if the east and west parts of the horizon be observed, and that the index glass be uppermost, and telescope pointing to the west, the observer is on the south side, and his face must be turned to the north. When the instrument is inverted, if the observer turn himself round at the same time, so as to face the south, then the telescope will be pointed as before to the west; but since the index glass is now undermost, the inferior arc will now be measured precisely as if his face were to the north, but with the advantage of the same lights seen in the erect position of the instrument.

In using this instrument at sea for the first time, considerable difficulty arises from the constant change in the plane of the instrument from the perpendicular position, in which it is absolutely necessary that it should be held, in order to obtain a correct observation. What at first appears to be a defect, however, is a real advantage, namely, that whenever it is held in the least degree out of the vertical plane, the two horizons (that seen direct, and the reflected one) cross each other, and it is only when the plane is vertical that the horizons can appear parallel.

The object is to get the two horizons to coincide exactly, and for this purpose it will often be necessary to have them of different shades. This is managed, as in the sextant, by means of the screw, which raises or lowers the telescope. When the telescope is brought nearer to the plane of the instrument, the reflected horizon becomes dark and distinct, but when screwed off it becomes fainter, and is not so well defined. Practice alone can teach the degree of intensity which is most favourable. In general it is best to have one horizon dark, and the other light; then bring them very nearly to coincide, and wait till the ship is steady, at which moment a slight touch of the tangent screw brings them exactly to cover one another. It will happen, of course, that when the coincidence is perfect, there is only one horizon to be seen, and a doubt remains whether all is right, but a slight motion of the instrument, by making the horizons cross each other, defines them at once.

It is advisable to take several observations, and the safest way is to take one first with the index glass uppermost, and then with the instrument inverted, after which to return to the first, and so on for two or three times each way.

In the pages which follow, there is given a table containing the result of all the observations made during this voyage, preceded by several sets of observations in the fullest detail. From the table it will be observed how seldom the dip, actually measured, agrees with that inferred from the mean refraction. Some of these experiments shew very remarkable differences, and point out the great utility of this instrument.

The practical navigator, particularly if he has been in hot climates, will recollect how discordant his observations for latitude always were, and how few even of the best observers agree in their determination of the latitude of the same place, simple as the observation is thought to be. The cause is quite clear; and though it equally affects altitudes taken for absolute time, the disagreement is less obvious, and it will often happen that a chronometer going extremely well appears to vary every day from inaccuracy in the observations. Thus it is, I think, generally admitted, that it is almost impossible to rate a chronometer from altitudes observed with the sea horizon. Nor is this difficulty removed by taking equal altitudes, because the refraction in all probability will be different at the two observations. With an artificial horizon, indeed, the changes in refraction are not felt, because, at a considerable elevation above the horizon, the changes are very trifling. But it often happens in practice, that the artificial horizon cannot be used, and we are then reduced to the sea horizon, where the changes of refraction are always the greatest. In the Yellow Sea, for instance, we had no opportunity of landing during all the time that the squadron was at anchor, till the day before we sailed. So that during nearly a fortnight that the ships were at anchor, the sea horizon was necessarily used. I need only to refer to the observations taken off the Pei-ho, viz. from No. 37 to 62, to shew how extremely fallacious the results must have been.

It is much to be wished that this excellent instrument should be brought into general use in navigation.



THE FOLLOWING EIGHT OBSERVATIONS ARE SET DOWN IN THE FULLEST DETAIL, IN ORDER TO SHEW THE METHOD USED IN RECORDING THEM.

No. 31.

YELLOW SEA.

July 23, 1816.—6 P.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted.

A + 8'. 10" B - 7'. 10" 8 . 05 7 . 10 8 . 00 7 . 10 ——— ——— Mean 8 . 05 Mean 7 . 10 B. Mean + 8 . 05 A. ———- 15 . 15 ———- 3 . 49 Dip. 3 . 50 Tabular. 1 Difference. ———-

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 3 inches.

Parts of the horizon observed, WSW. and ENE.

Barometer 29 . 78 inches Thermometer {Air 82 {Sea 77 Latitude 35 north. Longitude 124 east.

Wind light from south; horizon uncommonly well defined and sharp; sky clear, and sea perfectly smooth.

No. 40.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

July 29, 1816.—9 A.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted.

A + 8'. 20" B - 11'. 40" 8 . 45 11 . 35 8 . 30 11 . 50 ——— ———- Mean 8 . 32 Mean 11 . 42 B. Mean + 8 . 32 A. ———- 4) 20 . 14 5 . 3 Dip. 3 . 50 Tabular. 1 . 13 Difference + ———-

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 3 inches. Parts of the horizon observed, NW. and SE. The low land just visible in the NW. distant 12 or 14 miles.

Depth of the sea, 18 feet. Barometer 29 . 60 inches. Thermometer {Air 81 {Sea 84 Latitude 38. 50' north. Longitude 118. 00' east.

There has been little wind this morning, after a very close night.

No. 43.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

August 6, 1816.—1 P.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted.

A + 7'. 48" B - 11'. 55" 7 . 48 11 . 45 7 . 55 11 . 45 ——— ———- Mean 7 . 50 Mean 11 . 48 B. Mean + 7 . 50 A. ———- 4) 19 . 38 ———- 4 . 54 Dip. 3 . 53 Tabular. 1 . 1 Difference + ———-

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 6 inches. Parts of the horizon observed, SW. by S. and NE. by N. Depth of the sea, 29 feet.

Barometer - 29 . 64 inches. Thermometer { Air 83-1/2 { Sea 81-1/2 Latitude - 38 50' north. Longitude - 118 00' east.

Moderate breeze from SE. by S.; rather hazy, but the horizon sharp and distinct.

No. 50.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

August 8, 1816.—6.15. A.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted. A + 10'. 20" B - 12'. 50" 10 . 18 12 . 45 10 . 35 13 . 00 ————— ————— Mean 10 . 24, 3 Mean 12 . 51.7 B. Mean + 10 . 24.3 A. ————— 4) 23 . 16 5 . 49 Dip. 3 . 50 Tabular. 1 . 59 Difference + —————

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 3 inches. Parts of the horizon observed, NNE. and SSW. clear of the land. Depth of the sea, 26 feet.

Barometer 29 . 65 inches. Thermometer { Air 69-1/2 { Sea 78

Wind NNW. moderate. Latitude - 38. 50' north. Longitude - 118. 00' east.

Mem.—The top of the fort at the mouth of the river, is just visible at 30 feet from the surface of the water.

No. 53.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

August 10, 1816.—6.10. A.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted A + 13'. 55" B - 7'. 30" 13 . 50 7 . 15 13 . 45 7 . 25 ———- ————- Mean 13 . 50 Mean 7 . 23.3 B. ————- Mean + 13 . 50 A. ————- 4) 21 . 13.3 5 . 18.3 Dip. 2 . 20 Tabular. 2 . 58 Difference +

Height of the eye, 5 feet, 6 inches. Depth of the water, 5 feet. Parts of the horizon observed, N. by E. and S. by W. just clear of the land.

Barometer 29 . 69 inches. } On board His Majesty's ship Lyra, Thermometer { Air 75 } distant three or four miles. { Sea 77 } Wind WNW.

About one mile from the fort of Tung-coo, at the entrance of the Pei-ho river. Note.—Instrument readjusted.

No. 58.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

August 10, 1816.—2 P.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted.

A + 15'. 40" B - 8'. 50" 15 . 30 8 . 50 15 . 35 8 . 50 ———— ———— Mean 15 . 35 Mean 8 . 50 B. Mean + 15 . 35 A.

4) 24 . 25 6 . 6.3 Dip. 3 . 50 Tabular. 2 . 16 Difference +

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 3 inches. Parts of the horizon observed, N. by E. and S. by W. Depth of the sea, 27 feet.

Barometer 29 . 68 inches. Thermometer } Air 84 } Sea 83

Latitude 38 . 50' north. Longitude 118 . 00' east.

No. 59.

OFF THE PEI-HO, YELLOW SEA.

August 10, 1816.—2. 15. P.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted A + 15'. 10" B - 7'. 50" 15 . 10 8 . 10 15 . 10 8 . 05 ————- ————- Mean 15 . 13.3 Mean 8 . 01.7 B. Mean + 15 . 13.3 A. ————- 4) 21 . 15 5 . 48.7 Dip. 3 . 50 Tabular. 1 . 59 Difference. ————-

Height of the eye, 15 feet, 3 inches. Parts of the horizon observed, NW. by N. and SE. by S. Depth of the water, 27 feet.

Barometer 29 . 68 inches. Thermometer { Air 84 { Sea 83

Latitude 38. 50' north. Longitude 118. 00' east.

The vessels in all parts of the horizon have an inverted image under them; this is very considerable, some having about a third of the sail, others only the hull.

No. 110.

OFF THE CAPE.

July 28, 1817.—2.30. P.M.

Index uppermost. Instrument inverted. A + 6'. 35" B - 5'. 00" 6 . 35 4 . 55 6 . 40 5 . 00 ———— ————- Mean 6 . 36.7 Mean 4 . 58.3 B. Mean + 6 . 36.7 A. ————- 4) 11 . 35 2 . 53.7 Dip. 3 . 49 Tabular. 55 Difference - ————-

Height of the eye, 15 feet. Parts of the horizon observed, SE. and NW.

Thermometer { Air 64 { Sea 59 Depth of the sea, 222 feet.

Latitude 34. 57' south. Longitude 20. 15' east.

Cape Lagullus due north, distant 6 or 8 miles.

Calm all day; sky clear, and weather hazy.

On the 29th and 30th of July we were off the Cape, but the weather was so bad as to prevent any sights being taken.

[Transcriber's Note: The final column of each of the following tables is transcribed beneath the table.]

- - - - - - + Height Dip. Diff. Then. Differ. of + - - - - -+ Long. Sound- No. Date. eye. Obs. Tab. + - Sea Air + - Baro. Lat. East. ings. - - - - - - + 1816. f. i ' " ' " " " ' ' feet 18 June 16. 15 3 4 35.0 3 50 45 83 82- 1/2 29.86 5 11 S 106 3 60 1/2 19 June 16. 15 3 4 33.0 3 50 43 83- 82 1- 29.86 5 05 S 106 10 56 1/2 sh. 1/2 {85 20 June 16. 14 0 3 59 3 41 18 84- {sh 1/2 29.83 5 05 S 106 10 48 1/2 {95 {su 21 June 16. 14 4 01 3 41 20 83 81 2 29.85 5 05 S 106 10 57 22 June 27. 16 4 21.0 3 56 25 84 82 2 29.81 6 49 N 107 49 23 June 28. 16 4 22.2 3 56 26 84 82 2 29.80 8 00 108 10 24 July 3. 16 4 08.2 3 56 12 84- 81 3- 29.77 13 29 112 59 1/2 1/2 25 July 6. 16 3 53 3 56 3 84 83- 1/4 29.75 20 00 114 3/4 27 July 7. 15 3 4 3 3 50 13 85 85 29.79 21 11 114 28 July 8. 14 6 3 49 3 45 4 84- 82 2- 29.72 1/2 1/2 29 July 16. 15 3 3 27 3 50 23 79 79 29.75 24 37 118 56 30 July 21. 15 3 3 44 3 50 6 77- 76 1- 29.78 34 124 270 1/2 1/2 31 July 23. 15 3 3 49 3 50 1 77 82 5 29.78 35 124 32 July 23. 15 3 3 49 3 50 1 77 82 5 29.78 35 124 33 July 23. 15 3 3 44 3 50 6 77 82 5 29.78 35 124 35 July 27. 15 3 4 02 3 50 12 76 76 29.70 38 55 118 50 72 36 July 27. 13 3 35 3 33 2 76 76 29.70 38 55 118 50 78 37 July 28. 15 3 4 21 3 50 31 83 84 1 29.62 38 50 118 00 20 38 July 28. 15 3 4 06 3 50 16 83 84 1 29.62 38 50 118 00 20 + - - - - - - Remarks. - 18 Weather hazy. The low land of Sumatra just visible. The land wind has been blowing gently for about four hours. 19 East and west parts of the horizon observed. Coast of Sumatra just visible. Hazy. The land-wind dying away. 20 The day has been extremely hot, and almost a calm. The sea-breeze not yet set in, only a few light flaws. 24 A fresh breeze from WNW. The sun set in fiery dirty red clouds. Weather squally, with occasional showers of rain. Parts of the horizon observed east and west. 25 Weather remarkably fine; sky clear; and a gentle breeze from the south. The sun set about five minutes after these observations were taken. Parts of the horizon observed east and west. 27 The forenoon has been extremely hot and oppressive. A rolling swell from the SW. 28 Parts of the horizon observed SSW and NNE, the first clear to seaward, the other clear horizon, but the mainland of China behind it, and various islands on each side of the NNE line. 29 Very hazy weather: sky fiery. 30 Clear weather, with a light breeze from the eastward. Sun set behind a low range of dark clouds: sky in that quarter was unusually red. A long swell from the northward. 31 Wind light from south; horizon uncommonly well defined and sharp; sky clear; and the sea perfectly smooth. These sights, and the two following, may be depended on, I think, within ten seconds. 32 Circumstances similar to No. 31. 33 Parts of the horizon observed were that immediately under the setting sun; viz. W 21 N, and the opposite E 21 S, the sun being about 4 high. Day has been remarkably clear, although the wind has been from the southward, which in these seas is said generally to bring fogs. 35 Weather somewhat hazy; wind easterly. 36 Wind easterly. 37 These sights were taken while at anchor off the mouth of the Pei-ho. The fort of Tung-coo, on the south bank of the river, bearing W 50 N, distant about four or five miles. -

+ + + -+ + + + -+ + + + Height Dip. Diff. Then. Differ. of + -+ +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ Long. Sound- No. Date. eye. Obs. Tab. + - Sea Air + - Baro. Lat. East. ings. + + + + + +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + 1816. f. i ' " ' " ' " " ' ' feet 39 July 28. 15 3 3 46 3 50 4 82 83- 1- 29.61 38 50 118 23 1/2 1/2 40 July 29. 15 3 5 3 3 50 1 13 84 81 3 29.60 38 50 118 18 41 July 29. 15 3 4 00.9 3 50 10 84 83 1 29.58 38.50 118 20 42 Aug. 6. 15 3 5 09 3 50 1 29 80 79 1 29.64 38 50 118 22- 1/2 43 Aug. 6. 15 6 4 54 3 53 1 1 81- 83- 2 29.64 38 50 118 29 1/2 1/2 44 Aug. 6. 15 3 4 47 3 50 57 81- 83- 2 29.64 38 50 118 29 1/2 1/2 45 Aug. 6. 15 3 4 59 3 50 1 9 81- 83- 1- 29.64 38 50 118 29- 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 46 Aug. 6. 3 9 2 39 1 54 45 81 84- 3- 29.62 38 50 118 30 1/2 1/2 47 Aug. 6. 6 3 26 2 25 1 1 81 84- 3- 29.62 38 50 118 30- 1/2 1/2 1/2 48 Aug. 6. 15 3 4 59.2 3 50 1 9 82 80 2 29.59 38 50 118 30 49 Aug. 8. 15 3 5 47 3 50 1 57 78 69- 8- 29.65 38 50 118 26 1/2 1/2 50 Aug. 8. 15 3 5 49 3 59 1 59 78 69- 8- 29.65 38 50 118 26 1/2 1/2 51 Aug. 8. 15 3 5 47 3 50 1 57 77- 73 4- 29.66 38 50 118 24 1/2 1/2 52 Aug. 9. 15 3 4 30.4 3 59 40 79- 75 4- 29.72 38 50 118 1/2 1/2 53 Aug.10. 5 6 5 18.3 2 20 2 58 77 75 2 29.69 38 50 118 5 54 Aug.10. 5 6 4 28.3 2 20 2 8 38 50 117 55 55 Aug.10. 5 6 4 7 2 20 1 47 77 75 2 29.69 38 50 117 55 12 56 Aug.10. 5 6 3 55 2 20 1 35 77 75 2 29.69 38 50 118 13 + + + + + +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + Remarks. + -+ 39 The day has been exceedingly close with little wind. 40 There has been little wind this morning, after a very close night. 41 Nearly calm, there being only a very light air from the SE. Day sultry. 42 Weather hazy; sky clear overhead; sea remarkably smooth; wind north. 43 Moderate breeze from SE by S; rather hazy; but the horizon sharp and distinct. And this together with the four following observations, may be taken as very accurate, every circumstance being most favourable. 45 Parts of the horizon observed E by N and W by S. 46 Parts of the horizon observed SSE and NNW. Wind SE. 47 Wind SE. 48 Parts of the horizon observed E and W. The day, which has been remarkably fine, has resumed towards sunset a wild, stormy aspect. Wind fresh at SE. 49 Parts of the horizon observed E by S and W by N. This morning unusually clear; so that when the sun's semi-diameter only was above the horizon, it was painful to look at him. The horizon has a rugged appearance. 50 Parts of the horizon observed NNE and SSW. Wind NNW, moderate. 51 Weather remarkably clear; horizon still rugged; wind NNW, moderate. 52 This morning cloudy, and looks rainy but the air seems clear. Parts of the horizon observed NW by W and SE by E. 53 Parts of the horizon observed N by E and S by W. Instrument readjusted. Wind WNW. 54 Parts of the horizon observed WSW and ENE. Wind NW. These observations were taken close to the low land, near the mouth of the Pei-ho. The night had been cold, and the morning was still keen; but unfortunately there was no thermometer in the boat; I suppose, however, that the air was about 66 At the time these sights were taken, I observed a vessel bearing N by W, the lower half of whose sail was inverted. 55 Wind NW. 56 Wind NW. Parts of the horizon observed NW and SE. During these observations,(53, 54, 55, 56) the vessels near the land had more or less an inverted image under them. + -+

+ + + -+ + + + -+ + + + Height Dip. Diff. Then. Differ. of + -+ +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ Long. Sound- No. Date. eye. Obs. Tab. + - Sea Air + - Baro. Lat. East. ings. + + + + + +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + 1816. f. i ' " ' " ' " " ' ' feet 57 Aug. 10. 15 3 5 37 3 50 1 47 78 76- 1- 29.70 38 50 118 26 1/2 1/2 58 Aug. 10. 15 3 6 6 3 50 2 16 83 84 1 29.68 38 50 118 27 59 Aug. 10. 15 3 5 49 3 50 1 59 83 84 1 29.68 38 50 118 27 60 Aug. 11. 15 3 5 3 3 50 1 13 79 76 3 29.72 38 50 118 26- 1/2 61 Aug. 11. 15 3 5 13 3 50 1 23 80 79 1 29.73 38 50 118 24 62 Aug. 12. 16 4 52 3 56 56 80 79 1 29.79 38 50 118 24 63 Aug. 12. 15 3 4 35 3 50 45 81 79- 1- 29.77 38 36 117 56 29- 1/2 1/2 1/2 64 Aug. 13. 16 4 4 3 56 8 79 78 1 29.80 38 31 118 09 42 65 Aug. 13. 16 4 6 3 56 10 79 78 1 29.80 38 31 118 09 42 66 Aug. 13. 16 4 20 3 56 24 81 83 2 29.80 38 21 118 04 44 67 Aug. 14. 15 3 4 30 3 30 1 78 79 1 29.71 38 30 118 24 68 Aug. 14. 15 3 4 25 3 30 55 79- 80- 1 29.70 38 30 118 35 50 1/2 1/2 69 Aug. 15. 15 3 4 39 3 30 1 9 80 79 1 29.77 38 00 118 35 48 70 Aug. 15. 15 3 4 53 3 30 1 23 81- 79 2- 29.76 38 00 118 54 44 1/2 1/2 71 Aug. 15. 15 3 5 4 3 30 1 34 82 79 3 29.70 37 54 118 56 40 72 Aug. 16. 15 3 4 43 3 30 1 13 81 76 5 29.17 37 38 118 57 39 73 Aug. 17. 15 3 4 38 3 30 1 8 80 79- 1/2 29.73 37 21 119 28 30 1/2 74 Aug. 17. 14 4 29 3 41 48 81- 81 1/2 29.75 37 19 119 44 33 1/2 75 Aug. 17. 15 3 4 42 3 30 1 12 81- 82 1/2 29.70 37 21 119 44 30 1/2 76 Aug. 18. 16 4 39 3 56 43 80 77 3 29.76 37 29 119 37 48 77 Aug. 20. 16 4 20 3 56 24 77 72 5 29.85 37 50 120 16 79 Aug. 21. 15 3 4 42 3 50 52 77 71 6 29.80 37 52 120 27 80 Aug. 21. 4 2 37 1 58 39 77 79 2 29.80 37 52 120 27 60 81 Aug. 21. 15 3 4 6 3 50 18 77 76 1 29.76 60 + + + + + +-+ -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + Remarks. + -+ 57 Weather very clear. Parts of the horizon observed ENE and WSW. 58 Parts of the horizon observed N by E and S by W. 59 The vessels in all parts of the horizon have an inverted image under them; this is very considerable, some having about one-third of the sail, others only the hull. 60 Light wind from SE. Sky cloudy, somewhat hazy; but the horizon sharp and unbroken. 61 The inversion of the vessels as conspicuous as before. Parts of the horizon observed ESE and WNW. 62 A light breeze from the SE. Cloudy and close. N.B. Instrument readjusted. 63 Part of the horizon observed N and S. 64 Part of the horizon observed E and W. A moderate breeze from the SW. Clear overhead; hazy in the horizon. 65 Parts of the horizon observed N and S. 66 Wind SE. Sky clear, and the horizon sharp. 67 Light breeze from ESE. Parts observed NE and SW. 68 Light breeze at ESE. Cloudy, with a haze in the horizon. Parts observed NE and SW. 69 Parts of the horizon observed E and W. Moderate breeze from ENE. Remarkably clear weather. 70 Steady moderate breeze at ENE. Very clear. Horizon sharp, and well defined. 72 Wind at East. Sky cloudy and rather hazy. 73 Light wind at SW. Hazy weather. 74 Light breeze from the Northward. Weather hazy. Parts of the horizon observed SE and NW. 75 Parts of the horizon observed NE by E and SW by W. 76 Moderate breeze from East. Parts of the horizon observed WNW and ESE. 77 The wind has been blowing hard for two days from NE; this evening it has lulled, and the weather has cleared off: there remains however a high swell. 79 Land-wind South. Fine clear morning. 80 Parts of the horizon observed SW by S and NE by N. 81 The inversions which were so conspicuous this morning have been entirely removed since the sea breeze set in. In some distant islands there is a slight inversion at the ends, but very trifling. + -+

+ + + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + Height Dip. Diff. Then. Differ. of + -+ + + -+ -+ -+ -+ Long. Sound- No. Date. eye. Obs. Tab. + - Sea Air + - Baro. Lat. East. ings. + + + + + + + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + 1816. f. i ' " ' " ' " " ' ' feet 82 Aug. 21. 14 3 26 3 41 15 76 75 1 29.74 83 Aug. 21. 15 3 3 29 3 41 12 76 75 1 29.74 84 Aug. 22. 16 3 52 3 56 4 75 76 1 29.80 85 Sept. 4. 12 3 46 3 25 21 81 83 2 29.86 36 10 126 30 56 86 Sept. 4. 12 3 42 3 25 17 81 83 2 29.86 36 8 126 35 56 87 Sept. 5. 15 3 47 3 49 2 79 80 1 29.80 35 40 126 17 88 Sept. 7. 15 3 3 33 3 41 8 74 80 6 29.84 34 32 126 34 89 Sept. 7. 15 3 3 27 3 41 14 74 80 6 29.84 34 32 126 34 1817. 90 Mar. 3. 14 3 57 3 41 16 82 84- 2- 29.74 2 18 102 20 1/2 1/2 91 Mar. 5. 14 8 4 49 3 46 1 3 83 85 2 29.73 3 40 100 35 92 Mar. 5. 14 8 4 50 3 46 1 4 83 85 2 29.73 165 93 Mar. 5. 14 8 4 53 3 46 1 7 94 Mar. 8. 14 8 4 33 3 46 47 84 84 29.86 5 12 100 14 120 a) 94 Mar. 8. 14 8 4 58 3 46 1 12 84 82- 1- 29.86 120 b) 1/2 1/2 + + + + + + + -+ -+ -+ -+ -+ + + + Remarks. + + 82 This and the following were observed towards sunset; they exhibit a considerable degree of refraction above what is usual. The sights on this morning in the same place gave upwards of 1' greater dip. 83 All other circumstances the same as in No. 82. 84 Fresh breeze from SE, with a remarkably clear sky. The horizon uncommonly sharp. 85 Wind moderate from WNW. Clear weather. 86 All other circumstances the same as in No. 85. Parts of the horizon observed SSW and NNE. 87 Parts of the horizon observed WNW and ESE. 88 The morning has been exceedingly hot before the breezes set in from sea at 11 A.M. 89 All other circumstances the same as in No. 89. 90 After a very hot day. 91 Parts of the horizon observed ESE and WNW. See further remarks under 93. Instruments readjusted. 92 Parts of the horizon observed NE and SW. All other circumstances as in No. 91. 93 Parts of the horizon observed SSE and NNW. These three observations (Nos. 91, 92, and 93) were made under the most favourable circumstances, and may be considered as shewing the accuracy which the instrument is capable of attaining. The sea was so perfectly smooth, that not the slightest motion could be detected. The horizon at all the parts observed was sharp, and better defined than I recollect to have seen it; and, what is not often the case, the opposite parts were alike in strength of light &c. The day has been hot, but not close, with a light breeze from the Southward. The dip is very great, but the observations were made with such care, that there can be no doubt of their accuracy. 94 There had been a light breeze from the North in the morning, but for an a) hour before these sights were taken it had been calm. 94 Nearly the same place as No. 94(a); but the other circumstances were b) changed, as the sea breeze at NW had set in about a quarter of an hour, whereas in the last instance it was calm. The above angles were taken with great care. The horizon sharp. Parts of the horizon observed NW and SE. + +