From these various attacks, but principally from those of 1417 and 1589, the fortifications of Falaise have suffered materially; and since the last no care has been taken to repair them. The injuries sustained at that period, and the more fatal, though less obvious ones, wrought by the silent operation of two centuries of neglect, have brought the walls and towers to their present state of dilapidation.

The people of Falaise are commonly supposed to be Normans II+-I" I muI3/4I?II.I1/2 [English. Not in Original: pre-eminently, especially, above all]; and when a Norman is introduced upon the French stage, he calls himself a Falesian, just as any Irishman, in an English farce, is presumed to come from Tipperary. The town in the French royal calendar is stated to contain about fourteen thousand inhabitants; but we are assured that the real number does not exceed nine thousand. Its staple trade is the manufacture of stockings, coarse caps, and lace. The streets are wide; and the public fountains, which are continually playing, impart a freshness, which, at the present burning season, is particularly agreeable.—The town now retains only four churches, two within its precincts, and two in the suburbs. The revolution has deprived it of eight others. Of those which are now standing, the most ancient is that situated near the castle, and dedicated to the Holy Trinity. Langevin assures us that it was built upon the ruins of the temple of Fele, Isis, Belenus, and the heavenly host of constellations, and that in the fifth century it changed its heathen for its Christian patrons. The oldest part (a very small one it is) of the present structure, appertains to a building which was consecrated in 1126, by the Archbishop of Rouen, in the presence of Henry Ist, but which was almost entirely destroyed by the cannonade in the fifteenth century. An inscription in gothic letters, near the entrance, relates, that after this desolation, a beginning was made towards the re-building of the church, "in 1438, a year of war, and death, and plague, and famine;" but it is certain that not much of the part now standing can be referred even to that period. The choir was not completed till the middle of the sixteenth century, nor the Lady-Chapel till the beginning of the following one. Architecturally considered, therefore, the church is a medley of various styles and ages.

The larger church, that of St. Gervais and St. Protais, is said to have been originally the ducal chapel, and to stand in the immediate vicinity of the site of the Conqueror's palace, now utterly destroyed. According to an ancient manuscript, this church was consecrated at the same time as that of the Trinity. The intersecting circular-headed arches of its tower are curious. The Norman corbel-table and clerestory windows still remain; and the exterior of the whole edifice promises a gratification to a lover of architectural antiquity, which the inside is little calculated to realize.—An invading army ruined the church of the Trinity; civil discord did the same for that of St. Gervais. The Huguenots, not content with plundering the treasure, actually set fire to the building, and well nigh consumed it: hence, the choir is the work of the year 1580, and the southern wall of the nave is a more recent construction.

We see Falaise to a great advantage: every inn is crowded; every shop is decked out; and the streets are full of life and activity; all in preparation for the fair, which commences in three days, on the fifteenth of this month, the anniversary of the Assumption of the Holy Virgin. This fair, which is considered second to no other in France, excepting that of Beaucaire, is held in the suburbs of Guibray, and takes its name from the place where it is held. For the institution, Falaise is indebted to William the Conqueror; and from it the place derives the greatest share of its prosperity and importance. During the fourteen days that the fair continues, the town is filled with the neighboring gentry, as well as with merchants and tradesmen of every description, not only from the cities of Normandy, but from Paris and the distant provinces, and even from foreign countries. The revolution itself respected the immunities granted to the fair of Guibray, without, at the same time, having the slightest regard, either to its royal founder, or its religious origin.—An image of the Virgin, discovered under-ground by the scratching and bleating of a lamb, first gave the stamp of sanctity to Guibray. Miraculous means had been employed for the discovery of this statue; miraculous powers were sure to be seated in the image. Pilgrims crowded from all places to witness and to adore; and hawkers, and pedlars, and, as I have seen inscribed upon a hand-bill at Paris, "the makers of he-saints and of she-saints," found Guibray a place of lucrative resort. Their numbers annually increased, and thus the fair originated.—We are compelled to hasten, or we would have stopped to have witnessed the ceremonies, and joined the festivities on the occasion. Already more than one field is covered with temporary buildings, each distinguished by a flag, bearing the name and trade of the occupant; already, too, the mountebanks and showmen have taken their stand for the amusement of the company, and the relaxation of the traders; and, what is a necessary consequence of such assemblages, you cannot stir without being pestered with crowds of boys, proffering their services to transport your wares.

The church of Guibray, like the others of Falaise, offers specimens of Norman architecture, strangely altered and half concealed by modern innovations. In the first syllable of the name of the place, you will observe the French word for misletoe, and may thence infer, and probably not without reason, the antiquity of the station; the latter syllable, albeit in England sheep are not wont to bray, is supposed by the pious to have reference to the bleating of the lamb, which led to the discovery of the miraculous image.—Etymology is a wide district in a pleasant country, strangely intersected by many and deceitful paths. He that ventures upon the exploring of it, requires the utmost caution, and the constant control of sober reason: woe will be sure to betide the unfortunate wight, who, in such a situation, gives the reins to fancy, and suffers imagination to usurp the place of judgment, without reflecting, as has been observed by the poet on a somewhat similar occasion, that

"Tis more to curb than urge the generous steed, Restrain his fury, than provoke his speed."

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FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 94: The outline of the castle is egg-shaped; and the following are its dimensions, in French measure, according to M. Langevin.—Length, 720 feet; mean width, 420; quantity of ground contained within the walls, two acres and a perch.]

[Footnote 95: Recherches Historiques sur Falaise, p. XIX. and XXIX.]



LETTER XXX. ROCK AND CHAPEL OF ST. ADRIEN—PONT-DE-L'ARCHE—PRIORY OF THE TWO LOVERS—ABBEY OF BONPORT—LOUVIERS—GAILLON—VERNON.

(Mantes, August, 1818)

The last letter which I wrote to you, was dated from Falaise. Look in the map and you will see that you now receive one from a point completely opposite. In four days we have passed from one of the most western towns of the province, to a place situated beyond its eastern frontier; and in four more, we may almost hope to be with you again. In this hasty journey we travelled through a district which has not yet become the subject of description to you; and though we travelled with less comfort of mind, than in the early part of our tour, I am yet enabled to send you a few details respecting it.

From Falaise we went in a direct line to Croissanville: the road, which we intended to take by St. Pierre sur Dive to Lisieux, was utterly impracticable for carriages. From Croissanville to Rouen we almost retraced our former steps: we did not indeed again make a detour by Bernay; but the straight road from Lisieux to Brionne is altogether without interest.

There are two ways from Rouen to Paris: the upper, through Ecouis, Magny, and Pontoise; the lower, by the banks of the Seine. Having travelled by both of them before, we could appreciate their respective advantages; and we knew that the only recommendation of the former was, that it saved some few miles in distance; while the latter is one of the most beautiful rides in France, and the towns, through which it passes, are far from being among the least interesting in Normandy. In such an alternative, there was no difficulty in fixing our choice, and we proceeded straight for Pont-de-l'Arche. The chalk cliffs, which bounded the road on our left, for some distance from Rouen, break near the small village of Port St. Ouen, into wild forms, and in one spot project boldly, assuming the shape of distinct towers. These projections are known by the name of the rock of St. Adrien; thus called from the patron saint of a romantic chapel, a place of great sanctity, and of frequent resort with pilgrims, situated nearly mid-way up the cliff.—The chapel is indeed little more than an excavation, and is altogether so rude, that its workmanship affords no clue to discover the date of the building. Its south side and roof are merely formed of the bare rock. To the north it is screened by an erection, which, were it not for the windows and short square steeple, might easily be mistaken for a pent-house. The western end appears to display some traces of Norman architecture. The hill, which leads to this chapel, commands a view of Rouen, the most picturesque, I think, of all that we have seen of this city, so picturesque from various points. You can scarcely conceive the eagerness with which we endeavored to catch the last glimpse, as the prospect gradually vanished from our sight, or the pleasure with which we still dwell, and shall long continue so to do, upon the recollection. All round the chapel, the bare chalk is at this time tinged with a beautiful glow, from the blue flowers of the Viola Rothomagensis: the Isatis Tinctoria, the true Woad, is also common on the steep sides of the cliff. This plant, which is here indigenous, became, during the reign of Napoleon, an object of attention with the government, as a succedaneum for indigo, at the same time that beet-root was destined to supply the continent with sugar, and salsafy, or parched wheat, to hold the place of coffee. The restoration of peace has caused the Isatis to be again neglected; but the Reseda luteola, or, Dyer's woad, is much cultivated in the neighborhood, as is the Teasel for the use of the cloth manufactory.

Pont-de-l'Arche, though now a small mean town, may boast of high antiquity, if it be rightly believed to be the ancient Pistae, the seat of the palace erected by Charles the Bald, in which that sovereign convened councils in the years 861 and 869, and held assemblies of his nobles in 862 and 864; and from which, his edicts promulgated in those years, are dated. The same monarch also built here a magnificent bridge, defended at one extremity by a citadel upon a small island.—From this there seems every reason to believe that the town has derived its name; for, in a diploma issued by our Henry IInd, he calls the place Pontem Arcis; and its present appellation is nothing but its Latin name translated into French. The fortress at the head of the bridge was demolished about thirty years ago, at the time when Millin published his[96] account of the town. The plate attached to that account, represents one of the towers as still standing.—Though deprived of its citadel, Pont-de-l'Arche retains to the present day its walls, flanked by circular towers; and its bridge, which is the lowest stone bridge down the Seine, is a noble one of twenty-two arches, through which the river at a considerable depth below, rolls with extraordinary rapidity. In the length of this bridge are some mills, which are turned by the stream; and the current is moderated under one of the arches, by a lock placed on the down-stream side, into which barges pass, and so proceed with security; The bridge, with its mills, forms a very picturesque object.

At a short distance from the bridge, to the left, looking towards Paris, is the Colline des deux amans, formerly surmounted by the priory of the same name. Of the history of the monastery nothing is known with certainty, nor is even the date of its foundation ascertained, though it is stated by Millin to be one of the most ancient in Normandy[97]. But the traditionary tale connected with this convent, forms the subject of one of the lays of Mary of France; and it has been elegantly translated by the late Mr. Ellis, in the introduction to his History of our Ancient Metrical Romances;—Du Plessis[98] is, however, of opinion, that the name of the priory is nothing more than a corruption from the words, deux monts, in allusion to the twin hills, on one of which it stands; or, if lovers must have any thing to do with the appellation, he piously suggests that divine love may have been intended, and that the parties were no other than our Savior and the Virgin, whose images were placed over the door of the conventual church.

On the opposite side of the bridge of Pont-de-l'Arche, stand the remains of a far richer abbey, that of Bonport, of the Cistertian order, founded by Richard Coeur-de-Lion, in 1190, as an ex voto. The monarch, then just in possession of his crown, was indulging with his courtiers in the pleasures of the chace, and, carried away by the natural impetuosity of his temper, had plunged in pursuit of the deer into the Seine, whose rapid current brought his life into imminent danger; and he accordingly vowed, if he escaped with safety, to erect a monastery upon the spot where he should reach the shore. Hence, according to Le Brasseur[99], the foundation, and hence the name. I ought, however, to add, that no record of the kind is preserved in the Neustrta Pia, nor even by Millin, who has described and figured such of the monastic buildings and monuments as had been spared at the early part of the revolution[100]. Another view of the ruins has since been published by Langlois, in the first number of a work which was intended to have comprised a long series of Norman antiquities, but was discontinued for want of encouragement. The author, whose portrait I have sent you in the course of this correspondence, is himself a native of Pont-de-l'Arche, and has subjoined to his fas-ciculus a couple of plates, illustrative of the costume and customs of the neighborhood.—In one of these plates, an itinerant male fortune-teller is satisfying a young peasant as to the probability of her speedy marriage, by means of a pack of cards, from which he has turned up the king and queen and ace of hearts. In the other, a cunning woman is solving a question by a book and key. The poor girl's sweetheart is an absent soldier, and fears and doubts are naturally entertained for his safety. To unlock the mysteries of fate, the key is attached to the mass-book, and suspended from the tip of the finger of the sybil, who reads the first chapter of the gospel of St. John; and the invocation is answered by the key turning of its own accord, when she arrives at the verse beginning, "and the word was made flesh[101]."—A fine rose-window in the church of the abbey of Bonport, and two specimens of painted glass from its windows, the one representing angels holding musical instruments, supposed to be of the thirteenth century, the other containing a set of male and female heads of extraordinarily rich color, probably executed about a century later, are given by Willemin in his very beautiful Monumens Francais inedits. In the same work, you will likewise find two still more interesting painted windows from Pont-de-l'Arche; some boatmen and their wives in the Norman costume of the end of the sixteenth century, and a citizen of the town with his lady, praying before a fald-stool, bearing the date, 1621.

The church of Pont-de-l'Arche, though greatly dilapidated, is a building worth notice, in a fine style of the decorated gothic. The nave is very lofty; the high altar richly carved and gilt; the oak pulpit embossed with saints; and the font covered with curious, though not ancient, sculpture. Rich tracery abounds in the windows, which are also filled with painted glass, some of it of very good quality. Scripture history and personages occupy, as usual, the principal part; but in one of the windows we noticed a representation of the Seine full of islands, and the town of Pont-de-l'Arche, with a number of persons quitting it with their horses, baggage, &c. in apparent confusion. So shattered, however, is the window, that the story is no longer intelligible in its details; and fragments, quite illegible, are all that remain of the inscriptions formerly beneath it. It is probable, that the intention of the artist was to give a picture of the miseries experienced by the inhabitants at the burning of the town by our troops under Edward IIIrd.—On the south side of the church the buttresses are enriched with canopies and other sculpture; and there was originally a highly-wrought balustrade, ornamented with figures of children, a part of which remains.—Pont-de-l'Arche claims the merit of having been the first town in France, which acknowledged Henry IVth as its lawful sovereign, after the assassination of his predecessor, in 1589.

On leaving this place, we passed through the forest of the same name, an extensive tract covered with young trees, principally beech, oak, and birch. The soil, a mixture of chalk and gravel, is poor, and offers but little encouragement to the labors of the plough. All around us, the distant prospect was pleasantly varied with gentle hills, upon one of which, nearly in front, we soon saw Louviers, a busy manufacturing town, of about seven thousand inhabitants, who are chiefly employed in making the fine cloth of the district, which is considered superior in quality to any other in France. Spanish wool is almost exclusively used for the purpose.

Throughout the vicinity of Louviers, are the most undoubted symptoms of commercial prosperity; new houses every where erecting, and old ones undergoing improvement. But the streets of the town itself are, as usual, dirty and narrow, and the people of the lower orders more than commonly ragged and beggarly. It was impossible to mistake the nature of their occupations; so many of them had their faces and hands, and every part of their limbs and bodies that was visible, died of a bright blue.—The church at Louviers is very much injured, but very handsome; and though reduced to a nave with its four aisles it is still a spacious edifice. The south porch, which projects boldly in the form of a galilee, is scarcely to be excelled as a specimen of pointed architecture at its highest pitch of luxuriant beauty. Yet, even in this, the saints have been torn from their pedestals by the wanton violence of the Calvinists or democrats. The central tower is square and short: it is, however, handsome. Two windows, very similar to those of the tower of St. Romain, in Rouen cathedral, light it on either side; and saints, placed under canopies, ornament the angles behind the buttresses.—The great western door is closed, and the front defaced: the eastern end, likewise, is altogether modern.—Within, the same kind of architecture prevails as in the exterior, but the whole is so concealed, and degraded by ornaments in the worst of taste, and by painted saints in the most tawdry dresses, that the effect is disgusting. I never saw so great an array of wretched representations of the heavenly host: the stone images collected round the holy sepulchre, are even worse than those at Dieppe. Near the chapel of the sepulchre, however, are four bas-reliefs, attached to the wall, exhibiting different events in our Savior's life of good execution, and not in had taste: an open gallery of fillagree stone-work, under the central tower on the south side, is an object really deserving of admiration.

M. Langlois has engraved the gable end of an old house at Louviers, said to have belonged to the Knights Templars. We found it used as an engine-maker's shop; and neither within nor without, could we discover any thing to justify his opinion, that it is a building of the twelfth or thirteenth century. On the contrary, the windows, which are double, under a flatly-pointed arch, and are all of them trefoil-headed, would rather cause it to be considered as erected two centuries later.

The town of Louviers, though never fortified, is noticed on several occasions in history. It was the seat of the conferences between Richard Coeur-de-Lion and Philip Augustus, which ended in the treaty of 1195, defining new limits to Normandy.—It was, as I have already mentioned, one of the items of the compensation made by the same Duke to the Archbishop of Rouen, for the injury done to the church, by the erection of Chateau Gaillard.—During the wars of Edward IIIrd, "Louviers," to use the language of old Froissart, "after the battle of Caen, was soon entered by the Englishmen, as it was not closed; and they over-ran, and spoiled, and robbed it without mercy, and won great riches; for it was the chief place in all Normandy for drapery, and was full of merchandize."—And, in the subsequent warfare of the fifteenth century, this town, like the others in the duchy, was taken by our countrymen, under Henry Vth, and lost by them under his successor.—Hither the Norman parliament retired when the Huguenots were in possession of Rouen; and here they remained till the recapture of the capital.—It was probably owing in a great measure to this circumstance, that Louviers was induced to distinguish itself by a devoted attachment to the party of the league, for which it suffered severely in 1591, when it was captured and pillaged by the royalists shortly after their victory at Ivry. The town was then taken through the treachery of a priest of the name of Jean de la Tour, who received, as a recompence, a stall in the cathedral at Evreux, but was so much an object of abhorrence with his brethren, that he scarcely ever ventured to appear in his place. During the holy week, however, he attended; and it once happened, that while he was so officiating, all the canons contrived to leave the church towards the close of the psalm, which immediately precedes the Benedictus at Laudes, so that the anthem, Traditor autem, which is sung with that hymn, necessarily fell to the part of de la Tour, who found himself compelled to chaunt it, to his own extreme confusion, and the infinite amusement of the congregation. Irritated and mortified, the poor priest preferred his complaints to the king; but it was one thing to love the treason, and another to love the traitor; and his appeal obtained no redress.

From Louviers our next stage was Gaillon, on our road to which we passed some vineyards, the most northern, I believe, in Normandy. The vines cultivated in them are all of the small black cluster grape; and the wine they produce, I am told, is of very inferior quality,—No place can appear at present more poverty-stricken than Gaillon; but the case was far otherwise before the glories of royal and ecclesiastical France were shorn by the revolution. Ducarel, who visited this town about the year 1760, dwells with great pleasure upon the magnificence of its palace and its Carthusian convent and church. Of the palace the remains are still considerable; and, after having been suffered to lie in a state of ruin and neglect from an early period in the revolution, they are now fitting up as a prison. The long inscription formerly over the gate might with great propriety be replaced by the hacknied phrase, "Sic transit gloria mundi;" for the vicissitudes of the fortune of noble buildings are strikingly illustrated by the changes experienced by this sumptuous edifice, long proverbial throughput France for its splendor.

Philip Augustus conferred the lordship of Gaillon upon one of his captains of the name of Cadoc, as a reward for his activity in the conquest of Normandy. Louis IXth afterwards, early in the thirteenth century, ceded the town in perpetuity to the Archbishop of Rouen. St. Louis here received by way of exchange the Chateau of Pinterville, which he bestowed upon William d'Aubergenville, whose uncle, the Bishop of Evreux, had, while chancellor of France, done much service to him and to Queen Blanche, his mother. From that time to the revolution the archbishops had their country seat at Gaillon, and enjoyed the sole right of trying civil and criminal causes within the town and its liberties. Their palace, which was destroyed during the wars of Henry Vth, in 1423, was rebuilt about a century afterwards by the munificence of the first cardinal Georges d'Amboise, one of whose successors in the prelacy, Colbert, expended, as it is said, more than one hundred thousand livres towards the embellishment of it.—Another archbishop, the Cardinal of Bourbon, founded the neighboring monastery, in the year 1571. The conventual church was destroyed by fire, through the carelessness of some plumbers, shortly after Ducarel visited it; and with it perished the celebrated monument of one of the counts of Bourbon Soissons, said to have been a master-piece of sculpture.

The limits assigned to Normandy by the treaty of Louviers, made Gaillon a frontier town of the duchy; and here therefore I should take my leave of you, but that, in the prouder days of its history, Vernon was likewise swayed by the ducal sceptre. Vernon also seems peculiarly connected with England, from the noble family of the same name still flourishing, agreeably to their well-known punning motto, on your side of the water. This motto is in the highest degree inapplicable to the present state of the town, whose old and ruinous appearance looks as if it had known neither improvement nor repair for centuries. Better things might have been expected from the situation of Vernon, on the banks of the Seine, in a singularly beautiful valley, and from its climate, which is reported to be so extraordinarily healthy, that instances of individuals attaining in it the age of one hundred are not unfrequent.

The royal palace, formerly here, is now wholly swept away; and of the ancient fortifications there remains little more than a tower, remarkable for the height and thickness of its walls, a part of the castle, which, in the reign of Henry IInd, was held by the service of sixteen knights for its defence[102].—Prior to the revolution, Vernon contained five religious houses, three of them founded by St. Louis, who is said to have regarded this town with peculiar favor, and probably on that account assigned it as a jointure to his queen, an honor which it has received upon more than one other occasion.

The present parish church of Vernon was collegiate. It was founded about the year 1052, by William of Vernon, and was endowed by him, at the time of its dedication, with the property called, La Couture du Pre de Giverny, and with a fourth part of the forest of Vernon, all which the dean and canons continued to enjoy till the revolution. This William appears to have been the first of the family who adopted the surname of Vernon. His son, Richard, by whom the foundation was formally confirmed, attended the Conqueror to England, and obtained there considerable grants. One of their descendants ceded the town in 1190 to the King of France, accepting in return other lands, according to a treaty still preserved in the royal library at Paris. The tombs of the founder, and of his namesake, Sir William de Vernon, constable of England, who died in 1467, and of many others of the family, among the rest the stately mausoleum of the Marechal de Belle Isle, were destroyed during the reign of jacobinism and terror. The portraits, however, of the Marshal and of the Duc de Penthievre, both of them very indifferent performances, were saved, and are now kept in the sacristy. The only monument left to the church is that of Marie Maignard, whose husband, Charles Maignard, was Lord of Bernieres and president of the parliament of Normandy. She died in 1610. Her effigy in white marble, praying before a fald-stool, has also been spared.



The church itself is a spacious building, consisting of a nave and two aisles, with chapels beyond, separated by lofty pointed arches, supported on clustered pillars, to each of which is still attached a tabernacle; but the statues have been destroyed. The choir is altogether in a different style of architecture: that portion of it which immediately surrounds the altar, is early Norman, and most probably belonged to the original structure. Its arches vary remarkably in width. The most narrow among them are more decidedly horseshoe-shaped, than any others which I recollect to have seen.—The west front, though much mutilated, is still handsome. It is flanked by two small, very short turrets, richly ornamented.—The square central tower, capped by a conical roof, does not even equal the height of the nave, which is greatly superior to that of the choir.—Upon an eminence in the immediate vicinity of Vernon, are the remains of a Roman encampment.

With Vernon we quitted ancient Normandy: our ride thence to Mantes has been delightful; and this town, for the excellence of its buildings, for neatness, and for a general air of comfort, far excels any other which we have seen in the north of France. The name of Mantes also recals the memory of the Duc de Sully, and recals that of the Conqueror, whose life fell a sacrifice to the barbarous outrage of which he was here guilty.—But, I now lay down my pen, and take my leave of Normandy, happy, if by my correspondence during this short tour, I have been able to impart to you a portion of the gratification which I have myself experienced, while tracing the ancient history, and surveying the monuments of that wonderful nation, who, issuing from the frozen regions of the north, here fixed the seat of their permanent government, became powerful rivals of the sovereigns of France, saw Sicily and the fairest portion of Italy subject to their sway, and, at the same time that they possessed themselves of our own island, by right of conquest, imported amongst us their customs, their arts, and their institutions, and laid the basis of that happy constitution, under which, by the blessing of God, Britain is at this moment the pride and envy of the world!

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FOOTNOTES:

[Footnote 96: Antiquites Nationales, IV. No. 48.]

[Footnote 97: Antiquites Nationales, II. No. 17.]

[Footnote 98: Histoire de la Haute Normandie, II. p. 332.]

[Footnote 99: Histoire d'Evreux, p. 161.]

[Footnote 100: Antiquites Nationales, IV. No. 40.]

[Footnote 101: This mode of divination by the Bible and key, is also to be found among the superstitions of our own country.—See Ellis' edition of Brand's Popular Antiquities, II. p. 641.]

[Footnote 102: Ducarel's Anglo-Norman Antiquities, p. 93.—Respecting Vernon, see also Millin, Antiquites Nationales, III. No. 26, in which four plates, and near fifty pages of letter-press, are devoted to this town.]



APPENDIX I.

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The printing of this work was just concluded, when the author was favored with drawings, accompanied with short descriptions, of the chapel of our Lady of the Delivrande, near Caen, and of an ancient font at Magneville, near Valognes. For the former he is indebted to Mr. Cohen, to whom he has so often in the course of the work, had occasion to express his obligations; for the latter, to M. de Gerville, an able antiquary at Valognes. Both these subjects are of such a nature, that he is peculiarly happy to be able to add them to his imperfect account of the Antiquities of Normandy: the whole duchy does not contain a religious building more celebrated for its sanctity than the chapel; and while ancient fonts of any description are rare in the province, he doubts if another is to be found like that of Magneville, ornamented with sculpture and an inscription.

* * * * *

Some historians suppose, that the country situated between Caen and the sea, formed at least, a part of the Saxon shore of Neustria. Amongst the other ancient buildings which are found in this district, the chapel of Notre Dame de la Delivrande, to which the Normans have resorted in pilgrimage during the last eight hundred years, is, perhaps, the most remarkable.

When the philosophers of the revolution envied the religious enjoyments of the common man, all pilgrimages were forbidden, and the road leading to our Lady's Chapel, and which, indeed, is the only high road in this part of the country, became almost impassable. Under the Emperor it was thoroughly repaired, and, as they say, by his especial order; and since the accession of the present French king, the fathers of the mission, who lose no favorable opportunity of fostering the spirit of devotion, have erected roods and tabernacles, at due distances, all along the way side.

After leaving Caen, the traveller will not fail to linger on the little hill which he ascends just after passing by the first crucifix. Hence he enjoys a lovely prospect, such as delighted the old masters. In the foreground is the lofty cross, standing on a quadrangular pyramid of steps. The broken hollow path bending upwards round the base, is always occupied by a grotesque group of cripples and beldames, in rags and tatters, laughing and whining and praying. The horizon is bounded by long lines of grey and purple hills, nearer are fields and pastures, whilst the river glitters and winds amidst their vivid tints. Nearer still, the city of Caen extends itself from side to side, terminated at each extremity by the venerable abbeys of William and Matilda. There are no traces of work-shops and manufactories, or of their pollution; but the churches with their towers and spires rise above the houses in bold architectural masses, and the city assumes a character of quiet monastic opulence, comforting the eye and the mind.

About four miles farther on from Caen, we reached Cambre, one of the many seignories which belonged to the very noble family of Mathan. There was a Serlo de Mathan, who appears as a witness to one of the Conqueror's charters, and the family is now represented by the present Marquis, who has recovered his chateau, and a fragment of his domain. Cambre is also the residence of the Abbe de la Rue, by whom the Marquis was educated. When they both took refuge in England, the Abbe was the only protector of his pupil, who now returns the honorable obligation. It is well known that the Abbe has devoted his life to the investigation of the antiquities both of Normandy and of the Anglo-Normans. Possessing in a high degree the acute and critical spirit of research which distinguished the French archaiologists of the Benedictine school, we have only to regret, that the greater part of his works yet remain in manuscript. His History of Anglo-Norman Poetry, which is quite ready for the press, would be an invaluable accession to our literature; but books of this nature are so little suited to the taste of the French public, that, as yet, he has not ventured upon its publication. The collections of the Abbe, as may be anticipated, are of great value; they relate almost wholly to the history of the duchy. The chateau escaped spoliation. The portraits of the whole line of the Mathans, from the first founder of the race, in his hauberk, down to the last Marquis, in his frisure, are in good preservation; and they are ancient specimens of the sign-post painting usually found in old galleries. The Marquis has also a finely-illuminated missal, which belonged to a Dame de Mathan, in the fourteenth century, and which has been carefully handed down in the family, from generation to generation.

The church of Douvre, the next village, is rather a picturesque building. The upper story of the tower has two pointed windows of the earliest date. A pediment between them rests on the archivolt on either side. This is frequently seen in buildings in the circular style. The other stories of the tower, and the west front of the church are Norman; the east end is in ruins. The British name of the village may afford ground for much ethnigraphical and etymological speculation.

Saint Exuperius is said to have founded the Chapel of La Delivrande, some time in the first century. The tradition adds, that the chapel was ruined by the Northmen,—and the statue of the Virgin, which now commands the veneration of the faithful, remained buried until the appointed time of resuscitation, in the reign of Henry Ist, when it was discovered, in conformity to established usage and precedent in most cases of miraculous images, by a lamb. Baldwin, Count of the Bessin and Baron of Douvre, was owner of the flock to which the lamb belonged. The Virgin would not remain in the parish church of Douvre, in which she was lodged by the Baron, but she returned every night to the spot where she was disinterred. Baldwin therefore understood that it was his duty to erect a chapel for her reception, and he accordingly built that which is now standing, and made a donation of the edifice to the Bishop of Bayeux, whose successor receives the mass-pennies and oblations at this very day. Some idea of the architecture of the building may be formed from the inclosed sketch of the western front. During the morning mass, the chapel was crowded with women, young and old, who were singing the litany of the Virgin in a low and plantive tone. A hymn of praise was also chaunted. It was composed by the learned Bishop Huet, and it is inscribed upon a black marble tablet, which was placed in the chapel by his direction. The country women of the Saxon shore possess a very peculiar physiognomy, denoting that the race is unmixed. The Norman-Saxon damsel is full and well made, her complexion is very fair, she has light hair, long eyelashes, and tranquil placid features; her countenance has an air of sullen pouting tenderness, such as we often find in the women represented in the sculptures and paintings of the middle ages. And all the girls are so much alike, that it might have been supposed that they all were sisters. As to our Lady, she is gaily attired in a Cashemire shawl, and completely covered with glaring amber necklaces and beads, and ribband knots, and artificial flowers. Many votive offerings are affixed round her shrine. The pilgrim is particularly desired to notice a pair of crutches, which testify the cure of their former owner, who lately hobbled to the Virgin from Falaise, as a helpless cripple, and who quitted her in perfect health. Of course the Virgin has operated all the usual standard miracles, including one which may be suspected to be rather a work of supererogation, that of restoring speech to a matron who had lost her tongue, which had been cut out by her jealous husband. Miracles of every kind are very frequently performed, yet, if the truth must be told, they are worked, as it were, by deputy, for the real original Virgin suffered so much during the revolution, that it has been thought advisable to keep her in the sacristy, and the statue now seen is a restoration of recent workmanship. In order to conciliate the sailors and fishermen of the coast, the Virgin has entered into partnership with St. Nicholas, whose image is impressed on the reverse of the medal representing her, and which is sold to the pilgrims.

The country about La Delivrande is flat, but industriously cultivated and thickly peopled. The villages are numerous and substantial. From a point at the extremity of the green lane which leads onward from La Delivrande, six or eight church spires may be counted, all within a league's distance. By the advice of the Abbe de la Rue, we proceeded to Bernieres, which is close to the sea. The mayor of the commune offered his services with great civility, and accompanied us to the church, which, as he told us, was built by Duke William. We easily gave credit to the mayor's assertion, as the interior of the nave is good Norman. The pillars which support the groining of the roof are square; this feature is rather singular. The tower and spire are copied from Saint Peter, at Caen. Those of Luc, Courseilles, Langrune, and the other neighboring villages, are upon the same model. Many instances of the same kind of affiliation occur at home, which shew how easily a fashion was set in ecclesiastical architecture.

* * * * *



APPENDIX II.

* * * * *

The most remarkable among the ancient inscriptions found in that part of Normandy, which is now comprised in the Department of La Manche, are upon an ancient altar, at Ham, on a medallion attached to the outside of the church of Ste. Croix, at St. Lo, and upon the font at Magneville, near Valognes. The first of these has generally been referred to the seventh century; the second seems to be of the ninth; and the last may with safety be considered as of the latter part of the tenth, or beginning of the eleventh, at which period, the choir of the church of Magneville appears also to have been erected. Of the sculpture upon the font, as well as of the inscription, an accurate idea may be formed, from the annexed drawing: the most remarkable character of the inscription seems to be in its punctuation. The letters upon the altar, at Ham, touch one another, and there is no separation of any kind between the words: here, on the contrary, almost all the words are divided by three or four points placed in a perpendicular direction, except at the end of the phrases, where stops are wholly wanting. At Ham, also, the letters are cut into the stone, while at Magneville they are drawn with a brush, with a kind of black pigment.

G.



INDEX.

A.

Abbey, of Ardennes, Bec, Bernay, Bonport, Cormeilles, Ducler, Jumieges, Preaux, St. Evroul, St. Georges de Bocherville, St. Stephen, at Caen, St. Taurinus, Trinity at Caen. Academy of Druids, at Bayeux. Academy of Sciences, at Caen. Agnes Sorel, buried at Jumieges, her statue destroyed by the Huguenots, her tomb destroyed at the revolution, inscription upon. Amphitheatre, Roman, found near Lisieux. Amyot, Mr. his paper on the Bayeux tapestry. Andelys, origin of the name, history of, seat of an early monastery, great house at, birth-place of Poussin. Andromeda polifolia, found near Jumieges. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, a monk at Bec. Aqueduct, Roman, remains of, at Vieux. Archbishops of Rouen, their palace at Gaillon. Arches, trefoil-headed, early specimen of, at Jumieges. Ardennes, abbey of, near Caen. Arlette, mother of the Conqueror, native of Falaise. Arnulf, bishop of Lisieux. Arthur, Prince, knighted at Gournay. Asselin, forbids the interment of the Conqueror. Audinus, bishop of Evreux, authorizes Henry Ist to burn the city. Augustodurum, probably the site of, at Vieux.

B.

Bailiffs, first established in Normandy under Philip Augustus, Baiocco of Naples, named after Bayeux, Bas-relief, in the church of St. Georges de Bocherville, Baudius, professor of law for a short time at Caen, Bayeux, seat of an academy of Druids, Roman relics found near, but no Druidic, a Roman station, probably the Naeomagus Viducassium, its ancient name, its importance under the early French kings, its history, the place where the Norman princes were educated, castle, situation, population, and trade, tapestry, cathedral, Bayeux, Roman, probably destroyed by the Saxons, Bec, abbey of, its present state, former income and patronage, church described by Du Plessis, founded by Hellouin, history, seminary for eminent men, Belenus, worshipped near Bayeux, Berengarius, his tenets impugned by Lanfranc, condemned by the council of Brionne, Bernay, abbey of, church, burial-ground, population and trade, costume of the females, Bernieres, church of, Blanche, wife of Charles the Bel, confined in Chateau Gaillard, Bochart, one of the founders of the academy at Caen, Boileau, his eulogium on Malherbe, Bonport, abbey of, Borghese, Princess of, original letter by, Bouillon, Duke of, Lord of Evreux, at the revolution, Bourg-Achard, seat of an abbey, dedicated to St. Eustatius, leaden font, Bourg-Theroude, Bourgueville, his antiquities of Caen, present at the exhumation of the Conqueror's remains, Boy, bishop, annually elected at Caen, Bretteville l'Orgueilleuse, church of, Brionne, situation of, seat of the council which condemned the tenets of Berengarius, castle, Brito, his account of the siege of Gournay, of Chateau Gaillard, of the murder of the French garrison of Evreux, of Caen. Broglie, church of. Bruce, David, a resident in Chateau Gaillard. Buck-wheat, much cultivated in Lower Normandy, etymology of its French name.

C.

Caen, arrival at, distant view of, trade and population, situation, grand cours, costume of females, house-rent, foundation, described by Brito, etymology of the name, fortifications, Chateau de Calix, castle, chapel in the castle, hospital, royal abbeys, college, palace, museum, library, universities, men of eminence, academy, Malherbe, history, neighborhood abundant in fossil remains, seen from the road leading to La Delivrande. Caen-stone, large quarries of, formerly much used in England. Cambre. Cambremer, Canon of, tale respecting, at Bayeux. Cannon, first used in France, at the siege of Pont Audemer. Canons, four statues of, at Evreux. Castle, of Bayeux, Brionne, Caen, Creully, Falaise, Gisors, Montfort, Neufmarche. Cathedral of Bayeux, founded by St. Exuperius, history, described, crypt, stripped of its relics, revenue, right of mintage. Cathedral of Evreux, often destroyed, its present state, little injured by the Huguenots, founded by St. Taurinus. Cathedral of Lisieux, now the parish church of St. Peter, described, remarkable tomb in. Cauchon, Peter, bishop of Lisieux, president at the trial of Joan of Arc. Cecily, daughter of the Conqueror, abbess at Caen. Chapel, subterranean, in Bayeux cathedral, in the castle at Caen, in the castle at Falaise, of St. Adrian, of La Delivrande. Chapel in the castle at Caen, built fronting the east Chapels, stone-roofed, in Ireland, of Norman origin Charles the Bad, born in the Chateau de Navarre Charters, of the abbey of St. Georges de Bocherville Chateau de Navarre Chateau Gaillard, its situation described account of, by Brito history Chateau de Calix, at Caen Chesnut-timber, formerly much used in Normandy Church, of the abbey of Bec Bernieres Bernay Bretteville l'Orgueilleuse Broglie Creully Ducler Ecouis Falaise Gisors Gournay Jumieges St. Peter's at ditto Louviers Moulineaux Pont Audemer Pont-de-l'Arche St. Germain de Blancherbe St. Gervais, at Falaise St. Georges de Bocherville St. Giles, at Evreux St. James, at Lisieux St. John, at Caen St. Michael, at ditto St. Nicholas, at ditto St. Peter, at ditto St. Stephen's abbey, at ditto St. Stephen, at ditto Trinity, at ditto Trinity at Falaise Vernon Cider, the common beverage, in Normandy first introduced by the Normans Cocherel Coins, golden, struck at Bayeux, under the first French kings Colline des deux amans, priory of Cormeilles, abbey of Corneille, buried at Andelys Costume, at Bernay at Caen Coupe gorge, colony established at, by Napoleon Creully, castle church Crocodile fossil, found near Caen Croissanville

D.

Dalechamps, native of Caen D'Amboise, Cardinal, built the palace at Gaillon Darnetal De Boissy, bishop of Bayeux, his epitaph. De la Rue, Abbe, professor of history at Caen, is preparing an account of Caen, his paper on the Bayeux tapestry. Douce, Mr., his illustration of the sculpture at St. Georges de Bocherville. Douvre. Druids, academy of, at Bayeux. Dubois Louis, his discoveries among the ruins of Old Lisieux, preserved the original M.S. of Ordericus Vitalis, is preparing the history of Lisieux. Ducarel, his description of a pavement in the palace at Caen. Ducler, convent, parish church. Du Perron, cardinal, bishop of Evreux. Du Plessis, his opinion as to Turold on the Bayeux tapestry, description of the abbey church of Bec.

E.

Ecouis, church of, burial-place of John and Enguerrand de Marigny, singular epitaph. Epitaph, enigmatical at Ecouis, of John de Boissy, on the exterior of Bayeux cathedral. Evreux, destroyed by Henry Ist, cathedral, abbey of St. Taurinus, history, present appearance. Evreux, Old, a Roman station.

F.

Falaise, situation of, etymology of the name, castle, Talbot's tower, chapel in castle, history, firmly attached to the League, fortifications, inhabitants true Normans, population and trade, churches. Fastolf, Sir John, governor of Caen. Flambart, Ralph, bishop of Durham, seizes Lisieux. Fleury, Cardinal, abbot at Caen. Fonts, seldom seen in French churches. Font, curiously sculptured, at Magneville. Font, leaden, at Bourg-Achard.



G.

Gaillon, vineyards near, present state of, ceded to the archbishop of Rouen, made by the treaty of Louviers the frontier town of the Duchy, Gisors, castle, appearance of, history, place of interview between Henry IInd, and Philip Augustus, arms of the town, castle, described, church of, banded column in the church, Glass painted, at the abbey of Bonport, in the church of Pont de l'Arche, Gournay, origin of, present appearance, history, siege described by Brito, arms of, place where Prince Arthur was knighted, church, remarkable sculpture on the capitals, Gournay, Hugo de, Guibray, fair of, Gurney, Hudson, his paper on the Bayeux tapestry,

H.

Harcourt, castle of, Hellouin, founder of the abbey of Bec, his epitaph, Hennuyer, John, bishop of Lisieux, said to have saved the Huguenots, Henry Ist, kept prisoner by Robert at Bayeux, destroyed the city, History, ecclesiastical, of Ordericus Vitalis, materials for a new edition of, original manuscript, manuscript copies, Holy Trinity, church of, at Falaise, Honfleur, situation of, described, Horses, Norman, present price of, Hospital at Caen, founded in the thirteenth century, Hoveden, his account of the interview between Henry IInd, and Philip Augustus, near Gisors, Hubert, archbishop of Canterbury, a monk of Bec, Hubert, M., discovered the site of the Neomagus Lexoviorum, Huet, his Origines de Caen, one of the founders of the academy at Caen, Huguenots, destroy the tomb and violate the remains of the Conqueror, Hume, David, his opinion on the Bayeux tapestry, Hypocaust, Roman, found at Vieux,

I.

Inscription, on the font at Magneville, John, King, murders the French garrison of Evreux, Isatis tinctoria, cultivated in France under Napoleon, Jumieges, abbey of, its foundation, original building, history, church, Salle des Chevaliers, church of St. Peter, monuments, Ivory chest, in Bayeux cathedral,

K.

Knights, Templars, house of, at Louviers,

L.

Lamouroux, M. professor of natural history at Caen, his publications, Lanfranc, settled at Bec, first schoolmaster in Normandy, first abbot of St. Stephen's, Langevin, M., author of the history of Falaise, Langlois, M., his portrait, his work on Norman Antiquities, Le Beuf, Abbe, his opinion of Vieux, Le Brasseur, his account of the statues of four canons at Evreux, Leproserie de Beauileu, Letter, original, from Princess Borghese, Library, public, at Caen, Lisieux, situation and trade of, its see suppressed in 1801, cathedral, tomb in cathedral, town probably founded in the sixth century, ancient names of, history of, church of St. Jacques, Littleton, Lord, his opinion of the Bayeux tapestry, Louviers, treaty of, population, church, house of knights templars, history,



M.

Magneville, font at, Malherbe, native of Caen, Mallet, Anthony, his statement of Hennuyer's saving the Calvinists, Marechal de Belle Isle, his monument, Margaret of Burgundy, immured in Chateau Gaillard, Marigny, Enguerrand de, buried at Ecouis, his mausoleum destroyed at the revolution, Marriage ceremony, in France, Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, supposed portrait of, her seal buried in the church of the Trinity, her tomb destroyed by the Huguenots, her remains lately found and new tomb raised, Maud, Empress, her expostulations with her father as to the place of her burial, Mazarine, Cardinal, abbot of St. Stephen's, Melons, cultivated on a large scale, near Lisieux, Misereres, sculptured, in Bayeux cathedral, Misletoe, commonly hung over inn-doors, near Caen, Money, struck by the chapter of Bayeux, how marked, Montfaucon, his engravings of the portraits of the Conqueror and his family, Montfort, castle of, Moulineaux, church of, Mount Phaunus, temple of, near Bayeux, Museum, at Caen, Musicians, sculptured at St. Georges de Bocherville,

N.

Napoleon, establishment formed by him at the pass of Coupe Gorge, his attempt to make a naval station at Caen, Navarre, kings of, lords of Evreux, Navarre, Chateau de, Naeomagus Viducassium, probably the modern Bayeux, Neomagus Lexoviorum, site of, lately discovered, Neufmarche, castle of, Normandy, divided anew, under Philip Augustus, Notre Dame de la Delivrande, chapel of,



O.

Odo, bishop of Bayeux, rebuilds the cathedral, his life and character. Ordericus Vitalis, his account of the destruction of Evreux, his account of St. Taurinus, sketch of his life, his ecclesiastical history, his reflections on the death of the Conqueror Ornaments on the spandrils of the arches in Bayeux cathedral. Oxen, breed of, near Caen.

P.

Paintings, fresco, in Bayeux cathedral. Passports, regulations respecting, in France. Patye, John, Canon of Cambremer, legend concerning, at Bayeux. Pays de Bray. Pistae, the site of, occupied by Pont de l'Arche. Pont Audemer, its situation, history, churches. Pont de l'Arche, seat of a palace under Charles the Bald, origin of the name, church. Portraits, of the Conqueror and family. Poussin, born at Andelys, if his example has been favorable to French art. Preaux, abbey of. Priory, des deux Amans.

R.

Rabelais, his autograph. Reseda luteola, cultivated near Rouen. Richelieu, Cardinal, abbot of St. Stephen's at Caen. Roads in France, compared with those in England. Robert the Devil, his castle near Moulineaux. Romance, subjects borrowed from, sculptured on a capital in St. Peter's, at Caen. Rupierre, William of, Bishop of Lisieux, resists the power of King John.

S.

St. Adrian, Chapel of, near Rouen. St. Clotilda, her fountain, at Andelys still worshipped there. St. Evroul, abbey of, founded by William de Gerouis, residence of Ordericus Vitalis. St. Georges de Bocherville, abbey of, founded by Ralph de Tancarville, its history, abbey church described sculpture in ditto chapter-house. St. Germain, church of, at Pont Audemer. St. Germain de Blancherbe, church of. St. Gervais, church of, at Falaise. St. Giles, church of, at Evreux. St. Jacques, church of at Lisieux. St. John, church of, at Caen. St. Lascivus, bishop of Bayeux. St. Lupus, bishop of Bayeux, so called from destroying the wolves. St. Maimertus, subterranean chapel dedicated to, in Bayeux cathedal. St. Michael, church of, in the suburb of Vaucelles, at Caen. St. Nicholas, church of at Caen its roof like those of the Irish stone-roofed chapels. St. Peter, church of at Caen sculpture upon the capital of one of the columns. St. Philibert, founder of Jumieges. St. Regnobert, bishop of Bayeux, his chasuble kept in the cathedral, domestic animals blessed on his feast-day. St. Stephen, church of, at Caen. St. Stephen, abbey of, at Caen, its privileges now used as the college. St. Stephen, abbey church of, at Caen, described formed on the the Roman model burial-place of the Conqueror. St. Taurinus, founder of Evreux cathedral his fight with the devil, his shrine crypt, in which he was buried. St. Taurinus, abbey of at Evreux its privileges ancient architecture in the church crypt. St. Vitalis, his feast celebrated annually at Evreux. St. Ursinus, privileges enjoyed by the Canons, at Lisieux, on his vigil and feast-day. Saxons, established about Bayeux, where many words from their language still exist. Screens, of rare occurrence in French churches. Sculpture, in the abbey church of St. Georges de Bocherville, in the chapter-house of the same abbey, in the abbey church of Jumieges, on the capitals in the church at Gournay, on a capital in the abbey church at Bernay, over the high altar at Bernay, on a tomb in Lisieux cathedral, on a capital in St. Peter's at Caen, on the capitals of the pillars in the crypt at Bayeux cathedral, Seal, supposed to belong to Matilda, wife of the Conqueror, Sheep, Norman breed of, Siege, of Chateau Gaillard, Statues, in the chapter-house of the abbey of St. Georges de Bocherville, of William the Conqueror, at Caen, Stothard, C.A., his drawings of the Bayeux tapestry, his opinion on its antiquity, String-course, remarkable, in the church of Notre Dame des Pres, at Pont Audemer, Superstitions, still remaining in Normandy,

T.

Tancarville, Ralph, chamberlain to the Conqueror, and founder of the abbey of St. Georges de Bocherville, Tapestry, Bayeux, accounts of, published by Montfaucon and Lancelot, referred by them to Matilda, Queen of the Conqueror, figure from, its antiquity denied by Lord Littleton, Hume, and the Abbe de la Rue, when first described, reasons for believing in its antiquity, formerly kept at the cathedral, exhibited during the revolution at Paris, described, Tassillon, confined at Jumieges, Tassilly, ancient tombs found at, Theobald, archbishop of Canterbury a monk of Bec, Thomas a Becket, retired during his disgrace to Lisieux, Tiles, painted, in the palace at Caen, supposed to prove the antiquity of heraldic bearings, Tombeau des enervez, at Jumieges, Tombs, ancient, at Cocherel, in Lisieux cathedral, at Tassilly, Torigny marble, Trinity Holy, abbey of the, at Caen, when built, used as a fortress as well as a nunnery its income privileges. Trinity Holy, church of the abbey of the, at Caen, now a work-house, described, its spires destroyed by Charles, King of Navarre. Turnebus, Adrian, native of Andelys. Turold, founder of Bourg-Theroude, represented on the Bayeux tapestry.

U.

University of Caen, founded by Henry VIth, abolished and restored by Charles VIIth, esteemed the third in France.

V.

Vernon, its situation, formerly the seat of a royal palace, church. Vieux, a Roman station, etymology of the name. Vines, formerly cultivated at Jumieges, also at Caen and Lisieux.

W.

Wace, a resident at Caen. Whales, formerly caught near Jumieges. William the Conqueror, his statue at Caen, supposed figure of him on a capital in the church of the abbey of the Trinity, buried in the abbey-church of St. Stephen, his epitaph, his death and burial, and the disturbance of his remains, his palace at Caen, fresco-paintings of him and his family, born at Falaise, receives the homage of the English, as successor to Edward, at Bayeux. William of Jumieges, his account of the attachment of the Empress Maud to Bec.

THE END